Diplomarbeit

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Diplomarbeit DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit Kurden in Russland und der Sowjetunion Verfasserin Silvia de Carvalho-Ellmer angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag.phil.) Wien, 2011 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 243 361 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Diplomstudium Slawistik Russisch Betreuerin: a.o. Univ. Prof. Mag. Dr. Gisela Procházka-Eisl Danksagung Zunächst möchte ich mich ganz herzlich bei Frau Ao. Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Gisela Procházka- Eisl bedanken: einerseits dafür, dass sie bereit war die Betreuung meiner Diplomarbeit, die eigentlich an einem anderen Institut, nämlich am Institut für Slawistik, geschrieben wurde, zu übernehmen, anderseits aber auch für ihre Geduld und ihre sehr herzliche und engagierte Betreuung. Des weiteren möchte ich mich bei meinen Professoren Univ.-Prof. Dr. Poljakov und Univ.-Prof Mag. Dr. Newerkla vom Institut für Slawistik in Wien für die vielen interessanten Stunden, die ich in ihren Literatur- und Sprachwissenschaftsvorlesungen verbringen durfte, sehr herzlich bedanken. Mein Dank gehört nicht zuletzt meinem Mann Dr. Karl Heinz für seine Unterstützung während meines Studiums und für die vielen Stunden, die er mit dem Korrekturlesen meiner Seminararbeiten und meiner Diplomarbeit verbracht hat. Ich widme diese Diplomarbeit meinen Eltern, die das Schicksal eine Minderheit zu sein aus eigener, leidvoller Erfahrung kennen. INHALTSVERZEICHNIS INHALTSVERZEICHNIS ............................................................................................ 3 VORWORT ................................................................................................................... 8 EINLEITUNG ............................................................................................................. 10 I. KURDEN IN RUSSLAND UND IN DER SOWJETUNION .............................. 11 1. Historischer Überblick ................................................................................................. 11 a) Frühe Geschichte .............................................................................................................. 11 b) 17./18. Jahrhundert - Die Kurden im Zarenreich ............................................................. 15 Exkurs: Die Kaukasuskriege in der russischen Literatur .................................................... 23 c) Russlands Expansion nach Mittelalsien ............................................................................ 29 o Vordringen in die kasachische Steppe ........................ 29 o Eroberung und Angliederung des südlichen Mittelasiens ....... 30 d) Der Erste Weltkrieg und die Oktoberrevolution von 1917 und ihre Folgen .................... 32 e) Die Zwischenkriegszeit und die Ära Stalins ...................................................................... 34 f) Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg ........................................................................................... 35 g) Die Zeit der Perestroika .................................................................................................... 36 h) Nach dem Zerfall der Sowjetunion .................................................................................. 37 II. SPRACHE UND SCHRIFT .................................................................................. 38 1. Iranische Sprachen – Name und Begriffserklärung ....................................................... 38 2. Iranische Sprachen der neuiranischen Periode ............................................................. 38 3. Die Kurdische Sprache ................................................................................................. 39 4. Kurdische Literatur ...................................................................................................... 40 5. Die kurdische Schrift ................................................................................................... 41 6. Die kurdische Sprache in der Sowjetunion ................................................................... 41 7. Sowjetische Sprachpolitik und ihre Auswirkung auf die Kurden ................................... 42 a) Die erste Alphabetsreform ............................................................................................... 43 b) Die erste Alphabetsreform und ihre Auswirkung auf die kurdische Sprache.................. 45 c) Die zweite Alphabetreform und ihre Auswirkungen auf des Kurdische .......................... 45 d) Kurdische Literatur in der Sowjetunion ........................................................................... 49 e) Medien in kurdischer Sprache ......................................................................................... 50 f) Sprachpolitik in den Schulen ............................................................................................. 51 g) Das kyrillische kurdische Alphabet ................................................................................... 55 h) Literatursprache der Kurden der UdSSR .......................................................................... 56 III. KURDOLOGIE IN RUSSLAND UND DER SOWJETUNION ....................... 57 1. Die Anfänge kurdologischer Forschungstätigkeit.......................................................... 57 2. Kurdologie außerhalb Russlands.................................................................................. 58 a) Deutschland ...................................................................................................................... 58 b) England und Frankreich ................................................................................................... 60 c) Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika ....................................................................................... 61 d) Osmanische Nachfolgestaaten ........................................................................................ 62 e) Kurdologie heute .............................................................................................................. 63 3. Kurdologie in Russland ................................................................................................ 64 a) Kurdologie in der Zeit vor der Oktoberrevolution ........................................................... 64 b) Bedeutende Kurdologen des 19. Jahrhunderts ............................................................... 66 o Pёtr Lerch .................................................. 66 o Aleksandr Žaba .............................................. 67 Exkurs: Šerefname .......................................................................................................... 