Peace Psychology Newsletter of the Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology Division of the American Psychological Association

Volume 18, Number 2, ASSN 1935 – 4894 • FALL/WINTER 2009

Peace Education: Past, Present & Future

Clockwise Fall/Winter from right: 2009 Montessori student exploring the world; 2009 Peace Camp Theme; Peace Camper shares Peace her feelings Psychology about camp.  Contents From the Editor From the Editor...... 2 Passing the Baton...... 3 his is not the column I initially wrote Some Needed Changes...... 4 for this issue of the Peace Psychology New Blood, Same Dedication...... 5 T Newsletter. I tossed that one in the trash (or rather in my computer’s recycle bin) Using Assets for Peace...... 6 once I heard the October 9th announcement Michael R. Recruiting New Division Members...... 7 that President Barack Obama had received Hulsizer, Highlighting Student and Early Career the Nobel Peace Prize for “extraordinary ef- Editor Research...... 8 forts to strengthen international diplomacy Early Career Award 2010 Announcement....10 and cooperation between peoples.” McCain went on to state, “I think all of us Peace Psychology Explores Peace with were surprised at the decision, but I think Justice at the 2009 APA Convention...... 11 I was initially surprised at the selection given Americans are always pleased when their it had been 90 years since a sitting President Solutions to Intergroup Conflict: Constructing president is recognized by something on Sustainable Webs of Peace Builders...... 14 (Theodore Roosevelt, 1906 & Woodrow Wil- this order.” Governor Arnold Schwarzeneg- son, 1919) had received the Nobel Peace Prize. Invited Papers ger, R-Calif. believed that “This is a great Jimmy Carter received his in 2002—well after The Beginnings of Peace Psychology: honor for our country and reminds us all of A Personal Account...... 15 he had been President. However, I have been the promise our nation holds.” Honoring Peace and Anti-war Behavior: most surprised by the mixed public reactions The U.S. Peace Registry...... 19 and comments following the announcement So what do you think? Please send me your that our President was a recipient of this very thoughts on how you felt about President Educators Corner prestigious award. Obama receiving the Nobel Peace Prize. Peace Education Through Montessori.....21 A few short sentences, a paragraph or two, Teaching Peace Through Fun: 17 Years Many of the President’s domestic and inter- or even a short essay would be fine. If I get of a Peace Camp for Kids...... 22 national detractors questioned whether Presi- enough material I might be able to put to- Political Participation and Conflict dent Obama deserved the award. Indeed, the gether a special supplement on this topic in Escalation in Lebanon...... 26 Republican National Committee Chairman the Spring/Summer newsletter. Collaboration Between VA and College Michael Steele responded to the award by Theater Group to Bring Awareness of asking, “What has President Obama actually I would like to thank everyone who contrib- War Trauma...... 27 accomplished?” He went on to state that “It is uted to the newsletter. We have a full slate Building Global Solidarity Toward unfortunate that the president’s star power has of organizational reports, a wonderful review Nuclear Abolition...... 28 outshined tireless advocates who have made of the 2009 APA convention by Julie Levitt, Awards...... 30 real achievements working toward peace and and the call for papers for the 2010 conven- New Members...... 31 human rights.” tion. Gabe Twose has profiled the exciting re- Reports...... 32 search being conducted by early career peace However, most nonpartisan comments tended psychologists. Herb Kelman has written a Announcements...... 37 to focus on the fact that this award was a call comprehensive piece detailing the history of Member News...... 38 for action. For example, Lech Walesa, him- peace psychology. Michael Knox and Annie Division Directory...... 39 self a 1983 Nobel Peace laureate, commented Wagganer have presented information on a that “This is probably an encouragement for Peace Registry. The Educators Corner is off to This edition of Peace Psychology him to act. Let’s see if he perseveres. Let’s give a great start with an article by Debbie Winter was produced by: him time to act.” Sen. John McCain (R), and Nikole Campbell on Peace education for President Obama’s rival in the last election, Michael R Hulsizer, Editor young children through Montessori methods believed that “part of their decision-making Dept. of Behavioral & Social Sciences, and an inspirational piece by Jody Dempsey was expectations. And I’m sure the president Webster University, 470 E. Lockwood Ave., on a Peace Camp. Fouad Bouzeineddine has understands that he now has even more to St. Louis, MO 63119 provided a window into the minds of those live up to.” Archbishop Desmond Tutu’s [email protected] living in Lebanon during these turbulent (1984 Nobel Peace laureate) commented that times. Lastly, Leigh Messinides has written an Judy Stainbrook, Design Director & the award “speaks to the promise of President inspirational piece about peace in action. Associate Editor; [email protected] Obama’s message of hope.” Please continue to submit your thoughts, an- Author contributions are acknowledged in the Indeed, President Obama commented, “Let me nouncements, short research reports, and es- bylines. The opinions of individual authors do be clear: I do not view it as a recognition of my says for the next edition to the address in the not necessarily represent those of Division 48. own accomplishments, but rather as an affirma- left-most column by March 15, 2010. tion of American leadership on behalf of aspira- Published by Division 48 of the American Psychological Association. tions held by people in all nations.” In Peace,

Printed by: Still other public figures simply accepted Acme Printers–Lithographers the fact that this was an award that the en- 36 W Lockwood Ave., tire country should be proud was bestowed Michael R. Hulsizer, Editor Webster Groves, MO 63119 on one of our leaders. For example, Sen.

 Peace Psychology Fall/Winter 2009 Passing the

Eduardo I. Diaz President, Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict, and Violence

y the time you read this there will only velop a presentation that might be used as a dream of mine to have a stand alone confer- be a few weeks left in my term as Presi- Continuing Education offering to psycholo- ence that focuses on Peace Psychology schol- Bdent and I marvel at how fast time has gists or as an introduction to Peace Psychol- arship, practice and activism and it is now flown by. While I feel I have accomplished a ogy for various audiences. I presented what I clear that others think that is an idea worth fraction of what�aton I set out to do, I am grate- compiled as part of my Presidential Address pursuing. I have heard that PsySR is already ful to have had this opportunity to serve our at the Toronto Convention and APA granted planning to host such a conference in 2010 Society and, thanks to incredible team work, one hour of CEU credit for attendees seeking and we should set our sites to possibly do so in I can say that the Convention Programming such. While I do not believe that anybody 2011. Stay tuned! was excellent and we conducted essential came for the CEU credit, I did get positive business throughout the year trying to respect feedback and the core slides are available for I very much look forward to my next role in all points of view. anyone to use to create other contextualized the Society, that of immediate Past President. presentations to help grow the Peace Psychol- I will shortly pass the presidential baton to the Sometimes frustrated by how long it takes ogy movement. very capable Joseph de Rivera, who has, in my for the Executive Committee to act on a par- opinion, built the premier Peace Psychology ticular advocacy position, I have grown to I am also delighted that the Executive Com- program in our country at Clark University. accept that Peace Psychologists are a diverse mittee appointed Susan Opotow to be the group of people made up of individuals with next Editor of our Journal. I have admired her I want to take this opportunity to thank all of very different priorities. In comparison, our scholarship for many years and I am confident the members of our Executive Committee for sister organization, Psychologists for Social she will do a great job. She delivered an ex- pulling their weight as much as possible and Responsibility (PsySR), can whip out an ad- cellent Morton Deutsch Conflict Resolution supporting me, and each other, as we attempt vocacy position in no time at all. It is clear to Award address in Toronto. to move the Society forward. We are in fact a me why that is the case. They are all activ- team that tends to strive for constructive ac- ists, and in our Society we are not; we have a One of the Convention highlights for me was tion based on a deliberate hearing of all sides broader range of positions represented in our the Past Presidents Forum that was chaired by to an argument. We are willing to learn from membership. our Treasurer, John Gruszkos. They provided each other and from our disagreements. I feel great ideas on how to best use our resources blessed to know them and to be a part of this I am pleased that there is one tangible product and affirmed some of the ideas that emerged peace loving community. that may be used to help grow Peace Psychol- from the Executive Committee meeting, ogy that is currently available on our website. like the establishment of a Peace Psychology Eduardo I. Diaz can be contacted at: You may recall that I asked for input to de- Conference Planning Committee. It’s been a [email protected].

Mankind will never win lasting peace so long as men use their full resources only in tasks of war. While we are yet at peace, let us mobilize the potentialities, particularly the moral and spiritual potentialities, which we usually reserve for war.

John Foster Dulles, War or Peace 1950

Fall/Winter 2009 Peace Psychology  Some Needed Changes Joseph H. de Rivera President-Elect, Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict, and Violence

’ve been chairing a committee to look at gram chair Steve Nisenbaum at snisenbaum@ be working for a Department of Peace, and how our division is structured and what partners.org. Gregory Sims is beginning a group to foster Ichanges we may want to make. Many the development of personal peacefulness. things are going well: Peace and Conflict is In regards to our working groups, we have building an excellent reputation and the Jour- discovered that many have not been func- We recently sent out a short survey to all our nal committee has arranged for Susan Opotow tioning. In some cases chairs have no longer members. Since we have some 700 members I to succeed Dick Wagner as editor. Our aes- been communicating with members or with thought we would get at least several hundred thetically pleasing and informative newsletter those who would like to be involved. In other replies and was surprised when I only received keeps us informed about many of the projects cases, group chairs and members have been a bare hundred. I suspect this illustrates the members are doing. The executive committee quite active as individuals but have not com- fact of our busyness and the difficulty of com- is working with the sort of mutual respect that municated with one another so they are not munications in these days of internet over- allows the expression of minority viewpoints. working together as a group. Accordingly, load. Reading over the comments of those the executive committee has decided to ask who wrote, a number of thoughts occurs to However, it seems clear that it would be the chairs of working groups to establish list me. Two of these are: helpful to make a number of changes: In par- serves for their members and formulate one ticular, we need to formulate a new website, or two group projects. In spite of the evident 1. We need to offer more support for our pro- enliven our list serves, and restructure our importance of the themes of all the working fessional, non-academic members, who are working groups. groups, it seems disingenuous to continue list- doing important peace work in communities. ing groups that are not really working and we It seems to me that we need to increase com- In regards to the website, Caitlin Mahoney will discontinue groups without active chairs, munication with these peace practitioners and Michael Hulsizer are in the process of list serves, and projects. and instigate a series of peace practitioner finding a web designer who can transform our awards. site. We hope that we will have a first class There is a tension between the desirability of website up before the end of the year. having a few permanent working groups that 2. We have members with a wide variety of will reflect the basic pillars of peace psychol- interests, ranging from tax resistance and an In regards to our list serves, we are beginning ogy and the desirability of building on the interest in fundamental system change, to to establish list serves for all working groups spontaneous energy of members who may working to reduce the violence in local high and have begun experimenting with some want to begin new groups. We hope to resolve schools and families. I found it fascinating to professional networking and bulletin boards. this tension by the Midwinter executive com- read through these interests and believe we We have already established bulletin boards mittee meeting in Dallas. For the moment we should begin a division bulletin board so that for groups who wish to develop symposia for have decided to encourage new ad hoc “task those who are interested in sharing interests next year’s APA program at San Diego, and force” groups. Thus, Brad Olson is beginning may begin to communicate with each other interested members should contact our pro- a group of community psychologists who will directly. This January I begin my term of office as our president. Please send me your suggestions.

Thank you and peace.

Joseph H. de Rivera can be contacted at: [email protected]

 Peace Psychology Fall/Winter 2009 ew Blood, ame Dedication

Zoi Andalcio, Member-At-Large

write this to you �in hopes that this mes- cal work, and � Dr. Charles Gramlich, who and to structure dialogue that is strength- sage will find you motivated and ener- taught me the importance of writing in psy- based and works toward getting people to Igized in all your individual work and chology. While in undergraduate school I their highest level of functioning. What can academic pursuits. I am inspired by this Di- mentored young middle school students in be more exemplary than the creation of peace vision and my new role in it as a Division the Hollygrove and Uptown areas of New and stability within communities to showcase Member-at-Large. I view this Division as the Orleans, areas that are fraught with poverty the human race’s ability to reach its highest vanguard of social justice in the APA. To be and illiteracy. During one of my summers in functioning level? I also want to challenge the a part of that movement is exciting and I am undergraduate school I assisted Dr. John Rich, notion that peace building is not analogous honored to be serving. the former medical director of Boston Public to making war. Peace is not something that Health Commission, with data management you can hope that humans can attain idly and The first question on the tip of everyone’s on qualitative research exploring recurrent organically. Rather, it is something that must tongue is probably “Who are you?” Well, I am injury and inner-city men in the city of Bos- be fought for steadfastly and imprinted into not a peace psychologist by training or even ton. The study investigated why there was a the consciousness of people. As psychologists by discipline. I do not hold a doctorate from disproportionate amount of recurrent injury we must wage war instead on ignorance and some prestigious university or do I have years occurring within certain segments of Boston’s the violence that it often begets, and use the of teaching experience in peace psychology. population. I have also worked on projects weapons of knowledge and dialogue to create Given all that, I am sure that my presence in where I was involved in developing psycho- and inspire moments of peace building and the election for Member-at-Large was surpris- educational groups in the jails to help young conflict resolution. ing as was my success in that election. I am men who had serious social, educational, and confident that my best qualification, and per- environment challenges re-integrate back As a Member-at-Large I want to make sure that haps my only qualification, was my audacity into society. While working on my Master’s I earn my position on the Executive Commit- to run for this position. Still, I hope that my degree in Counseling Psychology at North- tee board by bringing greater awareness to in- determination to attain Member-at-Large re- eastern University, I learned the ins and outs novative community initiatives, models and flects well on the energy that I want to bring of the research world by observing Dr. Horten- research that highlight community building to my work on the Executive Committee. sia Amaro. I was a graduate student research and collaboration. I will pay particular atten- fellow in her research institute, Institute on tion to community violence, the result of the First, here is a little about myself and my Urban Health Research. financial distress and the failure of the educa- background. I am a twenty-something year tional system, especially in inner city commu- old Black man of Trinidadian descent. I have I am interested in working with people who nities. I will use my experience working with two degrees in psychology and I am currently are disenfranchised and are often disempow- incarcerated young men and the many things working as an addiction and mental health ered by the status quo. I am also interested in that I have learned about transitioning from counselor in an outpatient substance abuse bringing to the forefront mental health con- institutions to everyday society from these program in Boston. To go beyond the surface, cerns that often accompany issues of class and young men. I will share what I have learned I am a person who is deeply influenced by the race-based discrimination. One of the biggest about their successes, such as becoming col- strong mentors in his life who shared one sole lessons that my clients have taught me is that lege students and productive members of soci- guiding principle and that is to be of service when it comes to helping the disadvantaged, ety, and describe the many obstacles they face to others. I have chosen to serve through the those seeking help saw no color and age dif- along the way that cause struggle and growth. discipline of psychology. I have made the de- ference when there is genuine compassion I am a firm believer that education and qual- liberate decision to work on and for projects and quality training on part of the providers. ity clinical work can dramatically improve that relate to public health and aiding the the plight of millions of young people behind disadvantaged. For example, as a high school But this message is not just about enumerating bars and involved in street violence. These student I took part in a campaign to bring some of my personal experiences, but rather young people are the missing leaders of today, awareness to teen dating violence and to teen expressing to you, my colleagues, that the not tomorrow. As early career psychologists health issues by co-developing the first ever time for change is here and ripe for the pick- and established psychologists, we cannot wait teen health report in Boston on teens market- ing. When most people think of peace they for tomorrow to work toward peace—we must ed for teens and acting as a consultant on the visualize the flower carrying hippie with bo- act today. Many of you are already doing so Choose Not to Abuse campaign in Boston. hemian garbs making a peace sign. I want to and I am honored to join ranks of those advo- challenge that image of the peacemaker and cating for a more peaceful world. In solidarity My undergraduate degree is in psychology suggest....well, that the person working toward and peace we will succeed and continue on. from Xavier University of Louisiana where I peace looks like you and me. I strongly believe was challenged to be a better student every that we, as psychologists, will play a crucial Zoi Andalcio can be contacted at: day by professors such as Dr. Yolande Du role in the peace building process because of [email protected]. Bois Williams who opened my eyes to clini- our ability to understand human behavior

Fall/Winter 2009 Peace Psychology  Using Assets for Peace

John Gruszkos, Treasurer

s the world around us adjusts to (and difficulties with revenues. Members are much During the Toronto convention in August hopefully rebounds from) recent more reluctant to part with their shrinking 2009, the Finance Committee convened a Aeconomic woes, some adjustment dollars, and find themselves with less available forum of past-presidents and current officers has been needed within the Society as well. discretion in their financial decision-making. of the Society. The current officers actively For the past several years, the income that was Recognition of these realities will be guiding solicited the wisdom and expertise of the So- generated through membership dues, interest your Executive Committee as the budget for ciety elders. Out of this meeting was born the from investments, and royalties from the So- 2010 is considered later this year. idea of assembling a “brain trust,” composed ciety publications has enabled us to end each of the sages of peace psychology, to evaluate year with a substantial budget surplus. With In May of 2009, Executive Committee es- how the mission of the Society could best be the assistance of APA’s accounting office, tablished a Finance Committee, to assess the served. All members of the forum supported these surplus funds have been reinvested in financial structure of the Society and to make the three possible directions for investment mutual funds and money market holdings recommendations on future expenditures. mentioned above, as well as an exploration of on an annual basis. However, in fiscal year This committee is composed of the president, other creative ideas yet to be generated. Ev- 2008, income and expenses were balanced al- president-elect, immediate past-president, eryone advocated a vision of a broader tent most exactly, meaning that the Society spent and treasurer. The committee has been ex- within the field, which would encompass ar- as much as it took in from the three sources ploring ways to best utilize approximately eas of research and practice not traditionally mentioned above. Overall, we remain in good $140,000 in investments that are available included under peace psychology. All agreed financial health. Nonetheless, the situation for discretionary use. Society members have that sponsorship of a relatively small invited presents us with some implications, challeng- voiced strong support for putting these funds symposium, perhaps in conjunction with a fu- es, and possible opportunities for the future. to use as soon as feasible, since they are lan- ture APA convention, would be an excellent guishing and earning little interest at present. next step toward achieving these goals. Those of us fortunate enough to have accumu- Ideas under consideration include: 1) find- lated some personal investments haven’t felt ing ways to encourage increased research in These promise to be exciting times for the quite as fortunate this year, as we’ve watched peace psychology, perhaps through student future of the Society. Please contact me with the value of those investments take a deep stipends or early seed money for nascent proj- your comments or ideas, and stay tuned for plunge. The same downturn has affected the ects; 2) developing a core curriculum in the further developments. Society’s investments, and so dividends and field that could be made available for use in interest income has become only a dribble various educational venues; 3) sponsoring a John Gruszkos can be contacted at: when compared to past years. The figures for national conference, perhaps biannually, to [email protected].

2009 show a continued drop in this source of bring broader recognition to both research revenue. Income from membership dues also and practice in peace psychology. Naturally, decreased over 2008, and this trend has con- a financial cushion would always be kept in tinued into 2009. Indeed, a number of other � reserve to supplement future budgetary needs divisions, and even APA itself, report similar should they arise.

DONATIONS TO THE SOCIETY

A number of members have inquired about making monetary gifts to the Society. All such donations are greatly welcomed to help the Society meet our budget and to fund new and important peace-making activities! Donation checks should be made out to APA, Division 48, and should be sent to:

John Gruszkos, Division 48 Treasurer 7301 Forest Ave, Suite 201 Richmond, VA 23226

Please identify any such amounts as donations. Donations of this sort are tax-exempt. �  Peace Psychology Fall/Winter 2009 Recruiting New Members Peace Posters for the Division Available Rachel M. MacNair, Membership Chair f anyone is going to a conference where there may be people who Spread the message. might be interested in joining the Society, and you would like ei- Give as gifts. Ither a handful of brochures on hand or a chunk of brochures to set out on a table, let me know your address and I can mail them to you. If you have colleagues or friends who might be interested, I can send out Full-color, 11" x 17" brochures by postal mail or email attachment. They can also check out the web page, of course, at http://www.webster.edu/peacepsychology. $10 donation for one poster, with It’s common in some locales that people are not interested in being APA members. Such people should be encouraged to join us as affiliate shipping & handling included; members; it’s the same price and there’s no difference in membership as far as we’re concerned. They’ll still need to send in the dues to the additional posters $5 donation each APA address, because Division Services keeps track of our members whether they’re also APA members or not. But people can be assured (i.e., 2/$15; 3/$20; 4/$25, etc.) that they can join us directly without having to be APA members as well. People who already know they want to join can also use a credit To order, e-mail: card at http://www.apa.org/divapp.

