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R T N E I I A T G N O Charles-Èdouard Jeanneret-Gris, known as Le I A E • I M G P A T RO Charles-Èdouard Jeanneret-Gris, known as Le E M Corbusier (1887-1965), was born in La Chaux-de-Fonds • P A T R I Corbusier (1887-1965), was born in La Chaux-de-Fonds United Nations The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, United Nations in Switzerland, a town renowned for the manufacture of Educational, Scientiﬁc and Thean Architectural Outstanding WorkContribution of Le Corbusier, to the Modern Movement in Switzerland, a town renowned for the manufacture of Educational, Scientiﬁc and an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement watches. Cultural Organization inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2016 watches. Cultural Organization inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2016 After graduating from the municipal school of decorative 国際連合教育科学ル・コルビュジエの建築作品 After graduating from the municipal school of decorative 国際連合教育科学ル・コルビュジエの建築作品文化機関－近代建築運動への顕著な貢献－ art, Le Corbusier experienced the new movement of 文化機関 art, Le Corbusier experienced the new movement of －近代建築運動への顕著な貢献－世界遺産登録年:2016年 architecture, arts and crafts in Vienna, Berlin and Paris. 世界遺産登録年:2016年 architecture, arts and crafts in Vienna, Berlin and Paris. As an architect, he briefly worked for Auguste Perret As an architect, he briefly worked for Auguste Perret and Peter Behrens, but he was mainly self-taught. His and Peter Behrens, but he was mainly self-taught. His design work was the result of very thorough research design work was the result of very thorough research for each prototype. Then, as needed, he repeatedly for each prototype. Then, as needed, he repeatedly considered and refined the design until he was satisfied considered and refined the design until he was satisfied it was the best building for the site and environment. Le it was the best building for the site and environment. Le Corbusier, worked mainly in France, pursued rational, Corbusier, worked mainly in France, pursued rational, functional and clear design principles, and had an functional and clear design principles, and had an incomparable influence on 20th Century architecture incomparable influence on 20th Century architecture and urban planning. and urban planning.

TheThe National National Museum Museum of of WesternWestern Art, Art, Tokyo Tokyo The National Museum of Western Art, Tokyo was The National Museum of Western Art, Tokyo was established to house and display the Matsukata established to house and display the Matsukata Collection, returned to Japan by the French Collection, returned to Japan by the French government after World War II. (The founder of the government after World War II. (The founder of the Matsukata Collection was Kojiro Matsukata, the Matsukata Collection was Kojiro Matsukata, the president of the Kawasaki Dockyard Co., Ltd. who president of the Kawasaki Dockyard Co., Ltd. who had travelled extensively in Europe and built a vast had travelled extensively in Europe and built a vast collection of artworks) collection of artworks) After France stipulated that a French architect should After France stipulated that a French architect should design the museum to house the collection, the design the museum to house the collection, the works were returned to Japan, and the Japanese The National Museum of Western Art is the repository of works were returned to Japan, and the Japanese The National Museum of Western Art is the repository of government commissioned Le Corbusier to design the something just as important as paintings and sculpture: government commissioned Le Corbusier to design the something just as important as paintings and sculpture: building for the new museum in 1955. Le Corbusier architecture; and the building itself is just as precious as the building for the new museum in 1955. Le Corbusier architecture; and the building itself is just as precious as the asked his three former Japanese apprentices, Junzo asked his three former Japanese apprentices, Junzo artworks it houses. Le Corbusier, one of the most influential Sakakura, Kunio Maekawa and Takamasa Yoshizaka artworks it houses. Le Corbusier, one of the most influential Sakakura, Kunio Maekawa and Takamasa Yoshizaka architects in the 20th Century, designed the museum, which to help him supervise construction. architects in the 20th Century, designed the museum, which to help him supervise construction. Many Japanese architects have been influenced by was completed in 1959. The building, designated as a World Many Japanese architects have been influenced by was completed in 1959. The building, designated as a World Le Corbusier’s work and his architectural philosophy Heritage Site, is acknowledged for its important contribution Le Corbusier’s work and his architectural philosophy Heritage Site, is acknowledged for its important contribution has made an outstanding contribution to the new to the new architectural movement in Japan and represents has made an outstanding contribution to the new to the new architectural movement in Japan and represents architectural movement in Japan. “the five points for a new architecture” and is a wonderful architectural movement in Japan. “the five points for a new architecture” and is a wonderful embodiment of a “museum of unlimited growth”. embodiment of a “museum of unlimited growth”.