68 c) Die Kurdologie nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg – Richtungen und Schulen .......................... 69 o Das kurdologische Zentrum in Leningrad ...................... 71 o Institut für Orientalistik in Moskau ........................ 73 o Das kurdologische Zentrum in Armenien ....................... 74 d) Die russischen Kurdologie in der Nachkriegszeit ............................................................. 75 o Wichtige kurdologische Arbeiten der Nachkriegszeit .......... 75 o Phonetik .................................................... 75 o Morphologie ................................................. 76 o Syntax ...................................................... 77 o Wortbildung ................................................. 78 o Lexikologie ................................................. 78 o Lexikographie ............................................... 78 o Dialektologie ............................................... 79 o Geschichte der kurdischen Literatursprache .................. 80 o Arbeiten zur Forschungsgeschichte und Bibliographie ......... 81 e) Forschungsreisen sowjetischer Kurdologen .................................................................... 81 o Expeditionen von G. Chursin und V. Sysoev ................... 81 o Expeditionen von Alekperov, Vil´chevskii und Miller ......... 82 o Die Expeditionen von Č. Ch. Bakaev ab dem Jahr 1960 ......... 83 IV. RELIGION ............................................................................................................ 85 1. Christen ...................................................................................................................... 86 a) Suryani .............................................................................................................................. 86 b) Nestorianer ...................................................................................................................... 87 c) Armenier ........................................................................................................................... 87 2. Juden .......................................................................................................................... 87 3. Muslime...................................................................................................................... 88 a) Sunniten ........................................................................................................................... 88 b) Schiiten ............................................................................................................................. 88 4) Aleviten ...................................................................................................................... 89 5. Der Sufismus ............................................................................................................... 90 6. Jesiden .......................................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Strasbourg, 3 September 2003 MIN-LANG/PR (2003) 7 Initial Periodical Report Presented to the Secretary General of the Council Of
    Strasbourg, 3 September 2003 MIN-LANG/PR (2003) 7 EUROPEAN CHARTER FOR REGIONAL OR MINORITY LANGUAGES Initial Periodical Report presented to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe in accordance with Article 15 of the Charter ARMENIA The First Report of the Republic of Armenia According to Paragraph 1 of Article 15 of European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages June 2003, Yerevan 2 INTRODUCTION The Republic of Armenia signed the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages on May 11, 2001. In respect of Armenia the Charter has come into force since May 1, 2002. The RA introduces the following report according to Paragraph 1 of Article 15 of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. This report has been elaborated and developed by the State Language Board at the Ministry of Education and Science based on the information submitted by the relevant ministries NGOs and administrative offices, taking into consideration the remarks and suggestions made by them and all parties interested, while discussing the following report. PART I Historical Outline Being one of the oldest countries in the world, for the first time in its new history Armenia regained its independence on May 28, 1918. The first Republic existed till November 29, 1920, when Armenia after forced sovetalization joined the Soviet Union, becoming on of the 15 republics. As a result of referendum the Republic of Armenia revived its independence on September 21, 1991. Armenia covers an area of 29,8 thousand km2, the population is nearly 32000001. Armenia borders on Iran, Georgia, Azerbaijan and Turkey.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-State Nations in International Relations: the Kurdish Question Revisited
    2018 Non-State Nations in International Relations: The Kurdish Question Revisited RESEARCH MASTERS WITH TRAINING – THESIS SUBMISSION JESS WIKNER 1 Statement of Declaration: I declare that this thesis is my own account of my research and contains as its main content work which has not previously been submitted for a degree at any tertiary education institution. 2 Abstract This thesis explores the fundamental research puzzle of why non-state nations struggle to achieve independent sovereign statehood through secession. It explores why non-state nations like the Kurds desire sovereign statehood, and why they fail to achieve it. This thesis argues two main points. Firstly, non-state nations such as the Kurds seek sovereign statehood because of two main reasons: the essence of nationhood and national self-determination is sovereign statehood; and that non-state nations are usually treated unfairly and unjustly by their host state and thus develop a strong moral case for secession and sovereign statehood. Secondly, non-state nations like the Kurds fail to achieve sovereign statehood mainly because of key endogenous and exogenous factors. The endogenous factors comprise internal divisions which result in failure to achieve a unified secessionist challenge, due to differences in factions which result in divergent objectives and perspectives, and the high chances of regime co-optation of dissident factions. Exogenous factors include the international normative regime which is unsupportive of secession, hence non-state nations like the Kurds do not receive support from the UN and other global bodies in their quest for sovereign statehood; and that non-state nations also seldom receive the backing from Major Powers, both democratic and non-democratic, in their efforts to secede from their host state and set up their own sovereign state.