[email protected] For students and early career people, the website is www.webster.edu/ peacepsychology/SEC. The contact is Gabe Twose at gabe.twose@ gmail.com. There is also a list of research projects in peace psychology suitable for dissertations, if there are any students who would like ideas for something in the field: http://www.rachelmacnair.com/research- ideas.html.

Another way to build the movement is to not only find people who might already be interested, but to get more people interested. One way of doing this is through books; there is a list of several up on the web page. They cover several topics to appeal to whatever fits a per- son’s interests the most. There are also a couple of general overviews that can be used in introductory classes, or as supplementary texts in a variety of suitable psychology classes. For example, Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology for the 21st Century, an anthology edited by Daniel J. Christie, Richard V. Wagner, and Deborah D. Winter, is available in print and also for free in PDF format on the web; the link is at the bottom of the main web page. In addition to giving a basic edu- cation, books about Peace Psychology can give ideas about helpful re- search and action, making people more excited about becoming a part of the network of scholars in Division 48. If anyone has other ideas of how to expand the membership, I would be eager to hear them.

Rachel M. MacNair can be contacted at [email protected].

See Spring/Summer 2007 issue, Vol.16-1, for four-color representation of poster.

Fall/Winter 2009 Peace Psychology  Highlighting Student & Early Career Research Gabe Twose, Clark University, Student and Early Career Chair

n June, I began my term as Student and may have implications for healing dialogues Raina Lamade, Graduate Student, Early Career Chair, a position that I am between other conflicted groups, as well as Fairleigh Dickinson University: Ihonored to hold through 2010. My first making a small contribution toward peace In March, 2005, the U.S. Supreme Court major task involved organizing several of our building and conflict resolution by better un- ruled that juveniles possessed diminished cul- Society’s events at the annual APA Conven- derstanding the means of reducing prejudice, pability, and therefore could not be executed tion, this year held in Toronto. As many of you and violence between groups. (Roper V. Simmons, 125 S.Ct. 1183 (2005)). know, these massive gatherings can feel over- The argument, simply stated, is that adoles- Katie Lacasse, Graduate whelming, a sentiment which I have certainly cence brings diminished responsibility, and, Student, Clark University: shared in the past. However, this year was a lit- as such, is an important mitigating factor at tle different. With my focus on presentations, One way to overcome in-group favoritism is sentencing. The focus of this poster presen- lectures, and discussions related to peace psy- by expanding an individual’s circle of care to tation is twofold: (1) to draw together evi- chology, many of them in our divisional suite, include a wider range of people. Terror man- dence delineating the multi-faceted impact of a sense of community began to evolve as I con- agement theory suggests that concerns about these laws, and (2) to explicate an alternative tinued to interact with like-minded people. our inescapable mortality confine us by leading model for the assessment, management, and us to strongly uphold our cultural worldview appropriate treatment of violent youth with I was hugely impressed by the passionate, and act more generously only toward those an end goal of reintegration. This model in- intellectual, and active members who I regu- who we consider in-group members. It was corporates: (1) specialized juvenile courts larly met throughout my four days in Toronto. hypothesized that this may be prevented by (2) juvenile facilities that employ an RNR Many of the names and projects were famil- encouraging people to focus of the common- adapted treatment model with a step down iar. Herb Kelman, Susan Opotow, Phil Zim- ality of death. Although not statistically sig- system, and (3) the use of ongoing dynamic bardo, Michael Wessells—the list could go nificant, trends suggest that people who con- risk assessments. on indefinitely. However, what truly stood template their own eventual death do seem out were the contributions of the often less- to feel threatened and want to strengthen Juliane Casey, Undergraduate heralded less senior members of the Division. and protect their in-group by donating more Student, Smith College: The breadth and depth of the work being car- to a strictly American charity. Additionally, ried out by the emerging scholars and activists Ryan Rasdall and I presented to the peace psy- this effect may be ameliorated by focusing on chology division in Toronto, where the audi- was inspiring, and I was struck by the fact that the commonality of death. However, this is I had known of so few of the individuals or ence included senior members of the division only true when one’s own personal death is and international students. We spoke about research areas. This seemed a sad reflection included in the contemplation of the death of the lack of a “community” among younger the various modes of reconciliation and heal- of all people. Future projects should work on ing between Japanese and Americans after peace psychologists, the dearth of which I finding a way to more reliably convey the idea hope to begin to address during my term as the nuclear bombing of Hiroshima and Na- of the commonality of death and generate a gasaki. Wismick Jean Charles—an intern for chair. To start, I decided to use this space to superordinate identity of “all humanity.” highlight just a few of the tremendous studies Dr. Judy Kuriansky at the UN—also present- ed his poster on overcoming poverty and vio- being carried out by the student and early ca- Violet Cheung, Assistant Professor, lence in Haiti. He described work being done reer members of our division, many of which University of San Francisco: were presented in Toronto. For the sake of to engage Haiti’s neighbor, the Dominican In a series of four studies, conducted over a pe- convenience, only the presenting or submit- Republic, in volunteer efforts. Jean Charles is riod of a year and half after 9/11, more than ting authors are listed. recruiting Dominican youth and profession- 500 participants in the San Francisco bay area als alike to volunteer their time and energy David Matz, Graduate Student, reported their emotions after viewing photo- to provide community service and participate John F. Kennedy University: graphs of the damaged World Trade Center. in youth conferences. Julie Levitt, Martin What this study showed was that people who Butler, Gabe Twose, and President Eduardo The purpose of my dissertation is to better un- were fearful tended to be more concerned Diaz all contributed to the discussion, and it derstand the possibility for healing and recon- about avoiding public places. Angry individu- was wonderful to see the interaction between ciliation through analyzing the psychological als, on the other hand, tended to rally behind youth and senior members. meaning of a dialogue between the children of the idea of armed aggression. It is a rare attempt Holocaust survivors and children of the Third to use visceral factors to explain the public sup- Veronica Dobson, Graduate Reich. The qualitative research technique of port for war. Anger dispels the illusion that Student, California School of phenomenology has been utilized to under- war is a result of cool deliberation. Besides the Professional Psychology: stand this experience in greater depth. Specif- support for war, three other popular responses The purpose of my dissertation project is to ically, this research will explore the potential nominated by the participants were also emo- for healing of a child of Holocaust survivors create a workbook that individuals may use to tionally charged. Conducting counter attacks, explore forgiveness. Forgiveness is one of the through engaging in dialogue with children of making terrorists pay, and freezing financial as- the Third Reich. More broadly, this research many ways people cope with past hurts and sets, were also rooted in anger. offenses, and may help individuals heal in a

 Peace Psychology Fall/Winter 2009 way that promotes peace, restorative justice to inclinations to write letters of advocacy Shannon Gottschall, Graduate and perhaps even reconciliation. The Dobson when in a joyful state. Further, non-violent Student, Carleton University Forgiveness Workbook is designed for indi- attitudes and belief in common humanity A sample of 111 students (32 males, 79 fe- vidual therapy patients to use in conjunction appear to be important predictors of compas- males) completed an online survey assessing with their treatment, for individuals exploring sionate response. the quality of their relationships with men- forgiveness alone, or with groups journeying tors, peers and the community, their personal Grant Heller, Graduate Student, together toward forgiveness. Research into empowerment, their well-being (i.e., self-es- University of Detroit: the effectiveness of the workbook includes teem and depression), and their gender role measures of forgiveness pre and post and thor- The focus of this study was to investigate the identification. No significant moderation -ef ough qualitative feedback from users. relation between listening to music contain- fects of sex or gender role identification were ing violent lyrics and interpersonal aggres- found in the association between relational Aviva Moster, Graduate Student, sion. To examine this relation, participants health and outcome but several significant University of Rhode Island: wrote a brief essay and then received feedback conditional effects (p<.01) were found for Very little research has focused on personal from a second ostensible participant as part of the overall sample, which was significantly definitions of violence. This study inves- a study on peer feedback and writing. Par- overrepresented by females (p<.001), pro- tigated such personal definitions, together ticipants were assigned randomly to receive viding partial support for relational-cultural with violence ratings of 38 behaviors by 123 either positive or negative feedback from the theory (RCT). Given observed gender dif- undergraduate students attending a large other and were then provided an opportunity ferences in militaristic attitudes, RCT’s dis- New England university. Results showed to evaluate an essay written by the other. cussion of gender differences regarding the that people who define violence in terms Prior to receiving the feedback, participants centrality of relationships may have potential of physical harm tend to rate a whole spec- were assigned randomly to listen to a song implications for peace-building initiatives trum of behaviors lower in severity than with either violent lyrics or non-violent lyr- addressing values associated with militaristic people who define violence more inclusively ics. Consistent with previous research, those attitudes (i.e., interventions can cultivate in terms of both physical and nonphysical receiving provocative negative feedback re- attitudes emphasizing relationships). The re- harm. Students’ descriptions of themselves ported more negative affect and evaluated sults of the current study also demonstrated as either violence-sensitive or violence-tol- the second participant’s essay more negatively significant mediation of associations between erant were significantly related to how they than those who received positive feedback. relationships and outcome by empowerment rated severity of violence. However, there However, despite finding a difference in per- (p<.01). The implications of these results for was a strong bias toward describing oneself ceived aggressive content between violent RCT and for peace-building interventions as violence sensitive. and non-violent songs, exposure to violent informed by RCT are discussed. Interven- songs had no discernible effect on interper- tions may benefit from a particular focus on Caitlin Mahoney, Visiting sonal aggression. The results provide mixed values recognizing the possibility of mutual Professor, Clark University: support for predictions made using the Gen- empowerment in relationships and support- As a peace researcher and an experimental eral Aggression Model (GAM). ing such empowerment. psychologist I believe that it’s important to derive hypotheses from everyday life, to test Sheridy Leslie, Graduate As I hope these very brief excerpts have these suppositions in a laboratory environ- Student, York University: demonstrated, the student and early career ment, and to take findings back into the real Early research on just world beliefs by Lerner members of our Society are doing remarkable world to see if they hold up. Centered on and Simmons (1966) showed that people things. If you would like your own work fea- compassion, my dissertation examined how who perceive their world to be unpredictable tured in future articles, please let me know. In persons relate to the suffering of geographi- find this perception threatening and respond addition to these pieces, over the next months, cally distant others (in this case, Darfur by clinging more strongly to the illusion that I hope to familiarize us with each other’s work refugees). What determines our ability to the world is fair and just and that people get through bringing us closer together as a group. give our attention to a sufferer rather than what they deserve in life despite inequalities. This will initially occur with the creation of becoming overwhelmed by self-concerns? I System Justification Theory (SJT) posits that a listserv focused on our demographic in or- examined those factors that foster inaction this tendency to justify one’s social system is der to facilitate communication, distribute and those that may increase the likelihood an intrinsic need and occurs automatically relevant announcements, ask questions, offer of compassionate response. In particular, I (Kay & Jost, 2003). Building on previous advice, suggest directions for future work etc. tested the supposition that the emotional theory and research, in the present study we You’ll be receiving an email about that proj- transformations evident in the experience of examined the effect of a challenge to the sta- ect shortly. Additionally, we of course hope joy may facilitate feelings of connectedness tus quo (exposure to a suggestion of unjusti- to link the senior and junior members of our and compassionate action. Forty-two univer- fied racial privilege for a dominant group) Society. To this end, I will soon be initiating a sity students were primed to feel “joyful” and or support for the status quo (exposure to a mentoring project, providing support to those were asked to report on feelings of closeness, suggestion of unjustified racial privilege for members who do not necessarily receive it at inclinations to take action, and to write a a historically disadvantaged minority group) their primary work or school setting. letter to the editor of their local paper. Their on system justifying beliefs (SJBs). The results responses were compared with those of their suggest that while a direct challenge to the I’m excited to have this opportunity to work own control ratings. Results suggest that joy status quo decreases people’s belief in a just with the student and early career members of may be an effective way of generating inter- world, support for the status quo—in the form personal closeness, and that the closeness as- of racist statements—did not reliably alter sociated with feeling joyful relates positively these beliefs. Continued on page 10

Fall/Winter 2009 Peace Psychology  2010 Peace Psychology Early Career Award

Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict & Violence (Division 48) American Psychological Association

Purpose and Eligibility The Early Career Award recognizes scholars in peace psychology who have made substantial contributions to the mission of the society, which is “the development of sustainable societies through the prevention of destructive conflict and violence, the amelioration of its consequences, the empowerment of individuals, and the building of cultures of peace and global community.” Nominees should have made their contributions within six years of receiving a graduate degree and need not be members of Division 48. Award The recipient will receive $500 and recognition at the awards banquet at the annual convention of the Amer- ican Psychological Association. Recipients are also invited to give an address at the convention. Criteria for Selection Scholarship (quantity and quality of publications) and activism (breadth and impact of teaching, training, fieldwork, policy work, etc.), are primary considerations. Generally, the scholar/activist model is most desir- able but in exceptional cases, the recipient may emphasize scholarship or activism. How to Apply Self-nominations are welcome. In addition, senior scholars are encouraged to identify nominees who meet the criteria for the award. The nominee should arrange to have the following submitted electronically: 1. A cover letter outlining relevant accomplishments to date; 2. Selected copies of most significant and relevant publications or other evidence of scholarship; 3. A current curriculum vitae; 4. Two letters of support.

Members of the Early Career Award Review Committee are Dan Christie, Kathleen Kostelny, Susan Opotow, and Gabe Twose. All files should be sent Dan Christie, Chair of the Peace Psychology Early Career Award Committee, at [email protected]. Deadline Applications must be received by December 15, 2009.

Continued from page 9, Student & Early Career the division. I see it as a wonderful chance to ing together to increase and apply psychologi- bring together what often seems a disparate cal knowledge in the pursuit of peace. group of individuals into a community where we can support one another with what are Gabe Twose can be contacted at: sure to be similar needs at this stage of our ca- [email protected]. reers. If you have other ideas regarding how to facilitate more of a cohesive environment, I would love to hear them. I look forward to talking with and hopefully meeting many of you over the next year as we continue work-

10 Peace Psychology Fall/Winter 2009 Peace Psychology explores Peace with Justice at the 2009 APA Convention

Julie Meranze Levitt, 2009 APA Convention Program Chair

he Convention in Toronto was not and we hope you will let this program be part heavily attended—there were around of your CE selections. T10,000 participants. The Peace Psy- chology Division numbers were down also. The theme of partnership, how to develop Yet, the program reflected reasoned, excellent the purpose of a project, and how to make and well-presented symposia, papers and post- the outcome sustainable after the project ers that move our thinking forward when we completion, were woven into presentations think of communities of peace with justice throughout the peace psychology offerings. within the community belief system and be- The idea of justice was incorporated as part havior. Regardless of our attendance numbers, of the purpose of the partnerships and was we now have another nuanced set of concepts reflected in the process. Joseph de Rivera and applications that we who attended can chaired a symposium, Creating Superordinate share. I especially wanted to write this article Identities, in which he and Johanna Volhardt for the newsletter to increase the numbers of (unable to attend, but Dr. de Rivera presented her paper), Rebekah Phillips DeZalia, Floyd peace psychologists who may benefit from Eduardo Diaz gives his Presidential Address. what we experienced in our programming. W. Rudmin, and Stephen Nisenbaum exam- ined the underlying agendas of the movers First, SPSSI (Division 9) initiated an 11 di- for mega-identities and how to engage and vision partnership, Psychology-Community incorporate smaller groups. In a theoreti- Engagement: Partnering for Social Change, a cal paper, Dr. de Rivera raised and explored timely and well-done set of programs designed these ideas. There were more questions than to increase our appreciation of how authentic answers about the ramifications of bringing partnerships between community members smaller groups together. What is in the best and psychologists can work, especially in interest of groups united by long histories and serving the needs of underserved populations narratives and living circumstances that bring while keeping us engaged as equal partners them together? How can culture be preserved who draw from the community’s agenda and while devising a system that allows for an ad- partner in ways that involve and empower ditional overarching identity? What are the the community as decision makers moving issues when there is disabling inter-group forward. Our contribution, Creating Peace- conflicts in which one ethnic group has been ful Communities with Justice—Authentic pitted against the other? Where is justice in Community and Psychologist Partnerships, these federations? An elegant exemplar of this explored community-psychologist teams by kind of dilemma was described by Dr. Phillips looking at the needs of Urban Indians (Amy DeZalia, who in a qualitative study, looked Jennifer Young presents her poster. West), police systems and needs of the com- at Rwandan efforts to create an overarch- munity by improving the understanding of ing identity for the Hutu and Tutsi. Only if police encounters with residents, especially inter-group connections are emphasized and minority groups (Phillip Atiba Goff and Tra- there is recognition within the culture of the cie L. Keesee), constructing workable commu- good and bad aspects of their historical con- nities in prisons (Eduardo Diaz), and working nections, rather than the silencing of these with women refugees in programs designed memories, can the government possibly be to assist the women in finding their voices effective in a unification process. (Kathryn Norsworthy). Kathleen Dockett, a community psychologist, skillfully organized The responsibility of the psychologist as a the session, and discussant Lawrence Ger- change agent working toward greater accep- stein, who himself works with Tibetans in tance of others and constructive partnering Tibet and here in the United States, added within communities was repeated in many thoughts about how dialogical partnerships programs. In Arthur Kendall’s session, Scien- can work. Three of the presenters were taped tists and Human Rights—Forming Partner- ships, the presenter looked at the Federation for an APA online CE session to be available Serving Peace with Justice Symposium members of Behavioral, Psychological and Cognitive shortly. The session will have the same title Brian Alston and William Clough. Continued on page 12

Fall/Winter 2009 Peace Psychology 11 Continued from page 11

Sciences as a way to bring together scientists and political movers. A paper session, New Directions in Peace Psychology—Areas to Explore, examined the ramifications of a De- partment of Peace (Joseph de Rivera), the U.S. Peace Registry (Michael Knox), the concept of asymmetrical track diplomacy (Thomas Rippon) and handling of everyday conflict (James Hansell). Rejecting Psycholo- gist Involvement in Torture—Opening New Possibilities & Challenges (Michael Hovey and John Szura) looked at alternatives to active military service by clergy. Steven Handwerker, the chair, also headed and par- ticipated in an interesting session that looked at international perspectives and peace with Lynn Stuart Weiss Foundation Award recipient Jonathan Turley discusses justice paradigms. The other presenters were APA’s position on torture. A. Marco Turk, JD, and William Clough.

