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Unwritten Rules of Phd Research The Unwritten Rules of PhD Research The Unwritten Rules of PhD Research The Unwritten A breath of fresh air - I wish someone had told me this beforehand. PhD student, UK This book looks at things the other books don’t tell you about doing a PhD – what it’s really like and how to come through it with a happy Rules of ending! It covers all the things you wish someone had told you before you started: • What a PhD is really about, and how to do one well • The "unwritten rules" of research and of academic writing PhD Research • What your supervisor actually means by terms like "good referencing" and "clean research question" • How to write like a skilled researcher • How academic careers really work An ideal resource if someone you care about (including yourself!) is undergoing or considering a PhD. This book turns lost, clueless students back into people who know what they are doing, and who can enjoy life again. Gordon Rugg has a BA in French and Linguistics, and a PhD in Psychology. A former English Lecturer and field archaeologist, he is now based in the School of Computing and Mathematics at Keele University, and is Editor of the journal Expert Systems. His research interests range from medieval cryptography to software evaluation and why students underachieve. Marian Petre has a first degree in Psycholinguistics from Swarthmore College in the USA, and a PhD in Computer Science from University College London. Her career includes working in modern dance and in the computer industry. She is a Reader in Computing at the Open University, UK, where she set up the Center for Informatics Education Research. She is currently researching expert behaviour and reasoning in the design of complex systems. Rugg•Petre cover design: Kate Prentice Gordon Rugg ISBN 0-335-21345-6 Marian Petre 9 780335 213450 THE UNWRITTEN RULES OF PHD RESEARCH THE UNWRITTEN RULES OF PHD RESEARCH Gordon Rugg and Marian Petre Open University Press Open University Press McGraw-Hill Education McGraw-Hill House Shoppenhangers Road Maidenhead Berkshire England SL6 2QL email: [email protected] worldwide web: www.openup.co.uk and Two Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121–2289, USA First published 2004 Copyright © Gordon Rugg and Marian Petre 2004 All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any for, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher or a licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd of 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 4LP. A catalogue record of this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 335 21344 8 (pb) 0 335 21345 6 (hb) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data CIP data applied for Typeset by RefineCatch Limited, Bungay, Suffolk Printed in the UK by Bell & Bain Ltd, Glasgow Contents Preface vii Quotations and their sources viii About this book xii Acknowledgements xvi 1 So you want to do a PhD? 1 2 Procedures and milestones 13 3 The System 19 4 Supervision 32 5 Networks 46 6 Reading 54 7 Paper types 79 8 Writing 84 9 Writing structure 95 10 Writing style 108 11 The process of writing 125 vi CONTENTS 12 Presentations 134 13 Research design 146 14 The viva 161 15 Conferences 182 16 What next? 191 Useful principles and the like 214 Some useful terms 217 Some further reading 222 Preface One of the most frequent laments of the postgraduate researcher is: ‘Why didn’t someone tell me that earlier?’ There are innumerable things which nobody bothered to tell you, or to write in the books, and which could have saved you from large amounts of confusion, depression, wasted effort and general tears and misery if only you had been told them earlier. The authors have spent more than their fair share of time with desperate beginners, explaining the basic principles of research over cups of coffee. This book is an attempt to cut down their caffeine overload. It explains the basic craft skills and ground rules of the academic world in general, and research in particular. Its focus is the vitally important things that the standard textbooks don’t bother to mention on the sweet assumption that they can be left to the readers’ lecturers and supervisors. If you are doing a PhD or an MPhil then this book is intended to help you to do the best research possible with the minimum of wasted effort. It is also intended to help you use your research as part of your career development and self-development so that you don’t end up on graduation day, certificate in hand, wondering just what the hell to do next and realizing that you’ve just spent