    [Show full text]
  • Khanna Omarkhali the Kurds in the Former Soviet States from Historical and Cultural Perspectives
    Khanna Omarkhali The Kurds in the former Soviet states from historical and cultural perspectives The Copernicus Journal of Political Studies nr 2 (4), 128-142 2013 The Copernicus Journal of Political Studies 2013, No. 2 (4) ISSN 2299-4335 KURDISTAN TODAY Khanna Omarkhali Georg-August University Göttingen, Germany THE KURDS IN THE FORMER SOVIET STATES FROM THE HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES 1 ABSTRACT The history of the Kurdish community in Russia concerns several centuries. The Kurds who live in the today’s Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), before USSR, constitue about 2,5% of all Kurdish population, which is the most important part of the Kurdish Diaspora. The number of Kurds has increased in the Russian Federation especially after the collapse of the Soviet Union, when the Kurds began to leave Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Central Asia and began to settle in the Russian Federation. This is a brief study of the Kurds in the former Soviet Union with the study of the demography of the Kurds and their development from historical and cultural perspectives. Special attention is paid to the contemporary situation of the Kurds in the post-Soviet states, in particular on the territory of the Russian Federation. Key words Post-Soviet states, Kurdish community, Kurds, Russian Federation 1 This chapter is prepared on the basis of the article published in German, see Kh. Omarkhali, KurdInnen in der ehemaligen Sowjetunion [in:] Kurdistan im Wandel. Konflikte, Staatlichkeit, Gesellschaft und Religion zwischen Nahem Osten und Diaspora, Th. Schmidinger (Hrsg.), Peter Lang Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, 2011, pp. 225–239. The Kurds in the Former Soviet States from the Historical… 129 More than twenty years ago the USSR became a thing of the past; however, the Kurds, who live in the post-Soviet states are still named the “Soviet Kurds”… 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Where Tulips and Crocuses Are Popular Food Snacks: Kurdish
    Pieroni et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2019) 15:59 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-019-0341-0 RESEARCH Open Access Where tulips and crocuses are popular food snacks: Kurdish traditional foraging reveals traces of mobile pastoralism in Southern Iraqi Kurdistan Andrea Pieroni1* , Hawre Zahir2, Hawraz Ibrahim M. Amin3,4 and Renata Sõukand5 Abstract Background: Iraqi Kurdistan is a special hotspot for bio-cultural diversity and for investigating patterns of traditional wild food plant foraging, considering that this area was the home of the first Neolithic communities and has been, over millennia, a crossroad of different civilizations and cultures. The aim of this ethnobotanical field study was to cross-culturally compare the wild food plants traditionally gathered by Kurdish Muslims and those gathered by the ancient Kurdish Kakai (Yarsan) religious group and to possibly better understand the human ecology behind these practices. Methods: Twelve villages were visited and 123 study participants (55 Kakai and 68 Muslim Kurds) were interviewed on the specific topic of the wild food plants they currently gather and consume. Results: The culinary use of 54 folk wild plant taxa (corresponding to 65 botanical taxa) and two folk wild mushroom taxa were documented. While Kakais and Muslims do share a majority of the quoted food plants and also their uses, among the plant ingredients exclusively and commonly quoted by Muslims non-weedy plants are slightly preponderant. Moreover, more than half of the overall recorded wild food plants are used raw as snacks, i.e. plant parts are consumed on the spot after their gathering and only sometimes do they enter into the domestic arena.
