(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7.827,042 B2 Jung Et Al

US007827042B2

(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7.827,042 B2 Jung et al. (45) Date of Patent: Nov. 2, 2010

(54) METHODS AND SYSTEMS RELATED TO a continuation-in-part of application No. 1 1/515,357, TRANSMISSION OF NUTRACEUTICAL filed on Sep. 1, 2006, and a continuation-in-part of ASSOCATED INFORMATION application No. 11/518,540, filed on Sep. 8, 2006, and a continuation-in-part of application No. 1 1/523,766, (75) Inventors: Edward K. Y. Jung, Bellevue, WA (US); filed on Sep. 18, 2006, and a continuation-in-part of Royce A. Levien, Lexington, MA (US); application No. 1 1/523,809, filed on Sep. 18, 2006, Robert W. Lord, Seattle, WA (US); and a continuation-in-part of application No. 1 1/637, Mark A. Malamud, Seattle, WA (US); 638, filed on Dec. 11, 2006, and a continuation-in-part John D. Rinaldo, Jr., Bellevue, WA of application No. 1 1/637,616, filed on Dec. 11, 2006, (US); Clarence T. Tegreene, Bellevue, and a continuation-in-part of application No. 1 1/314, WA (US); Lowell L. Wood, Jr., 945, filed on Dec. 20, 2005, and a continuation-in-part Bellevue, WA (US) of application No. 1 1/291,482, filed on Nov.30, 2005. (73) Assignee: The Invention Science Fund I, Inc. (51) Int. Cl. Bellevue, WA (US) G06O40/00 (2006.01) (*)c Notice: Subject to any disclaimer,- the term of this (52)(58) U.S.Field Cl. of Classification...... search ... 705/2; 705/3705/2 patent is extended or adjusted under 35 See application file for complete search history. U.S.C. 154(b) by 375 days. (56) References Cited (21) Appl. No.: 11/888,613 U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS (22) Filed: Jul. 31, 2007 4,009,078 A 2, 1977 Wilkins et al. (65) Prior Publication Data (Continued) US 2008/OO33762 A1 Feb. 7, 2008 FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS Related U.S. Application Data JP 61002060 A 1, 1986 (63) Continuation-in-part of application No. 1 1/888,627, (Continued) filed on Jul. 31, 2007, and a continuation-in-part of OTHER PUBLICATIONS application No. 1 1/888,614, filed on Jul. 31, 2007, and a continuation-in-part of application No. 1 1/824,529, U.S. Appl. No. 12/011,008, Jung et al. filed on Jun. 28, 2007, and a continuation-in-part of application No. 1 1/824,604, filed on Jun. 28, 2007, and (Continued) a continuation-in-part of application No. 1 1/453,571, Primary Examiner Luke Gilligan filed on Jun. 14, 2006, and a continuation-in-part of Assistant Examiner—Reginald Reyes application No. 1 1/478,341, filed on Jun. 28, 2006, and a continuation-in-part of application No. 1 1/478,296, (57) ABSTRACT filed on Jun. 28, 2006, and a continuation-in-part of application No. 1 1/486,998, filed on Jul. 14, 2006, and The present disclosure relates to methods and systems related a continuation-in-part of application No. 1 1/486,973, to transmission of nutraceutical associated information. filed on Jul. 14, 2006, and a continuation-in-part of application No. 1 1/474,109, filed on Jun. 23, 2006, and 48 Claims, 72 Drawing Sheets

1. Accepting Unit

120 Assay Unit

Computation Unit

40 display Unit

50 Transmitting Unit

160 receiving Unit

17 User Interface

30 User US 7,827,042 B2 Page 2

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"Body Balance: FemaleCheck / Estradiol, Progesterone & “Confidential Home DNA Infidelity Testing, Infidelity Test Kit'; Testosterone'; Health HomeTest.com; Bearing dates of 2003-2005; Gtldna.com; Bearing dates of Jul. 10, 2006 and 2002-2005; pp. 1-3: US 7,827,042 B2 Page 5

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SESSIONIDIB3hOVFUxTnpjeE5qYzJNakVtWNWbGMZUkR pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas. 0606215103. UZZ09QWxOWIRURQ==l; printed on Jul 14, 2006. “Heart-Help's Handbook . . . Living with CM & CHF "Drugstore.com-online pharmacy & drugstore, prescriptions filled’; (Cardiomyopathy Congestive Heart Failure)”; Bearing a date of Sep. drugstore.com; Bearing dates of 1999-2006; pp. 1 (Sheets 1-3), pp. 2 23, 2001; pp. 1-5; located at: http://www.heart-help.net/handbook. (Sheets 1-4), pp. 3 (Sheets 1-2) (pp. total 1-9); drugstore.com, inc.; html; printed on Nov. 13, 2005. located at: http://www.drugstore.com/search/search. Heller, Daniel A.; Jeng, Esther S.; Yeung, Tsun-Kwan; Martinez, asp?searchtype=1&trx=28198&trxpl=60&ipp=20&srchtree= Brittany M.; Moll, Anthonie E.; Gastala, Joseph B.; Strano, Michael 1&search=home+test--kit&Go.x=17&Go.y=16; printed on Jul. 10, S.; "Optical Detection of DNA Conformational Polymorphism on 2006. Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes'; Science; Bearing a date of Jan. 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PCT International Search Report; International App. No. PCT/US07/ Signature Supplements; bearing a date of 2009, pp. 1-2; located at: 25451; Sep. 15, 2008; pp. 1-2. http://www.signaturesupplements.com/jsp/main/index.jsp. printed PCT International Search Report; International App. No. PCT/US07/ on May 13, 2010; Signature Supplements. 20272; Sep. 15, 2008; pp. 1-2. SOYJOYR; bearing a date of 2010; 1 page; located at: http://www. PCT International Search Report; International App. No. PCT/US07/ soyjoy.com/index.aspx; printed on May 13, 2010; Pharmavite LLC. 20305; Sep. 11, 2008; pp. 1-2. Total Health Nutrients; pp. 1-2; located at: http://www. PCT International Search Report; International App. No. PCT/US07/ totalhealthnutrients.com/ph/index.html; printed on May 13, 2010. 20283; Sep. 11, 2008; pp. 1-2. 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Weil, Andrew, M.D.; “Dr. Weil's Vitamin Advisor & Complete Pro PCT International Search Report; International App. No. PCT/US06/ gram Supplements'; bearing a date of 2010; 1 page; located at: 44283; Aug. 18, 2008; pp. 1-2. https://www.drweilvitaminadvisor.com/drwecs/Va2/ PCT International Search Report; International App. No. PCT/US07/ land goog 08girl.html?aid=9999.10&aparam= 14266; Jul. 21, 2008; pp. 1-2. TSASGoogleApr10VA vitamins&refcd= U.S. Appl. No. 1 1/524,084, Jung et al. GO000000101882 154s vitamins&tsacr=GO3784957603&gclid= U.S. Appl. No. 1 1/904,016, Jung et al. CM3NpLZm9aACFRYhDQodyGkiv w; printed on May 13, 2010; U.S. Appl. No. 1 1/906,112, Jung et al. Weil Lifestyle Custom Pak. U.S. Appl. No. 1 1/355,517, Jung et al. Edible Science; bearing dates of 2005-2010; pp. 1-2; located at: U.S. Appl. No. 1 1/339,316, Jung et al. http://www.ediblescience.com; printed on May 13, 2010. U.S. Appl. No. 1 1/314.949, Jung et al. Fightermins; bearing a date of 2010; 1 page; located at: http://www. U.S. Appl. No. 1 1/314.764, Jung et al. fightermins.com/index.jsp. printed on May 13, 2010. U.S. Appl. No. 1 1/291.532, Jung et al. Ideal Health; “Custom Essentials”; “The Priva Test'; bearing a date U.S. Appl. No. 1 1/285,753, Jung et al. of 2010; total of 5 pages; located at: http://www.idealhealth.com; U.S. Appl. No. 1 1/285.500, Jung et al. printed on May 13, 2010; The Trump Network. U.S. Appl. No. 1 1/283,548, Jung et al. I-Vita; bearing a date of 2009; 1 page; located at: http://www. PCT International Search Report; International App. No. PCT/US mynutrapack.com/index.html; printed on May 13, 2010. 06/44664; Apr. 14, 2008; pp. 1-3. LifeScript; bearing dates of 1998-2010; 1 page; located at: http:// PCT International Search Report; International App. No. PCT US vitamins.lifescript.com/Begin.asp?BID=14971&PROMO= 06/44269; Sep. 18, 2007: pp. 1-2. Zluswiec; printed on May 13, 2010. Edible Science; bearing dates of 2005-2010; pp. 1-2; located at: Mindell, Earl, Dr.; Vitaganic “Custom-Made Multivitamins'; bear http://www.ediblescience.com; printed on May 13, 2010. ing dates of 2005-2010; 1 page; located at: http://drmindell. vitaganic. Fightermins; bearing a date of 2010; 1 page; located at: http://www. com/; printed on May 13, 2010. fightermins.com/index.jsp. printed on May 13, 2010. My Vitamin Clinic; bearing a date of 2010; 1 page; located at: Ideal Health; “Custom Essentials”; “The Priva Test'; bearing a date http://www.myvitaminclinic.com/index.jsp. printed on May 13, of 2010; total of 5 pages; located at: http://www.idealhealth.com; 2010. printed on May 13, 2010; The Trump Network. MyNutraPack; 1 page, located at: http://www.mynutrapack.com/in I-Vita; bearing a date of 2009; 1 page; located at: http://www. dex.html; printed on May 25, 2010. mynutrapack.com/index.html; printed on May 13, 2010. MyVitaminRx; bearing a date of 2007: 1 page; located at: http:// LifeScript; bearing dates of 1998-2010; 1 page; located at: http:// www.myvitaminsrx.com/CustomNutrition/CustomNutrition. vitamins.lifescript.com/Begin.asp?BID=14971&PROMO= aspx?ID=MoonlightSpa; printed on May 13, 2010. Zluswiec; printed on May 13, 2010. Nature Made; pp. 1-2; located at: http://www.naturemade.com/, Mindell, Earl, Dr.; Vitaganic “Custom-Made Mutlivitamins'; bear printed on May 13, 2010. ing dates of 2005-2010; 1 page; located at: http://drmindell. vitaganic. NutriHerb; bearing dates of 2001-2009: pp. 1-2; Nutri Herb, Inc.; com/; printed on May 13, 2010. located at: http://nutriherb.net/ My Vitamin Clinic; bearing a date of 2010; 1 page; located at: custom made to order herbal vitamins Supplements.html; http://www.myvitaminclinic.com/index.jsp., printed on May 13, printed on May 13, 2010. 2010. Pharmative LLC; 1 page; located at: http://www.pharmavite.com/ MyNutraPack, 1 page; located at: http://www.mynutrapack.com/in index.asp; printed on May 13, 2010. dex.html; printed on May 25, 2010. MyVitaminRx; bearing a date of 2007: 1 page; located at: http:// "Pharmavite LLC Launches New Direct-To-Consumer Company” www.myvitaminsrx.com/CustomNutrition/CustomNutrition. Press Release; Pharmavite LLC; bearing a date of Sep. 4, 2009; 1 aspx?ID=MoonlightSpa; printed on May 13, 2010. page; located at: http://www.pharmavite.com/MediaCenter/ Nature Made; pp. 1-2; located at: http://www.naturemade.com/, MC PR.asp?ID=164; printed on May 13, 2010. printed on May 13, 2010. Signature Supplements; bearing a date of 2009, pp. 1-2; located at: NutriHerb; bearing dates of 2001-2009: pp. 1-2; Nutri Herb, Inc.; http://www.signaturesupplements.com/jsp/main/index.jsp. printed located at: http://www.nutriherb.net/ on May 13, 2010; Signature Supplements. custom made to order herbal vitamins Supplements.html; SOYJOYR; bearing a date of 2010; 1 page; located at: http://www. printed on May 13, 2010. soyjoy.com/index.aspx; printed on May 13, 2010; Pharmavite LLC. Pharmative LLC; 1 page; located at: http://www.pharmavite.com/ Total Health Nutrients; pp. 1-2; located at: http://www. index.asp; printed on May 13, 2010. totalhealthnutrients.com/ph/index.html; printed on May 13, 2010. "Pharmavite LLC Launches New Direct-To-Consumer Company” VitaminID.com; bearing a date of 2010; 1 page; located at: http:// Press Release; Pharmavite LLC; bearing a date of Sep. 4, 2009; 1 www.vitaminid.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ page; located at: http://www.pharmavite.com/MediaCenter/ StoreView?storeId=201&langld=-1; printed on May 25, 2010; MC PR.asp?ID=164; printed on May 13, 2010. Pharmavite Direct LLC. US 7,827,042 B2 Page 10

Vitamins On Demand; bearing a date of 2010; 1 page; located at: CM3NpLZm9aACFRYhDQodyGkiv w; printed on May 13, 2010; http://www.vitaminsondemand.com/ Weil Lifestyle Custom Pak. ?gclid=CNbygPut 9aACFRYhDQodyGkiv w; printed on May 13, Lagally, E.T. et al.: “Integrated Portable Genetic Analysis 2010. Microsystem for Pathogen/Infectious Disease Detection': Analytical VitaXact; bearing a date of 2009; 1 page; located at: http://www. Chemistry; bearing a date of Jun. 1, 2004; pp. 3162-3170; vol. 76, No. vitaxact.com; printed on May 13, 2010. 11; (C) 2004 American Chemical Society. Weil, Andrew, M.D.; “Dr. Weil's Vitamin Advisor & Complete Pro Leibovici, Leonard et al.; "A Causal Probabilistic Network for Opti gram Supplements'; bearing a date of 2010; 1 page; located at: mal Treatment of Bacterial Infections'; IEEE Transactions on https://www.drweilvitaminadvisor.com/drwecs/Va2/ Knowledge and Data Engineering; bearing a date of Jul/Aug. 2000; land goog 08girl.html?aid=999910&aparam= pp. 517-528: vol. 12, No. 4; (C) 2000 IEEE. TSASGoogleApr10VA vitamins&refcd= GO000000101882 154s vitamins&tsacr= GO3784957603&gclid= * cited by examiner U.S. Patent Nov. 2, 2010 Sheet 1 of 72 US 7.827,042 B2

F.G. 1

100 \ 110 Accepting Unit

120 Assay Unit

130 Computation Unit

140 Display Unit

150 Transmitting Unit

160 Receiving Unit

170 User Interface U.S. Patent Nov. 2, 2010 Sheet 2 of 72 US 7.827,042 B2

FIG. 2

zo 210

assaying one or more samples associated with one or more individuals for one or more indicators

processing results of the assaying one or more samples associated with one or more individuals for one or more indicators and the input associated with nutraceutical usage by the one or unore individuals U.S. Patent Nov. 2, 2010 Sheet 3 of 72 US 7.827,042 B2

FIG. 2A

displaying results of the processing U.S. Patent Nov. 2, 2010 Sheet 4 of 72 US 7.827,042 B2

F.G. 2B

200 - 210 assaying one or more samples associated with one or more individuals for one or more indicators

transmitting one or more signals that include information related to the processing results of the assaying one or more samples associated with one or more individuals for one or more indicators and the input associated with nutraceutical usage by the one or more individuals U.S. Patent Nov. 2, 2010 Sheet 5 of 72 US 7.827,042 B2