rhythmically based on the Modulor scale. Modulor the on based rhythmically

height of the balcony handrail wall (113cm). wall handrail balcony the of height rhythmically based on the Modulor scale. Modulor the on based rhythmically

height of the balcony handrail wall (113cm). wall handrail balcony the of height

replaced to date.) to replaced proposed. Corbusier Le forecourt and the exterior wall panels are also allocated allocated also are panels wall exterior the and forecourt

and on the mezzanine floor (226cm) as well as the the as well as (226cm) floor mezzanine the on and replaced to date.) to replaced proposed. Corbusier Le forecourt and the exterior wall panels are also allocated allocated also are panels wall exterior the and forecourt

and on the mezzanine floor (226cm) as well as the the as well as (226cm) floor mezzanine the on and

is removable. (Almost all of the panels have been been have panels the of all (Almost removable. is which growth”, unlimited of “museum according to Modulor measurements. The design of the the of design The measurements. Modulor to according

ceiling in the exhibition room on the second floor floor second the on room exhibition the in ceiling is removable. (Almost all of the panels have been been have panels the of all (Almost removable. is which growth”, unlimited of “museum according to Modulor measurements. The design of the the of design The measurements. Modulor to according

ceiling in the exhibition room on the second floor floor second the on room exhibition the in ceiling

wall panel is embedded with pebbles and each panel panel each and pebbles with embedded is panel wall a of idea the and architecture” new of the restaurant and the museum shop, are positioned positioned are shop, museum the and restaurant the of

measurements including the height of the low low the of height the including measurements wall panel is embedded with pebbles and each panel panel each and pebbles with embedded is panel wall a of idea the and architecture” new of the restaurant and the museum shop, are positioned positioned are shop, museum the and restaurant the of

measurements including the height of the low low the of height the including measurements

not required to support the weight of a building; each each building; a of weight the support to required not a for points five “the of elements slats, which are found for instance outside the windows windows the outside instance for found are which slats,

the building is constructed based on Modulor Modulor on based constructed is building the not required to support the weight of a building; each each building; a of weight the support to required not a for points five “the of elements slats, which are found for instance outside the windows windows the outside instance for found are which slats,

the building is constructed based on Modulor Modulor on based constructed is building the

Unlike in traditional architecture, the exterior walls are are walls exterior the architecture, traditional in Unlike essential the of one was This The concrete mullion-like narrow vertical louvers or or louvers vertical narrow mullion-like concrete The

are erected at equal intervals of 635cm. Most of of Most 635cm. of intervals equal at erected are Unlike in traditional architecture, the exterior walls are are walls exterior the architecture, traditional in Unlike essential the of one was This

The concrete mullion-like narrow vertical louvers or or louvers vertical narrow mullion-like concrete The

are erected at equal intervals of 635cm. Most of of Most 635cm. of intervals equal at erected are

Panels of Exterior Walls Exterior of Panels Pilotis Modulor (Exterior) Modulor

proportions of the human body. The columns columns The body. human the of proportions Panels of Exterior Walls Exterior of Panels Pilotis Modulor (Exterior) Modulor

proportions of the human body. The columns columns The body. human the of proportions

Le Corbusier designed buildings based on the the on based buildings designed Corbusier Le

Modulor

(Interior)