I would like to make mention of some specific leisure, revenue-making activity. In a hospi- rogation. A luncheon with some of the divi- programs that were initiated to open and sus- tality suite program, three of Judy Kuriansky’s sion leadership following his lecture allowed tain dialogue and socially responsible work. In students, Ryan Rasdall, Juliane Casey, and W. us to explore directions further with him. a our hospitality suite, John Szura and John Jean Charles, presented the posters they had Cafferky talked about a joint healthcare out- developed for the UN Youth Conference on There were dialogues among sub-specialties reach project between Canada and the Phil- Disarmament (6/9/09). Looking at ways to to develop research and tools for application. ippines, grounded in liberation psychology further create peaceful communities with jus- School and trauma psychologists joined with (A UNESCO Liberation Psychology School tice was the theme of the two posters, which us in a hospitality suite discussion to consider Twinning Project between Canada and the were excellent. Rachel MacNair explored her how by working together we can develop Philippines: Healthcare outreach as a context travel experience to the Inter-American Con- initiatives to decrease violence in our com- for human rights awareness). Looking at inter- gress in Guatemala, looking at the benefits of munities. Present were Berre Nurch, Denise rogation and the role of psychologists in high attending such conferences and meeting with DeZolt, Kris Varjas, Steve Leff, Bonnie Nasta- security settings and clinical and legal settings colleagues abroad. si, Bob Geffner, Chris McDonald and me. We also was explored, again exploring the weight hope to develop a project that takes into ac- of professional ethics when serving commu- Also worthy of mentioning was the electrify- count our multiple perspectives and commu- nities and individuals. In this timely session, ing address by Jonathan Turley, JD, a professor nity research. Interested people are invited to Protectors as Perpetrators—Vulnerability in of constitutional law at George Washington join our discussion listserv by writing me. At Clinical, Legal & Military Work, Jancis Long, University and a frequent commentator on another suite presentation, Sports Psycholo- Roy Eidelson and Ken Agar-Newman offered CNN and public radio. He was selected by our gist Michael Sachs and colleagues looked at new perspectives related to psychology and division to be the recipient of the Lynn Stu- the intentional insertion of peace psychol- ethics. In a panel discussion, Divisions 19 and art Weiss Foundation Award, an honor that is ogy concepts into programs for underserved 48 met to consider Psychology Ethics in Na- shared as an annual APA Convention event children. We expect further partnering devel- tional Security Settings, beginning the pro- among four APA divisions. Professor Turley oping from this session as well and welcome cess for a longer dialogue between two groups argued eloquently and ardently for APA to members to join this study group. Again, working on issues of ethics within the military take a strong position against harsh inter- please e-mail me if you are interested. system. (A brief article on page 36 describes rogations in our enemy combatant sites and this session in more detail.) for psychologists to be removed from respon- The student presenters in our student poster sibilities in those activities. He also argued session presented exciting new ideas that sug- In a hospitality suite program, Kathryn French, for APA to investigate ethics complaints and gest new directions of inquiry. Themes related from Utah Valley University, explored how support whistle blowers and provide for an to the development of peaceful communities students taking oral histories of local progres- ombudsperson who supports these psycholo- and how justice can become part of that pro- sives become transformed by the experience. gists. He drew on his defense work on behalf cess was woven into the posters. Particularly With Linden Nelson, Gregory Simms, in his of Daniel King, a Petty Officer and Navy interesting was a qualitative study based on Conversation Hour, Stemming Epidemics cryptanalyst, who was subjected to harsh in- interviews of Hindus and Muslims who were of Unpeacefulness Through Identifying and terrogation. A psychologist participated in his present during the 2002 Gujarati Riots. The Promoting Personal Peacefulness, explored interrogation and Mr. Turley maintains that study, using content analyses, offers the pos- the concept of peacefulness. Neda Faregh, in the ethical charges he filed with APA were sibility of new approaches for assessing within her hospitality suite program, looked at the never investigated. Civil liberties are at risk group perception and direction for approach- similarity of youth gambling with other addic- and the APA needs to be the lead organiza- es for healing. Nishant Patel, the student re- tions such as alcohol and substance abuse and tion working against torture and harsh inter- searcher, was selected to be part of Datablitz, the role of the state in supporting gambling as a competitive interdivisional student poster

12 Peace Psychology Fall/Winter 2009 session held during the convention to famil- iarize students and others with exciting new research trends.

The regular poster session also went well with interesting, provocative presentations. Scott Moeschberger looked art collective memo- ries related to violence in Northern Ireland and the long-term impacts. Caitlin Mahoney presented on the influence of experiencing joy as a facilitator for building interpersonal connectedness. In a much needed area of re- search, Christine MacDonald presented her findings on quantifying bullying at the college level. Michele Hill explored Chaos/Complex- ity Theory as a way of resolving conflict by focusing on the “fog of conflict,” when play- ers present contradictory accounts and may fail to understand what has transpired or why they engaged in the conflict. Jenny Keller ex- plored a new way to train counseling profes- sionals about peace building. Ralph K. White Lifetime Achievement recipient Michael Wessells discusses International Human Rights, Ethics, and Peace Building. I must mention that the recipients of divi- sion awards were inspiring in their addresses. Ralph K. White Lifetime Achievement Awardee for 2008 Michael Wessells directed his remarks to the practical reasons why it is imperative to change how we treat others, including enemy combatants. If not us, who, and if not us, what becomes of us all? He drew on examples of rogue state prohibition of civil liberties and the clear direction that we and APA must go by drawing on international law. Additionally, he stressed that human rights standards are obligations and “power- ful levers for change and advocacy,” systems must have built-in mechanisms for monitor- ing, and that human rights become tangible, actual, through collection actions and that we are part of the chain that changes human thought and practice.

Finally, APA members and all psychologists Eduardo Diaz welcomes Susan Opotow as the new editor of Peace and must reject Nuremburg clauses that go against Conflict: The Journal of Peace Psychology. internal human rights standards, clauses that open up the possibilities for so many abuses. Susan Opotow, the 2008 recipient of the Mor- ton Deutsch Conflict Resolution Award, pro- vided an excellent, scholarly analysis of moral inclusion and exclusion, focusing on African- Americans in the post Civil War period here in the United States and warned that the time to make amends to those who were abused is now. Early Career Awardee Phillip Atiba Goff presented a fascinating study he conducted with Tracie Keesee on racial bias in the Den- ver Police Department. Dr. Goff suggests that Continued on page 14

Phillip Atiba Goff receives Early Career Award.

Fall/Winter 2009 Peace Psychology 13 Continued from page 13 males who are rated higher on masculine Solutions to Intergroup Conflict: vulnerability, even when they score lower on prejudice toward other subgroups, are more Constructing Sustainable Webs likely to not handle encounters with minor- ity males well. This raises the possibility that there can be racism without racists. of Peace Builders

Mention must be made of Eduardo Diaz Steven Nisenbaum whose excellent presidential address looked 2010 APA Convention Program Chair at creating a professional role in unchartered areas that promote justice. He chronicled his own work in justice systems reform and Hello and welcome, fellow Peacemakers, and enlist support for a culture that replaces developing a civilian oversight board for from your newly designated Division 48 Pro- our culture of continual warfare? the community and the police department gram Chairperson. I look forward to working in Miami-Dade County in Florida. He also with you to make the San Diego APA 2010 • The psychology of systems and organiza- inspired us to learn more about our burgeon- Convention spectacularly successful. Please, tions: How might psychologists take advan- ing field—its concepts and applications and please contact me ASAP to volunteer to help tage of existing or potential structures and how further study may help us strive for more on the Planning Committee and/or to be a governance mechanisms to promote cultures community development in peacefulness reader and reviewer of papers and posters sub- of peace? with justice. He provided an excellent bibli- mitted for consideration. • The psychology of identity and group dy- ography, also available by writing me. Lastly, namics involved in resolving intergroup dif- in keeping with our theme was a Past-Presi- Let me tell you about our theme: Solutions to ferences and systemic violence: How can dents Advisory Forum to explore initiatives Intergroup Conflict—Constructing Sustain- peace builders address perceived intergroup that support the Society’s work in peace- able Webs of Peace Builders. All submissions boundaries, and mitigate group differences building concepts and applications. are due by December 1, 2009. Rather than attempting to achieve peace by building a and competitive aggression? In closing, this review is not complete and for critical mass of like-minded people, this year’s • The psychology of belief, attitude change, those who are interested in particular areas, theme explores the possibility of resolving political messages, and shared motivation for I suggest visiting our division website (www. intergroup conflict and building a sustainable a peaceful coexistence: How can we address peacepsych.org) where our 2009 programs are culture of peace by linking persons who are differences that are perceived as not mutually listed. For abstracts and power points, please not of common mind and situated in separate compatible, and transform them into alliances e-mail me. Wishing everyone a healthy, ful- social, political and economic spaces (e.g., across groups for the common goal of peace? filling and peaceful fall. John Paul Lederach’s The Moral Imagination). • Peace building skill sets: What are best evi- Julie Meranze Levitt can be contacted at: In this spirit we have begun a networking site dence practices in Activist Conflict Resolu- [email protected]. (Peace Programming for San Diego) that may tion and Peace-Building Skill Sets? be used by division members who wish to de- velop a symposium about a particular theme • Origins of Conflict and Cooperation in and by members in other divisions who want Human Behavior and Culture: What are the to develop joint symposia. For example, we human evolutionary, sociobiological, philo- have established a bulletin board for sports sophical, psychological, and spiritual sources psychologists working with us on developing for sustained cooperation and peace? peacefulness, and for community psycholo- gists working on peace issues. These boards • Fostering inclusive morality: How may we are accessed by invitation. If you would like broaden our moral circle, facilitating inclu- to join a group planning a symposium or be- sive moral reasoning and behavior? gin a group bulletin board please e-mail me at [email protected]. An adjunct project we are considering is a Virtual Peace March (over the worldwide Of course, papers addressing many different is- web with fellow Psychologists abroad) target- sues will be appreciated. We would like to see ed towards the leaders in the capitals of every papers, posters, and symposium addressing: nuclear-powered nation.

• The wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, and the Contact me at any time to volunteer your expansion of U.S. military bases in other na- ideas and energies or with questions: Division tions. 48 Program Chair, Steven Nisenbaum, Ph.D., J.D., 166 Perkins Row, Topsfield, MA 01983. • Cooperative behavior and communication for a culture of peace: How can psychology be Steven Nisenbaum can be contacted at: useful for peace builders to devise, maintain, [email protected].

14 Peace Psychology Fall/Winter 2009 The Beginnings of Peace Psychology: A Personal Account

Herbert C. Kelman, Harvard University

For idiosyncratic reasons that will soon be apparent, I locate the beginnings of peace psy- chology—as an explicit field of inquiry and an organized effort to promote it—in the 1950s. The term “peace psychology” was not used in those days, but psychology was an integral component of the peace research movement—an interdisciplinary enterprise that emerged in the 1950s. I want to describe my own involvement in that emerging movement.

efore turning to this story, I need to add Ted Lentz’s Towards a Science of Peace, introduce an important caveat: While which—though published in 1955—was Bpeace psychology as a defined field of based on work begun in the 1940s. This is inquiry dates back to the 1950s, there were not a complete list; in particular, it leaves out peace psychologists before that date whom various publications on war and peace from a opportunity to pursue my interests in peace, we should be honoring as the earliest pioneers psychoanalytic perspective. justice, and social change. Thus, I think I am in the field. The inaugural issue of the journal This brings me to the 1950s, and my own right in saying that I was a peace psycholo- of Division 48, Peace and Conflict, reprinted gist before I was a psychologist. the famous article by William James (1910) involvement, as a social psychologist, in the on “The moral equivalent of war,” along with emergence of the peace research movement. I started my graduate work at Yale in 1947. a commentary by Morton Deutsch (1995), I came into psychology—and, specifically Over the next four years, I became thoroughly which presented William James as “the first social psychology—from the background of socialized as a social psychologist, with a strong peace psychologist.” a social activist. In the immediate post-war experimental and theoretical background. period, I was active in the anti-war and civil But I never forgot my initial reason for enter- The decade of the 1940s yielded a fair amount rights movements. Thus, for example, in 1946 ing the field. What I was looking for was ways of research and writing that we would de- I participated in what was probably the world’s of integrating my social activism/social issues scribe as peace psychology today. The Society first anti-nuclear protest: a demonstration at concerns with my academic work. (In this for the Psychological Study of Social Issues the Pentagon against the atomic-bomb test on connection, I joined SPSSI while still an un- (SPSSI) had a committee on the Psychology Bikini Island; on the way back from the Pen- dergraduate, when Daniel Katz, my mentor at of War and Peace, which was chaired by Ross tagon to Union Station in Washington, we Brooklyn College, introduced me to it.) Stagner and included Ralph White, Charles continued to carry our picket signs and several Osgood, and Ralph Gundlach. In the early of us were arrested for “parading without a per- In 1951, my last year in graduate school, 1940s, Stagner and colleagues published ar- mit.” In 1947, I participated in a nonviolent di- Arthur Gladstone—a colleague in the de- ticles on attitudes toward war, nationalism, rect-action campaign against racial segregation partment and, like myself, a conscientious and aggression, as well as attitudes toward of the swimming pool in Palisades Park, New objector to the Korean War—published war prevention. Much of this work was done Jersey, which used the tactic (similar to the a letter in the American Psychologist with under the auspices of the SPSSI committee. lunch-counter sit-in) of continuing to stand the inept title (not chosen by us) “Pacifists Other attitude research in this domain was in the ticket line when the black members of vs. psychologists” (Gladstone & Kelman, carried out during this period and even ear- our group were refused admission; several of us 1951). The letter pointed out that pacifist lier. In fact, an article by Droba on “The effect were arrested on a “disorderly person” charge theory rests on a number of psychological of various factors on militarism–pacifism” ap- when we remained standing in line after the assumptions that could be put to an em- peared as early as 1931. police had ordered us to move. pirical test, and proposed that psychologists and other social scientists might fruitfully Several books on psychology and peace were I had begun my studies at Brooklyn Col- place such efforts on their research agenda. produced in the 1940s. The list includes Ed- lege in 1943 and had chosen English as my The letter elicited a number of responses, ward Tolman’s Drives Toward War (1942), major—not with any specific career goals in some in the pages of the American Psycholo- Mark May’s A Social Psychology of War and mind, but because I knew that I wanted to gist and others in private correspondence. Peace (1943), Gardner Murphy’s SPSSI write, whatever career I might in the end Some of the responses were negative, re- Yearbook, Human Nature and Enduring Peace pursue. In my junior year, I switched to psy- flecting in part the mood of the McCarthy (1945), Hadley Cantril’s Tensions That Cause chology (ending up as a double major) and era, in which peace advocacy was treated War (1950), Otto Klineberg’s Tensions Af- eventually applied to graduate schools in with suspicion. Many, however, were posi- fecting International Understanding (1950), psychology, because I had come to the con- tive and supportive. and T. H. Pear’s collection, Psychological clusion that social psychology was the aca- Factors of Peace and War (1950). I would demic discipline that would give me the best Continued on page 16

Fall/Winter 2009 Peace Psychology 15 A Personal Account, continued from page 15 port, and a young sociologist named Stephen ing director of the Center, Ralph Tyler. The Richardson, who had brought with him the list also includes 10 of the active members of The positive responses to our letter identified manuscripts of two unpublished books by the Research Exchange. a community of scholars interested in pursu- his late father, Lewis Richardson: Statistics ing a peace research agenda. The respondents of Deadly Quarrels and Arms and Insecurity, The editorial work on the Journal created were mostly, but not entirely, young (Ted which eventually became prime models for an interdisciplinary community of scholars Lentz, one of the early respondents, was in his systematic, quantitative peace research. Lewis at the University of Michigan interested 60s at the time) and mostly, but not entirely, Richardson was a physicist/astronomer (as well in issues of war and peace—including, sig- psychologists. We called a meeting at the as a Quaker—like Kenneth Boulding). During nificantly, several specialists in international EPA or APA convention in 1951, at which his lifetime, only brief reports of his work in relations. This group became the nucleus of we decided to establish an organization de- this area were published—e.g., in T.H. Pear’s the Center for Research on Conflict Resolu- voted to the promotion of research on issues (1950) volume (Richardson, 1950). Bould- tion, which was established at the University of war and peace. The group took final shape ing and Rapoport, incidentally, were greatly of Michigan with the enthusiastic support in 1952, when we adopted the name Research impressed with these two manuscripts and, in- of its Vice President for Academic Affairs, Exchange on the Prevention of War. During deed, helped to get them published (Richard- Roger Heyns—who also happened to be a that year, we began publishing the Bulletin of son, 1960a, 1960b). Lewis Richardson’s work social psychologist. On a personal note, I the Research Exchange on the Prevention of War, persuaded them of the possibility of applying joined the Center in 1962, when I came to with Art Gladstone as editor and myself as mathematical models and quantitative meth- Michigan on a joint appointment between book review editor. Over the next few years, ods in the study of issues of war and peace. the Department of Psychology and the Cen- the Research Exchange organized discussion ter for Research on Conflict Resolution. groups at academic conventions, as well as The deliberations of the working group that The Research Exchange, the Journal of Con- symposia that included Quincy Wright and I convened at the CABS led to the decision flict Resolution, and the Center for Research Pitirim Sorokin among other speakers. Two to start a new interdisciplinary journal that on Conflict Resolution that evolved from of these symposia (including papers by Wright would replace and expand on the Bulletin of the it were part of an emerging peace research and Sorokin) were published (Kelman, 1954; Research Exchange. We named the new publi- movement in the United States, Europe, and Kelman, Barth, & Hefner, 1955)—the latter in cation Journal of Conflict Resolution: A Quar- Canada during the 1950s. In my analysis, a the Journal of Social Issues, which was edited by terly for Research Related to War and Peace. We major impetus to the development of the Brewster Smith at the time. The Research Ex- decided to base the JCR at the University of movement in those years came from the con- change also organized two summer workshops Michigan because Kenneth Boulding was on vergence of two strands, loosely correspond- to explore theoretical approaches and research the faculty there, Anatol Rapoport was about ing to two groups of scholars that recognized ideas in the field of peace research. to join the Michigan faculty, and two ener- getic graduate students at Michigan—Wil- their interdependence: scholars from fields In retrospect, the Research Exchange accom- liam Barth and Robert Hefner—were already outside of international relations—such as plished quite a bit during the few years of its handling the technical work of producing the economists, psychologists, anthropologists, operation. At the time, however, I lacked the Bulletin of the Research Exchange there. as well as occasional physicists, biologists, historical perspective that I have today: After or mathematicians—who were interested in all, I did not realize that our efforts marked The Research Exchange was phased out with applying the concepts and methods of their the beginnings of the peace research move- the inauguration of the new journal. JCR re- fields to the study of war and peace because ment! I was frustrated about my own failure placed—at a much more ambitious level— of their strong commitment to peace (as to start an active research program in peace the Bulletin of the Research Exchange; and we well as, of course, the intellectual challenge research—to go beyond writing about what concluded that our other activities could be of the enterprise); and scholars of interna- needs to be done and actually starting to do it. pursued most effectively under the auspices of tional relations (many of whom, of course, At the organizational level, I was disappointed a newly formed SPSSI Committee on Inter- also had strong commitments to peace), who in our failure to attract international relations national Relations (see REPW merger with felt the need to go beyond the traditional ap- specialists to the Research Exchange. SPSSI, 1957). proaches of international law, international organization, and diplomatic history, and I had the opportunity to act on this organiza- The Journal of Conflict Resolution began publi- develop a scientific basis for the study of war tional concern in 1954–55, when I had the cation in 1957 as the first journal in the newly and peace. good fortune of being among the first group of emerging field of peace research. It was guided Fellows to be invited to the newly established by an interdisciplinary editorial board, chaired The two strands needed each other in order Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral by Kenneth Boulding. The majority of the to fulfill their potential. The non-specialists Sciences (CABS) at Stanford. Even though original board members were drawn from the needed the specialists in order to legitimize I was one of the youngest members of the Michigan faculty and included Daniel Katz, their forays into areas in which they had group, I was able—in the collegial, egalitar- among others. The historical origins of the not been trained, to fill in the substantive ian atmosphere of the Center—to convene enterprise are reflected in the fact that the knowledge they lacked, and to provide real- a sub-group of Fellows to inform them about long list of names (including editorial board, ity testing for their conceptual models. The the Research Exchange and to solicit their managing editors, associate editors, and spon- IR specialists, in turn, needed their colleagues advice on how to broaden its base and move soring committee) that can be found on the from other disciplines as sources of concepts the enterprise forward. The group included, cover page of the early issues of JCR includes and methods, as well as of the validation among others, the economist Kenneth Bould- 17 (out of a total of 36) members of the 1954– and encouragement that they did not always ing, the mathematical biologist Anatol Rapo- 55 class of the Center for Advanced Study in receive in those days from their more tradi- the Behavioral Sciences, as well as the found- tional colleagues. The two groups thus formed