F.G. 2C

accepting input associated with one or more parameters related to the one or more individuals

processing results of the assaying one or more samples associated with one or more individuals for one or more indicators, the input associated with nutraceutical usage by the one or morc individuals, and the input associated with one or more parameters related to the one or more individuals U.S. Patent Nov. 2, 2010 Sheet 6 of 72 US 7.827,042 B2

FG. 2D

assaying one or more samples associated with one or more individuals for one or more indicators

accepting input associated with one or more parameters related to the one or more individuals

processing results of the assaying one or more samples associated with one or more individuals for one or more indicators, the input associated with nutraceutical usage by the one or more individuals, and the input associated with one or more parameters related to the one or more individuals

displaying results of the processing

End U.S. Patent Nov. 2, 2010 Sheet 7 of 72 US 7.827,042 B2

FIG. 2E

210 assaying one or more samples associated with one or more individuals for one or more indicators

processing results of the assaying one or more samples associated with one or more individuals for one or more indicators and the input associated with nutraceutical usage by the one or more individuals 260 accepting input associated with one or more parameters related to the one or more individuals

processing results of the assaying one or more samples associated with one or more individuals for one or more indicators, the input associated with nutraceutical usage by the one or more individuals, and the input associated with one or more parameters related to the one or more individuals

transmitting one or more signals that include information related to the processing results of the assaying one or more samples associated with one or more individuals for one or more indicators, the input associated with nutraceutical usage by the one or more individuals, and the input associated with one or more parameters related to the one or more individuals U.S. Patent NOV. 2 , 2010 Sheet 8 of 72 US 7.827,042 B2

| | | | | | ||| ||snonu, ||| ||| U.S. Patent NOV. 2 , 2010 Sheet 9 of 72 US 7.827,042 B2

U.S. Patent Nov. 2, 2010 Sheet 10 of 72 US 7827,042 B2

U.S. Patent Nov. 2, 2010 Sheet 11 of 72 US 7.827,042 B2

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U.S. Patent Nov. 2, 2010 Sheet 14 of 72 US 7.827,042 B2

U.S. Patent NOV. 2 , 2010 Sheet 15 Of 72 US 7.827,042 B2

U.S. Patent NOV. 2 , 2010 Sheet 18 of 72 US 7.827,042 B2

U.S. Patent Nov. 2, 2010 Sheet 19 of 72 US 7.827,042 B2

Kq•ãesn?QU!!JOQUO

oiou.Joauoeq? U.S. Patent Nov. 2, 2010 Sheet 20 of 72 US 7.827,042 B2

U.S. Patent Nov. 2, 2010 Sheet 21 of 72 US 7.827,042 B2

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FIG. 19

assaying one or more samples associated with the one or more individuals for one or more indicalors

transmitting one or more signals that include information related to the accepting input associated with nutraceutical usage by one or more individuals and the assaying the one or more Samples associated with the one or more individuals for one or more indicators U.S. Patent Nov. 2, 2010 Sheet 25 Of 72 US 7.827,042 B2

FIG. 19A

1900 -N

assaying one or more samples associated with the one or more individuals for one or more indicators

accepting input associated with one or more parameters related to the one or more individuals

transmitting one or more signals that include information related to the accepting input associated with the one or more parameters related to the one or more individuals U.S. Patent US 7.827,042 B2

U.S. Patent Nov. 2, 2010 Sheet 27 Of 72 US 7.827,042 B2

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U.S. Patent NOV. 2 , 2010 Sheet 28 of 72 US 7.827,042 B2

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| | | | | | | | | | | U.S. Patent NOV. 2 , 2010 Sheet 30 Of 72 US 7.827,042 B2

U.S. Patent NOV. 2 , 2010 Sheet 31 Of 72 US 7.827,042 B2

U.S. Patent Nov. 2, 2010 Sheet 32 Of 72 US 7.827,042 B2

U.S. Patent NOV. 2 , 2010 Sheet 33 of 72 US 7.827,042 B2

—|

| | | | | | | | | U.S. Patent Nov. 2, 2010 Sheet 34 of 72 US 7.827,042 B2

FG. 28

2800 - -

2810 receiving one or more signals that include information related to accepting input associated with nulraceutical usage by one or more individuals

receiving one or more signals that include information related to assaying one or more samples associated with the one or more individuals for one or more indicators

processing the information related to accepting input associated with nutraceutical usage by one or more individuals and the information related to assaying one or more samples associated with the one or more individuals for one or more indicators U.S. Patent Nov. 2, 2010 Sheet 35 of 72 US 7.827,042 B2

FG, 28A

2810 receiving one or more signals that include information related to accepting input associated with nutraceutical usage by one or more individuals

receiving one or more signals that include information related to assaying one or more Samples associated with the one or more individuals for one or more indicators

transmitting one or more signals that include information associated with the processing the information related to the one or more individuals U.S. Patent Nov. 2, 2010 Sheet 36 of 72 US 7.827,042 B2

FIG. 28B

2810 receiving one or more signals that include information related to accepting input associated with nutraceutical usage by one or more individuals

receiving one or more signals that include information related to assaying one or more samples associated with the one or more individuals for one or more indicators

2830 processing the information related to accepting input associated with nutraceutical usage by one or more individuals and the information related to assaying one or more samples associated with the one or more individuals for one or more indicators

2850 displaying results of the processing

End U.S. Patent Nov. 2, 2010 Sheet 37 Of 72 US 7.827,042 B2

FIG. 28C

2800 - 2810

receiving one or more signals that include information related to accepting input associated with nulraceutical usage by one or more individuals

receiving one or more signals that include information related to assaying one or more samples associated with the one or more individuals for one or more indicators 2830

receiving one or more signals that include information related to accepting input associated with one or more parameters related to the one or more individuals 2870

processing the information related to the accepting input associated with one or more parameters related to the one or more individuals

End U.S. Patent Nov. 2, 2010 Sheet 38 of 72 US 7.827,042 B2

FIG. 28D

2800 N. 2810

receiving one or more signals that include information related to accepting input associated with nutraceutical usage by one or more individuals

receiving one or more signals that include information related to assaying one or more Sannples associated with the one or more individuals for one or more indicators

receiving one or more signals that include information related to accepting input associated with one or more parameters related to the one or more individuals 2870

processing the information related to the accepting input associated with one or more parameters related to the one or more individuals 2880

transmitting one or more signals that include information associated with the processing the information related to the accepting input associated with one or more parameters related to the one or more individuals

End U.S. Patent Nov. 2, 2010 Sheet 39 Of 72 US 7.827,042 B2

FIG. 28E

2800 N. 2810

receiving one or more signals that include information related to accepting input associated with nutraceutical usage by one or more individuals

receiving one or more signals that include information related to assaying one or more Samples associated with the one or more individuals for one or more indicators 2830

receiving one or more signals that include information related to accepting input asSociated with one or more parameters related to the one or more individuals 2870

processing the information related to the accepting input associated with one or more parameters related to the one or more individuals 2890 displaying results of the processing