several years moving painfully in the wrong direction. The authors’ backgrounds are varied. Their academic credentials include PhDs, publication of various journal papers and encyclopaedia articles, advanced research fellowships, a couple of journal editorships, refereeing for major journals and fund-giving bodies, and raising between them over a million pounds of research funding. Their students still talk to them, and sometimes say nice things about them. Quotations and their sources One of the advantages of being a PhD supervisor is being able to dazzle stu- dents with erudite-sounding quotes, without having to give a verifiable refer- ence so that the students can check whether you’ve simply invented them. One of the disadvantages of writing a book about PhDs is that if you want to dazzle the readers with erudite-sounding quotes, you have to give proper veri- fiable references. So, just in case you’ve been wondering whether we made up the quotes in this book, here are the references to set your mind at rest. Opening sections: . I had said much, but found that my words had been given scant attention. Lovecraft, H.P. (1917) Dagon in: Lovecraft, H.P. Omnibus 2: Dagon and Other Macabre Tales (1985) Grafton Books, London. p. 17 . it were insidious to particularize; but I must acknowledge the politeness of Mons. La Hire, of the royal French artillery, who volunteered his services in setting and firing the train to the magazine, and who was somewhat bruised and singed. O’Brian, P. (1990) Master and Commander W.W. Norton & Company, London. p. 225 Chapter 1: You can’t imagine, even from what you have read and what I’ve told you, the things I shall have to see and do. It’s fiendish work, Carter, and I doubt if any man without ironclad sensibilities could ever see it through and come up alive and sane. Lovecraft, H.P. (1919) The Statement of Randolph Carter in: Lovecraft, H.P. Omnibus 1: At the Mountains of Madness (1989) Grafton Books, London. p. 356 QUOTATIONS AND THEIR SOURCES ix Chapter 2: . take this woman out of Bren-paidhi’s way, or face administrative procedures. Cherryh, C.J. (1996). Invader Legend Books, London, p.16 Chapter 3: It was here that he first came into conflict with the authorities, and was debarred from future experiments by no less a dignitary than the dean of the medical school himself . Lovecraft, H.P. (1921–1922) Herbert West- Reanimator in: Lovecraft, H.P. Omnibus 2: Dagon and Other Macabre Tales (1985) Grafton Books, London. p. 159 Chapter 4: Could that fellow have me whipped? O’Brian, P. (1990) Master and Commander W.W. Norton & Company, London. p. 122 Chapter 5: The first horrible incident of our acquaintance was the greatest shock I ever experienced, and it is only with reluctance that I repeat it. Lovecraft, H.P. (1921–1922) Herbert West- Reanimator in: Lovecraft, H.P. Omnibus 2: Dagon and Other Macabre Tales (1985) Grafton Books, London. p. 158 Chapter 6: . those frightful parts of the Pnakotic Manuscripts which were too ancient to be read. Lovecraft, H.P. (1921) The Other Gods in: Lovecraft, H.P. Omnibus 2: Dagon and Other Macabre Tales (1985) Grafton Books, London. p. 149 Chapter 7: Alien it indeed was to all art and literature which sane and balanced readers know . Lovecraft, H.P. (1922) The Hound in: Lovecraft, H.P. Omnibus 2: Dagon and Other Macabre Tales (1985) Grafton Books, London. p. 200 Chapter 8: He wrote in a complicated style, overloaded and lacking in charm. Not that he was indifferent to language and its nuances; on the contrary, correct use of language was for him a moral question, its debasement a symptom of moral breakdown. Thucydides, Warner, R. & Finley, M.I. (1954). History of the Peloponnesian War Penguin, Harmondsworth, p.9. x QUOTATIONS AND THEIR SOURCES . I shall publish such papers on the cryptogams of Kamschatka that no one will ever set the mark of intelligence upon my head again. O’Brian, P. (1996) HMS Surprise HarperCollins, London. p. 27 Chapter 9: Still, it gave the facts – some of them – and apart from being dated ‘off Barcelona’ in the customary way, whereas it was really being written in Port Mahon the day after his arrival, it contained no falsehood . O’Brian, P. (1990) Master and Commander W.W. Norton & Company, London. p. 335 Chapter 10: Its tone of semi-literate, official, righteous dullness never varied . and it never deviated into human prose . O’Brian, P. (1990) Master and Commander W.W. Norton & Company, London. p. 152 Chapter 11: ‘Now just listen to this one, will you,’ he said, ‘and tell me whether it is good grammar and proper language.’ O’Brian, P.
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