16 Peace Psychology Fall/Winter 2009 a mutually beneficial coalition that provided nature of an individual’s relationship to the role of various social-psychological concepts stimulation and legitimization to both. The state—to his or her view of personal respon- in the analysis and resolution of international interdependence between these two overlap- sibility. The work culminated in the publi- conflicts, such as human needs (e.g., Kelman, ping groups contributed significantly to the cation of Crimes of Obedience: Toward a So- 1990), identity (e.g., Kelman, 2001), atti- vitality of their joint enterprise. cial Psychology of Authority and Responsibility tudes (e.g., Kelman, 2007b), trust (e.g., Kel- (Kelman & Hamilton, 1989). man, 2005b), group processes (e.g., Kelman, Let me conclude my remarks with a brief 1997), and coalition formation (e.g., Kel- overview of the topics within the broad do- A significant turning point in my work oc- man, 1993). Some of my publications about main of peace psychology on which my own curred in 1966, when I met John Burton and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict—both in jour- work has focused over the years. In the 1950s learned about the unofficial third-party ap- nal articles (e.g., Kelman, 1978, 1985, 1987, and 1960s, a central focus of my work was proach to conflict resolution that he was de- 2007c) and in newspaper op-eds constitute the effort to define the contributions of so- veloping and beginning to apply (see Burton, my particular version of policy analysis, draw- cial psychology to the interdisciplinary study 1969). I was excited about his work, which I ing on my background as a social psychologist of war and peace (see, e.g., Kelman, 1955). saw—from my parochial point of view—as a and peace researcher and on my experiences The major product of this effort was a SPS- way of putting into practice the social-psy- as a scholar-practitioner. SI-sponsored volume, International Behavior: chological approach to international conflict A Social-Psychological Analysis (1965). The that I had been thinking about theoretically. Scholar-practitioner is the term that my col- contributors to the volume were mostly so- I enthusiastically accepted his invitation to leagues and I have come to use in describing cial psychologists (including Daniel Katz, participate as a member of the third-party our role in conflict analysis and resolution. Brewster Smith, and Ralph White, among team in an exercise on the Cyprus conflict One of the most satisfying aspects of my ca- others) and political scientists; I edited it that he organized in London in the fall of reer has been the opportunity to contribute and wrote the introductory and conclud- that year. to the development of a cadre of scholar-prac- ing chapters. The volume brought together titioners through my work with my students much of the theory and research on the Since then, I have increasingly devoted my ef- across the years. With the support of the social-psychological dimensions of interna- forts to developing and applying the approach Hewlett Foundation, my students, associates, tional behavior available at the time and that John Burton pioneered. I soon began to and I established a Program on International became a major text for students in interna- write about problem-solving workshops in in- Conflict Analysis and Resolution (PICAR) tional relations. A second focus of my work ternational conflict (Kelman, 1972) and—at at Harvard’s Weatherhead Center for Inter- was the study of nationalism, national iden- the time of the Arab-Israeli war of 1967—be- national Affairs, which—over a ten-year pe- tity, and the relationship of individuals to gan to think about applying the approach to riod (1993–2003)—was devoted to research, the national political system. Much of this the Middle East conflict. I conducted my first practice, and training in interactive problem work was carried out in collaboration with Israeli-Palestinian workshop in 1971, in col- solving and related approaches. My students Daniel Katz and colleagues at the University laboration with Stephen Cohen, and—at the have gone on to elaborate the model that I of Michigan (see, e.g., DeLamater, Katz, & time of the Arab-Israeli war of 1973—made have helped to develop, to explore its psy- Kelman, 1969; Katz, Kelman, & Vassiliou, a commitment to place this work at the top chological foundations, to apply it to various 1970; Kelman, 1970). A third focus of my of my agenda. I have come to use the term identity-group conflicts around the world, work during the late 1950s and the 1960s interactive problem solving to describe the and to undertake research to evaluate it. The was research on international educational approach (Kelman, 2002; see also Kelman, scholar-practitioner model, in my experience, and cultural exchanges (and other interna- 2008), and I have applied it over the years has meant not only that social-psychological tional activities)—work that in a way re- primarily—though not exclusively—to the theory and research have informed our theory flects the functionalist approach to interna- Israeli-Palestinian conflict. and practice, but that the practice has provid- tional relations pioneered by David Mitrany ed major inputs into our theoretical work on My Middle East work has involved extensive (1943). A major product of this research was conflict and conflict resolution, as well as into travel in the region, conversations with politi- a book entitled Cross-National Encounters: policy analysis and recommendations. cal leaders (see, e.g., Kelman, 1983), dozens of The Personal Impact of an Exchange Program problem-solving workshops with political in- for Broadcasters (Kelman & Ezekiel, 1970; References fluentials from the conflicting communities, see also Kelman, 1975). Burton, J.W. (1969). Conflict and communica- and three Israeli-Palestinian working groups tion: The use of controlled communication in In the 1970s and 1980s, a major focus of my that have met over a period of several years international relations. London: Macmillan. work was on international crimes—geno- (including a group that is currently meeting Cantril, H. (Ed.). (1950). Tensions that cause wars. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. cide, torture, war crimes (Kelman, 1973; see at periodic intervals) to explore the two sides’ also Kelman, 2005a). Empirical research in perspectives on the conflict and jointly de- DeLamater, J., Katz, D., & Kelman, H.C. (1969). velop ideas for resolving it (or specific issues On the nature of national involvement: A this area—carried out in collaboration with preliminary study. Journal of Conflict Resolution, Lee Hamilton—began with a national sur- within it). These experiences, which can be 11, 320–357. described as a combination of field research vey in the U.S. on public reactions to the Deutsch, M. (1995). William James: The first trial and conviction of Lt. Calley for the My and action research, have informed my writ- peace psychologist. Peace and Conflict: Journal Lai massacre in Vietnam. It continued with a ings about international conflict and conflict of Peace Psychology, 1, 17–26, 1995. subsequent survey on people’s conceptions of resolution in general (e.g., Kelman, 2007a), Droba, D.D. (1931). Effects of various factors on personal responsibility for actions in response as well as the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and militarism–pacifism.Journal of Abnormal and to superior orders. One of our interests was the possibilities for resolving it in particular. Social Psychology, 26, 141–153. in the effect of political orientation—the I have used the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as my case study in theoretical writings about the Continued on page 18

Fall/Winter 2009 Peace Psychology 17 Continued from page 17

Gladstone, A.I., & Kelman, H.C. (1951). Pacifists Kelman, H.C. (1990). Applying a human needs Kelman, H.C. & Ezekiel, R.S., with Kelman, R.B. vs. psychologists. American Psychologist, 6, perspective to the practice of conflict resolution: (1970). Cross-national encounters: The personal 127–128. The Israeli-Palestinian case. In J. Burton (Ed.), impact of an exchange program for broadcast- James, W. (1910). The moral equivalent of war. Conflict: Human needs theory (pp. 283–297). ers. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. International Conciliation, 27, 3–20. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Kelman, H.C., & Hamilton, V.L. (1989). Crimes Katz, D., Kelman, H.C., & Vassiliou, D. (1970). Kelman, H.C. (1993). Coalitions across conflict of obedience: Toward a social psychology of A comparative approach to the study of nation- lines: The interplay of conflicts within and be- authority and responsibility. New Haven, CT: alism. Peace Research Society (International) tween the Israeli and Palestinian communities. In Yale University Press. Papers, 14, 1–13. S. Worchel & J. Simpson (Eds.), Conflict between Klineberg, O. (1950). Tensions affecting interna- people and groups (pp. 236–258). Chicago: tional understanding. New York: Social Science Kelman, H.C. (Ed.). (1954). Relevance of social Nelson-Hall. research to war prevention—a symposium. Research Council. Journal of Human Relations, 2(3), 7–22. Kelman, H.C. (1997). Group processes in the Lentz, T.F. (1955). Towards a science of peace. resolution of international conflicts: Experiences London: Halcyon Press. Kelman, H.C. (1955). Societal, attitudinal and from the Israeli-Palestinian case. American Psy- structural factors in international relations. chologist, 52, 212–220. May, M.A. (1943). A social psychology of war Journal of Social Issues, 11(1), 42–56. and peace. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Kelman, H.C. (2001). The role of national Kelman, H.C. (Ed.). (1965). International behav- identity in conflict resolution: Experiences from Mitrany, D. (1943). A working peace system. ior: A social-psychological analysis. New York: Israeli-Palestinian problem-solving workshops. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. In R.D. Ashmore, L. Jussim, & D. Wilder (Eds.), Murphy, G. (Ed.). (1945). Human nature and Kelman, H.C. (1970). Patterns of personal Social identity, intergroup conflict, and conflict enduring peace. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. involvement in the national system: A social- reduction (pp. 187–212). Oxford, England and Pear, T.H. (Ed.). (1950). Psychological factors of psychological analysis of political legitimacy. In New York, NY: Oxford University Press. peace and war. London: Hutchinson. J. N. Rosenau (Ed.), International politics and Kelman, H.C. (2002). Interactive problem solv- REPW merger with SPSSI (February 1957). The foreign policy (rev. ed., pp. 276–288). New York: ing: Informal mediation by the scholar-practitio- Free Press. Society for the Psychological Study of Social ner. In J. Bercovitch (Ed.), Studies in international Issues Newsletter, pp. 1 and 3. Kelman, H.C. (1972). The problem-solving work- mediation: Essays in honor of Jeffrey Z. Rubin Richardson, L.F. (1950). Threats and security. In shop in conflict resolution. In R.L. Merritt (Ed.), (pp. 167–193). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Communication in international politics (pp. T.H. Pear (Ed.), Psychological factors of peace Kelman, H.C. (2005a). The policy context of tor- and war (pp. 219–235). London: Hutchinson. 168–204). Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ture: A social-psychological analysis. Internation- Richardson, L.F. (1960a). Statistics of deadly Kelman, H.C. (1973). Violence without moral al Review of the Red Cross, 87(857), 123–134. quarrels. Pittsburgh: Boxwood Press. restraint: Reflections on the dehumanization of Kelman, H.C. (2005b). Building trust among Richardson, L.F. (1960b). Arms and insecurity. victims and victimizers. Journal of Social Issues, enemies: The central challenge for international Chicago: Quadrangle Books. 29(4), 25–61. conflict resolution. International Journal of Inter- Kelman, H.C. (1975). International interchanges: cultural Relations, 29(6), 639–650. Tolman, E.C. (1942). Drives toward war. New York: Appleton-Century. Some contributions from theories of attitude Kelman, H.C. (2007a). Social-psychological change. Studies in Comparative International dimensions of international conflict. In I.W. Zart- 1 Development, 10(1), 83–99. Remarks presented at a Division 48 (Peace man (Ed.), Peacemaking in international conflict: Psychology) panel on “Honoring our Early Pi- Kelman, H.C. (1978). Israelis and Palestinians: Methods and techniques (rev. ed., pp. 61–107). Psychological prerequisites for mutual accep- Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace Press. oneers in Peace Psychology,” during the meet- tance. International Security, 3(1), 162–186. Kelman, H.C. (2007b). The Israeli-Palestinian ings of the APA in Boston, Aug. 16, 2008. Kelman, H.C. (1983). Conversations with peace process and its vicissitudes: Insights from Arafat: A social-psychological assessment of the attitude theory. American Psychologist,62(4), Herbert Kelman can be contacted at: prospects for Israeli-Palestinian peace. American 287–303. [email protected]. Psychologist, 38, 203–216. Kelman, H.C. (2007c). Israeli–Palestinian peace: Kelman, H.C. (1985). Overcoming the psycho- Inching toward and looking beyond negotia- logical barrier: An analysis of the Egyptian- tions. Middle East Policy, 14(3), 29–40. Israeli peace process. Negotiation Journal, 1 (3), Kelman, H.C. (2008). Evaluating the contributions 213–234. of interactive problem solving to the resolution Kelman, H.C. (1987). The political psychology of ethnonational conflicts.Peace and Conflict: of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict: How can we Journal of Peace Psychology, 14(1), 29–60. overcome the barriers to a negotiated solution? Kelman, H.C., Barth, W., & Hefner, R. (Eds.). Political Psychology, 8 (3), 347–363. (1955). Research approaches to the study of war and peace. Journal of Social Issues, 11(1), 1–57.

18 Peace Psychology Fall/Winter 2009 Honoring Peace and Anti-war Behavior: The U.S. Peace Registry 1

Michael D. Knox and Annie M. Wagganer University of South Florida

“War will exist until that self-nomination, nomination by others, and the selection of well-known public figures. distant day when the consci- Potential registrants supply brief biographical information, data on specific actions/behav- entious objector enjoys the iors, and supporting documentation, which is then reviewed by volunteer editorial staff. same reputation and prestige In the case of public figures, news and other reference sources are analyzed to identify that the warrior does today.” anti-war/peace conduct for each nominee. Each registrant must provide permission and –President John F. Kennedy certification of accuracy, and ultimately be approved by the Foundation’s Board of Direc- tors, before inclusion in the final database. War is a dominant aspect of our culture. Since Following editing and verification, the data is World War II, the United States has invaded published in the U.S. Peace Registry. more than 20 countries and is currently en- gaged in combat in three. Beyond the devas- Supplementing the documentation of con- tation of life and significant destruction, our temporary anti-war role models and modern militaristic behavior also creates huge fiscal behaviors will be a collection of anti-war deficits and spends public funds that could The Planned U.S. Peace Memorial quotations by famous United States leaders otherwise be used for education and health and personalities, both past and present. For care. Changing this pro-war culture will re- example, in his acceptance speech for the quire that peace and anti-war behaviors be The Foundation publishes the U.S. Peace 1964 Nobel Peace Prize, Martin Luther King, taught, modeled and reinforced. Registry, a developing national database that Jr. acknowledged that, “It is not enough to is documenting the broad range of modern say we must not wage war. It is necessary to The military honors its heroes and supports peace activism and anti-war behaviors. It rec- love peace and sacrifice for it.” This quote, the warrior role with medals, promotions, ognizes and honors both individual and orga- along with many other statements in support ceremonies, and monuments. There are few nizational role models for peace leadership. It of peace and against war made by individuals indicators, however, that American society is hypothesized that the Registry will reinforce such as Albert Einstein, Helen Keller, Dwight values those who oppose war. This results in a anti-war actions, stimulate new discussions, D. Eisenhower, Benjamin Franklin, and Mar- country that recognizes contributions to war, increase comfort levels, and perhaps lead to garet Mead will provide an additional histori- but often holds in derision those who call for greater citizen involvement in interventions cal perspective to the Registry. peaceful alternatives. These citizens have reg- for peace (Knox and Wagganer, 2009). ularly suffered negative consequences, such as The database presently includes citizens who loss of friends, employment, and promotional Through disseminating information about have publicly opposed U.S. military actions opportunities, as well as intimidation, arrests, U.S. peace advocates and identifying their including invasion, occupation, produc- legal fees, imprisonment, and violence. specific behaviors and accomplishments, the tion of weapons of mass destruction, use of Registry will help decrease the social barriers weapons, and threats of war to solve inter- While the United States has a long and rich that citizens regularly face and must over- national problems. Individuals who have history of citizens who have promoted peace, come before they publicly express anti-war written an anti-war letter to their represen- there exists no national record of their efforts sentiment. More Americans will be inspired tatives in Congress or to a newspaper have or tribute to their patriotism. Data regarding to speak out for peace and to work to end the been identified, along with Americans who peace and anti-war advocacy are captured hatred, ignorance, greed, and intolerance that have devoted their lives to peace and resist- only sporadically, at best. This significant often lead to war. Additionally, American ing war. Organizations that have opposed work often goes unacknowledged and unap- youth and others will learn of our national war for centuries will be highlighted, as preciated by our society, ignored by American resource of patriotic citizens and leaders who well as hundreds of relatively new peace-re- history and potentially forgotten by future have advocated for peace and against war. lated websites (Knox and Wagganer, 2009). generations. The U.S. Peace Memorial Foun- dation, a grassroots not-for-profit organiza- The processes of identifying those to be rec- tion, is leading the way to reverse this trend. ognized in the U.S. Peace Registry include Continued on page 20

Fall/Winter 2009 Peace Psychology 19 Peace Registry, continued from page 19 See the lists below for selected example For more information, or to submit an application behaviors. for inclusion in the US Peace Registry, please visit: www.uspeacememorial.org/registry.htm. Examples of Behaviors Individual References Kennedy, J. F. (n.d.). Letter to a Navy Friend. Withhold a portion of income tax Retrieved September 12, 2009, from http:// Attend a peace conference www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Ar- chives/Reference+Desk/Quotations+of+John+ Run for political office F+Kennedy.htm. Develop educational curriculum Knox, M. D., & Wagganer, A. M. (2009). A E-mail federal representatives cultural shift toward peace: The need for a National symbol. Peace and Conflict: Journal Participate in public debate of Peace Psychology, 15, 97-101. Author online blog King, M. L., Jr. (1964). Nobel Prize Acceptance Serve on a community board Speech. Retrieved September 12, 2009, from http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/lau- Sign online petition reates/1964/king-lecture.html. Volunteer at event Organizational 1 A brief version of this article was delivered Coordinate demonstration as a paper at the 2009 APA 117th Annual Provide training Convention, Toronto, Canada. Organize film series Michael D. Knox can be contacted at: Manage a storefront [email protected]. Operate interactive website Host conference

Contribute media campaign MONTESSORI student giving a peace necklace to Create exhibit a classmate for helping her clean up a spill. Publish electronic newsletter Supervise lending library

Based on recent analysis, it is expected that Two Montessori students sit on a Peace Mat. The boy had previously injured the girl. She eventually the Registry will have listed sev- expresses her feelings about the incident and he rubs her finger to make it feel better. eral hundred discreet anti-war behaviors and recognized thousands of peace activists. At present, the U.S. Peace Registry is a liv- ing, online document that can be updated with additional registrants and behaviors in perpetuity. It will later be made further avail- able as a formal printed reference publication and be accessible for public viewing through electronic display at the U.S. Peace Memo- rial monument in Washington DC (see Alice Yeager’s vision of the monument).

Through this process, the U.S. Peace Registry will help current and future generations un- derstand how individuals and organizations have contested war and promoted peace. It will work to create a cultural shift where advocating for peaceful solutions to interna- tional problems and opposing war are consid- ered as valuable as military action for securing our democracy. It will ensure that those who oppose any future U.S. war will have a broad arsenal of actions from which to choose.