End U.S. Patent NOV. 2 9 2010 Sheet 40 of 72 US 7.827,042 B2

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US 7,827,042 B2 1. 2 METHODS AND SYSTEMS RELATED TO currently co-pending, or is an application of which a currently TRANSMISSION OF NUTRACEUTICAL co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing ASSOCATED INFORMATION date. For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED 5 the present application constitutes a continuation-in-part of APPLICATIONS U.S. patent application Ser. No. 1 1/478,341, entitled COM The present application is related to and claims the benefit PUTATIONAL AND/OR CONTROL SYSTEMS of the earliest available effective filing date(s) from the fol RELATED TO INDIVIDUALIZED NUTRACEUTICAL lowing listed application(s) (the “Related applications') 10 SELECTION AND PACKAGING, naming Edward K. Y. (e.g., claims earliest available priority dates for other than Jung, Royce A. Levien, Robert W. Lord, Mark A. Malamud, provisional patent applications or claims benefits under 35 John D. Rinaldo, Jr., and Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, USC S 119(e) for provisional patent applications, for any and filed 28 Jun. 2006, which is currently co-pending, or is an all parent, grandparent, great-grandparent, etc. applications application of which a currently co-pending application is of the Related application(s)). 15 entitled to the benefit of the filing date. For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, RELATED APPLICATIONS the present application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 1 1/478,296, entitled COM For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, PUTATIONAL AND/OR CONTROL SYSTEMS the present application constitutes a continuation-in-part of RELATED TO INDIVIDUALIZED NUTRACEUTICAL U.S. patent application Ser. No. 1 1/888,627, entitled COM SELECTION AND PACKAGING, naming Edward K. Y. PUTATIONAL METHODS AND SYSTEMS ASSOCI Jung, Royce A. Levien, Robert W. Lord, Mark A. Malamud, ATED WITH NUTRACEUTICAL RELATED ASSAYS, John D. Rinaldo, Jr., and Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, naming Edward K.Y. Jung, Royce A. Levien, Robert W. Lord, filed 28 Jun. 2006, which is currently co-pending, or is an Mark A. Malamud, John D. Rinaldo, Jr., Clarence T. 25 application of which a currently co-pending application is Tegreene; and Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, filed 31 Jul. entitled to the benefit of the filing date. 2007, which is currently co-pending, or is an application of For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, which a currently co-pending application is entitled to the the present application constitutes a continuation-in-part of benefit of the filing date. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 1 1/486,998, entitled COM For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, 30 PUTATIONAL AND/OR CONTROL SYSTEMS the present application constitutes a continuation-in-part of RELATED TO INDIVIDUALIZED PHARMACEUTICAL U.S. patent application Ser. No. 1 1/888,614, entitled METH AND NUTRACEUTICAL SELECTION AND PACKAG ODS AND SYSTEMS RELATED TO RECEIVING ING, naming Edward K.Y. Jung, Royce A. Levien, Robert W. NUTRACEUTICAL ASSOCIATED INFORMATION, Lord, Mark A. Malamud, John D. Rinaldo, Jr., and Lowell L. naming Edward K.Y. Jung, Royce A. Levien, Robert W. Lord, 35 Mark A. Malamud, John D. Rinaldo, Jr., Clarence T. Wood, Jr. as inventors, filed 14 Jul. 2006, which is currently Tegreene; and Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, filed 31 Jul. co-pending, or is an application of which a currently co 2007, which is currently co-pending, or is an application of pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date. which a currently co-pending application is entitled to the For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, benefit of the filing date. 40 the present application constitutes a continuation-in-part of For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 1 1/486,973, entitled COM the present application constitutes a continuation-in-part of PUTATIONAL AND/OR CONTROL SYSTEMS U.S. patent application Ser. No. 1 1/824,529, entitled COM RELATED TO INDIVIDUALIZED PHARMACEUTICAL PUTATIONAL SYSTEMS AND METHODS RELATED AND NUTRACEUTICAL SELECTION AND PACKAG TO NUTRACEUTICALS, naming Edward K. Y. Jung, 45 ING, naming Edward K.Y. Jung, Royce A. Levien, Robert W. Royce A. Levien, Robert W. Lord, Mark A. Malamud, John D. Lord, Mark A. Malamud, John D. Rinaldo, Jr., and Lowell L. Rinaldo, Jr., Clarence T. Tegreene; and Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as Wood, Jr. as inventors, filed 14 Jul. 2006, which is currently inventors, filed 28 Jun. 2007, which is currently co-pending, co-pending, or is an application of which a currently co or is an application of which a currently co-pending applica pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date. tion is entitled to the benefit of the filing date. 50 For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the present application constitutes a continuation-in-part of the present application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 1 1/474,109, entitled CUS U.S. patent application Ser. No. 1 1/824,604, entitled COM TOMIZED VISUAL MARKING FOR MEDICATION PUTATIONAL SYSTEMS RELATED TO NUTRACEUTI LABELING, naming Edward K. Y. Jung, Royce A. Levien, CALS, naming Edward K.Y. Jung, Royce A. Levien, Robert 55 Robert W. Lord, Mark A. Malamud, John D. Rinaldo, Jr., and W. Lord, Mark A. Malamud, John D. Rinaldo, Jr., Clarence T. Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, filed 23 Jun. 2006, which is Tegreene; and Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, filed 28 Jun. currently co-pending, or is an application of which a currently 2007, which is currently co-pending, or is an application of co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing which a currently co-pending application is entitled to the date. benefit of the filing date. 60 For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the present application constitutes a continuation-in-part of the present application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/515,357, entitled COM U.S. patent application Ser. No. 1 1/453,571, entitled INDI PUTATIONAL AND/OR CONTROL SYSTEMS AND VIDUALIZED PHARMACEUTICAL SELECTION AND METHODS RELATED TO NUTRACEUTICAL AGENT PACKAGING, naming Edward K.Y. Jung, Royce A. Levien, 65 SELECTION AND DOSING, naming Edward K. Y. Jung, Robert W. Lord, Mark A. Malamud, John D. Rinaldo, Jr., and Royce A. Levien, Robert W. Lord, Mark A. Malamud, John D. Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, filed 14 Jun. 2006, which is Rinaldo, Jr., and Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, filed 1 Sep. US 7,827,042 B2 3 4 2006, which is currently co-pending, or is an application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 1 1/291,482, entitled GEN which a currently co-pending application is entitled to the ERATING A NUTRACEUTICAL REQUEST FROM AN benefit of the filing date. INVENTORY, naming Edward K.Y. Jung, Royce A. Levien, For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, Robert W. Lord, Mark A. Malamud, John D. Rinaldo, Jr., the present application constitutes a continuation-in-part of 5 Clarence T. Tegreene, and Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/518,540, entitled INDI filed 30 Nov. 2005, which is currently co-pending, or is an VIDUALIZED PHARMACEUTICAL SELECTION AND application of which a currently co-pending application is PACKAGING, naming Edward K.Y. Jung, Royce A. Levien, entitled to the benefit of the filing date. Robert W. Lord, Mark A. Malamud, John D. Rinaldo, Jr., and The United States Patent Office (USPTO) has published a Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, filed 8 Sep. 2006, which is 10 notice to the effect that the USPTO's computer programs currently co-pending, or is an application of which a currently require that patent applicants reference both a serial number co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing and indicate whether an application is a continuation or con date. tinuation-in-part. Stephen G. Kunin, Benefit of Prior-Filed For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, application, USPTO Official Gazette Mar. 18, 2003, available the present application constitutes a continuation-in-part of 15 at http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/com/sol/og/2003/week U.S. patent application Ser. No. 1 1/523,766, entitled COM 11/patbene.htm. The present applicant entity has provided PUTATIONAL AND/OR CONTROL SYSTEMS AND above a specific reference to the application(s) from which METHODS RELATED TO NUTRACEUTICAL AGENT priority is being claimed as recited by statute. Applicant entity SELECTION AND DOSING, naming Edward K. Y. Jung, understands that the statute is unambiguous in its specific Royce A. Levien, Robert W. Lord, Mark A. Malamud, John D. reference language and does not require eithera serial number Rinaldo, Jr., and Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, filed 18 or any characterization, such as "continuation' or “continu Sep. 2006, which is currently co-pending, or is an application ation-in-part, for claiming priority to U.S. patent applica of which a currently co-pending application is entitled to the tions. Notwithstanding the foregoing, applicant entity under benefit of the filing date. stands that the USPTO's computer programs have certain For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, 25 data entry requirements, and hence applicant entity is desig the present application constitutes a continuation-in-part of nating the present application as a continuation-in-part of its U.S. patent application Ser. No. 1 1/523,809, entitled COM parent applications as set forth above, but expressly points out PUTATIONAL AND/OR CONTROL SYSTEMS AND that Such designations are not to be construed in any way as METHODS RELATED TO NUTRACEUTICAL AGENT any type of commentary and/or admission as to whether or SELECTION AND DOSING, naming Edward K. Y. Jung, 30 not the present application contains any new matter in addi Royce A. Levien, Robert W. Lord, Mark A. Malamud, John D. tion to the matter of its parent application(s). Rinaldo, Jr., and Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, filed 18 All subject matter of the Related applications and of any Sep. 2006, which is currently co-pending, or is an application and all parent, grandparent, great-grandparent, etc. applica of which a currently co-pending application is entitled to the tions of the Related applications is incorporated herein by benefit of the filing date. 35 reference to the extent Such subject matter is not inconsistent For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, herewith. the present application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 1 1/637,638, entitled METH TECHNICAL FIELD ODS AND SYSTEMS FOR ANALYSIS OF NUTRACEU TICAL ASSOCIATED COMPONENTS, naming Edward K. 40 The present disclosure relates to methods and systems Y. Jung, Eric C. Leuthardt, Royce A. Levien, Robert W. Lord, related to transmission of nutraceutical associated informa Mark A. Malamud, John D. Rinaldo, Jr., and Lowell L. Wood, tion. Jr. as inventors, filed 11 Dec. 2006, which is currently co pending, or is an application of which a currently co-pending SUMMARY application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date. 45 For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, In some embodiments a method is provided that includes the present application constitutes a continuation-in-part of accepting input associated with nutraceutical usage by one or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 1 1/637,616, entitled METH more individuals, assaying one or more samples associated ODS AND SYSTEMS FOR ANALYSIS OF NUTRACEU with the one or more individuals for one or more indicators, TICAL ASSOCIATED COMPONENTS, naming Edward K. 50 and transmitting one or more signals that include information Y. Jung, Eric C. Leuthardt, Royce A. Levien, Robert W. Lord, related to the accepting input associated with nutraceutical Mark A. Malamud, John D. Rinaldo, Jr., and Lowell L. Wood, usage by one or more individuals and the assaying the one or Jr. as inventors, filed 11 Dec. 2006, which is currently co more samples associated with the one or more individuals for pending, or is an application of which a currently co-pending one or more indicators. The method may optionally include application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date. 55 accepting input associated with one or more parameters For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, related to the one or more individuals. The method may the present application constitutes a continuation-in-part of optionally include transmitting one or more signals that U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/314,945, entitled GEN include information related to the accepting input associated ERATING A REQUEST FROM A NUTRACEUTICAL with the one or more parameters related to the one or more INVENTORY, naming Edward K.Y. Jung, Royce A. Levien, 60 individuals. In addition to the foregoing, other method Robert W. Lord, Mark A. Malamud, John D. Rinaldo, Jr., aspects are described in the claims, drawings, and/or text Clarence T. Tegreene, and Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, forming a part of the present disclosure. filed 20 Dec. 2005, which is currently co-pending, or is an In some embodiments a system is provided that includes application of which a currently co-pending application is circuitry for accepting input associated with nutraceutical entitled to the benefit of the filing date. 65 usage by one or more individuals, circuitry for assaying one For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, or more samples associated with the one or more individuals the present application constitutes a continuation-in-part of for one or more indicators, and circuitry for transmitting one US 7,827,042 B2 5 6 or more signals responsive to the circuitry for accepting input other system aspects are described in the claims, drawings, associated with nutraceutical usage by one or more individu and/or text forming a part of the present application. als and the circuitry for assaying the one or more samples The foregoing Summary is illustrative only and is not associated with the one or more individuals for one or more intended to be in any way limiting. In addition to the illustra indicators. The system may optionally include circuitry for tive aspects, embodiments, and features described above, fur accepting input associated with one or more parameters ther aspects, embodiments, and features will become appar related to the one or more individuals. The system may ent by reference to the drawings, claims, and the following optionally include circuitry for transmitting one or more sig detailed description. nals responsive to the circuitry for accepting input associated with the one or more parameters related to the one or more 10 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES individuals. In addition to the foregoing, other system aspects are described in the claims, drawings, and/or text forming a FIG. 1 illustrates an example system 100 in which embodi part of the present disclosure. ments may be implemented. In some embodiments a system is provided that includes FIG. 2 illustrates an operational flow 200 representing means for accepting input associated with nutraceutical usage 15 example operations related to processing and displaying by one or more individuals, means for assaying one or more input related to one or more individuals. samples associated with the one or more individuals for one FIG. 2A illustrates an operational flow 200 representing or more indicators, and means for transmitting one or more example operations related to processing and displaying signals responsive to the means for accepting input associated input related to one or more individuals. with nutraceutical usage by one or more individuals and the FIG. 2B illustrates an operational flow 200 representing means for assaying the one or more samples associated with example operations related to processing and displaying the one or more individuals for one or more indicators. The input related to one or more individuals. system may optionally include means for accepting input FIG. 2C illustrates an operational flow 200 representing associated with one or more parameters related to the one or example operations related to processing and displaying more individuals. The system may optionally include means 25 input related to one or more individuals. for transmitting one or more signals responsive to the means FIG. 2D illustrates an operational flow 200 representing for accepting input associated with the one or more param example operations related to processing and displaying eters related to the one or more individuals. In addition to the input related to one or more individuals. foregoing, other system aspects are described in the claims, FIG. 2E illustrates an operational flow 200 representing drawings, and/or text forming a part of the present disclosure. 30 example operations related to processing and displaying In some embodiments a system is provided that includes a input related to one or more individuals. signal-bearing medium bearing: one or more instructions for FIG. 3 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example accepting input associated with nutraceutical usage by one or operation flow of FIGS. 2-2E. more individuals, one or more instructions for assaying one or FIG. 4 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example more samples associated with the one or more individuals for 35 operation flow of FIGS. 2-2E. one or more indicators, and one or more instructions for FIG. 5 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example transmitting one or more signals that include information operation flow of FIGS. 2-2E. related to the accepting input associated with nutraceutical FIG. 6 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example usage by one or more individuals and the assaying the one or operation flow of FIGS. 2-2E. more samples associated with the one or more individuals for 40 FIG. 7 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example one or more indicators. The system may optionally include operation flow of FIGS. 2-2E. one or more instructions for accepting input associated with FIG. 8 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example one or more parameters related to the one or more individuals. operation flow of FIGS. 2-2E. The system may optionally include one or more instructions FIG. 9 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example for transmitting one or more signals that include information 45 operation flow of FIGS. 2-2E. related to the accepting input associated with the one or more FIG. 10 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example parameters related to the one or more individuals. In addition operation flow of FIGS. 2-2E. to the foregoing, other system aspects are described in the FIG. 11 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example claims, drawings, and/or text forming a part of the present 50 operation flow of FIGS. 2-2E. disclosure. FIG. 12 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example In some embodiments, means include but are not limited to operation flow of FIGS. 2-2E. circuitry and/or programming for effecting the herein refer FIG. 13 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example enced functional aspects; the circuitry and/or programming operation flow of FIGS. 2-2E. can be virtually any combination of hardware, software, and/ 55 FIG. 14 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example or firmware configured to effect the herein referenced func operation flow of FIGS. 2-2E. tional aspects depending upon the design choices of the sys FIG. 15 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example tem designer. In addition to the foregoing, other system operation flow of FIGS. 2-2E. aspects means are described in the claims, drawings, and/or FIG.16 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example text forming a part of the present disclosure. 