    [Show full text]
  • Traditional Vegetal Food of Yezidis and Kurds in Armenia
    JEF42_proof ■ 1 March 2016 ■ 1/10 J Ethn Foods - (2016) 1e10 55 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect 56 57 Journal of Ethnic Foods 58 59 60 journal homepage: http://journalofethnicfoods.net 61 62 63 Original article 64 65 1 Food as a marker for economy and part of identity: traditional vegetal 66 2 67 3 food of Yezidis and Kurds in Armenia 68 4 69 b, * a b 5 Q24 Roman Hovsepyan , Nina Stepanyan-Gandilyan , Hamlet Melkumyan , 70 6 Lili Harutyunyan b 71 7 72 a 8 Q2 Institute of Botany, Yerevan, Armenia 73 b Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Yerevan, Armenia 9 74 10 75 11 article info abstract 76 12 77 13 Article history: 78 14 Q4 The traditional food of the Yezidis and Kurds of Armenia has some particularities and differences Available online xxx compared with the traditional cuisine of Armenians. We correlate these distinctions with the trans- 79 15 humant pastoral lifestyle of the Yezidi and Kurdish people. Traditional dishes of Yezidis and Kurds are 80 16 Keywords: simple. They are mostly made from or contain as a main component lamb and milk products (sometimes 81 17 edible plants beef and chicken, but never pork). The main vegetal components of their traditional food are represented 82 fl 18 avorings by cultivated cereals, grains, and herbs of wild plants. Edible plants gathered from the wild are used 83 gathering 19 primarily for nutritional purposes, for flavoring prepared meals and milk products, and for tea. Kurds 84 20 © traditional food Copyright 2016, Korea Food Research Institute, Published by Elsevier.
    [Show full text]
  • Diplomarbeit
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OTHES DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit Kurden in Russland und der Sowjetunion Verfasserin Silvia de Carvalho-Ellmer angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag.phil.) Wien, 2011 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 243 361 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Diplomstudium Slawistik Russisch Betreuerin: a.o. Univ. Prof. Mag. Dr. Gisela Procházka-Eisl Danksagung Zunächst möchte ich mich ganz herzlich bei Frau Ao. Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Gisela Procházka- Eisl bedanken: einerseits dafür, dass sie bereit war die Betreuung meiner Diplomarbeit, die eigentlich an einem anderen Institut, nämlich am Institut für Slawistik, geschrieben wurde, zu übernehmen, anderseits aber auch für ihre Geduld und ihre sehr herzliche und engagierte Betreuung. Des weiteren möchte ich mich bei meinen Professoren Univ.-Prof. Dr. Poljakov und Univ.-Prof Mag. Dr. Newerkla vom Institut für Slawistik in Wien für die vielen interessanten Stunden, die ich in ihren Literatur- und Sprachwissenschaftsvorlesungen verbringen durfte, sehr herzlich bedanken. Mein Dank gehört nicht zuletzt meinem Mann Dr. Karl Heinz für seine Unterstützung während meines Studiums und für die vielen Stunden, die er mit dem Korrekturlesen meiner Seminararbeiten und meiner Diplomarbeit verbracht hat. Ich widme diese Diplomarbeit meinen Eltern, die das Schicksal eine Minderheit zu sein aus eigener, leidvoller Erfahrung kennen. INHALTSVERZEICHNIS INHALTSVERZEICHNIS ...........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Kurds in the Soviet Union
    Chapter 10 The Kurds in the Soviet Union /smet Cheriff Van/y THE KURDS UNDER IMPERIAL RUSSIA At the beginning of the, nineteenth century, Georgia, eastern Armenia and northern Azerbaijan were conquered by the Russians. These territories, previously under Persian rule, all contained sizeable Kurdish minorities. Whether these Kurds were the de­ scendants of the Transcaucasian Kurds of earlier centuries was, except possibly in the case of the Azerbaijani Kurds, not clear in the light of the complexity of the historical changes that had taken place since the reign of the Shaddadids, let alone those of the earlier periods of the Khoren and the Medians. All that can be stated with certainty is that the original inhabitants of Kurdistan had always overspilled its boundaries into neighbouring territories, including Transcaucasia, for reasons which ranged from economic pressures and internecine conflicts to semi-nomadism. According to the census of 1897, the first to be based on mother tongue, the Russian empire had a total population of 125,640,200 including 100,000 Kurds approximately as shown in Table 10.1. The figures in Table 10.1 are unreliable (as are later Soviet statistics) and there are strong grounds for believing that the total of 99,900 refers solely to the Kurdish population of Transcaucasia and does not include Turkmenia, which at that period was the only Central Asian territory with a Kurdish minority. These, according to A. Bennigsen (1960, pp. 513-30) the least known of the USSR's minority peoples, were in fact a part of the initially small settlement in Khorasan of Kurmanji-speaking Kurds who had been moved there from Azerbaijan in the eighteentli century by Shah Abbas to defend Persia's north-east frontier agaiIlst the Uzbeks.