20 Peace Psychology Fall/Winter 2009 educators corner Peace Education through  Montessori

Debbie Winter and Nikole Campbell, Faith Academy of Montessori, St. Louis, Missouri

“The Science of Peace, were it to become a special discipline, would be the most noble of all, for the very life of humanity depends on it. So, also perhaps, does the question of whether our entire civilization evolves or disappears.” – Maria Montessori, 1932

t is a little known fact that Dr. Maria Mon- are free to pursue what interests them most at classroom. Montessori children do not expect tessori was nominated for the Nobel Peace any particular stage of development. Younger to receive external rewards for making good IPrize, not once, but three times in her life. children observe the work of the older, and a choices. They learn to feel a sense of reward She believed that peace was the responsibility natural curiosity guides them to the next level from “inside” themselves, and therefore their of education and that if it were to come about, of learning in a non-competitive manner. moral development is enhanced. Citizens it would be through the moral and spiritual They want to learn something new, as they of a Montessori classroom do not expect to education of the child. Through her intense have witnessed the joy of others doing so. get something for being a good person; they research over the years, she concluded that all The older child in the environment accepts learn that it “feels good to do good.” They are children, no matter what their economic con- the responsibility of setting a good example taught to be aware and recognize the good in dition (she taught royal children and children for the younger ones. In exercising this role, others, and to encourage fellow classmates of the slums), develop according to the same they grow morally. when they are kind, respectful, helpful, etc. natural laws. It is with this theory in mind In other words, through the example of the that she encouraged everyone, educators and From the very beginning the use of language director and through practicing behaviors of parents alike, to join forces to pay as much at- in a Montessori classroom focuses on respect- love and mutual respect, children cultivate tention to the child’s spiritual and moral edu- ing the rights of others and of being a good peace in their classroom. cation as to their academic education. She citizen within the group. For instance, when believed that each child had the ability to de- we discuss putting a lesson back on the shelf Recommended Reading: velop a peaceful mindset. Maria Montessori where it belongs, it is to be done as “a kindness Collopy, M., & Gardner, J. (Eds.). (2000). Archi- so that the next person wishing to use it will tects of peace: Visions of hope in words and once said, “It is not the child as a physical but images. Novato, CA: New World Library. as a psychic being that can provide a strong know where to find it.” When a child finishes McFarland, S. (2004). Honoring the light of the impetus to the betterment of mankind.” a lesson, they are taught to clean and restore that lesson to its original, organized state, as a child: Activities to nurture peaceful living skills in young children. Buena Vista, CO: Shining A Montessori classroom, in its very nature, is “kindness to the child who will use it next.” Mountains Press. set up to promote peace. It is comprised of chil- When a new child joins the school, all chil- Montessori, M. (1982). The secret of childhood. dren of mixed aged groups working together dren are invited to help make that child feel New York: Ballantine Books. and alongside each other. The older children comfortable. They learn empathy through ex- Montessori, M. (1995). The absorbent mind. have the joyful responsibility of helping the perience and practice. In the Montessori cur- New York: Henry Holt. younger and the younger children learn eas- riculum, these customs are called “Lessons in Montessori, M. (1949). Education and peace. ily from their shared experiences. Having Grace and Courtesy.” The children sincerely (H.R. Lane, Trans.). Chicago, IL: Henry Regerny. children working at their own pace, and with want to help the new child, assisting them in The Virtues Project (nd). The virtues curriculum. lessons of their choice, eliminates the need any way they can. Retrieved on October 14, 2009, from http:// for competition and enhances the joy of the www.virtuesproject.com experience. The directors in the environment In a Montessori classroom, the director is Debbie Winter can be contacted at: are charged with the responsibility of setting charged with the responsibility of demon- [email protected]. up the classroom, observing each child and strating to her/his students the characteristics then helping them as they follow their own of world citizens. It is his/her responsibility to Nikole Campbell can be contacted at: path of educating themselves, regardless of observe, recognize and encourage the innate [email protected]. what another child’s path is. Within the good in children, and to guide them gently to- structure of the prepared classroom, children ward a more peaceful existence within his/her

Fall/Winter 2009 Peace Psychology 21 Teaching Peace Through Fun: 17 Years Of A Peace Camp For Kids

J. Jody Dempsey

“We need to do more than give peace a chance. We need to give it a place in the curriculum.” – Coleman McCarthy, circa 1990, Binghamton, NY

“Teach this triple truth to all: a generous heart, kind speech, and a life of service and compassion are the things which renew humanity.” – Buddha, date unknown

I promise to try to not hurt others by my words Peace Campers listen with rapt or actions; to respect others, even if they are attention to different from me (boys & girls, all colors and the message. races, all countries, all religions.) I know that everyone deserves to be treated that way. I will try my hardest to keep my promise of peace. – Peace Camp Pledge

Clinical/Empirical Basis for Logic of Teaching Peace Why teach Peace? Who should it be taught to? public health approach. Indeed, in contrast Secondary and Tertiary Prevention programs Who should teach it? And finally, how should to “the medical model which is concerned are “defined as reducing the risk of violence it be taught? The logic of reaching out to teach with the diagnosis, treatment, and mecha- among youths who display one or more risk- Peace to children is supported not only by the nisms of specific illnesses in individual pa- factors for violence (high risk youths) or pre- face validity of such a concept, but also by a tients, the public health approach offers a venting further violence or the escalation number of reports and studies. For example, practical, goal-oriented, and community- of violence among youths who are already in January of 2001, responding to an order by based strategy for promoting and maintaining involved in violent behavior” (p. 2). Over- Congress and President Clinton following the health.” The Report goes further to evaluate all, such programs target youth who have tragedy of Columbine, the Surgeon General existing intervention programs and to catego- already shown violent behavior or multiple published “Youth Violence: A Report of the rize these programs as meeting intentions of risk factors for violence. Secondary Preven- Surgeon General.” This report, the product of what the Commission categorizes as Primary tions are geared more toward individual risk a joint commission of the Center for Disease Prevention, Secondary Prevention, and Ter- factors, while Tertiary Prevention is the most Control and Prevention, the National Insti- tiary Prevention efforts. The Commission fur- intensive level, with a combination of both tute of Health, and the Substance Abuse and ther rated each program for effectiveness in approaches. Mental Health Services Administration, is a meeting the goal of reducing youth violence. multiple chapter examination of the problem Because the intention of our Peace Camp is from many perspectives. Some of their find- Primary Prevention “is defined…as lessen- to reach a broad base of children and to give ings relate directly to the potential benefits of ing the likelihood that youths in a treatment them an opportunity to think about how they interventions such as our Peace Camp. or intervention program will initiate violent perceive themselves and their relationships behavior…therefore, prevention programs with others, familiar and not familiar, and Specifically, it was concluded based on the are designed to target youth who have not to learn skills to navigate those relationships study of children and adolescents that “The yet become involved in violence or encoun- and to integrate them into their way of liv- window of opportunity for effective interven- tered specific risk factors for violence…they ing, our Peace Camp appears to best fit the tions opens early and rarely, if ever, closes” are implemented on a universal scale and aim category of primary prevention. Indeed, we (p. 3). It was also suggested that such inter- to prevent the onset of youth violence and re- have not seen the Camp as an appropriate ac- ventions be viewed not from just a problem- lated risk factors” (p. 2). tivity for children with more intense behav- reaction perspective but rather with a broad, ioral/emotional needs, given that ours is an

22 Peace Psychology Fall/Winter 2009 Peace Camp counselors share the message of peace with peace campers.

unfunded, completely volunteer activity that taught would result in an increase in positive, the mounting, sometimes panicky requests is intended to be recreational and educational peaceful, and pro-social behaviors. Peace from parents, schools and youth agencies for but not clinically therapeutic. We have had Camp provides youth with the opportunity to interventions and staff training to address a few circumstances when a child with more do both. The Commission found that “The youth violence, I heard Coleman McCarthy, significant emotional needs may have been most important conclusion...is that youth vi- former Washington Post columnist and well- signed up for the Camp with some subsequent olence is not an intractable problem” (p. 6). known Peace advocate, speak the phrase behavioral issues. So far, however, we have quoted earlier at a conference addressing the been able to both devote more of our own at- Finally, while our program content is tailored problem of youth violence, and it was one of tention to those campers while also matching to the developmental levels of our elemen- those clinical “Aha!” moments…TEACH those children to more individual supervision tary school-aged campers, we strongly believe PEACE! with older, more experienced counselors, and that recruiting the adolescents who function no child to date has needed to leave Camp as our counselors serves an equally important Since then, I’ve labored to do just that when- because of behavior. purpose by giving us the opportunity to train ever and wherever I can. The most effective them in the specific application of peace- intervention in that pursuit to date has been It seems reasonable to posit that many of the teaching methods. The reinforcement they our Peace Camp. This summer, my wife Terry elements of Peace Camp could play a clini- receive from both the younger children they and I concluded our 17th annual Peace Camp cally positive role in secondary and tertiary teach and interact with, as well as from fami- in Vestal, NY, where for four consecutive eve- prevention programs, but that could and lies, the media that has positively and enthu- nings we gathered with 88 young campers and should be subjected to clinical empirical in- siastically reported on the Peace Camp every 47 adolescent counselors to share, sing, draw, quiry. With our Camp structure, however, the year, and the skills they learn by teaching discuss, dramatize, and celebrate the possibili- primary prevention focus is most appropriate. strongly contribute, we believe, to the devel- ty of PEACE, to understand more about what opment and integration of their Peace-mak- it means in our own lives, the lives of those A review of the data examining the effective- ing and Peace-building attitudes, values, and around us and in the world, and to begin to ness of varying approaches to reducing youth behaviors. learn the skills necessary to make it happen. violence by the Surgeon General showed that in primary prevention, skills training, Further support for the purposeful inclusion While I have daily contact with children from behavior monitoring and reinforcement, co- of adolescents in the fabric of an intervention preschool to college age through my decades operative learning, and positive youth devel- such as Peace Camp is found in the Surgeon of independent practice with youth, families opment programs, in addition to several other General’s Report: “Targeting prevention and youth agencies and Terry through her approaches, are effective on a universal scale programs solely to younger children misses 30 + years as a teacher of children from (i.e., designed to prevent the development over half the children who will eventually preschool age to her current position as a of violent behaviors rather than trying to re- become serious violent offenders, although secondary school learning support teacher, duce and/or eliminate violent tendencies that universal prevention programs in childhood we both rapidly realized that there were no might already exist). Certainly, that is what may be effective in preventing late-onset guidelines or blueprints to go by, just a broad we strive for, thus aligning with the structure violence” (p. 3). concept needing specifics, not only to reach of primary prevention. and teach our campers, but to also give them Origins of the Development of a good time. We also remained keenly aware Overall, investigations of factors correlated to the Peace Camp that we were asking parents and children to the development of youth violence indicate Almost twenty years ago, amidst the swelling commit to what is too often an abstract idea that risk factors for violence “result from social tide of societal concern about the youth vio- while sacrificing several hot evenings in the learning or the combination of social learning lence “epidemic,” my increasing recognition prime time of summer to learn about Peace. and biological processes” (p. 3). Conversely, that the cadre of kids I treated for aggressive, It seemed clear that we would not get a sec- it seems logical to suggest that social learning externalizing behaviors needed to be reached ond chance if the first was a flop. that positively reinforces pro-social behav- before they viewed violence as the way, and iors in an environment where such skills are Continued on page 24

Fall/Winter 2009 Peace Psychology 23 Continued from page 23 Peace Camp counselors teach the steps to peaceful While there was a scattering of literature to conflict resolution direct us, most was academic, abstract and using story of geared to adults. Seeking some direction as Red Riding and the date of our first Peace Camp approached, the Wolf. I reached out to the stimulus of this con- cept and managed to reach Mr. McCarthy directly, first through Directory Assistance and then through cajoling staff at the Wash- ington Post. When I did connect with him, he was responsive, patient, and passionate about the principle and directed me to Mary Joan Parks, someone who had already done some Peace-teaching work with youngsters. A phone number search and call later, we talked about her conception and implemen- tation of Peace Camps, and she sent her program material which gave specifics and a sense of how she approached it. Camp Schedule is provided below. problem solving, or nonviolent and effective conflict resolution skills, are taught and dis- To date, more than a thousand children Camp Schedule cussed using relevant, real-kid-life examples. (Grades K to 6th) have passionately par- ticipated in our nondenominational Peace Peace Camp—One People, One World, One Small group activities, run by counselors Camp under the guidance of our “staff” Peace—Summer 2009 and attended by the campers and their small of about two hundred fifty dedicated teen group counselors, include Peace Art, Co- 6–6:15 p.m.: Table activities. Stay with your counselors. A variable indicating that the operative Games, Peace Music, Role Plays, group, make name tags, color in booklets. Camp is meeting one of our core objec- Peacemakers, as well as varying proactive Tell kids why you came to peace camp, learn tives of fun for campers and staff is the fact activities where the campers help by creat- about each child. that almost all of our counselors are former ing, making, writing, drawing, etc., for oth- Campers who return eagerly year after year, 6:15–6:30 p.m.: Large group activities. Sit in ers such as the elderly, the ill, our soldiers often bringing friends and peers who are in- assigned section on floor. overseas, etc. In small group, there are many trigued by the concept and claims of good opportunities for the counselors and camp- times and sign up to come. Indeed, most 6:30–7:30 p.m.: Small group. Students ers to interact with and to get to know each who come one year return the following participate for 20 minutes in three of the other on a personal basis, to share thoughts, year. The Peace Camp has been possible following activities: Cooperative Games, experiences, and opinions about peace, di- because of the sponsorship and donation Peacemakers, Peace Music, Making Peace versity, conflict and other related topics, and of school/church properties by Our Lady Happen Role Playing, Peace Art. relationships among and between the ages of Sorrows Church. There is no fee for at- and genders are formed and strengthened. tending the Camp. T-shirts featuring the 7:30–7:40 p.m.: Snack Many friendships established at camp have current year Camp theme are tie-dyed in continued for years after. 7:40–8:20 p.m.: Small group. Students par- the opening Peace Art activity and are ticipate for 20 minutes in two of the remain- available to Campers for a fee to cover their The 20-minute small group activities are ing small group activities listed above. cost. Campers and Counselors bring non- located in different rooms and run by two or three counselors who have been given perishable food items if and when possible 8:20–8:30 p.m.: Large group activity. Sit in specific activities and training in how to for donation to the Parish Food Kitchen assigned section on floor. donation program. conduct them. For example, in Peace Art, All the campers are grouped by age into all the campers may make paint imprints of Structure of Peace Camp smaller groups of 8 to10 children, each with their hands on a large roll of poster paper For our first Peace Camp, we implemented at least four adolescent counselors who stay with a theme of “With These Hands, We many of Ms. Park’s program ideas. Since with them throughout all Camp activities. Can Make Peace.” Another will be directing then, however, we have tailored, created, campers on a discussion of what peace looks and tapped into many other sources to mold The large group session, which opens and like, sounds like, or feels like to them, and Camp activities based on our experiences closes each evening’s gathering, is an opportu- then drawing pictures depicting that, or in and the response of the kids who have at- nity for me, my wife, or a motivated counselor other artistic ways creating what they have tended. Learning what works well and what volunteer to talk with all about an important imagined. and relevant theme or concept, such as “What didn’t through experience, our current four- In Peace Music, campers learn, sing, and dis- evening Camp schedule runs for two and a is Peace?”, or “Who are the Peacemakers?”, or most importantly, “How to be a Peacemaker,” cuss a number of peace songs that celebrate half hours with a mixture of large group and how peace can bring us together. For example, small group activities. An example of our where specific age-relevant steps to peaceful

24 Peace Psychology Fall/Winter 2009 “God Bless the Planet Earth,” sung heartily by activities, and introduce their new peace children’s education. That belief, strongly about 150 kids, was inspiring to both singers companions. We conclude Camp with peace held before starting, seems more valid now. and audience. In Cooperative Games, camp- skits, songs, poems, and other brief activities The shared experiences transform an abstract, ers don’t compete. Rather, the game objec- conceived, rehearsed, and enthusiastically esoteric concept into a fascinating, person- tives call for cooperation by working together performed by each group. Generally, this clos- ally relevant, and individually reachable to figure out how transfer a bucket of water ing event is attended by more than a couple way of living. To be sure, we stress repeatedly from one site to another using only cups and hundred people. that Peace does not exist on its own; rather, a line of campers. Progress only flows from co- it needs to be made, and each of us has the operation. Future Directions/Need for chance to do so. It is also pointed out that one Interventions Such as Peace Camp takes this journey a day at a time, and there Peacemakers has campers learning from While in the context of our Peace Camp are obstacles encountered along the way. counselors about those who have made a pos- there is little to radically change because of However, that truth clarifies another maxim itive difference in the quest for peace, some inherit on a local, unfunded, volunteer activi- that guides Peace Camp: There is no way to internationally known such as Dr. Martin ty, there are potential additions/modifications Peace; rather, Peace is the way. Luther King, Jr., Mother Theresa, Gandhi, that could enhance the objectives of increas- and others who were not as well-known but ing pro-social beliefs, behaviors and skills and Finally, while we believe Peace Camp has have nonetheless impacted the world around decreasing observable and measurable ag- made a difference, such an intervention needs them through their service, such as Samantha gressive behaviors. These additions are clear empirical investigation, including random as- Smith, Irene Sandler, or Sadako. Ultimately, because of our experiences in running this signments to this and/or other interventions, campers are encouraged to see that they, too, program and our interactions with the 1000+ control groups, data collection, and appro- can change the world through their everyday youngsters who have participated. priate analyses to objectively define efficacy. lives and interactions with that world and While I hypothesize that Peace Camp has specifics of what they have done or might do Campers and their families are asked for writ- made a positive change in participants, this are discussed with and by them. ten feedback about the Camp, and there have approach and relevant variables (e.g., dura- been occasional comments about time and/or tion, age, activities, etc.) should be measured Our Camp concludes the fourth night with a days chosen for the Camp or other peripheral to show if they improve our ability and reli- Peace Camp dinner where the campers bring issues. However, the most common comment ability in promoting Peace and to better shape their families to a group pot-luck dinner with by far has been that activities such as those the interventions provided. food purchased, cooked, and donated by the conducted at Peace Camp happen much families, including campers and counselors. more frequently, including integration into Jody Dempsey can be contacted at: The campers proudly show their art, their [email protected].

Would you like to show your support for peace in a more tangible—and visible—way?

Order a “Peace is Possible” t-shirt or hat from Julie Levitt by emailing her at [email protected]. Donate $10 (or more if you like) to our Division, and we will send you one of the items as a token of our appreciation.

Fall/Winter 2009 Peace Psychology 25 Political Participation and Conflict Escalation in Lebanon1

Fouad Bouzeineddine, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts

“The best lack all conviction, while the We adapted a survey shown to be a good the emotional climate of a nation more in- worst are full of passionate intensity.” measure of emotional climate (de Rivera, secure, eliminate trust, and breed despair. – W.B. Yeats Kurrien, & Olsen, 2007) so that it included items that assess the level of political involve- Additionally, in an insecure climate where ment of the respondent, the motivational demoralization is high, the individual’s per- ophisticated and widespread political levels for political participation, aggressive- ceptions of self-efficacy might be lower, and participation is an essential part of de- ness in political activity, and the general per- the locus of control externalized. Coupled Smocracy and an important step toward ceived level of crisis and polarization in the with a context that is unstable, this may enduring and peaceful societies. It is there- country. Since such a survey had not been lead to one of two things. One can come to fore imperative to understand the underlying used in countries in which there had been a a state very like learned helplessness, with- dynamics of participation in psychological crisis coming right after a period of economic drawing from any involvement with politics, terms, and to find ways to improve it quanti- growth and prosperity, and since my home as it is damaging to the self-image and to tatively and qualitatively. Intelligent partici- country of Lebanon was passing through one’s sense of self-control and security. Or, pation makes for democracies that are stable, both a prolonged internal crisis and frequent one can become frightened, frustrated, and peaceful, and successful. Where democracy foreign and terrorist attacks, it was an obvi- aggressive. Terror management theory sug- is the rule of the people by the people, it can- ous candidate for the study. gests that this could lead to hate and polar- not be anything other than what the people ization, as one’s belief system, self-image, and make of it. In Lebanon there was, as expected, a signifi- identity are threatened. And one can find cant sense of hopelessness and insecurity, and refuge in social identity. But if that is then Citizen participation and involvement is in- an acute lack of trust and respect between threatened, especially where groups are com- herently a highly complex issue, with mul- the people. The extent of individual demor- peting, group bias may come out, and social tiple factors affecting it across time and the alization was correlated with the extent to contagion take over, possibly producing fur- geopolitical spectrum. So far, the research on which individuals perceived a climate of ther polarization and risking further instabil- the relationship between psychology and po- distrust (r = .35, p<.001), and a climate of ity and conflict. litical participation has been on the level of insecure hopelessness (r = .25, p<.05). In the individual. But it is well established that Lebanon, this demoralization was related to If these findings generalize to other countries group influences interact with individual political affiliation. Moderates who did not with similar emotional climates of insecurity psychology and behavior. We cannot afford support a one of the two major political sides and distrust, they demand our attention. The to continue to ignore the relationship be- were more likely to be demoralized (F(3,78) mere fact of the demoralization and with- tween the group psychology of nations and = 9.4, p<.001) and had lower political in- drawal of the moderates and neutrals as a re- their citizens’ political behavior, especially volvement (F(3,78) = 6.6, p<.001). sult of such a climate is worrisome. It ensures with respect to groups’ collective emotional that relatively more aggressive and/or par- conditions and their effect on political sta- There are several possible reasons for why tisan elements remain involved in politics, bility and conflicts. the moderates were more demoralized and risking further polarization, radicalization, withdrawing. One factor is the rigidity and and destabilization. This is not to mention One important national condition is a na- polarization of the major political parties, any potential activation of radical elements. tion’s emotional climate. Measures of emo- which also have a monopoly on power. This In order to ensure the internal stability, tional climate may ask people what they rigidity and hostility may be exacerbated by peacefulness, and prosperity of sensitive and think most citizens feel about the situation the collective lack of trust and security that already troubled states, such as Lebanon, this in the nation. Such a method may be more compromises a people’s solidarity and their cycle must be prevented. It suggests that po- accurate than simple self-report because it willingness to sacrifice for the greater good. litical players dealing with these countries allows people to be more honest. It is a re- This loss of openness and flexibility leads to should adopt policies that activate and em- flection not only of the socio-economic and the polarization described by Rubin, Pruitt, power the political participation of nonpar- political situation of the nation, but also of & Kim (1994). This polarization, with the tisan, moderate citizenry, without creating the ways that people are dealing with that climate of distrust and insecurity, can lead further polarization or insecurity. situation. As such, it can be a good way to to zero-sum thinking, negative attitudes, uncover the affective framework through and contentious goals, the hallmarks of the In a final aside, we begin to see signs of a grow- which people are responding to their situa- structural changes that prevent conflict res- ing polarization here in the U.S., coinciding tion, including the political decisions they olution. This cycle would be completed as with an emotional climate that apparently are making. increased polarization and escalation make Continued on page 27