60 operation flow of FIGS. 2-2E. In some embodiments, related systems include but are not FIG. 17 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example limited to circuitry and/or programming for effecting the operation flow of FIGS. 2-2E. herein referenced method aspects; the circuitry and/or pro FIG. 18 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example gramming can be virtually any combination of hardware, operation flow of FIGS. 2-2E. software, and/or firmware configured to effect the herein 65 FIG. 19 illustrates an operational flow 1900 representing referenced method aspects depending upon the design example operations related to accepting, assaying, and trans choices of the system designer. In addition to the foregoing, mitting input related to one or more individuals. US 7,827,042 B2 7 8 FIG. 19A illustrates an operational flow 1900 representing FIG. 44 illustrates an operational flow 4400 representing example operations related to accepting, assaying, and trans example operations related to receiving and displaying infor mitting input related to one or more individuals. mation related to one or more individuals. FIG. 20 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example FIG. 45 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example operation flow of FIGS. 19-19A. operation flow of FIG. 44. FIG. 21 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example FIG. 46 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example operation flow of FIGS. 19-19A. operation flow of FIG. 44. FIG.22 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example FIG. 47 illustrates an example system 4700 in which operation flow of FIGS. 19-19A. embodiments may be implemented. FIG. 23 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example 10 FIG. 47A illustrates an example system 4700 in which operation flow of FIGS. 19-19A. embodiments may be implemented. FIG. 24 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example FIG. 47B illustrates an example system 4700 in which operation flow of FIGS. 19-19A. embodiments may be implemented. FIG.25 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example FIG. 47C illustrates an example system 4700 in which operation flow of FIGS. 19-19A. 15 embodiments may be implemented. FIG. 26 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example FIG. 47D illustrates an example system 4700 in which operation flow of FIGS. 19-19A. embodiments may be implemented. FIG. 27 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example operation flow of FIGS. 19-19A. FIG. 47E illustrates an example system 4700 in which FIG. 28 illustrates an operational flow 2800 representing embodiments may be implemented. example operations related to receiving, processing, and FIG. 48 illustrates an example system 4800 in which transmitting input related to one or more individuals. embodiments may be implemented. FIG. 28A illustrates an operational flow 2800 representing FIG. 48A illustrates an example system 4800 in which example operations related to receiving, processing, and embodiments may be implemented. transmitting input related to one or more individuals. 25 FIG. 49 illustrates an example system 4900 in which FIG. 28B illustrates an operational flow 2800 representing embodiments may be implemented. example operations related to receiving, processing, and FIG. 49A illustrates an example system 4900 in which transmitting input related to one or more individuals. embodiments may be implemented. FIG. 28C illustrates an operational flow 2800 representing FIG. 49B illustrates an example system 4900 in which example operations related to receiving, processing, and 30 embodiments may be implemented. transmitting input related to one or more individuals. FIG. 49C illustrates an example system 4900 in which FIG.28D illustrates an operational flow 2800 representing embodiments may be implemented. example operations related to receiving, processing, and FIG. 49D illustrates an example system 4900 in which transmitting input related to one or more individuals. embodiments may be implemented. FIG. 28E illustrates an operational flow 2800 representing 35 FIG. 49E illustrates an example system 4900 in which example operations related to receiving, processing, and embodiments may be implemented. transmitting input related to one or more individuals. FIG. 50 illustrates an example system 5000 in which FIG. 29 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example embodiments may be implemented. operation flow of FIGS. 28-28E. FIG.30 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example 40 DETAILED DESCRIPTION operation flow of FIGS. 28-28E. FIG.31 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example In the following detailed description, reference is made to operation flow of FIGS. 28-28E. the accompanying drawings, which form a parthereof. In the FIG.32 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example drawings, similar symbols typically identify similar compo operation flow of FIGS. 28-28E. 45 nents, unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrative FIG.33 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example embodiments described in the detailed description, drawings, operation flow of FIGS. 28-28E. and claims are not meant to be limiting. Other embodiments FIG.34 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example may be utilized, and other changes may be made, without operation flow of FIGS. 28-28E. departing from the spirit or scope of the Subject matter pre FIG.35 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example 50 sented here. operation flow of FIGS. 28-28E. While various aspects and embodiments have been dis FIG. 36 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example closed herein, other aspects and embodiments will be appar operation flow of FIGS. 28-28E. ent to those skilled in the art. The various aspects and embodi FIG.37 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example ments disclosed herein are for purposes of illustration and are operation flow of FIGS. 28-28E. 55 not intended to be limiting, with the true scope and spirit FIG.38 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example being indicated by the following claims. FIG. 1 illustrates an operation flow of FIGS. 28-28E. example system 100 in which embodiments may be imple FIG. 39 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example mented. In some embodiments, the system 100 is operable to operation flow of FIGS. 28-28E. provide a method and system 100 for nutraceutical related FIG. 40 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example 60 analysis. In some embodiments, system 100 may include one operation flow of FIGS. 28-28E. or more accepting units 110. In some embodiments, system FIG. 41 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example 100 may include one or more assaying units 120. In some operation flow of FIGS. 28-28E. embodiments, system 100 may include one or more compu FIG. 42 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example tation units 130. In some embodiments, system 100 may operation flow of FIGS. 28-28E. 65 include one or more display units 140. In some embodiments, FIG. 43 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example system 100 may include one or more transmitting units 150. operation flow of FIGS. 28-28E. In some embodiments, system 100 may include one or more US 7,827,042 B2 9 10 receiving units 160. In some embodiments, system 100 may Examples of such technologies include, but are not limited to, include one or more user interfaces 170. use of polynucleotide interaction, protein interaction, peptide interaction, antibody interaction, chemical interaction, diffu Accepting Unit sion, filtration, chromatography, aptamer interaction, electri cal conductivity, isoelectric focusing, electrophoresis, immu The system 100 can include one or more accepting units noassay, competition assay, or substantially any combination 110. In some embodiments, one or more accepting units 110 thereof. can include a physical device which allows input entry, such In some embodiments, one or more assay units 120 may as a touchpad, keypad, hardwired telephone, and the like. In facilitate detection of one or more indicators through use of some embodiments, one or more accepting units 110 can 10 polynucleotide interaction (Singh-Zocchi et al., Proc. Natl. include a wireless connection that allows the one or more Acad. Sci., 100:7605-7610 (2003) and Wang et al., Anal. accepting units 110 to accept input from one or more users Chem., 75:3941-3945 (2003)). Such polynucleotide interac 180 through a wireless connection. For example, in some tion may occur through hybridization of deoxyribonucleic embodiments, one or more accepting units 110 may accept acid, ribonucleic acid, derivatives thereof, or substantially input from one or more users 180 through use of a cellular 15 any combination thereof. In some embodiments, polynucle telephone, a personal digital assistant, a wireless computer, otides may be configured in polynucleotide arrays. Methods and the like. In some embodiments, one or more accepting to construct polynucleotide arrays are known and have been units 110 can be used to intake information related to one or used to construct various polynucleotide arrays (Affymetrix, more parameters associated with one or more specified goals Santa Clara, Calif.). of an individual. In some embodiments, one or more accept In some embodiments, one or more assay units 120 may ing units 110 may be used to accept input related to one or facilitate detection of one or more indicators through use of more levels of one or more metabolic indicators related to one competition assays. In some embodiments, a competition or more individuals. In some embodiments, one or more assay may utilize a reaction mixture that may include a first accepting units 110 may accept input related to one or more fluorescently labeled component that binds to a second fluo levels of one or more metabolic activities linked to one or 25 rescently labeled component. The presence of one or more more individuals. In some embodiments, one or more accept unlabeled indicators (e.g., nutraceutical associated indica ing units 110 may accept one or more levels of one or more tors) in the reaction mixture decreases the amount of labeled nutraceuticals used by one or more individuals. In some first component and labeled second component that bind to embodiments, one or more accepting units 110 may accept each other and thereby reduces fluorescence resonance input related to pharmaceutical usage by one or more indi 30 energy transfer. Accordingly, detecting the level of fluores viduals. In some embodiments, one or more accepting units cence resonance energy transfer allows the amount of an 110 may accept input from another device. For example, in indicator within a sample to be determined. Numerous other some embodiments, one or more accepting units 110 may configurations may be prepared that utilize fluorescence reso accept input from a diagnostic device. Such diagnostic nance energy transfer by one or more assay units 120. In some devices include, but are not limited to, devices used to analyze 35 embodiments, fluorescence quenching may be used within a bodily samples obtained from an individual (i.e., blood, urine, competition assay. In some embodiments, one or more assay saliva, synovial fluid, pleural fluid, peritoneal fluid, breath, units 120 may be configured for competition assays where a skin, tissue, tears, mucus, genital products, hair, fecal mate sample being tested for one or more indicators is mixed with rial, and the like), devices used to analyze the appearance of a reaction mixture that includes one or more labeled indica an individual (i.e., eye color, skin color, hair color, the pres 40 tors of the same type. The mixed reaction mixture is then ence or absence of bags under the eyes, presence or absence of passed over a field and/or array to which moieties that bind to hair, and the like), devices used to analyze a characteristic of the one or more indicators and the labeled indicators are the individual (i.e., speech, reaction time, reflexes, tempera immobilized. The one or more unlabeled indicators in the ture, eye dilation, retinal profile, height, weight, waistline, sample will compete with the one or more labeled indicators and the like), and other devices used to diagnose and/or ana 45 in the reaction mixture for binding and will thereby decrease lyze an individual. the amount of label bound within the field and/or array. Accordingly, the amount of one or more indicators present in Assay Unit the sample may be indicated by a decrease in bound label. In some embodiments, such assay units 120 may include a con Numerous types of assay units 120 may be used within 50 trol field and/or array. In some embodiments, such assay units system 100. Accordingly, numerous types of detection meth 120 may be calibrated prior to application of a sample and ods may be used within system 100. Examples of such detec therefore not include a control field and/or array. In some tion methods include, but are not limited to, colorimetric embodiments, such fields and/or arrays may include poly methods, spectroscopic methods, resonance based methods, nucleotides, proteins, peptides, nucleic acid aptamers, pep or substantially any combination thereof. In some embodi 55 tide aptamers, antibodies, chemicals, chromatographic ments, an assay unit 120 may be stationary. For example, in media, and other materials that may be used to separate one or some embodiments, an assay unit 120 may be a laboratory more indicators from one or more samples. Accordingly, instrument. In some embodiments, an assay unit 120 may be fields and/or arrays may include numerous types of moieties portable. For example, in some embodiments, an assay unit that may be used to detect numerous types of indicators. In 120 may be a hand-held device. In some embodiments, an 60 some embodiments, an assay unit 120 may be configured to assay unit 120 may utilize fluidics to facilitate detection of detect one type of indicator. In some embodiments, an assay indicators. In some embodiments, an assay unit may utilize unit 120 may be configured to detect one or more indicators. microfluidics to facilitate detection of indicators (e.g., U.S. In some embodiments, one or more assay units 120 may be patent application Ser. Nos. 1 1/637,638 and 1 1/637,616: configured to facilitate detection of one or more indicators herein incorporated by reference). 65 through use of protein interaction. In some embodiments, An assay unit 120 may utilize numerous types of technol such interaction may occur through a binding interaction. In ogy to facilitate detection of one or more indicators. some embodiments, such interaction may include enzymatic US 7,827,042 B2 11 12 activity. For example, an assay unit 120 may include one or Numerous spectroscopy based methods may be used by one more enzymes that catalyze a reaction that includes an indi or more assay units 120. Examples of Such spectroscopic cator as a Substrate or as a product. In some embodiments, an methods include, but are not limited to, mass spectroscopy, indicator may be detected on the ability to stimulate an atomic absorption spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance enzyme. In some embodiments, an indicator may be assayed 5 spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, light absorbance, based on the ability to inhibit an enzyme. In some embodi light transmittance, infrared spectroscopy, raman spectros ments, such enzyme assays may be colorimetric assays. copy, electron spin resonance, plasmon resonance spectros Accordingly, numerous types of enzyme assays may be copy, ultraviolet light spectroscopy, visible light spectros adapted for detection of one or more indicators. copy, and the like. Electrochemical detection may be utilized One or more assay units 120 may be configured to utilize 10 by one or more assay units 120 in some embodiments. For electrical conductivity to detect one or more indicators. example, in some embodiments, one or more assay units 120 Briefly, in some embodiments, one or more assay units 120 may detect conductivity, electromotive force, oxidation may include electrodes that may be directly coupled to a potential, reduction potential, redox current, and the like (i.e., processor so that the processor may determine the electrical Xiao et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 103:16677-16680 (2006) conductivity between electrodes of a particular sensor (U.S. 15 and Fanet al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100:9134-9137 (2003)). Pat. Nos. 6,958.216 and 7,022,288; herein incorporated by In some embodiments, one or more assay units 120 may reference). In some embodiments, such electrodes may be detect polynucleotide binding (Singh-Zocchi et al., Proc. configured to interact with one or more indicators to allow Natl. Acad. Sci., 100:7605-7610 (2003) and Wanget al., Anal. flow of a detectable current to indicate the presence of the one Chem., 75:3941-3945 (2003)). Such polynucleotide binding or more indicators in a sample. may occur through hybridization of deoxyribonucleic acid, In some embodiments, one or more assay units 120 may be ribonucleic acid, and derivatives thereof. In some embodi configured to utilize isoelectric focusing to facilitate detec ments, one or more assay units 120 may detect fluorescent tion of one or more indicators (i.e., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,074,583; resonance energy transfer. For example, one or more assay 7,046,357; 6,852,206; 6,849,396; and 7,074,311; herein units 120 may be configured for analysis of one or more incorporated by reference). Briefly, isoelectric focusing may 25 indicators through use of competition assays. Electron trans be used to characterize indicators, such as proteins, based on fer may be utilized by one or more assay units 120 (Fan et al., differences in their isoelectric points. The indicators may then Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100:9134-9137 (2003)). One or more be separated according to their position within a pH gradient. assay units 120 may utilize numerous types of enzyme assays. Numerous chromatographic methods may be used to For example, in Some embodiments, such enzyme assays may facilitate detection of one or more indicators. Examples of 30 be calorimetric assays. In some embodiments, one or more Such chromatographic methods include, but are not limited indicators that stimulate or inhibit the activity of an enzyme to, gel filtration chromatography, ion-exchange chromatog may be detected. Accordingly, numerous types of enzyme raphy, affinity chromatography, and the like. assays may be adapted for detection of one or more indica In some embodiments, one or more assay units 120 may be tors. In some embodiments, immunoseparation may be used configured to utilize filtration to facilitate detection of one or 35 to detect one or more indicators. Briefly, one or more indica more indicators. For example, one or more indicators may be tors may be detected upon binding to an antibody or an separated from one or more samples based on their ability antibody fragment. In some embodiments, aptamer binding and/or inability to pass through a filter. Such filters may may be used to detect one or more indicators. Briefly, one or separate indicators based on numerous properties. Examples more indicators may be detected upon binding to anaptamer. of Such properties include, but are not limited to, molecular 40 Numerous types of aptamers may be utilized to detect indi weight, charge, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, and the like. cators. Examples of aptamers include, but are not limited to, In some embodiments, one or more assay units 120 may be peptide aptamers and polynucleotide aptamers. In some configured to use an H-filter to separate one or more indica embodiments, electrophoresis may be used to detect one or tors from one or more samples. Such H-filters have been more indicators. Such methods are known in the art (Molecu described (U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,221,677; 6,695,147; 6,541,213; 45 lar Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Labo herein incorporated by reference). ratory Press; 3rd edition (Jan. 15, 2001)). In some embodi In some embodiments, one or more assay units 120 may be ments, immunoassay may be used to detect one or more configured to utilize electrophoresis to facilitate detection of indicators. Such methods are known in the art (Molecular one or more indicators within one or more samples. Such Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Labora methods are known in the art (Molecular Cloning: A Labo 50 tory Press; 3rd edition (Jan. 15, 2001)). Combinations of ratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 3rd numerous methods may be used to detect one or more indi edition (Jan. 15, 2001)). cators. For example, in some embodiments, electrophoresis In some embodiments, one or more assay units 120 may be may be combined with colorimetric methods. configured to utilize immunoassay to facilitate detection of one or more indicators within one or more samples. Such 55 Computation Unit methods are known in the art (Molecular Cloning: A Labo ratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 3rd The system 100 may include one or more computation edition (Jan. 15, 2001)). Combinations of numerous methods units 130. In some embodiments, one or more computation may be used to facilitate detection of one or more indicators. units 130 may be used to process input associated with nutra In some embodiments, one or more assay units 120 may 60 ceutical usage by one or more individuals and input associ detect one or more indicators with at least one technique that ated with one or more parameters related to the one or more includes spectroscopy, electrochemical detection, polynucle individuals. A computation unit 130 may process input in otide detection, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, elec numerous ways. For example, in some embodiments, one or tron transfer, enzyme assay, electrical conductivity, isoelec more computation units 130 may compare input related to an tric focusing, chromatography, immunoprecipitation, 65 individual to one or more other individuals. Accordingly, in immunoseparation, aptamer binding, filtration, electrophore some embodiments, system 100 provides for comparison of sis, immunoassay, or Substantially any combination thereof. an individual's nutraceutical usage to other individuals. US 7,827,042 B2 13 14 Accordingly, in Some embodiments, one or more computa Acid (CLA), Corosolic Acid, Creatine, Dehydroepiandros tion units 130 may access one or more databases. Such data terone (DHEA), Dichlorophen, Diindolymethane (DIM), bases may contain numerous types of information. Such Dimethyglycine (DMG), Dimercapto Succinic Acid information may include, but is not limited to, ranges of (DMSA), Ebselen, Ellagic Acid, Enzymes, Fisetin, Formon indicator concentrations found in numerous types of samples 5 etin, Glucaric Acid (Glucarate), Glucosamine (HCl or Sul (e.g., iron concentration found in blood; salivary levels of fate), Glucosamine (N-Acetyl), Glutathione (Reduced), Hes estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, DHEA, cortisol; uri peridine, Hydroxy-3-Methylbutyric Acid (HMB), nary levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine; and the like). 