Modulor

(Interior)

spaces are currently not in use.) in not currently are spaces

display of smaller exhibits. (The mezzanine floor floor mezzanine (The exhibits. smaller of display

narrow staircases made for meetings and for the the for and meetings for made staircases narrow

There are three separate balcony-like rooms with with rooms balcony-like separate three are There

from below. (They are currently not in use.) in not currently are (They below. from There are three separate balcony-like rooms with with rooms balcony-like separate three are There

from below. (They are currently not in use.) in not currently are (They below. from

Mezzanine Floor (Balcony) Floor Mezzanine Floor-mounted lights were installed to light the works works the light to installed were lights Floor-mounted

Floor Lighting Floor

(Only artificial lighting is currently in use.) in currently is lighting artificial (Only

Nineteenth Century Hall. Century Nineteenth

changing appearance of the triangular ceiling. triangular the of appearance changing

to filter through into the exhibition room and the the and room exhibition the into through filter to

and disappearing behind columns, along with the the with along columns, behind disappearing and

natural light from the roof as well as artificial lighting lighting artificial as well as roof the from light natural

slowly changing scenery, and enjoy paintings appearing appearing paintings enjoy and scenery, changing slowly

A small corridor-like glass walled gallery allows allows gallery walled glass corridor-like small A

A small corridor-like glass walled gallery allows allows gallery walled glass corridor-like small A Visitors leisurely strolling up the ramp, are treated to to treated are ramp, the up strolling leisurely Visitors

Visitors leisurely strolling up the ramp, are treated to to treated are ramp, the up strolling leisurely Visitors

Lighting Device) Lighting

Ramps were often included in Le Corbusier’s design. design. Corbusier’s Le in included often were Ramps Lighting Device) Lighting

Ramps were often included in Le Corbusier’s design. design. Corbusier’s Le in included often were Ramps

Mezzanine Floor (Clerestory Gallery As As Gallery (Clerestory Floor Mezzanine

Ramp

grain is beautifully visible. beautifully is grain

room behind the opposite balcony. opposite the behind room

grain is beautifully visible. beautifully is grain room behind the opposite balcony. opposite the behind room

Japanese pine frames so the texture of the wood wood the of texture the so frames pine Japanese

view down onto the hall below and into the exhibition exhibition the into and below hall the onto down view

Japanese pine frames so the texture of the wood wood the of texture the so frames pine Japanese view down onto the hall below and into the exhibition exhibition the into and below hall the onto down view

Concrete columns and beams are poured in filled filled in poured are beams and columns Concrete

spatial composition of the building by providing a a providing by building the of composition spatial

Concrete columns and beams are poured in filled filled in poured are beams and columns Concrete spatial composition of the building by providing a a providing by building the of composition spatial

Century Hall allow visitors to appreciate the complex complex the appreciate to visitors allow Hall Century

Supporting Columns and Beams Beams and Columns Supporting

Century Hall allow visitors to appreciate the complex complex the appreciate to visitors allow Hall Century Supporting Columns and Beams Beams and Columns Supporting

The two balconies overlooking the Nineteenth Nineteenth the overlooking balconies two The

Balconies

from the north-facing triangular window. triangular north-facing the from Balconies

from the north-facing triangular window. triangular north-facing the from

On a clear day, sunlight fills the hall with natural light light natural with hall the fills sunlight day, clear a On

Triangular Skylight Triangular

compressed spaces. compressed Triangular Skylight Triangular

compressed spaces. compressed

to appreciate the transition between open and and open between transition the appreciate to

ceilings and walls with openings allow visitors visitors allow openings with walls and ceilings composition. spatial complex the appreciate to visitors allows

Nineteenth Century Hall, and the high and low low and high the and Hall, Century Nineteenth floor second and mezzanine the on places into up freely rising space open Its museum. the of heart

This exhibition room is arranged around the the around arranged is room exhibition This the be to intended and building the of center the at located hall this named himself Corbusier Le