26 Peace Psychology Fall/Winter 2009 Continued from page 26 Collaboration Between VA & has begun to turn toward insecurity and dis- College Theater Group to Bring trust. The insecurity seems to be stemming both from the economic downturn and its Awareness of War Trauma long-term consequences (particularly unem- ployment), and from the sudden and radical Leigh Messinides ideological shift of power in government, Staff Psychologist, Outpatient Mental Health, and the consequent uncertainty as to how Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach CA such a shift might affect the future and iden- tity of the country. Some among those who lost power appear to be feeding distrust, and intensifying the culture war between liberal ne could tell this would be a different lai and cast members Teresa Rios and Eliott and conservative. So, while we certainly kind of Grand Rounds presentation Glasser) were very willing to assist. have reason for concern about the state of Owhen the preparations involved a the fragile countries in whose internal poli- dress rehearsal and last-minute efforts to fix A panel was invited to be part of the dis- tics the U.S. has a hand, it is also imperative the footlights! A short one-act play on the cussion after the play, and they came from to remain vigilant on the home front. The topic of war trauma was presented on June 2, diverse backgrounds in the fine arts, the twin tumors of polarization and radicaliza- 2009 at VA Long Beach Healthcare System military and mental health. Kevin Vejar, tion must under no circumstances be allowed (VALBHS), Long Beach, CA, before an audi- RN, the VALBHS PTSD Team Nurse Case to take root and grow. ence of staff, veterans and their families. Manager, spoke on the military experience, VA treatment resources, as well as his own References The aim was to utilize a creative medium—in Navy experience. Dalia Sanchez, a counselor De Rivera, J., Kurrien, R., & Olsen, N. (2007). The this case a theater drama—to help illustrate is- at the Orange County Vet Center with ex- emotional climate of nations and their culture of sues of military trauma and facilitate open dis- tensive military experience and a recent tour peace. Journal of Social Issues, 63, 255-271. cussion. The story of this presentation began in Iraq, spoke about her work with veterans Rubin, J. Z., Pruitt, D. G., Kim, S. H. (1994). when Rod Doran, a Navy veteran, returned and their families. Professor Joanne Gor- Social conflict: Escalation, stalemate, and settle- ment (2nd ed., pp. 82-97). New York: McGraw- to Orange Coast College pursuing his dream don, chair of the Theater Arts Department Hill. of writing. In his words: “A chance comment at California State University, Long Beach, made in a room full of Viet Nam veterans director of Cal Rep Theater, and the recipi- triggered the idea of a story I was compelled ent of numerous drama awards, spoke about 1 A similar version of this paper was pub- to tell. I attempted to write a short story, but how she recently came to create a play on lished in the Fall 2009 issue of the Interna- couldn’t make it work. With the story still the veterans’ experience, and on the role of tional Society of Political Psychology newsletter bouncing around in my head, the one act the arts in communicating the human cost (ISPPNews). play format was assigned to me by a writing of war. One audience member who had been instructor. You never know what will change married to a Viet Nam veteran shared how Fouad Bouzeineddine can be contacted at: your life, but I know writing a play about John the play surprised her by its similarity to her [email protected] and Karen changed mine. My hope is that my own experience. life will not be the only one John and Karen will change.” Since the presentation, other VA staff have asked about the possibility of using plays or The play, entitled The Wall, was originally drama to heighten awareness of other mental presented at Orange Coast College’s Origi- health issues. The coordinators for the June nal Play Showcase this past spring. In its 15 second presentation, Stacey Maruska, the minutes of dialogue between a young married VALBHS Recovery Coordinator, and Leigh couple, it sensitively portrayed how the pain Messinides, VALBHS Psychologist, were of trauma can cause withdrawal, and the im- struck by the generosity of the Orange Coast pact this withdrawal can have on the couples College students in sharing their talents and relationship. When asked if they could pres- time with our VA community, and the enthu- ent the production at our VA, the student siasm and openness of veterans and staff to troupe (writer Rod Doran, director David Sa- this non-traditional presentation.

Leigh Messinides can be contacted at: [email protected].

Fall/Winter 2009 Peace Psychology 27 Building Global Solidarity Toward Nuclear Abolition: Five-Point Plan by Buddhist Peace Builder Daisaku Ikeda

Kathleen H. Dockett, University of the District of Columbia

aisaku Ikeda, Buddhist philosopher, educator, and peace activist, issued a Dfive-point plan for nuclear disarma- Daisaku Ikeda is widely recognized ment and non-proliferation (Ikeda, 2009) on as one of the world’s leading inter- September 8, 2009. Titled Building Global preters of Buddhism. He is president Solidarity toward Nuclear Abolition, the of the Soka Gakkai International proposal outlines the steps to be taken dur- (SGI), a non- ing the next five years to lay the foundation governmental for a world without nuclear weapons. Ikeda organization emphasizes the uniqueness of the opportunity (NGO) of the before us now to build a ground swell of public UN, and one support and to influence political processes. of the most dynamic The proposal commemorates the 52nd anni- and fastest versary of second Soka Gakkai President Josei growing Buddhist movements in Toda’s (1900-58) historic call for the aboli- Five-Point Plan toward Nuclear Abolition tion of nuclear weapons in 1957. It also marks the world today with some 12 mil- lion adherents in 192 countries. A Ikeda’s five-point plan outlines the steps to the 26th year that Ikeda has submitted annual be taken to lay the foundation for a world peace proposals to the United Nations (UN). recipient of the United Nations Peace Award in 1983, Ikeda’s contributions without nuclear weapons within the next five Fortuitously, this proposal was released 16 days years (p. 7): prior to the historic summit of the UN Secu- to world peace, cultural exchange, rity Council (2009) on nuclear proliferation and education have been recognized 1. The five declared nuclear-weapon states held on September 24th. Of note, the reso- by the world’s academic community to announce their commitment to a shared lution unanimously adopted by the Security which has awarded him more than vision of a world without nuclear weapons Council mirrors key aspects of Ikeda’s five- 200 honorary academic degrees. at next year’s Nuclear Non-Proliferation point plan. This brief article provides a sum- Treaty (NPT) Review Conference and to mary of Ikeda’s proposal, with commentary on promptly initiate concrete steps toward its the psychological underpinnings of his plan. achievement. • Does humanity really have no choice but to Calling attention to the growing threat and live under the threat of nuclear weapons? 2. The United Nations to establish a panel fears of nuclear proliferation, Ikeda reminds us of experts on nuclear abolition, strengthen- of three disturbing facts. The number of states Self-education of leaders is paramount, as is ing collaborative relations with civil society with nuclear weapons has almost doubled the education of the populace, according to regarding the disarmament process. since the 1970 implementation of the Nu- Ikeda. In the five-decades since his mentor Jo- clear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). There sei Toda’s historic call for nuclear abolition on 3. The states parties to the NPT to strengthen remain 25,000 nuclear warheads in the world September 8, 1957 in Japan, Ikeda has con- nonproliferation mechanisms and remove ob- today. Fears are on the rise “that the spread of sistently taken action to generate a ground stacles to the elimination of nuclear weapons nuclear weapons technologies and materials swell of popular opinion for disarmament by the year 2015. will …unleash the nightmare of nuclear ter- and non-proliferation. These actions have 4. All states to actively cooperate to reduce rorism” (p. 1). included three proposals to the UN General Assembly on Disarmament, annual peace the role of nuclear weapons in national secu- Ikeda invites the leaders of nation states that proposals since 1983, the founding of peace rity and to advance on a global scale toward possess nuclear weapons or that rely on the institutes, numerous exhibitions on disarma- the establishment of security arrangements nuclear weapons of other states to ponder the ment, public awareness campaigns, proposals that are not dependent on nuclear weapons following questions (p. 2): for UN reform, and education tool DVDs on by the year 2015. Hiroshima and Nagasaki, among others. • Are nuclear weapons really necessary? Why 5. The world’s people to clearly manifest their do we need to keep them? Ikeda has emphasized three themes in his pro- will for the outlawing of nuclear weapons to posal: “the need for a transformation in the establish, by the year 2015, the international • What justifies our own stockpiles of nuclear consciousness of political leaders; the need for norm that will serve as the foundation for a weapons when we make an issue out of other a clearly shared vision toward the outlawing Nuclear Weapons Convention (NWC). states’ possession of them? of nuclear weapons; and the need to establish Comparison of the Ikeda proposal and the Se- ‘human security’ on a global scale” (p. 5). curity Council resolution on the proliferation

28 Peace Psychology Fall/Winter 2009 of nuclear weapons suggests a confluence of The Real Enemy Call vision and concrete plans. The United States Second is the concept of “the real enemy.” of America President Barack Obama, who Ikeda explains: for Papers presided over the UN Security Council sum- Seeking articles for the next issue of mit, stated he was extraordinarily encouraged [the] enemy is not nuclear weapons per se, by the unanimous adoption of the resolution nor is it the states that possess or develop Peace Psychology relating to the (United Nations Security Council, 2009). them. The real enemy that we must con- Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. President Obama stated: front is the ways of thinking that justify In May 2010, the United Nations will hold the nuclear weapons; the readiness to annihi- Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty The resolution just adopted had brought late others when they are seen as a threat on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons agreement on a broad framework for ac- or as a hindrance to the realizations of our tion, which acknowledged that all nations objective (2009, p. 5-6). (NPT). The NPT was put into effect in 1970 had a right to peaceful energy, and those and was extended indefinitely in 1995 with with nuclear weapons had a responsibil- Toda called these the “claws hidden in the review conferences scheduled every five years. ity to move towards nuclear disarmament. very depths of nuclear weapons,” which he According to the UN, “The NPT is regarded as To that end, the United States would host advocated “exposing and ripping out.” From the cornerstone of the global nuclear non-pro- a summit in April 2010. The resolution this perspective there is no justification for would strengthen institutions and initia- any state to have nuclear weapons. liferation regime. It was designed to prevent tives aimed at battling trafficking in pro- the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons liferation-sensitive materials. It also called Calling upon ordinary people of goodwill to technology, to further the goal of nuclear dis- for safeguards to prevent the conversion of work together to create an indomitable force armament and general and complete disar- peaceful nuclear energy programmes into for peace, Ikeda asserts, is the only way to mament, and to promote cooperation in the end the nuclear threat of our age. He intro- weapons programmes. peaceful uses of nuclear energy.” Additional in- duces the Buddhist concept of “three thou- Words alone will not get the job done, but, sand realms in a single moment of life.” This formation can be found at: http://www.un.org/ having affirmed our stated goal, I am con- concept teaches that each of us possesses an disarmament/WMD/Nuclear/NPT.shtml. fident that if we are diligent we can in fact unlimited power or capacity. “Thus a change Please send your submissions to the editor move this process forward and provide the in the deepest levels of an individual’s con- no later than March 15, 2010. sort of peace and security for our children sciousness and commitment can give rise to and grandchildren that all of us so desper- waves of transformation in one’s surroundings ately want (p. 13). and society, eventually spurring nations and even the entire world to change” (p. 13). Beyond this confluence of vision and plans, Summit on� Interpersonal Ikeda’s proposal introduces two additional References Violence and Abuse Across concepts worthy of our consideration as peace Ikeda, D. (2009, September 8). Building global psychologists. solidarity toward nuclear abolition. Retrieved on the Lifespan: Forging a October 30, 2009 from http://daisakuikeda.org. Shared Agenda Humanitarian competition Also available from sgi.org/assets/pdf/about/pro- posals/AntinuclearProposal20090908.pdf February 24-26, 2010, Dallas, Texas One is the concept of a new mode of compe- United Nations Security Council (2009, Septem- Call for Papers Extended to tition, “humanitarian competition,” proposed ber 24). Historic Summit on Security Council December 1, 2009 over 100 years ago by Tsunesaburo Makigu- pledges support for progress on stalled efforts The summit, co-sponsored by Division 48, chi (1871-1944), the founding president of to end nuclear weapons proliferation. Resolution will be organized around thematic threads. the Soka Gakkai and an educational theorist 1887 (2009). Retrieved October 30, 2009 from These threads represent different aspects of and religious reformer. Rather than nuclear http://www.un.org/News/Press/ interpersonal violence. Plenary speakers and weapons competition, Makiguchi proposed Kathleen Dockett can be reached at: symposia will represent an interweaving of that states “engage in a positive rivalry to [email protected]. two or more of these threads. The overall aim contribute to the world through humane ac- is fostering a more integrative perspective on tion, in order to spread the spirit of peaceful the critical issues to address in eliminating coexistence and build a truly global society” interpersonal violence. Submissions can fo- (Ikeda, 2009, p. 5). The concept is similar to cus on one or more of the following threads: the vision of Martin Luther King Jr. (1929- Intimate Partner Violence; Child Maltreat- 1968) when he stated: ment; Youth Violence; Community Vio- lence; Sexual Assault; Children Exposed to [W]e must transform the dynamics of the Violence; Substance Abuse; Diversity/Cross world power struggle from the negative Cutting Issues; Elder Abuse and Neglect. The nuclear arms race which no one can win to conference will emphasize integration across a positive contest to harness man’s creative these domains and across research, practice, genius for the purpose of making peace and prevention, and policy. Up to 19 hours of CEs prosperity a reality for all of the nations of will be available. Additional information can the world” (as cited in Ikeda, 2009, p. 12). be found at: http://www.reisman-white.com

Fall/Winter 2009 Peace Psychology 29 David Adams 2009 Morton Deutsch Conflict Resolution Award Winner

avid Adams is the winner of the Dr. Adams held a twenty-three year career at Division’s 2009 Morton Deutsch Wesleyan University (Connecticut, USA) as D Conflict Resolution Award. The a professor of psychology. While at Wesleyan, award recognizes an individual who has and previously at Yale University, he special- made notable contributions to the inte- ized in the brain mechanisms of aggressive gration of theory and practice in the field behavior, the evolution of war, and the psy- of conflict resolution. As winner of the chology of peace activists. He was one of the award, Dr. Adams will present a lecture to scientists who helped to develop and publicize the Society during its meeting at the 2010 The Seville Statement on Violence, the statement APA convention. that provided the scientific underpinning for the statement that “the same species who in- and conflict resolution. On behalf of UNES- Dr. Adams’ work on aggression and his years vented war is capable of inventing peace.” CO he prepared several UN documents, in- of work with UNESCO have helped develop cluding the draft Declaration and Programme and establish the scientific basis for work to- Following his tenure at Wesleyan, Dr. Adams of Action on a Culture of Peace (1999). ward a culture of peace. He was the Direc- went to UNESCO in 1992. He was the con- tor of the UNESCO Unit for the Interna- sultant who designed UNESCO’s Culture of Dr. Adams is the author of numerous publi- tional Year for the Culture of Peace (IYCP) Peace Programme as a supplement and alter- cations in neurophysiology, biopsychology, that was proclaimed by the United Nations native to military peacekeeping operations. ethology, social psychology, cross-cultural an- General Assembly. During that year, 75 mil- He was a senior staff member of the Pro- thropology, history and ethics. His most re- lion people were mobilized to sign the Mani- gramme from 1993–1997, and the Director cent work is an important trilogy: The History festo 2000, promising to promote a culture of the International Year for the Culture of of the Culture of War, World Peace through the of peace in their daily lives. The IYCP laid Peace (IYCP) from 1998 until his retirement Town Hall: A Strategy for the Global Move- the basis for the International Decade for a in 2001. His responsibilities included devel- ment for a Culture of Peace, and I Have Seen Culture of Peace and Non-violence for the opment of national culture of peace projects, the Promised Land. Together they put forward Children of the World (2001–2010) and the research and development of the culture of a comprehensive and feasible plan toward Global Movement for a Culture of Peace. peace concept and training in peace-building achieving world peace.

Invite your friends to join the Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology Division of the American Psychological Association (Division�nvite 48). Give them �rien�s a membership application to and invite�oin them to join �ivision the Society and a working group! 48

The Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict, and Violence works to promote peace in the world at large and within nations, communities, and families. It encourages psychological and multidisciplinary research, education, and training on issues concerning peace, nonviolent conflict resolution, reconciliation and the causes, consequences, and prevention of violence and destructive conflict.

30 Peace Psychology Fall/Winter 2009 Thomas Pettigrew 2009 Ralph K. White Lifetime Achievement Award Winner

Thomas Pettigrew is the winner of the 2009 Institute for the Comparative Study of Race Ralph K. White lifetime achievement award. and Ethnicity at Stanford University. The award recognizes an individual whose work has made a significant contribution Professor Pettigrew has been at the forefront toward the building of peace. As the award of research on racial prejudice for a half-cen- winner he will deliver a lecture to the Society tury. As an expert on black-white relations during the 2010 APA meeting. in the United States, he has also conducted intergroup research in Australia, Europe, and Professor Pettigrew’s work on the conditions South Africa. He served as President of the which influence productive intergroup con- Society for the Psychological Study of Social tact has had an impact on practical recon- Issues in 1967-1968 and later received the ciliation efforts and helped to bridge peace Society’s Kurt Lewin Award and twice the for Intercultural Research. In 2008, he re- scholarship throughout the world. Gordon Allport Intergroup Research Award. ceived an honorary doctorate from Philipps University in Marburg, Germany. Professor Currently a research professor of social psy- Other national awards include the Sydney Pettigrew is the author of several books and chology at the University of California, Santa Spivack Award for Race Relations Research journal articles. His diverse research interests Cruz, Professor Pettigrew received a Ph.D. in from the American Sociological Associa- include applied social psychology, attitudes, Social Psychology from Harvard University in tion (1979), the 2002 Distinguished Scientist conflict resolution, intergroup relations, po- 1956. He taught at the Universities of North Award from the Society for Experimental So- litical psychology, prejudice/stereotyping and Carolina (1956-1957), Harvard (1957-1980), cial Psychology, a Senior Fulbright Fellowship sociology. and Amsterdam (1986-1991). In addition, in (2003-2004), and the 2009 Lifetime Achieve- 2001 he was a Senior Fellow at the Research ment Award of the International Academy

new members

If you know any of our new members, please reach out and extend a personal welcome to them.

Thanks for joining our collective effort to bring about peace in the world. Please spread the word to your friends and colleagues and direct them to www.peacepsychology.org to join us. We count on your energy and enthusiasm to participate in Peace Psychology activities.

Suzana Adams, Arizona Daniela Kantorova, California Ariela Shalev, California Chancellor Agard-Wilson, Maryland Sara Laney, Maryland Linda Smith, Washington Robert Bretz, Indiana Sandra Lewis, Georgia Amanda Sorensen, Oklahoma Michael Cochran, New York Donna Nassor, New York Deborah Stiles, Missouri Gregory DeClue, Florida Christy Omidiji, New York Henriette Warfield, California Veronica Dobson, California Ramesh Pattni, United Kingdom Jennifer Young, California Katherine Louise Gee, Virginia John Rock, New York Lissa Young, Massachusetts Greg Goese, Manitoba Chiara Sabina, Pennsylvania Fouad Bou Zeineddine, Massachusetts Christianna Gozzi, New York Hannah Severson, Idaho

Fall/Winter 2009 Peace Psychology 31 r e P o r t s �

Division 48 APA Council of Representatives Fall 2009 Report

Judith Van Hoorn, Ph.D., and Albert Valencia, Ed.D.