5-Hydroxytryptophan (L-5-HTP), Indole-3-Carbinol, Inosi In some embodiments, such databases may contain informa tol, Isothiocyanates, Linolenic Acid-Gamma (GLA), Lipoic tion related physical parameters of persons (e.g., weight, 10 Acid (alpha), Melatonin, Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), blood pressure, body fat percentage, height, resting heart Minerals, Naringin, Pancreatin, Para-aminobenzoic Acid rate). In some embodiment, such databases may include (PABA), Paraben (methyl or propyl), Phenolics, Phosphati information related to ranges of physical parameters that are dylcholine (Lecithin), Phosphatidylserine, Phospholipids, relative to another physical parameter. For example, in some Phytosterols, Pregersterone, Pregnenolone, Quercetin, Res embodiments. Such databases may include a range of blood 15 Veratrol, D-Ribose, Rutin, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM-e), pressure measurements for a person of a given height, weight, Salicylic Acid, Sulforaphane, Tartaric Acid, Taxifolin, Tet and age. In some embodiments, one or more computation rahydropalmatine, Thephyline, Theobromine, Tigogenin, units 130 may analyze input in a time dependent manner. For Troxerutin, Tryptophan, Tocotrienol (alph, beta & gamma), example, in Some embodiments, one or more computation Vitamins, Zeaxanthin, Gingo Biloba, Ginger, Cat's Claw, units 130 may be used to titrate nutraceutical usage by an Hypericum, Aloe Vera, Evening Primrose, Garlic, Capsicum, individual. Accordingly, in Some embodiments, an individual Dong Quai, Ginseng, Feverview, Fenugreek, Echinacea, may be able to determine Such factors as nutraceutical dos Green Tea, Marshmallow, Saw Palmetto, Tea Tree Oil, Pay age, time of administration, route of administration, and the lium, Kava-Kava, Licorice Root, Manonia Aquifolium, like, that will provide an individual with an increased benefit Hawthorne, Hohimbr, Tumeric, Witch Hazel, Valerian, from nutraceutical usage. 25 Mistletoe, Bilberry, Bee Pollen, Peppermint Oil, Beta-Caro tene, Genistein, Lutein, Lycopene, the Polyphenols (biofla Nutraceutical vonoids), and the like. In some embodiments, a nutraceutical may include microbes (i.e., probiotics). Examples of Such Nutraceuticals typically include natural, bioactive chemi microbes include, but are not limited to, Lactobacillus acido cal compounds or any Substance that is a plant, food, an 30 philus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus casei, Bifido extracted part of a food, that provides medical or health ben bacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum, Saccharomyces efits but which generally fall outside regulations controlling boulardii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the like (i.e., Sam pharmaceuticals. Included in this category of substances may uel and Gordon, A humanized gnotobiotic mouse model of be foods, isolated nutrients, supplements and herbs. Nutra host-archaeal-bacterial mutualism, PNAS, 103(26):10011 ceuticals are often referred to as phytochemicals or functional 35 10016 (2006)). In some embodiments, a nutraceutical may foods and include dietary Supplements. Numerous nutraceu include non-living microbes. For example, non-living Sac ticals have been described (i.e., Roberts et al., Nutraceuticals: charomyces cerevisiae may be used as a Source of vitamin The Complete Encyclopedia of Supplements, Herbs, Vita B12. In some embodiments, recombinant microbes may be mins, and Healing Foods, 1st Edition, Perigee Trade (2001) utilized as nutraceuticals. For example, in Some embodi and Susan G. Wynn, Emerging Therapies: Using Herbs and 40 ments, microbes may be genetically modified to produce, or Nutraceuticals for Small Animals, American Animal Hospital overexpress, one or more nutraceuticals. Assn. Press (1999); and Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods., edited by Robert E. C. Wildman, CRC Indicator Press (2001)). Examples of nutraceuticals include, but are not limited to, Amino Acids, Terpenoids, Carotenoid Terpenoids 45 System 100 may be used to detect numerous types of (Lycopene, Beta-Carotene, Alpha-Carotene, Lutein, Zeaxan indicators. Numerous types of indicators may be detected. thin, Astaxanthin), Herbal Supplements, Homeopathic Examples of indicators include, but are not limited to, pro Supplements, Glandular Supplements, Non-Carotenoid Ter teins, peptides, nucleic acids, metabolites, salts, Sugars, met peniods (Perillyl Alcohol, Saponins, Terpeneol. Terpene als, lipids, fatty acids, and the like. In some embodiments, the Limonoids), Polyphenolics, Flavonoid Polyphenolics (An 50 indicators may be nutraceutical associated indicators. Gener thocyanins, Catechins, Isoflavones, Hesperetin, Naringin, ally, a nutraceutical associated indicator is a bodily compo Rutin, Quercetin, Silymarin, Tangeretin, Tannins), Phenolic nent that is affected by the action, presence, absence, and/or Acids (Ellagic Acid, Chlorogenic Acid, Para-Coumaric Acid, deficiency of a nutraceutical. For example, the amount, activ Phytic Acid, Cinnamic Acid). Other Non-Flavonoid Polyphe ity, availability, and/or concentration of a nutraceutical asso nolics (Curcumin, Resveratrol, Lignans), Glucosinolates, 55 ciated indicator may be increased or decreased in a manner Isothiocyanates (Phenethyl Isothiocyanate, Benzyl Isothio that is dependent upon the presence or absence of one or more cyanate, Sulforaphane), Indoles (Indole-3-Carbinol (I3C). nutraceuticals. Nutraceutical associated indicators may also Thiosulfonates, Phytosterols (Beta-Sitosterol), Anthraquino include one or more components that are indicative of a need nes (Senna, Barbaloin, Hypericin), Capsaicin, Piperine, for Supplementation and/or reduction. For example, in some Chlorophyll, Betaine, Pectin, Oxalic Acid, Acetyl-L-Car 60 embodiments, a nutraceutical associated indicator may be an nitine, Allantoin, Androsterondiol, Androsterondione, enzyme and/oran enzyme activity where high or low levels of Betaine (Trimethylglycine), Caffeine, Calcium pyvurate the enzyme and/or enzyme activity indicate a need for Supple (Pyruvic Acid), Carnitine, Carnosine, Carotene (alpha & mentation or reduction in the level of one or more nutraceu beta), Carotenoid (Total for beadlets), Choline, Chlorogenic ticals (i.e., the activity of an enzyme that produces a stress Acid, Cholic Acid (Ox Bile), Chondroitin Sulfate, Chon 65 hormone may indicate a need for Supplementation with a droitin Sulfate (Total Mucopolysaccharides), Cholestin, stress-reducing vitamin). Numerous types of nutraceutical Chrysin, Coenzyme Q10 (Co-Q10), Conjugated Linoleic associated indicators may be analyzed through use of system US 7,827,042 B2 15 16 100. Examples of such nutraceutical associated indicators mium. Presently, the most widely available chromium include, but are not limited to, enzymes, hormones, prohor Supplements are chromium salts such as chromium polyni mones, hemoglobin, polynucleotides, proteins, peptides, cotinate, chromium picolinate, and various chromium/amino antioxidants, minerals, vitamins, and Substantially any com acid chelates. Such formulations help increase the absorption bination thereof. In some embodiments, a nutraceutical asso and availability of chromium when compared to isolated ciated indicator includes a nutraceutical. chromium salts such as chromium chloride. The estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake of chromium is 50-200 Display Unit micrograms. Natural forms of Supplemental chromium, Such as chromium-rich yeast, may be absorbed somewhat more The system 100 can include one or more display units 140. 10 In some embodiments, one or more display units 140 can be efficiently than inorganic forms of chromium, Such as chro used to indicate one or more nutraceuticals in response to mium chloride, found in Some Supplements. One ounce of input related to one or more parameters related to one or more brewer's yeast provides approximately 100-200 micrograms individuals. In some embodiments, one or more display units of chromium. Accordingly, in Some embodiments, one or 140 can be used to indicate one or more dosages of one or 15 more display units 140 may display a dosage of chromium more nutraceuticals in response to input related to one or and a corresponding formulation of the chromium. In another more parameters related to one or more individuals. In some embodiment, one or more display units 140 may display a embodiments, one or more display units 140 may display one dosage of vitamin A. For vitamin A deficiency syndromes, or more dosages of one or more nutraceuticals in human vitamin A may be orally supplemented at a dosage of 600 readable format. In some embodiments, one or more display micrograms for children aged 3 years or younger, 900 micro units 140 may display one or more dosages of one or more grams for children aged 4-8 years, 1700 micrograms for nutraceuticals in machine-readable format. In some embodi children aged 9-13 years, 2800 micrograms for persons aged ments, one or more display units 140 can be included within 14-18 years, and 3000 micrograms for all adults. Therapeutic system 100 through use of a hardwired connection. In some doses for severe disease include 60,000 micrograms, which embodiments, one or more display units 140 can be included 25 has been shown to reduce child mortality rates by 35-70%. within system 100 through use of a wireless connection. In One or more display units 140 may indicate dosages for Some embodiments, one or more display units 140 can be numerous types of nutraceuticals that are formulated in included within system 100 through use of a hardwired and a numerous ways. wireless connection. 30 Transmitting Unit Dosage The system 100 can include one or more transmitting units Dosages may be expressed in numerous ways. In some 150. In some embodiments, one or more transmitting units embodiments, a dosage may be expressed as an absolute 150 can be used to transmit one or more signals in response to quantity (i.e., 500 milligrams of a nutraceutical). In other 35 input related to one or more individuals. In some embodi embodiments, a dosage may be expressed in accordance with ments, one or more transmitting units 150 can be used to the body weight of an individual (i.e., 10 milligram nutraceu transmit one or more levels of one or more metabolic indica tical agent 118 per kilogram body weight). In some embodi tors related to an individual. In some embodiments, one or ments, a dosage may be expressed as a range of quantities more transmitting units 150 can be used to transmit one or (i.e., 10 milligrams to 100 milligrams of a nutraceutical). In 40 more levels of one or more metabolic activities related to an Some embodiments, a dosage may be an amount of a nutra individual. In some embodiments, one or more transmitting ceutical that produces a desired response when administered units 150 can be used to transmit input related to nutraceutical to a specific individual. For example, a dosage of melatonin usage by one or more individuals. In some embodiments, one may be the amount of melatonin that induces sleep in a or more transmitting units 150 can be used to transmit input specific individual. The dosage of a nutraceutical may vary 45 related to pharmaceutical usage by an individual. In some according to numerous considerations that include, but are embodiments, one or more transmitting units 150 can be used not limited to, the route of administration, the age of the to transmit input related to one or more parameters associated individual, the size of the individual, the metabolic charac with one or more specified goals of an individual. In some teristics of the individual, the condition of the individual, and embodiments, one or more transmitting units 150 can be used the like. In some embodiments, the dosage of a nutraceutical 50 to transmit input related to selection of one or more nutraceu may be determined that produces a measurable effect, such as ticals. In some embodiments, one or more transmitting units a physical effect, a psychological effect, a physiological 150 can be used to transmit input related to one or more effect, and the like. Accordingly, in Some embodiments, a nutraceuticals that stimulate one or more metabolic pathways dosage may be expressed as an amount of a nutraceutical that related to an individual. In some embodiments, one or more produces a mental response in an individual. For example, in 55 transmitting units 150 can be used to transmit input related to Some embodiments, a dosage may be the amount of a nutra one or more nutraceuticals that inhibit one or more metabolic ceutical that produces a sensation of well-being when admin pathways related to an individual. In some embodiments, one istered to an individual. In other embodiments, a dosage may or more transmitting units 150 can be used to transmit input be the amount of a nutraceutical that elevates the mood of an related to selection of at least one vitamin, mineral, enzyme, individual to whom the nutraceutical is to be administered. 60 amino acid, homeopathic Supplement, toxin, homeopathic Numerous additional criteria may be used to determine the Substance, traditional remedy, herbal Supplement, glandular dosage of a nutraceutical for administration to an individual. Supplement, or Substantially any combination thereof. In In some embodiments, one or more display units 140 can Some embodiments, one or more transmitting units 150 can display one or more dosages of one or more nutraceuticals be included within system 100 through use of a hardwired and one or more formulations of the one or more nutraceuti 65 connection. In some embodiments, one or more transmitting cals. For example, in Some embodiments, one or more display units 150 can be included within system 100 through use of a units 140 may indicate a formulation and dosage of chro wireless connection. In some embodiments, one or more US 7,827,042 B2 17 18 transmitting units 150 can be included within system 100 use of a keyboard, use of wireless methods, use of the internet, through use of a hardwired and a wireless connection. and the like. In some embodiments, a user 180 is a health-care worker. Examples of such health-care workers include, but Signal are not limited to, physicians, nurses, dieticians, pharmacists. and the like. In some embodiments, users 180 may include The system 100 may include one or more signals. Numer those persons who work in health-related fields, such as ous types of signals may be transmitted. Examples of Such coaches, personal trainers, clerks at food supplement stores, signals include, but are not limited to, hardwired signals, clerks at grocery stores, and the like. In some embodiments, a wireless signals, infrared signals, optical signals, radiofre user 180 is not human. In some embodiments, a user 180 may quency (RF) signals, audible signals, digital signals, analog 10 be an individual. In some embodiments, an individual may be signals, or substantially any combination thereof. afflicted with a diagnosed condition. For example, in some embodiments, an individual may be afflicted with depression, Receiving Unit anemia, obesity, insomnia, lower hormone levels, and the like. In some embodiments, an individual may be afflicted The system 100 may include one or more receiving units 15 with an undiagnosed condition. In some embodiments. Such 160. In some embodiments, one or more receiving units 160 an undiagnosed condition may be an actual condition or a may receive one or more signals transmitted in response to perceived condition. intaking information related to one or more parameters FIG. 2 illustrates an operational flow representing related to one or more individuals. In some embodiments, one examples of operations that are related to the performance of or more receiving units 160 may receive one or more signals one or more methods related to one or more nutraceuticals. In related to one or more metabolic parameters related to an FIG. 2 and in following figures that include various examples individual. In some embodiments, one or more receiving of operations used during performance of the method, discus units 160 may receive one or more signals related to nutra sion and explanation may be provided with respect to the ceutical usage of one or more individuals. In some embodi above-described example of FIG. 1, and/or with respect to ments, one or more receiving units 160 may receive one or 25 other examples and contexts. However, it should be under more signals related to pharmaceutical usage by one or more stood that the operations may be executed in a number of individuals. In some embodiments, one or more receiving other environments and contexts, and/or modified versions of units 160 may receive input related to one or more goals of an FIG.1. Also, although the various operations are presented in individual. In some embodiments, one or more receiving the sequence(s) illustrated, it should be understood that the units 160 may receive input related to selection of one or more 30 various operations may be performed in other orders than nutraceuticals. In some embodiments, one or more receiving those which are illustrated, or may be performed concur units 160 may receive input related to selection of one or more rently. nutraceuticals to increase one or more levels of one or more After a start operation, the operational flow 200 includes an components associated with an individual. In some embodi assaying operation 210 involving assaying one or more ments, one or more receiving units 160 may receive input 35 samples associated with one or more individuals for one or related to selection of one or more nutraceuticals to decrease more indicators. In some embodiments, one or more assay one or more levels of one or more components associated units 120 may be used to assay one or more samples associ with an individual. In some embodiments, one or more ated with one or more individuals for one or more indicators. receiving units 160 may receive input related to selection of One or more assay units 120 may be used to assay numerous one or more nutraceuticals that stimulate one or more meta- 40 types of samples. Examples of such samples include, but are bolic pathways related to an individual. In some embodi not limited to, sweat, tears, urine, breath, skin, hair, saliva, ments, one or more receiving units 160 may receive input excrement, mucus, blood, and/or substantially any combina related to selection of one or more nutraceuticals that inhibit tion thereof. One or more assay units 120 may be used to one or more metabolic pathways related to an individual. In assay for numerous types of indicators. Examples of Such some embodiments, one or more receiving units 160 may 45 indicators include, but are not limited to, proteins, peptides. receive input related to selection of at least one vitamin, nucleic acids, metabolites, salts, sugars, metals, lipids, fatty mineral, enzyme, amino acid, homeopathic supplement, acids, enzymes, hormones, prohormones, hemoglobin, anti toxin, homeopathic substance, traditional remedy, herbal oxidants, minerals, vitamins, and/or substantially any com supplement, glandular supplement, or substantially any com bination thereof. One or more assay units 120 may use numer bination thereof. 