    [Show full text]
  • Iraq: the Hanging of “Chemical Ali”
    INSTITUT KUDE RPARD IS E Information and liaison bulletin N°298 JANUARY 2010 The publication of this Bulletin enjoys a subsidy from the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs (DGCID) aqnd the Fonds d’action et de soutien pour l’intégration et la lutte contre les discriminations (The Fund for action and support of integration and the struggle against discrimination) This bulletin is issued in French and English Price per issue : France: 6 € — Abroad : 7,5 € Annual subscribtion (12 issues) France : 60 € — Elsewhere : 75 € Monthly review Directeur de la publication : Mohamad HASSAN Numéro de la Commission Paritaire : 659 15 A.S. ISBN 0761 1285 INSTITUT KURDE, 106, rue La Fayette - 75010 PARIS Tel. : 01-48 24 64 64 - Fax : 01-48 24 64 66 www.fikp.org E-mail: [email protected] Bulletin 298 January 2010 Contents • IRAQ: THE HANGING OF “CHEMICAL ALI”. • SYRIA: THE KURDS ARE IN AN INCREASINGLY DIFFICULT POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SITUATION. • IRAN: 18 KURDS ARE WAITING FOR EXECUTION IN THE IRANIAN “DEATH ROWS”. • CULTURE: METIN MIRZA IS STAGING A SECOND PLAY IN ISTANBUL. • DIPLOMACY: MASRUR BARZANI’S SPEECH AT THE SENATE HOUSE. IRAQ: THE HANGING OF “CHEMICAL ALI” li al-Majid, nicknamed December 2008 for war crimes tal and bloody repressions “Chemical Ali”, a during the Shiite uprising that throughout the country. In A cousin of Saddam was drowned in blood in 1991. March 1987 he was given full Hussein and the main In March 2009, another court powers to crush the Kurdish organiser and enforcer found him guilty of murdering rebellion in the North of the of the Anfal campaign, was exe - dozens of Shiites in 1999 in country.
    [Show full text]
  • Iraqi Kurds. Their History and Culture. CAL Refugee Fact Sheet Series No
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 404 433 UD 031 555 AUTHOR Robson, Barbara TITLE Iraqi Kurds. Their History and Culture. CAL Refugee Fact Sheet Series No. 13. INSTITUTION Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, DC. Refugee Service Center. SPONS AGENCY Department of State, Washington, DC. Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration. PUB DATE 96 NOTE 46p. PUB TYPE Reports Descriptive (141) EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Acculturation; Cultural Awareness; Cultural Background; Cultural Differences; Ethnic Groups; Foreign Countries; *Immigrants; Middle Eastern Studies; *Political Attitudes; *Refugees; *Relocation IDENTIFIERS *Iraq; *Kurds ABSTRACT The Kurds are a distinct group of people who have inhabited the Middle East for as long as there have been written records. The Kurds are the second largest ethnic group in Iraq and Turkey and the third largest group in Iran. In 1975 and 1976, Kurdish refugees from Iraq were admitted to the United States after the failure of their attempt to achieve autonomy from the Iraqi government. Just after the Persian Gulf War in 1991, Iraqi Kurds again rebelled against the Saddam Hussein government of Iraq. The persecution they experienced led to the establishment of Operation Provide Comfort and the protective no-fly zone. Thousands of Kurds fled their home land to Turkey and were eventually resettled in the United States. This fact sheet provides background information about the Iraqi Kurds and discusses the ways their culture and history might affect their resettlement in the United States. The Kurds are overwhelmingly Muslim, and many aspects of their daily life are determined by Muslim customs and requirements. Concrete suggestions are offered to help Kurdish refugees adapt to life in the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Discrimination of Ethnic Minorities in Armenia on the Example of Yezidi Kurds
    Politics Turan ISMAYILOVA Discrimination of ethnic minorities in Armenia on the example of Yezidi Kurds fter a forceful deportation of the Azerbaijanis Yezidis of this country is settled in the marzes (regions) who made up the indigenous population of of Aragatsotn, Gegharkunik, Armavir, Ararat and Kotayk. AArmenia in 1988-1989, the present-day Armenia The Yezidi population is also present in the regions of actually represents a mono-ethnic state. The reason for Shirak and Lori. At the time of gaining independence, this is no secret: the country lacks the necessary legal there were about 60,000 Yezidi Kurds living in Armenia. conditions for a normal existence of ethnic minorities. Today, there is effectively no reliable statistics on the The published report of the Advisory Committee on number of Yezidis in Armenia. On 13 February 2017, the the Framework Convention for the Protection of Ethnic Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention Minorities of the Council of Europe notes that the ma- for the Protection of Ethnic Minorities of the Council of jority of the population and the Armenian authorities Europe published its fourth report on the situation in share the opinion on the mono-ethnicity of this country. Armenia. The report states that difficulties encountered The situation in the country does not favor the devel- during the 2011 census, including inaccurate data col- opment of cultures and languages of​​ ethnic minorities. lection, lack of transparency and the fact that the results The problems of ethnic minorities are further exacer- were only published in December 2013, cast doubt on bated by the lack of attention from most media outlets.