The following report of recent activities of cluded Council Representatives from SPISSI Ethical Standards 1.02 and 1.03 so that these the APA Council of Representatives provides (9), Military Psychology (19) Women (35), Standards can never be used to justify, or as detailed information regarding several August Psychotherapy, Law and Society (41), and a defense for, violating basic human rights. 2009 Council actions of particular impor- the Georgia State Council representative. In This process shall be completed in time for tance to Division members. In most cases, the August 2008 there was widespread support for the Ethics Committee’s proposed language to “Be It Resolved” statements represent new or the New Business Item from Council and the be acted on as part of Council’s February 2010 changed APA policies. Our report concludes Board of Directors. More than 50 members meeting agenda. The following is a partial with a brief summary of other actions. As a signed on as co-sponsors. text of the motion: new Council member, Albert found that, as in many member-supported organizations he’s In January 2009, the Ethics Committee issued …WHEREAS in 2005 Council members been involved with, the work of Council is a call for comments regarding whether Stan- learned that the Introduction and Applicabil- based on the democratic principles of debate dard 1.02 should be changed (this was the ity Section of the Ethics code is aspirational and open discussion, and includes numerous charge of 2005 Council action). In June, after and not enforceable. It states: “If psycholo- caucus meetings, e-mail messages, individual- considerable public comment and responses gists’ ethical responsibilities conflict with law, caucus-and-division networking, the careful from various APA Boards and Committees, regulations, or other governing legal authority, crafting of motions, and ultimately, a call for the Ethics Committee wrote a Report to psychologists make known their commitment and the tally of the voting. Council that included the recommendation to this Ethics Code and take steps to resolve that Standard 1.02 not be changed. Further- the conflict in a responsible manner. If the Council Resolution: more, the Ethics Committee recommended conflict is unresolvable via such means, psy- Revising the Ethics Code that the NBI not be passed. chologists adhere to the requirements of the In a show of overwhelming support, APA law, regulations, or other governing author- Upon receiving the Ethic Committee’s Council voted to make sure that the Ethic ity in keeping with basic principles of human Report and recommendation in July, Judy Code will be changed so that Standards rights.” In contrast, Standard 1.02 states, “If and Corann joined with the other Movers 1.02 and 1.03 cannot be used as a justifi- psychologists’ ethical responsibilities conflict to urge the Board of Directors and Council cation for or defense against violations of with law, regulations, or other governing le- that they support clarifying both standards. basic human rights. gal authority, psychologists make known their Importantly, the Movers proposed a “sub- commitment to the Ethics Code and take Background: stitute motion” which Council approved steps to resolve the conflict. If the conflict is overwhelmingly (i.e., the Resolution below) Since 2005, Division 48 Council Represen- unresolvable via such means, psychologists specifying that the Ethics Committee must tatives have worked to change Ethical Stan- may adhere to the requirements of the law, recommend language to ensure clarification dards 1.02 to clarify that no member can use regulations, or other governing legal author- and specific criteria as well as a short time- this Standard to violate principles of basic hu- ity.” Standard 1.03 states, “If the demands line ending in December, 2009. Because Di- man rights. According to APA procedure, the of an organization with which psychologists vision 48 membership has been committed Ethics Committee and other Boards and com- are affiliated or for whom they are working to changing the Ethics Code since 2005, we mittees review proposed changes for revisions conflict with this Ethics Code, psychologists include detailed information on the Resolu- prior to a Council vote. In August 2008 Judy clarify the nature of the conflict, make known tion (The full text of the resolution is posted Van Hoorn and Corann Okorodudu helped their commitment to the Ethics Code, and on the APA Ethics Office website). draft a Council New Business Item (NBI) to the extent feasible, resolve the conflict in a way that permits adherence to the Ethics that charged the Ethics Committee with rec- August 2009 Council Resolution ommending language that would resolve the Code”; Subject: Continued Council action to ensure discrepancy between the language contained that Ethical Standards 1.02 and 1.03 can never …WHEREAS in July 2009 the Ethics Com- in the Introduction and Applicability Section be used to justify, or as a defense for, violating mittee acknowledged the discrepancy be- of the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and basic human rights. tween the aspirational section of the Ethics Code of Conduct that includes “in keeping Code (Introduction and Applicability Sec- with principles of basic human rights” and Motion: Council directs the APA Ethics tion) and the enforceable section, but did not in the language of the Ethical Standards 1.02 Committee to propose language to Council propose any language to resolve it. Instead and 1.03 that does not. that will resolve the discrepancy between the Ethics Committee recommended against the language of the Introduction and Appli- In addition to Division 48 representatives, adding the one phrase, “in keeping with basic cability Section of the Ethical Principles of “Movers” (sponsors) of this resolution in- principles of human rights,” to Ethical Stan- Psychologists and Code of Conduct and the dard 1.02 or 1.03;

32 Peace Psychology Fall/Winter 2009 r e P o r t s

…WHEREAS the July 2009 response does Representatives. The Report and the subse- Resolution on Emancipating and Assisting not report that the Ethics Committee consid- quent Resolution resulting was accepted by of Victims of Human Trafficking ered any other approaches or wording possi- vote of 130 “yes,” 16 “no,” with one absten- bilities to resolve the discrepancy other than tion. In the Resolution, the “Observers” are We were very pleased that this agenda item adding the words “in keeping with basic prin- now to be recognized as “Delegates” though was placed on the Consent Agenda, meaning ciples of human rights”; without an APA By-Laws amendment, they that Council members supported it unani- still do not have a vote on Council. Given mously. The complete Report and Resolution …WHEREAS Council acknowledges and this action, the four Delegates will attend is available on the APA web site. Highlights appreciates the Ethics Committee’s work on APA Council from 2010-2012, serving as of Resolution: this issue, however, the pressing need to re- “consultants to the process of developing …WHEREAS human trafficking has become solve the discrepancy remains so that Ethical next steps based on the recommendations of more widespread in recent years and there Standards 1.02 and 1.03 can never be used to the Report.” APA will continue to fund their are an estimated 12 million affected persons justify or as a defense for violating basic hu- expenses to attend Council meetings. man rights; worldwide… This action promoting diversity on APA’s …WHEREAS the number of trafficked per- …WHEREAS the Ethics Committee’s June governance body is of importance to many sons living in the United States is hard to 2009 statement, “No Defense Against Tor- of our members. We shall continue to work determine, but the Government Accounting ture,” is insufficient because it solely prohibits for voting seats for these Delegates and will Office (2006) estimates that between 14,000 torture and is neither contained nor refer- keep the ExComm and membership apprised and 17,000 persons are trafficked into the enced in the Ethics Code itself; of further developments. United States every year, and Americans may THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED that Coun- Report of the Task Force on the also financially support human trafficking if cil directs the APA Ethics Committee and Interface Between Psychology they purchase goods made from exploited la- the other relevant Boards, Committees and and Global Climate Change bor or participate in sex trade tourism; constituencies to move forward expeditiously to recommend language to Council that will More than a decade ago, Division 48 was the …WHEREAS trafficking can take many resolve the discrepancy between the language Mover (sponsor) of what we believe to be the forms including labor in factories, farms, or of the Introduction and Applicability Section first ever APA resolution on psychology and homes, but most of the transnational traf- of the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and the environment. We acknowledge former ficked persons are forced into prostitution; Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards 1.02 Division 48 Council Representative Deborah …WHEREAS women and children are dis- and 1.03; DuNann Winter for this pioneering contribu- tion. Please refer to the APA website for the proportionately subjected to trafficking; …BE IT RESOLVED that the language pro- excellent, comprehensive Report. Highlights …WHEREAS …trafficked persons who have posed for Council’s action clearly communi- of Main Task Force Recommendations: experienced torture and psychological abuse cate that Ethical Standards 1.02 and 1.03 can often require access to human services and never be interpreted to justify or as a defense • Encourage psychologists to become in- treatment of psychological and physical disor- for violating basic human rights; volved in understanding and responding to human and psychological dimensions of glob- ders in order to establish the capacity to lead …BE IT RESOLVED that this entire process al climate change. normal lives… be completed in time for the Ethics Commit- …WHEREAS there is an urgent need to ex- tee to make a formal recommendation for • Address the American Psychological Asso- plore the social causes of trafficking, to collect proposed language to be acted on as part of ciation’s environmental impacts that contrib- data, and to conduct more research, despite Council’s February 2010 meeting agenda. ute to global climate change. the enormous logistical problems involved in Actions Regarding the Status of • Create effective outreach programs that conducting such research; assist the public in understanding climate Observers of the Four National Ethnic change, mitigating its human causes, and …WHEREAS trafficking violates rudimen- Minority Psychological Associations adapting to climate change impacts. tary human rights and offends our most cher- Division 48 ExComm members, including ished values; COR representatives, played leadership roles • Facilitate international, cross-disciplinary, in promoting the adoption of an APA By- and trans-disciplinary collaborations that ad- …WHEREAS the American Psychological Laws change to seat representatives from the dress climate change. Association has taken positions promoting four National Ethnic Minority Psychological self-determination and dignity for all persons Associations. On two separate recent ballots, • Use evidence-based policy to frame state- including endorsing rights for women and the vote of the APA membership resulted in ments about current status of global climate children, human rights, rights of immigrant defeat for the change. In 2009, President Bray change and responses to global climate workers, and opposition to racism, torture, appointed a Presidential Working Group on change. and to other cruel, inhuman, and degrading Representation of Diversity on the Council of treatment and punishment;

Fall/Winter 2009 Peace Psychology 33 r e P o r t s

BE IT THEREFORE RESOLVED that the BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the mental health professionals, policy makers, American Psychological Association: American Psychological Association con- religious professionals and organizations, and cludes that there is insufficient evidence to other organizations to seek areas of collabo- 1. Commits itself to promoting public aware- support the use of psychological interventions ration that may promote the wellbeing of ness of the presence of human trafficking con- to change sexual orientation; sexual minorities. sistent with its mission; BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the In Other Council Actions 2. Commends individuals, nongovernmen- American Psychological Association encour- 1. For the first time in its history, the Coun- tal organizations, and governments that are ages mental health professionals to avoid cil passed an APA Vision Statement and ad- working to create public awareness of human misrepresenting the efficacy of sexual orienta- opted Association Goals. Council members trafficking, to prevent human trafficking and tion change efforts by promoting or promising received a copy of the historic Statement to emancipate trafficked persons, and to assist change in sexual orientation when providing signed by all Council members present. We them in obtaining human services and health assistance to individuals distressed by their anticipate that Council will continue its work care including attention to their psychologi- own or others’ sexual orientation; on a statement of values and will include a cal needs; report in the next Newsletter. BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the 3. Urges funded research on the social and American Psychological Association con- 2. Among other Resolutions of interest to cultural underpinnings of human trafficking, cludes that the benefits reported by partici- Division members, Council adopted a Reso- ways to assist trafficked persons, and research pants in sexual orientation change efforts can lution on Families of Incarcerated Offenders into psychological treatments and education- be gained through approaches that do not at- and the Resolution on APA Endorsement of al needs for trafficked persons, consist with tempt to change sexual orientation; the Concept of Recovery for People with Se- their unique circumstances; and rious Mental Illness. The complete texts can …BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the be found on-line. 4. Urges the United States government, state American Psychological Association advises and local governments, foreign governments, parents, guardians, young people, and their 3. Council approved a proposal for a By- and international non-governmental orga- families to avoid sexual orientation change Laws Amendment that will be mailed with nizations to work assiduously to end human efforts that portray homosexuality as a mental the Apportionment Ballot in November. trafficking and to assist its victims. illness or developmental disorder and to seek The proposed Amendment would change psychotherapy, social support and educational Report and Resolution on Appropriate the dues requirements for membership so services that provide accurate information on that APA members will no longer be mem- Affirmative Responses to Sexual Ori- sexual orientation and sexuality, increase fam- entation Distress and Change Effects bers if they fail to pay dues for more than one ily and school support, and reduce rejection of full annual cycle. This important Report and related Resolution sexual minority youth; addresses concerns that some professional and Your Division 48 Council Representatives religious groups and some psychologists con- …BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the are active in several caucus meetings, e.g. the tinue to regard same-sex attractions and be- American Psychological Association encour- Public Interest Caucus, the Caucus on Ethnic haviors as not normal and engage in interven- ages practitioners to consider the ethical con- Minority Issues in Psychology, and the Child, tions to change individuals’ preferred sexual cerns outlined in the 1997 APA Resolution Adolescent and Family Caucus. Judy is Trea- orientation. The complete final Report of the on Appropriate Therapeutic Response to surer of the Public Interest Caucus. At Coun- Task Force on Appropriate Therapeutic Re- Sexual Orientation (American Psychological cil, Albert has initiated an informal group of sponses to Sexual Orientation can be found Association, 1998), in particular the follow- Spanish-speaking representatives and Judy on the APA site. ing standards and principles: scientific bases has been convener of a lunch with Council for professional judgments, benefit and harm, members representing the Divisions for Social Highlights of the Resolution Actions: justice, and respect for people’s rights and dig- Justice. THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED that the nity; American Psychological Association affirms Since the Council meeting, Council members …BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the that same-sex sexual and romantic attrac- on the COR listserv as well as many Divisions American Psychological Association opposes tions, feelings, and behaviors are normal and and Caucuses have been actively discussing the distortion and selective use of scientific positive variations of human sexuality regard- the ethical and financial consequences relat- data about homosexuality by individuals and less of sexual orientation identity; ed to an APA contract, signed in 2004, that organizations seeking to influence public pol- binds APA to hold convention, division, and BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the icy and public opinion and will take a leader- other meetings and also reserving large blocks American Psychological Association reaf- ship role in responding to such distortions; of rooms at a specific hotel in San Diego (see firms its position that homosexuality per se is postings re. the Manchester Hyatt). The key …BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the not a mental disorder and opposes portrayals financial question is whether or not APA can American Psychological Association en- of sexual minority youths and adults as men- vacate the contract signed in 2004 without courages advocacy groups, elected officials, tally ill due to their sexual orientation; significant negative financial consequences.

34 Peace Psychology Fall/Winter 2009 r e P o r t s

As we write, the discussions at many levels terials for teaching about the psychology of using a Yahoo Groups listserv that currently are on-going, with Division 44 taking a cen- peace, conflict, and violence that you would includes about 175 people. We send about tral role. We will participate in all discussions be willing to contribute, please send that as three messages per month dealing with our and represent Divisions positions. Additional an e-mail attachment to Hal Bertilson (hber- group’s activities and announcing events and information will be forthcoming. [email protected]). resources related to peace education. If you would like to be added to this list, please send Please contact either one of us for additional A colorful brochure “Careers for the Greater me an e-mail message with your request. information. After the vote to accept the Good” was published in October 2008 by Minutes at the next Council meeting, the PsySR for the purpose of encouraging high Linden Nelson can be contacted at: Minutes are available on-line or from your school and college students to make socially [email protected]. Council Representatives. responsible career choices. The brochure may be viewed and copied at the “Peace Educa- Peace and Spirituality Judith Van Hoorn can be contacted at: tion” area of the PsySR website at www.psysr. Working Group Report [email protected]. org. We are asking all Div. 48 members to consider the possibility of giving copies of the Steve Handwerker Albert Valencia can be contacted at: brochure to career counselors and students at [email protected]. The Working Group for Peace and Spiritual- their local high schools and colleges. Making ity begins its thirteenth year and continues contact with school counselors and/or their Peace and Education to engage and expand its project venues, re- supervisors (sometimes a Student Services search endeavors and community work. We Working Group Report Director or a Principal) may be a good way are very pleased with the efforts and inten- Linden Nelson to initiate this process. At the college level, tions that have contributed to making this making contact with the Counseling Cen- Task Force in Peace Psychology a viable ad- Over the past year we have been collecting ter or the Career Center may be an effective dition to peace psychology. A wide variety of syllabi and teaching materials from members avenue for distributing the brochures. Com- inputs have created one fundamental theme: of Div. 48 and Psychologists for Social Re- plimentary copies of the brochure may be re- Promoting those values that encourage peace sponsibility (PsySR) interested in peace edu- quested from the PsySR office, and multiple and operationalizing them in the midst of a cation at the college level. Our objective is to copies may be ordered for 10 cents each, plus diversity of professional experiences in the significantly increase the collection of mate- postage (Call 202-543-5347 or e-mail: info@ field of psychology as well as related fields. rials available for teachers in the Peace Psy- psysr.org). chology Resource Project on the Div. 48 web For the first nine years of its development we site. We want to encourage college teachers Another project involves distribution of a have documented over 460 inquiries! Some to develop lectures, class activities, and new brochure “Every Child, Every Day.” We cre- of the broad range of interests that have been courses on the psychology of peace, conflict, ated the brochure for the purpose of inform- part of this Group’s activities include the pub- and violence. Thanks to the efforts of Hal ing school board members and administrators lication of articles by members of the working Bertilson and Kathleen Catanese and contri- about conflict resolution education, violence group included within the edited volumes (by butions from many other Div. 48 and PsySR prevention, and social and emotional learn- Samuel Natale) of Oxford University Publica- members, we now have a good collection of ing programs. The brochure may be seen and tions 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008. There is an syllabi and other materials. Hal has placed downloaded at the “Peace Education” area upcoming publication of a book with contri- these materials on a special website that re- of the PsySR website at http://www.psysr. butions from various members and profession- viewers may access in order to evaluate the org. Contact the PsySR Office (psysr@psysr. als outside of Division 48 through BookSurge appropriateness of the materials for teaching org) if you would like to request professionally publications. It is a series of essays and articles about the psychology of peace, conflict, and printed copies to give to your local school ad- and is titled Visions in Conflict, Volume II. This violence. Please contact me if you would like ministrators or school board members. will go to press at the end of February. In ad- to volunteer to serve as a reviewer. Although dition, Building Unity through Education is a our reviewers will not be asked to edit or to We recently conducted a survey to identify presentation and publication at Oxford Uni- recommend changes in the materials, they peace psychology courses being taught in the versity of results from international research will evaluate materials based on the adequacy U.S. and abroad. The results are complied in on values that promote peace. This venue of psychological content and usefulness for a “Directory of Peace Psychology Courses” deals with working within communities with teaching about peace, conflict, and violence. that will be an ongoing project of the work- religious leaders to create Sunday school cur- Materials that are approved by the reviewers ing group. Please contact me if you would like ricula that address tolerance and understand- will be added to the Peace Psychology Re- to receive an e-mail attachment of the direc- source Project on the Div. 48 website and will tory. Also please contact me with information ing between the faiths. be linked to the PsySR website. We are also about any peace psychology course that has not yet been included in this directory. The Group’s members’ other interests include: continuing to collect materials for this project 1) research in relation to resiliency (and the (e.g., syllabi, lecture outlines, class activities We communicate with working group mem- prevention of burnout); 2) the establishment and assignments). If you have developed ma- bers and others interested in peace education and replication of cross validated, multicul-

Fall/Winter 2009 Peace Psychology 35 r e P o r t s

tural Peace and Spirituality measures; and 3) ward to another decade of meaningful work. be contacted at bill@politicalpsychologyre- the participation in the APA Midwinter Con- We invite any and all colleagues to expand search.com for specifics. ferences (last two years) at Loyola University. our radius of concerns and endeavors in the In addition, over the previous 13 years, there promotion of peace-building values! For any Another one of our immediate goals is to high- have been over 65 programs generated for information regarding this Task Force please light some of the prominent peace research APA conventions and midwinter conferenc- contact: Steve Handwerker, PO Box 880229, programs conducted by our members. We are es which have addressed values that promote Boca Raton, FL 33488-0229. Thank you very looking to develop a symposium proposal for peace. At the recent convention in Toronto, much for all you do for peace. the 2010 APA convention that highlights the Task Force presented on the very timely the continuing research of peace researchers theme: “Rejecting Psychologists Involvement Steve Handwerker can be contacted at: as well as new research of our PRWG mem- in Torture: Some Possibilities and Challeng- [email protected] bers. I know many of you have been conduct- es” which embraced the principles of nonvio- ing and presenting individual peace research lence and the foundational value base of APA New Working Group Formed studies on related topics or themes for years and discussed the implications of this on con- from Task Force to and would like to have four or five researchers scientious objection. Handwerker as the chair Encourage Peace Research present an overview of their focused peace re- and discussant for this session was approached Daniel M. Mayton II search. Let me know as soon as possible if you by the National Psychologist (with a readership are interested and plan to attend the APA of about 35,000) to submit an article on this Late this past spring, the Executive Commit- convention in San Diego. convention program and topic of torture. The tee voted to reconfigure the Peace Research We on the Peace Research Working Group article should appear in the next issue. Task Force into the existing structure of the Society’s working groups. This change to a look forward to hearing from you and work- The various tasks at the forefront of the Group’ Peace Research Working Group (PRWG) is ing with you to encourage and facilitate the efforts continue to be: 1) creating/participat- exciting as it provides for increased visibility advancement of both quantitative and quali- ing in programs (at professional conferences); and more stability within the Society and the tative peace research. 2) working on a book on Building Interfaith community of peace psychologists. Daniel M. Mayton II can be contacted at: Harmony and 3) a book on Peace and Spiritu- [email protected]. ality. Another task involves continuing inter- The Peace Research Working Group (PRWG)’s main purpose is to encourage national research utilizing a Peace Inventory Division of Peace Psychology which explores the impact on values and their the continued development of theory and a body of research that is readily identified by Outreach to the Division role in peace building and coping with trauma. of Military Psychology The applications of this inventory have been mainstream psychology as “peace psychol- Jean Maria Arrigo & Julie Levitt very diverse and data from various parts of the ogy.” Because we are a new working group, we are currently moving to increase the PRWG world have yielded consistent and reliable Reaching out to Division 19, Division 48 findings! We continuously receive requests for membership to include members who are or have been conducting quantitative and quali- Program Chair Julie Levitt initiated a joint permission to use this measure internationally panel on “Psychology Ethics in National and in a greatly expanded number of venues! tative studies in the field of peace psychology. If you are a peace researcher I encourage you Security Settings” at the APA Convention We have promoted the theme of The Impact in Toronto. Organizational psychologist of Values on Peace Building. These themes to join the PRWG by contacting me via e- mail. Do it now! William Strickland (U.S. Air Force, Ret., involve interfaith topics and values research President and CEO of HumRRO) described applications, including concern over recent One goal is to develop a network to link the painstaking institutional review board issues involving psychologist ethics regarding current peace researchers for cooperative re- (IRB) process for government contract re- involvement in torture and the significance search efforts and to link people who want search. A proposal typically faces five IRBs, of conscience when participating in violence. to begin peace research with experienced due to multiple institutional oversights, in a Additional work is currently going on in peace researchers in mentoring and/or col- process more stringent than university IRBs relation to working with religious and com- laborative relationships. If you are interested for academic research. Clinical and neu- munity leaders to expose the ideas of building in engaging in collaborative peace research, ropsychologist Carrie Kennedy (Lt. Com- interfaith harmony through the generation of this can be the vehicle to connect you with mander, U.S. Navy) focused on “boundaries various curricula within the settings of each peace researchers from across the United of competence” and “dual/mixed agency” of the various groups. One such continuing States and around the world. Let us know because “military psychologists can be bil- project exposes and shares marriage ceremony what your research interests are and we will leted anywhere to do anything.” With fre- rituals from different perspectives to different help to connect you with ongoing research quent assignments to new locations and religious groups. A book is still at the planning projects or to potential collaborators. For limited clinical staffs in small facilities (e.g., stages in this area of interfaith work. Through instance, if you are interested in web-based on a ship), in worst-case scenarios a clinical the initiation of various members it is receiv- peace research, Bill McConochie, one of psychologist might assess a former superior ing top priority and we are seeking publishers the founding PRWG members, is currently officer or might be treated by a physician who for this project. We are very much looking for- working on that type of research and can was a former client.