50 ous methods to assay one or more samples. Examples of such Receiving units 160 may receive input included in numer methods include, but are not limited to, spectroscopy, elec ous types of signals. Examples of such signals include, but are trochemical detection, polynucleotide detection, fluores not limited to, hardwired signals, wireless signals, infrared cence resonance energy transfer, electron transfer, enzyme signals, optical signals, radiofrequency (RF) signals, auditory assay, electrical conductivity, isoelectric focusing, chroma signals, digital signals, analog signals, or substantially any 55 tography, immunoprecipitation, immunoseparation, aptamer combination thereof. binding, filtration, electrophoresis, immunoassay, and/or substantially any combination thereof. User Interaction/User The operational flow 200 includes an accepting operation 220 involving accepting input associated with nutraceutical The system 100 may provide for user interaction. In some 60 usage by the one or more individuals. In some embodiments, embodiments, a user 180 may interact with one or more one or more accepting units 110 may be used to accept input accepting units 110, one or more computation units 130, one associated with nutraceutical usage by one or more individu or more display units 140, one or more transmitting units 150. als. Such input may include, but is not limited to, the identity, one or more receiving units 160, and/or substantially any concentration, formulation, time of administration, and/or combination thereof. The user 180 can interact through use of 65 method of administration, of one or more nutraceuticals. numerous user interfaces 170. For example, a user 180 may The operational flow 200 includes a processing operation interact through use of hardwired methods, such as through 230 involving processing results of the assaying one or more US 7,827,042 B2 19 20 samples associated with one or more individuals for one or of other environments and contexts, and/or modified versions more indicators and the input associated with nutraceutical of FIG.1. Also, although the various operations are presented usage by the one or more individuals. In some embodiments, in the sequence(s) illustrated, it should be understood that the one or more computation units 130 may be used to process the various operations may be performed in other orders than results of assaying one or more samples associated with one those which are illustrated, or may be performed concur or more individuals for one or more indicators and input rently. associated with nutraceutical usage by the one or more indi The operational flow 200 may optionally include a trans viduals. One or more computation units 130 may process mitting operation 250 involving transmitting one or more results in many ways. For example, in some embodiments, signals that include information related to the processing one or more computation units 130 may compare one or more 10 results of the assaying one or more samples associated with values associated with one or more indicators to the nutra one or more individuals for one or more indicators and the ceutical usage by an individual. In some embodiments, one or input associated with nutraceutical usage by the one or more more computation units 130 may determine one or more individuals. In some embodiments, one or more transmitting ratios of one or more values associated with one or more units 150 may transmit one or more signals that include indicators to one or more values associated with the nutra 15 information related to processing results of assaying one or ceutical usage by an individual. In some embodiments, one or more samples associated with one or more individuals for one more computation units 130 may compare one or more indi or more indicators and input associated with nutraceutical cator values associated with an individual to one or more usage by the one or more individuals. In some embodiments, Substantially similar values associated with another indi one or more transmitting units 150 may transmit one or more vidual. signals that include information related to one or more con FIG. 2A illustrates an operational flow representing centrations of one or more indicators associated with an indi examples of operations that are related to the performance of vidual. In some embodiments, one or more transmitting units one or more methods related to one or more nutraceuticals. In 150 may transmit one or more signals that include informa FIG. 2A and in following figures that include various tion related to nutraceutical usage by an individual. In some examples of operations used during performance of the 25 embodiments, one or more transmitting units 150 may trans method, discussion and explanation may be provided with mit one or more signals that include information related to the respect to the above-described example of FIG. 1, and/or with ratio of one or more indicators to nutraceutical usage by an respect to other examples and contexts. However, it should be individual. Numerous types of information may be transmit understood that the operations may be executed in a number ted by one or more transmitting units 150. of other environments and contexts, and/or modified versions 30 FIG. 2C illustrates an operational flow representing of FIG.1. Also, although the various operations are presented examples of operations that are related to the performance of in the sequence(s) illustrated, it should be understood that the one or more methods related to one or more nutraceuticals. In various operations may be performed in other orders than FIG. 2C and in following figures that include various those which are illustrated, or may be performed concur examples of operations used during performance of the rently. 35 method, discussion and explanation may be provided with The operational flow 200 may optionally include a display respect to the above-described example of FIG. 1, and/or with ing operation 240 involving displaying results of the process respect to other examples and contexts. However, it should be ing. In some embodiments, one or more display units 140 may understood that the operations may be executed in a number display the results of processing. For example, in some of other environments and contexts, and/or modified versions embodiments, one or more display units 140 may display 40 of FIG.1. Also, although the various operations are presented values associated with one or more indicators associated with in the sequence(s) illustrated, it should be understood that the an individual. In some embodiments, one or more display various operations may be performed in other orders than units 140 may display values associated with nutraceutical those which are illustrated, or may be performed concur usage by an individual. In some embodiments, one or more rently. display units 140 may display values associated with one or 45 The operational flow 200 may optionally include an more indicators and nutraceutical usage associated with an accepting operation 260 involving accepting input associated individual. In some embodiments, one or more display units with one or more parameters related to the one or more 140 may display comparisons of one or more indicators and individuals. In some embodiments, one or more accepting nutraceutical usage by an individual. In some embodiments, units 110 may accept input associated with one or more one or more display units 140 may display comparisons of 50 parameters related to one or more individuals. For example, one or more values associated with one or more indicators in some embodiments, one or more accepting units 110 may associated with an individual to one or more Substantially accept input related to physical parameters. In some embodi similar values associated with another individual. In some ments, one or more accepting units 110 may accept input embodiments, one or more display units 140 may display related to mental parameters. In some embodiments, one or comparisons of nutraceutical usage by an individual to nutra 55 more accepting units 110 may accept input related to psycho ceutical usage by another individual. Accordingly, one or logical parameters. Accordingly, one or more accepting units more display units 140 may display numerous types of infor 110 may accept numerous types of input. mation. The operational flow 200 may optionally include a process FIG. 2B illustrates an operational flow representing ing operation 270 involving processing results of the assaying examples of operations that are related to the performance of 60 one or more samples associated with one or more individuals one or more methods related to one or more nutraceuticals. In for one or more indicators, the input associated with nutra FIG. 2B and in following figures that include various ceutical usage by the one or more individuals, and the input examples of operations used during performance of the associated with one or more parameters related to the one or method, discussion and explanation may be provided with more individuals. In some embodiments, one or more com respect to the above-described example of FIG. 1, and/or with 65 putation units 130 may process the results of assaying one or respect to other examples and contexts. However, it should be more samples associated with one or more individuals for one understood that the operations may be executed in a number or more indicators, input associated with nutraceutical usage US 7,827,042 B2 21 22 by the one or more individuals, and input associated with one more transmitting units 150 may transmit one or more signals or more parameters related to the one or more individuals. For that include information related to a comparison of nutraceu example, in Some embodiments, one or more computation tical usage by an individual to one or more values associated units 130 may compare nutraceutical usage by an individual with one or more parameters and/or one or more indicators to one or more values associated with one or more parameters associated with the individual. In some embodiments, one or and/or one or more indicators associated with the individual. more transmitting units 150 may transmit one or more signals In some embodiments, one or more computation units 130 that include information related to the determination of one or may determine one or more ratios of values related to nutra more ratios of values related to nutraceutical usage by an ceutical usage by an individual to one or more values associ individual to one or more values associated with one or more ated with one or more parameters and/or one or more values 10 parameters and/or one or more values associated with one or associated with one or more indicators associated with the more indicators associated with the individual. individual. FIG. 3 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example FIG. 2D illustrates an operational flow representing operational flow 200 of FIG. 2. FIG. 3 illustrates example examples of operations that are related to the performance of embodiments where the assaying operation 210 may include one or more methods related to one or more nutraceuticals. In 15 at least one additional operation. Additional operations may FIG. 2D and in following figures that include various include an operation 302, an operation 304, an operation 306, examples of operations used during performance of the and/or an operation 308. method, discussion and explanation may be provided with At operation 302, the assaying operation 210 may include respect to the above-described example of FIG. 1, and/or with assaying the one or more samples that include at least one of respect to other examples and contexts. However, it should be Sweat, tears, urine, breath, skin, hair, saliva, excrement, or understood that the operations may be executed in a number mucus. In some embodiments, one or more assay units 120 of other environments and contexts, and/or modified versions may be configured to assay one or more samples that include of FIG.1. Also, although the various operations are presented at least one of Sweat, tears, urine, breath, skin, hair, saliva, in the sequence(s) illustrated, it should be understood that the excrement, mucus, or Substantially any combination thereof. various operations may be performed in other orders than 25 In some embodiments, individuals may collect one or more those which are illustrated, or may be performed concur samples from themselves. Accordingly, in Some embodi rently. ments, system 100 may be used for point-of-care analysis by The operational flow 200 may optionally include a display an individual. In some embodiments, one or more samples ing operation 280 involving displaying results of the process may be analyzed by someone other than the individual from ing. In some embodiments, one or more display units 140 may 30 whom the one or more samples were collected. For example, display results of processing. For example, in Some embodi a physician, nurse, coach, nutritionist, personal trainer, or the ments, one or more display units 140 may display the results like may collect one or more samples from an individual and of assaying one or more samples associated with one or more then analyze the one or more samples through use of system individuals for one or more indicators, input associated with 1OO. nutraceutical usage by the one or more individuals, and input 35 At operation 304, the assaying operation 210 may include associated with one or more parameters related to the one or assaying the one or more samples that include blood. In some more individuals. embodiments, one or more assay units 120 may be configured FIG. 2E illustrates an operational flow representing to assay one or more blood samples. For example, in some examples of operations that are related to the performance of embodiments, an assay unit 120 may include a needle that one or more methods related to one or more nutraceuticals. In 40 may be used to penetrate tissue to accept a blood sample. In FIG. 2E and in following figures that include various Some embodiments, an assay unit 120 may include a capillary examples of operations used during performance of the tube that may be used to accept blood for analysis. Such a method, discussion and explanation may be provided with capillary tube may be used to accept blood for analysis with respect to the above-described example of FIG. 1, and/or with out having to pierce the skin or other tissue of an individual. respect to other examples and contexts. However, it should be 45 For example, Such a capillary tube may be used to accept a understood that the operations may be executed in a number blood sample for analysis by inserting the capillary tube into of other environments and contexts, and/or modified versions a blood sample resulting from a finger Stick with a lancet. of FIG.1. Also, although the various operations are presented In Some embodiments, individuals may collect one or more in the sequence(s) illustrated, it should be understood that the blood samples from themselves. Accordingly, in some various operations may be performed in other orders than 50 embodiments, system 100 may be used for point-of-care those which are illustrated, or may be performed concur analysis by an individual. In some embodiments, one or more rently. blood samples may be processed by someone other than the The operational flow 200 may optionally include a trans individual from whom the one or more samples were col mitting operation 290 involving transmitting one or more lected. For example, in some embodiments, individuals may signals that include information related to the processing 55 collect one or more blood samples from themselves and then results of the assaying one or more samples associated with send the one or more blood samples for analysis by a person one or more individuals for one or more indicators, the input other than the individual from whom the samples were col associated with nutraceutical usage by the one or more indi lected. In other embodiments, one or more blood samples viduals, and the input associated with one or more parameters may be collected from an individual and analyzed by a person related to the one or more individuals. In some embodiments, 60 other than the individual. For example, a physician, nurse, one or more transmitting units 150 may transmit one or more coach, nutritionist, personal trainer, or the like may collect signals that include information related to processing results one or more blood samples from an individual and then ana of assaying one or more samples associated with one or more lyze the one or more blood samples through use of system. individuals for one or more indicators, input associated with At operation 306, the assaying operation 210 may include nutraceutical usage by the one or more individuals, and input 65 detecting the one or more indicators that include one or more associated with one or more parameters related to the one or nutraceutical associated indicators. In some embodiments, more individuals. For example, in some embodiments, one or one or more assay units 120 may be configured to detect one US 7,827,042 B2 23 24 or more indicators that include one or more nutraceutical ticals may be identified by chemical name. In some embodi associated indicators. Generally, a nutraceutical associated ments, one or more nutraceuticals may be identified by popu indicator is a bodily component that is affected by the action, lar name. presence, absence, and/or deficiency of a nutraceutical. At operation 406, the accepting operation 220 may include Examples of such nutraceutical associated indicators include, accepting input associated with one or more formulations of but are not limited to, enzymes, hormone, prohormone, one or more nutraceuticals used by the one or more individu hemoglobin, polynucleotide, proteins, peptides, antioxidant, als. In some embodiments, one or more accepting units 110 minerals, vitamins, and Substantially any combination may accept input associated with one or more formulations of thereof. one or more nutraceuticals used by the one or more individu At operation 308, the assaying operation 210 may include 10 als. Examples of Such formulations include, but are not lim detecting the one or more indicators with at least one tech ited to, formulations that may be administered orally, trans nique that includes spectroscopy, electrochemical detection, dermally, rectally, vaginally, peritoneally, nasally, and the polynucleotide detection, fluorescence resonance energy like. In some embodiments, such formulations may include transfer, electron transfer, enzyme assay, electrical conduc one or more components. For example, in Some embodi tivity, isoelectric focusing, chromatography, immunoprecipi 15 ments, a formulation may include numerous vitamins, min tation, immunoseparation, aptamer binding, filtration, elec erals, and the like. trophoresis, or immunoassay. In some embodiments, one or FIG. 5 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example more assay units 120 may be configured to detect one or more operational flow 200 of FIG. 2. FIG. 5 illustrates example indicators with at least one technique that includes spectros embodiments where the accepting operation 220 may include copy, electrochemical detection, polynucleotide detection, at least one additional operation. Additional operations may fluorescence resonance energy transfer, electron transfer, include an operation 502, an operation 504, and/or an opera enzyme assay, electrical conductivity, isoelectric focusing, tion 506. chromatography, immunoprecipitation, immunoseparation, At operation 502, the accepting operation 220 may include aptamer binding, filtration, electrophoresis, immunoassay, or accepting input associated with one or more times of admin Substantially any combination thereof. 25 istration of one or more nutraceuticals used by the one or more individuals. In some embodiments, one or more accept FIG. 4 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example ing units 110 may accept input associated with one or more operational flow 200 of FIG. 2. FIG. 4 illustrates example times of administration of one or more nutraceuticals used by embodiments where the accepting operation 220 may include one or more individuals. For example, in Some embodiments, at least one additional operation. Additional operations may 30 one or more accepting units 110 may accept input associated include an operation 402, an operation 404, and/or an opera with multiple administrations of one or more nutraceuticals at tion 406. multiple times. Accordingly, such input may be used to pre At operation 402, the accepting operation 220 may include pare a presentation showing nutraceutical administration accepting input associated with one or more concentrations of relative to time. In some embodiments, additional informa one or more nutraceuticals used by the one or more individu 35 tion may be combined with times of nutraceutical adminis als. In some embodiments, one or more accepting units 110 tration. For example, in Some embodiments, time of admin may accept input associated with one or more concentrations istration may be combined with the identity of one or more of one or more nutraceuticals used by one or more individu nutraceuticals, the concentration of one or more nutraceuti als. In some embodiments, one or more accepting units 110 cals, the formulation of one or more nutraceuticals, the route may accept input associated with one or more concentrations 40 of administration of one or more nutraceuticals, parameters of one or more nutraceuticals that are used by an individual at associated with one or more individuals, or Substantially any the same time. In some embodiments, one or more accepting combination thereof. units 110 may accept input associated with one or more At operation 504, the accepting operation 220 may include concentrations of one or more nutraceuticals that are used by accepting input associated with one or more methods of an individual at different times. In some embodiments, one or 45 administration of one or more nutraceuticals used by the one more accepting units 110 may accept input associated with or more individuals. In some embodiments, one or more one or more concentrations of one or more nutraceuticals that accepting units 110 may accept input associated with one or are used by an individual over a series of time points. In some more methods of administration of one or more nutraceuticals embodiments, one or more accepting units 110 may accept used by one or more individuals. Numerous methods may be input associated with one or more concentrations that are 50 used to administer one or more nutraceuticals to one or more expressed as an administered dosage. In some embodiments, individuals. Examples of such methods include, but are not one or more accepting units 110 may accept input associated limited to, oral administration, parenteral administration, with one or more concentrations of one or more nutraceuti transdermal administration, nasal administration, Sublingual cals that are expressed as a systemic concentration of the one administration, vaginal administration, rectal administration, or more nutraceuticals within one or more individuals. In 55 and the like. Some embodiments, one or more accepting units 110 may At operation 506, the accepting operation 220 may include accept input associated with one or more concentrations of accepting input associated with one or more pharmaceuticals one or more nutraceuticals that are excreted by one or more used in conjunction with one or more nutraceuticals used by individuals. the one or more individuals. In some embodiments, one or At operation 404, the accepting operation 220 may include 60 more accepting units 110 may accept input associated with accepting input associated with one or more identities of one one or more pharmaceuticals used in conjunction with one or or more nutraceuticals used by the one or more individuals. In more nutraceuticals used by one or more individuals. One or Some embodiments, one or more accepting units 110 may more accepting units 110 may accept numerous types of input accept input associated with one or more identities of one or related to pharmaceuticals. Examples of Such input include, more nutraceuticals used by one or more individuals. In some 65 but are not limited to, route of administration, time of admin embodiments, one or more nutraceuticals may be identified istration, identity of one or more pharmaceuticals, concentra by brand name. In some embodiments, one or more nutraceu tion of one or more pharmaceuticals, interactions of one or US 7,827,042 B2 25 26 more pharmaceuticals with other pharmaceuticals and/or At operation 606, the processing operation 230 may nutraceuticals, mechanism of action utilized by one or more include determining one or more changes in the one or more pharmaceuticals, and the like. indicators related to the one or more individuals. In some FIG. 6 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example embodiments, one or more computation units 130 may deter operational flow 200 of FIG. 2. FIG. 6 illustrates example mine one or more changes in one or more indicators related to embodiments where the processing operation 230 may one or more individuals. For example, in Some embodiments, include at least one additional operation. Additional opera one or more computation units 130 may compare a value tions may include an operation 602, an operation 604, an associated with an indicator at a first time and a value asso ciated with an indicator at a second time to determine if the operation 606, and/or an operation 608. 