    [Show full text]
  • The Kurds: a Contemporary Overview
    The Kurds The position of the 19 million Kurds is an extremely complex one. Their territory is divided between 5 sovereign states, none of which has a Kurdish majority. They speak widely divergent dialects, and are also divided by religious affiliations and social factors. It has taken the tragic and horrifying events in Iraq this year to bring the Kurds to the centre of the world stage, but their particular problems, and their considerable geo-political importance, have been the source of growing concern and interest during the last two to three decades. There is a remarkable dearth of reliable and up-to-date information about the Kurds, which this book remedies. Its contributors cover social and political issues, legal questions, religion, language, and the modern history of the Kurds in Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Syria and the Soviet Union. The Kurds will be an invaluable source of reference for students and specialists in Middle East studies, and those concerned with wider questions of nationalism and cultural identity. It also offers extremely useful background information for those with a professional concern for the numerous Kurdish immigrants and asylum seekers in Western Europe and North America. Routledge/SOAS Politics and Culture in the Middle East Series Edited by Tony Allan, Centre for Near and Middle Eastern Studies, School of Oriental and African Studies Egypt under Mubarak Edited by Charles Tripp and Roger Owen Turkish State, Turkish Society Edited by Andrew Finkel and Nukhet Sirman Modern Literature in the Middle East Edited by Robin Ostle Sudan under Nimeiri Edited by Peter Woodward The Kurds A Contemporary Overview Edited by Philip G.Kreyenbroek and Stefan Sperl London and New York First published 1992 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Reprinted 1995, 1997, 2000 © 1992 Philip G.Kreyenbroek and Stefan Sperl Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.
    [Show full text]
  • History of the Kurds from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    History of the Kurds From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Gelê Kurd), are a ,ﮔﻟﯽ ﮐﻮرد :Kurd), also the Kurdish people (Kurdish ,ﮐﻮرد :The Kurds (Kurdish Northwestern Iranic ethnic group in the Middle East. They have historically inhabited the mountainous areas to the South of Lake Van and Lake Urmia, a geographical area collectively referred to as Kurdistan. Most Kurds speak Northern Kurdish (Kurmanji) or Sorani, which both belong to the Kurdish languages. There are various hypotheses as to predecessor populations of the Kurds, such as the Carduchoi of Classical Antiquity. The earliest known Kurdish dynasties under Islamic rule (10th to 12th centuries) are the Hasanwayhids, the Marwanids, the Rawadids, the Shaddadids, followed by the Ayyubid dynasty founded by Saladin. The Battle of Chaldiran of 1514 is an important turning point in Kurdish history, marking the alliance of Kurds with the Ottomans. The Sharafnameh of 1597 is the first account of Kurdish history. Kurdish history in the 20th century is marked by a rising sense of Kurdish nationhood focused on the goal of an independent Kurdistan as scheduled by the Treaty of Sèvres in 1920. Partial autonomy was reached by Kurdistan Uyezd (1923–1926) and by Iraqi Kurdistan (since 1991), while notably in Turkish Kurdistan, an armed conflict between the Kurdish insurgent groups and Turkish Armed Forces was ongoing from 1984 to 1999, and the region continues to be unstable with renewed violence flaring up in the 2000s. Contents 1 Name 2 Early history 2.1 Muslim conquests 2.2 Early Kurdish principalities
    [Show full text]