The Second Floor Exhibition Room Exhibition Floor Second The Hall Century Nineteenth The The Second Floor Exhibition Room Exhibition Floor Second The Hall Century Nineteenth The World Heritage Across Maison Domino 1914 Seven Countries

“The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an This innovative approach involves constructing a building Outstanding Contribution to the Modern with a simple structure supported by reinforced precast Movement”, including the National Museum of columns and floors connected by staircases. Unlike Western Art, Tokyo, was added to the World traditional architecture with buildings supported by walls Heritage List at the 40th session of the World made of layered stones or bricks, the Maison Domino Heritage Committee on July 17, 2016. This is structure with columns supporting the floors allows the first time the group of 17 sites across seven replaceable and movable exterior walls and partitions countries and three continents was listed together. (interior walls) and the creation of the now familiar open

These sites encompass the history of the 1920 space designs. The Petite villa au bord du lac Léman Switzerland modern architectural movement, which criticized The domino concept efficiently demonstrated how to the style of architecture prior to the 19th make an elegant prefabricated structure by using pre- Century and attempted to change architecture 1923 and mass-produced construction components with in accordance with the needs of a new society. Le Corbusier showed completely standardized measurements. the new architectural The sites are also proof of the movement’s form in “a minimal influence around the world. The movement was house” to meet the recognized as an innovative solution to 20th needs of the occupants Century social and human needs. with minimal elements. The Five Points for a New Architecture This is an example of 1926- © FLC/ADAGP/De Prins/Emden/Kieslowsky/OMG, 2016 standardized housing. Le Corbusier presented “the five points for a new architecture” considering such technical aspects as The buildings of Cité Frugès France The Maisons La Roche and Jeanneret France construction materials and methods, while incorporating concepts to create a structure to benefit the 1923 1924 lifestyle and wellbeing of its inhabitants. When you walk down a ramp or Pilotis along a balcony, you experience 1 the fluidity of space as the A space supported by columns. It is a comfortable scenery and colors around you light and open space allowing free movement of change. This was the first Le The “Minimal house” concept people and air. Corbusier work to which the was applied to this housing © FLC/ADAGP/De Prins/Emden/Kieslowsky/OMG, 2016 epithet “the five points for a new development. It is a combination architecture” were applied. At this of 5 square meter housing units Rooftop Garden time “the five points for a new and is also an important work 2 architecture” had not yet been in terms of prefabrication and Generous rooftop spaces filled with plants enhance