10 At operation 602, the processing operation 230 may value associated with the indicator changed over time. In include comparing the input associated with the nutraceutical Some embodiments, the activity of one or more indicators usage by the one or more individuals to the one or more may be compared. In some embodiments, the concentration indicators. In some embodiments, one or more computation of one or more indicators may be compared. Numerous units 130 may compare input associated with nutraceutical 15 changes in one or more indicators may be determined by one usage by one or more individuals to one or more indicators. In or more computation units 130. Some embodiments, one or more computation units 130 may At operation 608, the processing operation 230 may compare input associated with nutraceutical usage by one or include comparing one or more changes in the nutraceutical more individuals to the level of one or more indicators at one usage by the one or more individuals to one or more changes or more times. For example, in some embodiments, one or in the one or more indicators. In some embodiments, one or more computation units 130 may be used to determine if an more computation units 130 may compare one or more increase or decrease in the dosage of a nutraceutical admin changes in nutraceutical usage by one or more individuals to istered to an individual produces a change in the level and/or one or more changes in one or more indicators. Numerous activity of one or more indicators associated with the indi changes in nutraceutical usage may be compared. Examples vidual over time. Accordingly, in Some embodiments, nutra 25 of Such changes in nutraceutical usage include, but are not ceutical dosage may be titrated to determine a dosage that will limited to, dosage, time of administration, method (e.g., cause attainment of a level and/or activity of one or more route) of administration, formulation, manufacturer, and the indicators associated with an individual. In some embodi like. Numerous changes in one or more indicators may be ments, one or more computation units 130 may determine a compared. Examples of Such changes include, but are not ratio of nutraceutical dose to indicator concentration. In some 30 limited to, changes in protein production within an indi embodiments, one or more computation units 130 may deter vidual, changes in gene expression within an individual, mine a ratio of nutraceutical dose to indicator activity. In changes in enzyme activity, changes in the metabolome of an Some embodiments, one or more computation units 130 may individual, and the like. In some embodiments, one or more determine a nutraceutical dosage that will increase or changes in nutraceutical usage by an individual may be com decrease the concentration of one or more indicators to a 35 pared to changes in one or more nutraceutical related indica desired level. Numerous comparisons may be performed by tors that are related to the individual. In some embodiments, one or more computation units 130. usage of a nutraceutical that is a precursor to a physiologically At operation 604, the processing operation 230 may active compound may be compared to a result produced by include determining one or more changes in the nutraceutical the physiologically active compound, the concentration of the usage by the one or more individuals. In some embodiments, 40 physiological compound itself, or Substantially any combina one or more computation units 130 may determine one or tion thereof. For example, in some embodiments, use of 5-hy more changes in nutraceutical usage by one or more individu droxytryptophan (a precursor to serotonin) may be compared als. For example, in some embodiments, an individual may to one or more indicators that have been correlated with low change the dosage of one or more nutraceuticals. In some serotonin levels (e.g., depression, obesity, carbohydrate crav embodiments, an individual may change the identity of one or 45 ing, bulimia, insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, migraine more nutraceuticals. In some embodiments, an individual headaches, tension headaches, chronic daily headaches, pre may change the route of administration of one or more nutra menstrual syndrome, fibromyalgia, and the like), serotonin ceuticals. In some embodiments, an individual may change levels, or Substantially any combination thereof. In some the time of administration of one or more nutraceuticals. embodiments, use of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) may Accordingly, in Some embodiments, one or more computa 50 be compared to the concentration of testosteroneandestrogen tion units 130 may determine one or more changes in nutra within an individual. In some embodiments, one or more ceutical usage and compare the change in nutraceutical usage changes in nutraceutical usage by an individual may be com with one or more changes in one or more parameters related pared to changes in one or more indicators related to one or to one or more individuals. For example, in some embodi more other individuals. For example, in some embodiments, ments, changes in melatonin usage (e.g., dosage, time of 55 an individual may determine how a change in their personal administration) may be compared to sleep acquisition by an nutraceutical usage changes one or more indicators when individual. In some embodiments, changes in 5-hydroxytryp compared to a Substantially similar change by one or more tophan usage may be compared to the mood of an individual. other individuals. In some embodiments, one or more com Numerous changes in nutraceutical usage may be determined putation units 130 may compare the nutraceutical usage by an and compared to one or more parameters related to an indi 60 individual to one or more changes in one or more indicators vidual. In some embodiments, one or more computation units related to the individual and also to substantially similar 130 may determine one or more changes in nutraceutical changes in one or more other individuals to Suggest a course usage and compare the change in nutraceutical usage with of nutraceutical usage for the individual. For example, in one or more changes in one or more indicators related to one Some embodiments, the computation unit 130 may suggest a or more individuals. For example, changes in 5-hydroxytryp 65 higher dosage of one or more nutraceuticals for administra tophan usage may be compared to serotonin concentrations tion to an individual if it is determined that a higher dosage detected within an individual. will produce an effect based on changes resulting in one or US 7,827,042 B2 27 28 more otherindividuals. Numerous comparisons may be made sons; compare the one or more indicator-nutraceutical com by one or more computation units 130. parisons to the one or more different indicator-nutraceutical FIG. 7 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example comparisons to obtain one or more indicator-nutraceutical/ operational flow 200 of FIG. 2. FIG. 7 illustrates example different indicator-nutraceutical comparisons; and compare embodiments where the processing operation 230 may the one or more indicator-nutraceutical/different indicator include at least one additional operation. Additional opera nutraceutical comparisons to one or more Substantially simi tions may include an operation 702, and/or an operation 704. lar results obtained for one or more other individuals. In some At operation 702, the processing operation 230 may embodiments, a comparison may be a qualitative compari include comparing one or more values related to the one or son. In some embodiments, a comparison may be a quantita more indicators that are determined at two or more different 10 tive comparison. times to obtain one or more indicator comparisons; FIG. 8 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example comparing one or more values related to the nutraceutical operational flow 200 of FIG. 2. FIG. 8 illustrates example usage by the one or more individuals at two or more different embodiments where the displaying operation 240 may times to obtain one or more nutraceutical comparisons; include at least one additional operation. Additional opera comparing the one or more indicator comparisons to the 15 tions may include an operation 802, an operation 804, an one or more nutraceutical comparisons to obtain one or more operation 806, and/or an operation 808. indicator-indicator/nutraceutical-nutraceutical comparisons; At operation 802, the displaying operation 240 may and include displaying the results of the processing on one or comparing the one or more indicator-indicator/nutraceuti more active displays. In some embodiments, one or more cal-nutraceutical comparisons to one or more Substantially display units 140 may display results of processing on one or similar results obtained for one or more other individuals. In more active displays. Numerous active display units 140 are Some embodiments, one or more computation units 130 may known and include, but are not limited to, quarter-video compare one or more values related to one or more indicators graphics array (QVGA), video graphics array (VGA), Super that are determined at two or more different times to obtain Video graphics array (SVGA), extended graphics array one or more indicator comparisons; compare one or more 25 (XGA), wide extended graphics array (WXGA), super values related to nutraceutical usage by one or more individu extended graphics array (SXGA), ultra extended graphics als at two or more different times to obtain one or more array (UXGA), wide Super extended graphics array nutraceutical comparisons; compare the one or more indica (WSXGA), wide ultra extended graphics array (WUXGA). tor comparisons to the one or more nutraceutical comparisons At operation 804, the displaying operation 240 may to obtain one or more indicator-indicator/nutraceutical-nutra 30 include displaying the results of the processing on one or ceutical comparisons; and compare the one or more indicator more passive displays. In some embodiments, one or more indicator/nutraceutical-nutraceutical comparisons to one or display units 140 may display results of processing on one or more substantially similar results obtained for one or more more passive displays. In some embodiments, one or display other individuals. In some embodiments, a comparison may units 140 may include one or more liquid crystal displays be a qualitative comparison. In some embodiments, a com 35 (LCD). Methods to construct passive displays have been parison may be a quantitative comparison. described (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,807,967; 4,729,636; 4,436, At operation 704, the processing operation 230 may 378; 4.257,041; herein incorporated by reference). include comparing one or more values related to the one or At operation 806, the displaying operation 240 may more indicators associated with the one or more individuals include displaying the results of the processing in numeric that are determined at a first time and one or more values 40 format. In some embodiments, one or more display units 140 related to the nutraceutical usage by the one or more individu may display results of processing in numeric format. For als at the first time to obtain one or more indicator-nutraceu example, in Some embodiments, concentrations of one or tical comparisons; more indicators may be displayed as mass per unit volume comparing one or more values related to the one or more (e.g., milligrams per liter, milligrams per deciliter, nanograms indicators associated with the one or more individuals that are 45 per milliliter, and the like). determined at a second time and one or more values related to At operation 808, the displaying operation 240 may the nutraceutical usage by the one or more individuals at the include displaying the results of the processing in graphical second time to obtain one or more different indicator-nutra format. In some embodiments, one or more display units 140 ceutical comparisons; may display results of processing in graphical format. comparing the one or more indicator-nutraceutical com 50 Numerous types of graphical formats may be used. Examples parisons to the one or more different indicator-nutraceutical of such graphical formats include, but are not limited to, use comparisons to obtain one or more indicator-nutraceutical/ of shapes, use of colors, use of symbols (e.g., Smiley face, different indicator-nutraceutical comparisons; and compar frowny face, thumbs up sign, thumbs down sign, histograms, ing the one or more indicator-nutraceutical/different indica bar graphs, pie charts, and the like). tor-nutraceutical comparisons to one or more substantially 55 FIG. 9 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example similar results obtained for one or more other individuals. In operational flow 200 of FIG. 2. FIG. 9 illustrates example Some embodiments, one or more computation units 130 may embodiments where the displaying operation 240 may compare one or more values related to one or more indicators include at least one additional operation. Additional opera associated with one or more individuals that are determined at tions may include an operation 902, an operation 904, an a first time and one or more values related to nutraceutical 60 operation 906, and/or an operation 908. usage by the one or more individuals at the first time to obtain At operation 902, the displaying operation 240 may one or more indicator-nutraceutical comparisons; compare include displaying the results of the processing in audio for one or more values related to one or more indicators associ mat. In some embodiments, one or more display units 140 ated with the one or more individuals that are determined at a may display results of processing in audio format. In some second time and one or more values related to nutraceutical 65 embodiments, the results of processing may be presented in usage by the one or more individuals at the second time to Voice format. For example, in Some embodiments, a Voice obtain one or more different indicator-nutraceutical compari may tell an individual to increase, decrease, or maintain one US 7,827,042 B2 29 30 or more dosages of one or more nutraceuticals. In some In some embodiments, such a display may be used to titrate embodiments, a voice may tell an individual to increase, nutraceutical usage to achieve a desired result. decrease, or maintain their exercise regimen. In some FIG. 10 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example embodiments, Sounds may be used to indicate changes in operational flow 200 of FIG. 2. FIG. 10 illustrates example nutraceutical usage, indicators, and/or parameters related to embodiments where the transmitting operation 250 may an individual. In some embodiments, applause, cheering, and include at least one additional operation. Additional opera the like may be used to indicate a positive change. In some tions may include an operation 1002, an operation 1004, an embodiments, a Voice may offer compliments and/or encour operation 1006, and/or an operation 1008. agement for a positive change. For example, a Voice may use At operation 1002, the transmitting operation 250 may phrases such as, “Great Job.” “Looking Good,” “You’re 10 include transmitting the one or more signals associated with Doing Great, and the like, to indicate a positive change. selection of one or more nutraceuticals for administration to Examples of positive changes include, but are not limited to, the one or more individuals. In some embodiments, one or weight loss, lowered blood pressure, lowered heart rate, and more transmitting units 150 may transmit one or more signals the like. In some embodiments, booing, hissing, nagging, and associated with selection of one or more nutraceuticals for the like may be used to indicate a negative change. In some 15 administration to one or more individuals. In some embodi embodiments, a voice may offer criticism and/or complaints ments, one or more transmitting units 150 may transmit one to indicate a negative change. For example, a Voice may use or more signals associated with the identity of one or more phrases such as, “Get off the couch and start exercising. “Put nutraceuticals for administration to one or more individuals. down that cupcake and get back on the treadmill.” “Your At operation 1004, the transmitting operation 250 may friends are exercising but you are not and the like. Examples include transmitting the one or more signals associated with of negative changes include, but are not limited to, weight selection of one or more dosages of one or more nutraceuti gain, increased blood pressure, increased heart rate, and the cals for administration to the one or more individuals. In some like. In some embodiments, the Voice of a spouse and/or embodiments, one or more transmitting units 150 may trans companion may be used. In some embodiments, the Voice of mit one or more signals associated with selection of one or 25 more dosages of one or more nutraceuticals for administra a former spouse and/or companion may be used. In some tion to one or more individuals. embodiments, a pleasant attractive Voice may be used. In At operation 1006, the transmitting operation 250 may Some embodiments, an unattractive Voice may be used. include transmitting the one or more signals associated with At operation 904, the displaying operation 240 may selection of one or more nutraceuticals for administration to include displaying a comparison of the one or more individu 30 the one or more individuals and one or more health related als with one or more other individuals. In some embodiments, recommendations. In some embodiments, one or more trans one or more display units 140 may display a comparison of mitting units 150 may transmit one or more signals associated one or more individuals with one or more other individuals. with selection of one or more nutraceuticals for administra Numerous display formats may be used. In some embodi tion to the one or more individuals and one or more health ments, one or more runners may be depicted on a visual 35 related recommendations. Examples of health related recom display as participating in a race Such that an individual will mendations may include, but are not limited to, recommen be depicted according to their position in the race. For dations associated with diet, sleep habits, Substance use, example, if an individual is leading a group in weight loss, weight, exercise, and the like. they may be depicted as running in first place in a foot race. At operation 1008, the transmitting operation 250 may However, if the individual is behind a group in weight loss, 40 include transmitting the one or more signals associated with they may be depicted as running in last place in a foot race. In comparing the information related to the processing results of Some embodiments, individuals may be depicted as indi the assaying one or more samples associated with the one or vidual bars in a bar graph. In some embodiments, individuals more individuals for the one or more indicators and the input may be depicted as slices of a pie chart. Accordingly, numer associated with nutraceutical intake by the one or more indi ous formats may be used to display a comparison of an indi 45 viduals to one or more other individuals. In some embodi vidual to one or more other individuals. ments, one or more transmitting units 150 may transmit one At operation 906, the displaying operation 240 may or more signals associated with comparing information include displaying one or more changes in the one or more related to processing results of assaying one or more samples indicators associated with the one or more individuals. In associated with one or more individuals for one or more Some embodiments, one or more display units 140 may dis 50 indicators and input associated with nutraceutical intake by play one or more changes in one or more indicators related to the one or more individuals to one or more other individuals. one or more individuals. For example, in Some embodiments, Numerous types of information related to the processing one or more display units 140 may display changes in the results of assaying one or more samples associated with one concentration of one or more metabolites within an indi or more individuals for one or more indicators may be com vidual. In some embodiments, one or more display units 140 55 pared with numerous types of information related to nutra may display changes in the activity of one or more enzymes ceutical intake by an individual. Examples of Such assay within an individual. Numerous changes may be displayed. related information include, but are not limited to, informa At operation 908, the displaying operation 240 may tion related to enzyme activity (e.g., relative activity, absolute include displaying one or more changes in the nutraceutical activity, changes in activity, and the like), indicator concen usage by the one or more individuals and one or more changes 60 tration, changes in indicator concentration, information in the one or more indicators associated with the one or more related to metabolites (e.g., levels, concentrations, and the individuals. In some embodiments, one or more display units like), information related to hormones (e.g., levels, concen 140 may display one or more changes in nutraceutical usage trations, and the like), information related to expression of by one or more individuals and one or more changes in one or proteins, information related to gene expression, and the like. more indicators related to the one or more individuals. 