36 Peace Psychology Fall/Winter 2009 announcements

Retired interrogator Ray Bennett was un- PsySR Archives org for more about its current activities. Many able to participate for Division 48 because of founders of Division 48 were also members a family emergency. Jean Maria Arrigo pre- Established in Akron, Ohio of PsySR, and there has traditionally been a sented preliminary cases for the PsySR Psy- his summer, Anne Anderson, PsySR’s large overlap of membership between the So- chology and Military Intelligence Casebook Tformer Coordinator, delivered the first ciety and PsySR. on Interrogation Ethics, Training, Treat- set of archived materials for Psychologists for ment, and Research. For example, Israeli Social Responsibility to the Archives of the The archived materials are organized into psychologist David Senesh, as a young sol- History of American Psychology (AHAP) at categories that include: Newsletters, Position dier, was captured and violently interrogated the University of Akron, Akron, OH. She Statements, Awards, Letters to the Organiza- by the Egyptian army in the 1973 Israeli war and Martha Mednick, who served as PsySR’s tion, Administrative Correspondence, Steer- against Syria and Egypt. He told the Case- newsletter editor for several years, have spent ing Committee and Operations Committee book team he has not remained angry with the last two and a half years reviewing and meeting minutes, Special Events, Coalitions, his interrogators because he was in the game sorting most of the some 150 boxes of records Pertinent Publications, International Peace of war. Years later the Israeli army ordered that cover the years 1982-2006. There are Practitioners Network and International psychiatric and psychological interviews of still about 30 boxes left to sort, with plans to Work, Action Committees and Task Forces, the ex-POWs to determine disability pay- submit the rest of the materials by the end of and Local Groups. If there are questions ments. The interviewers insisted on “break- this year. about the materials and how they have been ing” the ex-POWs to assess their actual dis- organized, please contact Anne Anderson at abilities. Dr. Senesh remains angriest and This project was actually begun in 1984, [email protected]. most traumatized by these “interrogations,” when Anne became PsySR’s Coordinator. Now that the basic structure for the PsySR as he calls them, because the interviewers She proceeded to save everything that came Archives has been established, AHAP will were health professionals who were supposed through the PsySR office, so it has been a fas- be working to develop a finding aid that will to care for people in his situation. cinating process to refine the materials down to only 16 boxes of significant materials that eventually be posted on the AHAP website. In the discussion period, a Division 19 mem- tell the story of what PsySR has been doing People who have materials that could be in- ber announced the Division’s development of since its birth in 1982. There are letters to and cluded in the PsySR Archives may send them an ethics consultation team for classified mat- from Presidents of the United States, Sena- to the AHAP. If researchers wish to view the ters. Another member remarked “We have lost tors and Congressmen, many background dis- archives, they can visit AHAP in Akron. sight of virtue ethics. As APA moves towards cussion papers on various topics that PsySR Please contact Rhonda Rinehart, MLIS, Se- legalistic guidelines, more problems arise.” Dr. members provided to help develop the posi- nior Archives Associate, Archives of the His- Steven Reisner spoke about psychologists con- tions that PsySR took, minutes of leadership tory of American Psychology, The University tinuing to work at Guantanamo Bay Detention meetings, and examples of work with a wide of Akron, The Polsky Building LL 10-A, Ak- Camp outside of international law and the US range of coalitions. Since the time period also ron, OH 44325-4302; Telephone: 330-972- Constitution, contrary to the Petition Referen- includes the technology shifts our world has 6474, email: [email protected]. dum passed by the APA membership in Sep- experienced, it was interesting to see how tember 2008. He noted that the UN Special things changed from sending multiple copies Records of the APA PENS Rapporteur on Torture, Manfred Nowak, had by mail, to faxes, to email. just informed the APA Board that Guantana- Debate: A Commitment mo remains in violation of international law. The AHAP was established in 1965 to pro- mote research on the history of psychology to Historical Truth We had to cut short what promised to be a and collects papers from psychologists, or- Jean Maria Arrigo lively interdisciplinary discussion of psycho- ganizations, publications, instruments and logical ethics in military settings. However, materials in many different media. To date, it I invite all who have been involved in Julie Levitt collected names of several Divi- holds the papers of more that 740 psycholo- the APA controversy over psychologists in sion 19 members who wish to continue discus- gists, among many other records. There is interrogations, whether as proponents or op- sion with Division 48. We are looking ahead much information about their holdings on ponents, to save pertinent correspondence to another joint session and an expanded dia- their website. For more information see http:// and documents for the Records of the APA logue at the 2010 APA Convention. www3.uakron.edu/ahap Psychological Ethics and National Secu- rity Debate (PENS Debate). This collection Jean Maria Arrigo can be contacted at: Psychologists for Social Responsibil- will join the Unofficial Records of the APA [email protected]. ity (PsySR) was established in 1982 for the PENS Task Force, which I deposited in Au- purpose of using the knowledge and skill of gust 2006 in the Intelligence Ethics Collec- Julie Meranze Levitt can be contacted at: psychology to prevent nuclear war. Its ongo- tion, Archives of the Hoover Institution on [email protected]. ing mission has been shaped by the historical War, Revolution, and Peace, at Stanford events since then. Please see http://www.psysr.

Continued on page 38

Fall/Winter 2009 Peace Psychology 37 ANNOUNCEMENTS, Continued from page 37

University. You are welcome to contact me at oral papers, and poster presentations. Addi- [email protected] about suitability of materi- tionally, social events such as trips to museums m e m b e r als, timing, and media of transmission. and aquariums, seaport visits, and fine dining capped by a banquet have been planned for n e w s We can provide the data for a responsible and conference-goers.The full program, registra- accurate history of this difficult period—or tion, and travel details are now available at: trust the historical record to government http://www.psychology.iastate.edu/faculty/ Ralph K. White and agencies. The contemporary responses of caa/CSV/isra/ Robert Zajonc Obituaries peace psychologists and military psychologists to the CIA Behavior Modification Program The obituary for Ralph K. White appeared MKULTRA, the use of psychologists in the Position Opening in the September 2009 issue of the American KUBARK interrogation manual, and so on, The Department of Psychology Psychologist. As Division 48 members know, have not been recorded, to my knowledge. at the University of West Georgia announces Ralph was the grandfather of peace psychol- We can provide for future psychologists the at least one tenure-track faculty position to ogy, the original “Pioneer in Peace Psychol- sort of historical record we wish we had now. commence Fall 2010. The department houses ogy,” with a career beginning in the 1930s and dynamic undergraduate, masters, and doctoral ending in the 21st century. Appearing in the Confidential materials can be handled by the degree programs, and engages an integrative same issue is an obituary for Robert Zajonc, Hoover archivists with suitable restrictions by approach with roots in humanistic, existen- one of social psychology’s most original think- donors. Consult with me or send materials di- tial/phenomenological, transpersonal, depth, ers and a decorated French Resistance fighter rectly to: Brad Bauer, Associate Archivist for critical, and feminist psychologies. We em- during World War Two. Collection Development, Hoover Institution phasize human science and other qualitative Archives, 434 Galvez Mall, Stanford Univer- research methods, clinical interests creatively sity, Stanford, CA 94305-6010, for the PENS informed by broader social sensibilities, social Ronis Book Translated Debate Collection. Specify a release date of justice approaches to intervention and studies Dr. Deri Joy Ronis recently had her work- January 1, 2010, 2020, 2030, or 2040 (the in consciousness and spirituality. Please send book, “Choices and Self Esteem,” translated earlier the better). You are legally entitled vita, three letters of recommendation, sample in Urdu, the national language of Pakistan, to archive (but not market) letters addressed publications, and a description of your vision and one of the major languages of India. The to you. Hoover will send you a simple dona- for psychology to: Dr. Jeannette Diaz-Laplan- translation was been rendered by Dr. A. H. tion contract. The Archives of the History of te or Dr. Lisa Osbeck, Department of Psychol- Nayyar, and his wife Naveen. Dr. Nayyyar is American Psychology at University of Akron ogy, University of West Georgia, Carrollton, a retired professor of physics, and currently a and a former APA historian have also ex- GA, 30118. Review of applications will be- senior fellow at the Sustainable Development pressed interest in this project. gin January 4, 2010. The University of West Institute of Pakistan. Georgia is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative ISRA Conference Action employer. Call For Papers The International Society for Research on Peace Building Aggression (ISRA) and the Center for the Educational Curricula & Study of Violence (CSV) are happy to invite Programs Available you to the 2010 World Conference, to be held The International Association in Storrs, Connecticut at the University of for the Advancement of Human Welfare, Connecticut campus. The dates are from July Inc. is a 13 year-old not-for-profit, 501-c-3, 27 to July 31, 2010. originally established and founded on the Researchers from any discipline studying ag- intention to support peace workers all over gression or violence are welcome to attend the globe—especially those that worked with the conference and to submit proposals. For homeless children. Now, the organization has symposia, the deadline for submission is Feb- expanded its efforts toward peace building ruary 15, 2010. For individual oral paper and through advancing educational curricula and poster proposals the deadline is March 15, programs (including panels and symposia) 2010. Submission details are available in the which embrace the sacred circle of interfaith December 2009 Bulletin, will be posted on dialogue. For any information regarding these the ISRA homepage, and are also available efforts please contact: Steve Handwerker at in both PDF and Word format at our website: [email protected] or phone 561-371- http://www.psychology.iastate.edu/faculty/ 0412. Thank you for your interest in and ef- caa/CSV/isra/downloads.html forts to build peace!

Included in the program are multiple plenary speakers, speakers organized into symposium,

38 Peace Psychology Fall/Winter 2009 Division 48 Directory Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict and Violence: Peace Psychology Division of the American Psychological Association Fall 2009

DIVISION OFFICERS NEWSLETTER EDITOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE PRACTITIONERS (WG) Michael R. Hulsizer Joanie Connors, Chair PRESIDENT Dept. of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Webster University, Western New Mexico University, Silver City, NM 88061; Eduardo I. Diaz 470 E. Lockwood Ave. St. Louis, MO 63119; (575) 388-4088; [email protected] Executive Director, Miami-Dade County Independent (314) 968-5912; [email protected] Review Panel, 140 West Flagler Street, Suite 1101, Miami, PEACE AND EDUCATION (WG) FL 33130-1561; (305) 375-4880; [email protected] INTERNET EDITOR/WEBSITE (www.peacepsych.org) Linden Nelson, Chair Caitlin O. Mahoney 290 Ramona Drive, San Luis Obispo, CA 93405; PRESIDENT-ELECT Dept. of Psychology, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610; (805) 544-3928; [email protected] Joseph H. de Rivera (508) 793-8840; [email protected] Dept. of Psychology, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610; PEACE AND SPIRITUALITY (WG) (508) 793-7259; [email protected] HISTORIAN/ARCHIVES Steve Handwerker, Chair Linda Woolf The International Association for the Advancement of PAST PRESIDENT Dept. of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Webster University, Human Welfare, PO BOX 880229, Boca Raton, FL 33488; Deborah Fish Ragin 470 E. Lockwood Ave., Saint Louis, MO 63119-3194; (561) 447-6700; [email protected] Dept. of Psychology, Montclair State University, (314) 968-6970; [email protected] 1 Normal Avenue, Upper Montclair, NJ 07043; PEACE RESEARCH (WG) (973) 655-4176; [email protected] Daniel M. Mayton II, Chair COMMITTEES Dept. of Psychology, Lewis-Clark State College, SECRETARY 500 Eighth Avenue, Lewiston, ID 83501-2698; FELLOWS COMMITTEE Kathleen H. Dockett (208) 792-2280; [email protected] Ethel Tobach Dept. of Psychology, University of the District of American Museum of Natural History, Columbia, Washington, DC 20008; (202) 274-5705; PERSONAL PEACEFULNESS (TF) Central Park West, New York, NY; [email protected] [email protected] Gregory Sims, Chair Unicorn Youth Services, Philo, CA; [email protected] FINANCE COMMITTEE TREASURER John Gruszkos, Chair (see Treasurer) John Gruszkos LIAISONS Independent Practice, 106C Macon Circle, Ashland, VA NOMINATIONS AND ELECTIONS 23005; (804) 261-1642; [email protected] Deborah Fish Ragin (see Past President) DIV. 2– TEACHING OF PSYCHOLOGY Linda M. Woolf (see Historian/Archives) APA COUNCIL REPRESENTATIVES PROGRAM COMMITTEE Judith Van Hoorn Steve Nisenbaum, Chair (see Program Chair) DIV. 17– COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY Professor Emerita, University of the Pacific, Judy Kuriansky (see MAL) 1741 Arlington Blvd., El Cerrito, CA 94530; PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE (510) 233-2959; [email protected] Dan Christie, Chair DIV. 19– SOCIETY FOR MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 351 Hawthorn Blvd., Delaware, Ohio 43015; Jean Maria Arrigo Albert Valencia (740) 363-0518; [email protected] 110 Oxford Street, Irvine, CA 92612; Associate Professor, Dept of Counseling, Special Ed & (949) 854-8841; [email protected] Rehabilitation Coordinator, PPS Credential, School Michael R. Hulsizer, Member (see Newsletter Editor) Counseling Program, California State University, Fresno, DIV. 27– COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY CA 93740; (559) 278-0283; [email protected] Susan Opotow, Member (see Journal Editor) Kathleen H. Dockett (see Secretary) MEMBERS-AT-LARGE Janet Schofield, Member DIV. 42– PSYCHOLOGISTS IN INDEPENDENT PRACTICE Peter T. Coleman 517 LRDC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15260- Judy Kuriansky (see MAL) Teachers College, Columbia University, Teachers College, 0001; (412) 624-7473; [email protected] DIV. 44– LESBIAN AND GAY ISSUES Box 53, 525 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027; STRATEGIC PLANNING COMMITTEE (212) 678-3112; [email protected] Bianca Cody Murphy Peter T. Coleman, Chair (see MAL) Psychology Dept., Coordinator of Women Studies, Judy Kuriansky Wheaton College, Norton, MA 02766; Columbia University Teachers College, 65 West 55th Street WORKING GROUPS (WG)/TASK FORCES (TF) (508) 286-3690; [email protected] Penthouse D, New York, NY 10019; (212) 307-6771; [email protected] CHILDREN AND FAMILY PEACE (WG) DIVISION 54 Petra Hesse, Co-chair Judy Kuriansky (See MAL) Julie Meranze Levitt (Term ends Dec 31, 2009) Wheelock College, 200 The Riverway, Boston, MA 02215; APA PRESIDENTIAL COMMITTEE ON DIVERSITY Independent Practice, 33 East Princeton Road, Bala Cynwyd, (617) 879-2307; [email protected] PA, 19004-2242; (610) 664-3990; [email protected] Julie Meranze Levitt (see MAL) Kathleen Kostelny, Co-chair ASIAN-AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION Zoi Andalcio (Term Begins January 1, 2010) [email protected] Men’s Health and Recovery, Boston Public Health Commis- Judy Kuriansky (see MAL) COMMUNITY PEACE (TF) sion, 774 Albany Street, 3rd floor, Boston, MA 02118; ASSOCIATION FOR BLACK PSYCHOLOGISTS Brad Olson, Chair (617) 534-5864; [email protected] Deborah Ragin (see Past President) [email protected] MEMBERSHIP CHAIR Kathleen Dockett (see Secretary) CONFLICT RESOLUTION (WG) Rachel M. MacNair NATIONAL LATINO/A PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION Steven Stemler, Chair Institute for Integrated Social Analysis, Eduardo Diaz (see President) 811 East 47th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110; Psychology Dept., Wesleyan University, (816) 753-2057; [email protected] Wesleyan Station, Middletown, CT 06459; SOCIETY OF INDIAN PSYCHOLOGISTS (860) 685-2207; [email protected]. Dan Mayton II (see Peace Research Working Group) STUDENT AND EARLY CAREER (SEC) CHAIR Gabe Twose ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, ETHNICITY, Clark University, Psychology Dept., Worcester, MA 01610; AND JUSTICE (WG) SPECIAL TASKS [email protected] Ethel Tobach, Chair (See Fellows Committee) DIVISION HANDBOOK PROGRAM CHAIR FEMINISM AND PEACE (WG) John Paul Szura Steve Nisenbaum Linda Woolf, Chair (see Historian/Archives) John Stone Friary,1165 E. 54th Place, Chicago, IL 60615; 166 Perkins Row, Topsfield, MA 01983-1908; (773) 684-6510 ext. 17; [email protected] (978) 851-7321 x2869; [email protected] GLOBALIZATION, STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE AND DISARMAMENT (WG) LISTSERV MODERATOR JOURNAL EDITOR Diane Perlman, Co-chair Caitlin Mahoney (see Internet Editor) Susan Opotow 1325 18th St. NW #404 Washington, DC 20036; Dept. of Sociology, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, (202) 775-0777; [email protected] MEDIA CONSULTANT CUNY, 899 Tenth Avenue, New York, New York 10019; Judy Kuriansky (see MAL) (212) 237-8002; [email protected] Marc Pilisuk, Co-chair Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center, 494 Cragmont Ave., Berkeley, CA 94708-1206; (510) 526-0876; [email protected]

Fall/Winter 2009 Peace Psychology 39 Webster University non-profit organization US Postage Department of Behavioral & Social Sciences PAID Editor, Peace Psychology permit no. 422 St. Louis, MO 470 E. Lockwood Ave. Saint Louis, MO 63119

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Division 48 Visit the Division 48 website at: http://www.peacepsych.org Or you can go to the APA website: http://www.apa.org/about/division.html Scroll down to Division�ebsite 48, and click on it. Our website address is at the bottom of the page. Changed your e-mail address? Send your updated e-mail address to Caitlin Mahoney at [email protected] so we can insure you are receiving Society Announcement Messages! Announcements are sent out infrequently but include Voting and Convention information.

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40 Peace Psychology Fall/Winter 2009