made public. © FLC/ADAGP/De Prins/Emden/Kieslowsky/OMG, 2016 standardization. the reinforced concrete flat roof—such gardens in the sky are impossible to create on older buildings with The Maison Guiette Belgium The Maisons de la Weissenhof-Siedlung Germany their functional sloped roofs designed to repel snow 1926 1927 and rain. This is one of the early works of Le Corbusier This became a prototype Free Floor Plan (Flat Surface) and was an expression of a house with precast 3 of a new architectural beams, which showcased Replaceable and movable partitions (interior walls) language (elements and the new possibilities of laid out on floors supported by columns allow the technique): free form and space within a building color. This house made free design of interior space. © FLC/ADAGP/De Prins/Emden/Kieslowsky/OMG, 2016 and made it possible to his work known inside change the floor plan and outside Belgium. The Villa Savoye, together © FLC/ADAGP/De Prins/Emden/Kieslowsky/OMG, 2016 flexibly after construction. Horizontal Oblong Windows 1930 4 with its gardener’s house France The Immeuble Clarté Switzerland Rooms are filled with light from windows extending 1928 1930 the full width of the wall. Le Corbusier demonstrated Free Façade his principles of 5 The villa is a manifesto prefabricated and Supporting the building on columns gives virtually of Le Corbusier’s “the standardized plan and unrestricted freedom to use panels and glass for five points for a new structure. This was the first exterior walls. architecture”. This is building that used steel one of his most famous frames for windows and © FLC/ADAGP/De Prins/Emden/Kieslowsky/OMG, 2016 works. panels instead of concrete. © FLC/ADAGP/De Prins/Emden/Kieslowsky/OMG, 2016 The Immeuble locatif 1940 à la Porte Molitor apartments France The Unité d’habitation in Marseille France The Museum of Unlimited Growth (Museum Projects)1929- 1931 1945 This is a prototype of a new house that was Le Corbusier repeatedly worked on his plans for the The design of the National Museum to establish a balance “The five points for a new “museum of unlimited growth” concept over a 36 year of Western Art was based on the between individuals and architecture” were applied to this the group. The building period from 1929 until his death. principle of a “Museum of Unlimited apartment building. The use of has walls of exposed “Mundaneum, the World Museum” (1929) was his first Growth”. The characteristics are still glass created a sense of unity © FLC/ADAGP/De Prins/Emden/Kieslowsky/OMG, 2016 aggregate concrete. between the building and space museum project. A pyramid shaped building allowed relevant today. outside. After its completion Le visitors to descend spirally from the center of the top floor Corbusier lived in this building for The Maison du Docteur Curutchet exhibition room. Enter the central hall through pilotis the rest of his life. Argentina ❶ The Contemporary Art Museum, Paris (1931) was the first and go around the square spiral museum of a square spiral form with an exhibition room exhibition room. The Manufacture à Saint-Dié France 1949 above pilotis. In order to solve the problem of an ever expanding collection, a central room was first created, ❷There is a swastika shaped mezzanine 1946 around which exhibition rooms extending helically and space. This is a factory designed outwardly were to be added as the number of exhibits to meet the social and “The five points for a new increased. human needs of modern ❸The dimensions and locations of the architecture” were applied people. The building also Le Corbusier continued his research in to building a partitions (walls) in the exhibition again several decades after the demonstrated the principle museum which could be constructed relatively easily, principals were first proposed. room are flexible and allow a variety of that people working in This house had a fundamental could accommodate a variety of exhibitions and which different spatial arrangements. the factory can still feel in influence on South American looked harmonious. He presented the prototype of © FLC/ADAGP/De Prins/Emden/Kieslowsky/OMG, 2016 harmony with nature. © FLC/ADAGP/De Prins/Emden/Kieslowsky/OMG, 2016 architecture. a “museum of unlimited growth” in the museum in

1950 Philippeville planning (1939). The Chapel at Ronchamp France The Cabanon of Le Corbusier France 1950 1951 Le Corbusier established a new sculptural architecture Modulor with this chapel and This is the most influenced church significant standardized architecture across the “Minimal House” based

world. © FLC/ADAGP/De Prins/Emden/Kieslowsky/OMG, 2016 on the Modulor system. 226 © FLC/ADAGP/De Prins/Emden/Kieslowsky/OMG, 2016 The Convent at Sainte-Marie- The Complex of the Capital, Chandigarh India de-la-Tourette France 183 1952 1953 The work was based on Le Corbusier’s view of 140 Le Corbusier created his architectural urban life (“Radiant City”, measurement and proportion system by “The Athens Charter”). This priory was linking architecture and the human body. He This compound had an designed with the 113 outstanding influence on drew up two proportional sets, red and blue, deeper principles of based on the following criteria: the ratio of the architecture of the “the five points for a Indian subcontinent. 86 © FLC/ADAGP/De Prins/Emden/Kieslowsky/OMG, 2016 new architecture”. the height of a human (183cm) to the height The Centre de recréation du corps 70 of their navel (113cm), which gives a Golden et de l’esprit at Firminy-Vert France The National Museum of Ratio of 1.618:1, and the overall height of a Western Art, Tokyo Japan 54 human with raised arms (226cm). Harmony 43 and rhythm are created in architecture when 1955 1955 Modulor measurements are added together or a single measurement is repeated in a This building was designed and series. established as a part of an urban planning scheme designed to

and “the five points for a new architecture” is translated as “the five elements for modern architecture” .