65 Examples of nutraceutical related information include, but Accordingly, changes in nutraceutical usage may be dis are not limited to, types of nutraceuticals, dosages of one or played relative to changes in one or more indicators overtime. more nutraceuticals, methods of administration of one or US 7,827,042 B2 31 32 more nutraceuticals (e.g., route of administration, time of ments, one or more accepting units 110 may accept input administration, administration with food or beverages), and related to the work plans of one or more individuals. In some the like. Accordingly, in Some embodiments, an indicator embodiments, one or more accepting units 110 may accept may be compared to the nutraceutical usage by a first indi input related to the exercise plans of one or more individuals. vidual to obtain a result for the individual. A similar compari Accordingly, one or more accepting units 110 may accept son may be obtained for a second person. The comparisons input that includes numerous types of information related to for the first and second persons may then be compared and the plans of one or more individuals. information related to the comparison may be transmitted. In At operation 1110, the accepting operation 260 may Some embodiments, such information may be used to com include accepting input related to one or more metabolic pare the progress of an individual to other individuals. For 10 activities related to the one or more individuals. In some example, in Some embodiments, weight loss by an individual embodiments, one or more accepting units 110 may accept may be compared to weight loss by other individuals. In some input related to one or more metabolic activities related to one embodiments, cholesterol levels within an individual may be or more individuals. One or more accepting units 110 may compared to cholesterol levels in other individuals. Accord accept input related to numerous types of metabolic activity. ingly, in Some embodiments, such transmitted signals may be 15 Examples of input related to metabolic activities include, but used to facilitate determination of whether administration of are not limited to, respiration rate, enzyme activity, oxygen one or more nutraceuticals produces a result in an individual consumption, heart rate, digestion, fatty acid-oxidation, hor as compared to other individuals. mone activity, vasodilation, vasoconstriction, pH, carbon FIG. 11 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example dioxide concentration (e.g., blood, expired), oxygen concen operational flow 200 of FIG. 2. FIG. 11 illustrates example trations (e.g., blood, expired), catabolic reactions, anabolic embodiments where the accepting operation 260 may include reactions, lipid metabolism, Sugar metabolism, and the like. at least one additional operation. Additional operations may FIG. 12 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example include an operation 1102, an operation 1104, an operation operational flow 200 of FIG. 2. FIG. 12 illustrates example 1106, an operation 1108, and/or an operation 1110. embodiments where the accepting operation 260 may include At operation 1102, the accepting operation 260 may 25 at least one additional operation. Additional operations may include accepting input related to one or more physical include an operation 1202, an operation 1204, an operation parameters related to the one or more individuals. In some 1206, an operation 1208, and/or an operation 1210. embodiments, one or more accepting units 110 may accept At operation 1202, the accepting operation 260 may input related to one or more physical parameters related to include accepting input related to sleep characteristics related one or more individuals. One or more accepting units 110 30 to the one or more individuals. In some embodiments, one or may accept numerous physical parameters. Examples of such more accepting units 110 may accept input related to sleep physical parameters may include, but are not limited to, characteristics related to one or more individuals. In some height, weight, age, health, disease, physical state, injury, embodiments, one or more accepting units 110 may accept dental health, health history, family health history, and the input related to the number of hours that one or more indi like. 35 viduals sleep during a time period. In some embodiments, one At operation 1104, the accepting operation 260 may or more accepting units 110 may accept input related to times include accepting input related to one or more mental param when one or more individuals sleep during a time period. In eters related to the one or more individuals. In some embodi Some embodiments, one or more accepting units 110 may ments, one or more accepting units 110 may accept input accept input related to the sleep Schedules of one or more related to one or more mental parameters related to one or 40 individuals. In some embodiments, one or more accepting more individuals. One or more accepting units 110 may units 110 may accept input related to the quality of sleep accept numerous mental parameters. Examples of such men obtained by one or more individuals. In some embodiments, tal parameters may include, but are not limited to, mood (e.g., one or more accepting units 110 may accept input related to happiness, sadness, elation, depression, love, hate, loneliness, alertness felt by one or more individuals. In some embodi hopelessness), mental health (e.g., bipolar disorder, Schizo 45 ments, one or more accepting units 110 may accept input phrenia, multiple personality disorder, obsessive compulsive related to sleep characteristics. For example, Such input may disorder, Alzheimer's disease), mental health history, family include information related to positive and/or negative sleep mental health history, mental function (e.g., alertness, acu experience, tiredness, restlessness, insomnia, alertness, feel ity), and the like. ings of tiredness, and the like. Accordingly, one or more At operation 1106, the accepting operation 260 may 50 accepting units 110 may accept numerous types of input include accepting input related to one or more goals of the one related to the sleep characteristics of one or more individuals. or more individuals. In some embodiments, one or more At operation 1204, the accepting operation 260 may accepting units 110 may accept input related to one or more include accepting input related to exercise characteristics goals of one or more individuals. One or more accepting units related to the one or more individuals. In some embodiments, 110 may accept numerous goal related parameters. Examples 55 one or more accepting units 110 may accept input related to of Such goal related parameters may include, but are not exercise characteristics related to one or more individuals. limited to, athletic performance (e.g., weight gain, weight Input related to exercise characteristics may include, but is loss, muscle gain, fat loss, decreased body mass index, endur not limited to, type of exercise, duration of exercise, intensity ance, strength), mental performance (e.g., alertness, memory, of exercise, frequency of exercise, physiological parameters acuity), and the like. 60 (e.g., pulse, blood pressure, oxygen consumption, carbon At operation 1108, the accepting operation 260 may dioxide production) occurring during exercise, and the like. include accepting input related to one or more plans of the one At operation 1206, the accepting operation 260 may or more individuals. In some embodiments, one or more include accepting input related to nutritional characteristics accepting units 110 may accept input related to one or more related to the one or more individuals. In some embodiments, plans of one or more individuals. In some embodiments, one 65 one or more accepting units 110 may accept input related to or more accepting units 110 may accept input related to the nutritional characteristics related to one or more individuals. travel plans of one or more individuals. In some embodi Input related to nutritional characteristics may include, but is US 7,827,042 B2 33 34 not limited to, types of food consumed (e.g., functional circulatory form offolate necessary for methionine synthesis. foods), types of beverages consumed, number of calories A common mutation (677C->T) in 5,10-methylenetetrahy consumed, composition of consumed items (e.g., fat content, drofolate reductase reduces enzyme activity, leading to lower cholesterol content, oil content, caloric content), times of levels of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. It has been determined consumption, and the like. 5 that men having adequate folate levels who are homozygous At operation 1208, the accepting operation 260 may for the mutation (677T/677T) exhibit a three-fold decrease in include accepting input related to Substance use by the one or risk of colorectal cancer when compared to men having more individuals. In some embodiments, one or more accept adequate folate levels who are homozygous normal (677C/ ing units 110 may accept input related to Substance use by the 677O) or heterozygous (677C/677T). However, the protec one or more individuals. Examples of Such input include, but 10 tion due to the mutation was absent in men with folate defi are not limited to, alcohol use, tobacco use, nicotine intake, ciency. In men with the homozygous normal genotype who pharmaceutical use, illicit drug use, food Supplement use, drink little or no alcohol as reference, men with the homozy nutraceutical use, and the like. gous mutation who drink little or no alcohol have an eight At operation 1210, the accepting operation 260 may fold decrease in risk and moderate drinkers exhibit a two-fold include accepting input related to weight of the one or more 15 reduction in risk (Ma et al., Cancer Research, 57:1098-1102 individuals. In some embodiments, one or more accepting (1997)). Polymorphisms in genes involved in folate metabo units 110 may accept input related to the weight of one or lism have also been linked to maternal risk factors for Down more individuals. One or more accepting units 110 may Syndrome, neural tube defects, and oral clefts (Mills et al., accept input related to present weight, past weight, future Am. J. Med. Genet., 86:71-74 (1999); Wilson et al., Mol. weight goals, or Substantially any combination thereof. Genet. Metab., 67:317-323 (1999); Hobbs et al., Am. J. Med. FIG. 13 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example Genet., 67:623-630 (2000)). Accordingly, in some embodi operational flow 200 of FIG. 2. FIG. 13 illustrates example ments, information related to production of one or more pro embodiments where the accepting operation 260 may include teins within an individual may be input. Such information at least one additional operation. Additional operations may may be used during the selection of nutraceuticals for admin include an operation 1302, an operation 1304, an operation 25 istration to an individual. Such information may also be used 1306, an operation 1308, and/or an operation 1310. to suggest health-related information. In some embodiments, At operation 1302, the accepting operation 260 may one or more accepting units 110 may accept input related to include accepting input related to body composition of the the concentration of one or more proteins expressed within an one or more individuals. In some embodiments, one or more individual. In some embodiments, one or more accepting accepting units 110 may accept input related to body compo 30 units 110 may accept input related to the activity of one or sition of one or more individuals. The results from numerous more proteins expressed within an individual. Accordingly, body composition tests may be accepted by one or more one or more accepting units 110 may accept information accepting units 110. Examples of Such tests include, but are related to numerous proteins and properties of proteins not limited to, skinfold measurement, body mass index, waist expressed within an individual. to hip ratio, hydrostatic weighing, bioelectric impedance, 35 At operation 1310, the accepting operation 260 may dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, near infrared interacta include accepting input related to expression of one or more nce, total body potassium, whole-body air-displacement genes within the one or more individuals. In some embodi plethysmography, magnetic resonance imaging, total body ments, one or more accepting units 110 may accept input electrical conductivity, computed tomography, total body related to expression of one or more genes within one or more protein, or Substantially any combination thereof. 40 individuals. In some embodiments, such information may be At operation 1304, the accepting operation 260 may used during the selection of nutraceuticals for administration include accepting input related to circulatory characteristics to an individual. Such information may also be used to Sug of the one or more individuals. In some embodiments, one or gest health-related information. For example, folate status more accepting units 110 may accept input related to circu and common variations in genes that code for folate depen latory characteristics of one or more individuals. One or more 45 dent enzymes are linked to many types of cancer, Vascular accepting units 110 may accept input related to numerous disease, birth defects, and complications of pregnancy. This types of circulatory characteristics. Examples of Such circu arises because several molecular mechanisms that underpin latory characteristics include, but are not limited to, blood the genomic machinery are sensitive to B vitamin status and, pressure, hypertension, heart rate, vasoelasticity, cholesterol in particular, are responsive to the interaction between folate levels, coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, and the like. 50 nutrition and folate dependent enzyme polymorphisms (Lu At operation 1306, the accepting operation 260 may cock, BMJ, 328:211-214 (2004)). Accordingly, genetic infor include accepting input related to mood of the one or more mation may be utilized during the selection of one or more individuals. In some embodiments, one or more accepting nutraceuticals for administration to an individual. In another units 110 may accept input related to the mood of one or more example, black tea polyphenols (e.g., a theaflavin-3-mo individuals. Examples of various moods that may be input 55 nogallate and theaflavin-3'-monogallate mixture) have been include, but are not limited to, happiness, sadness, loneliness, shown to Suppress cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2) gene expres confusion, forgetfulness, joy, glee, euphoria, hopelessness, sion at both the messenger ribonucleic acid and protein level anger, rage, love, contempt, hate, frustration, and the like. (Lu et al., Cancer Reserch, 60:6465-6471 (2000)). Pharma At operation 1308, the accepting operation 260 may cological inhibition of COX can provide relief from the include accepting input related to one or more proteins 60 symptoms of inflammation and pain. Accordingly, in some expressed within the one or more individuals. In some embodiments, input related to COX gene expression may be embodiments, one or more accepting units 110 may accept accepted by one or more accepting units 110 to follow nutra input related to one or more proteins expressed within one or ceutical mediated inhibition of COX expression. Black tea more individuals. For example, the enzyme 5,10-methylene extracts also exhibit chemoprotective activity (Lu et al., Can tetrahydrofolate reductase catalyzes the conversion of 5,10 65 cer Reserch, 60:6465-6471 (2000)). In another example, a methylenetetrahydrofolate, required for purine and thymi resveratrol analog (3,4,5,4-tetrahydroxy stilbene) has been dine syntheses, to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, the primary shown to differentially induce pro-apoptotic p53/Bax gene US 7,827,042 B2 35 36 expression and inhibit the growth of transformed cells but not administration) may be correlated with sleep acquisition by their normal counterparts (Lu et al., Carcinogenesis, 22:321 an individual. In some embodiments, changes in 5-hydrox 328 (2001)). Accordingly, p53/Bax gene expression may be ytryptophan usage may be correlated to with the mood of an input to follow resveratrol analog mediated induction of gene individual. Numerous changes in nutraceutical usage may be expression. Numerous nutraceuticals mediate induction or 5 determined and correlated to one or more parameters related inhibition of gene expression (e.g., Chen et al., Cancer Let to an individual. ters, 129:173-179 (1998); British J. Cancer, 92:513-521 At operation 1406, the processing operation 270 may (2005)). In another example, dietary omega-3 polyunsatu include determining one or more changes in the one or more rated fatty acids were shown to affect brain gene expression indicators related to the one or more individuals. In some (Kitajka et al., PNAS, 101:10931-10936 (2004)). In some 10 embodiments, one or more computation units 130 may deter embodiments, one or more accepting units 110 may accept mine one or more changes in one or more indicators related to input related to the expression level of one or more genes one or more individuals. For example, in Some embodiments, within an individual. In some embodiments, one or more one or more computation units 130 may compare a value accepting units 110 may accept input related to the activity of associated with an indicator at a first time and a value asso one or more gene products expressed within an individual. 15 ciated with an indicator at a second time to determine if the Accordingly, one or more accepting units 110 may accept value associated with the indicator changed over time. In information related to numerous genes and the products of Some embodiments, the activity of one or more indicators gene expression within an individual. may be compared. In some embodiments, the concentration FIG. 14 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example of one or more indicators may be compared. Numerous operational flow 200 of FIG. 2. FIG. 14 illustrates example changes in one or more indicators may be determined by one embodiments where the processing operation 270 may or more computation units 130. include at least one additional operation. Additional opera tions may include an operation 1402, an operation 1404, an At operation 1408, the processing operation 270 may operation 1406, an operation 1408, and/oran operation 1410. include determining one or more changes in the one or more At operation 1402, the processing operation 270 may 25 parameters related to the one or more individuals. In some include comparing the input associated with the nutraceutical embodiments, one or more computation units 130 may deter usage by the one or more individuals to the one or more mine one or more changes in one or more parameters related indicators and to the one or more parameters related to the one to one or more individuals. Examples of parameters that may or more individuals. In some embodiments, one or more change include, but are not limited to, physical parameters, computation units 130 may compare input associated with 30 mental parameters, physiological parameters, and the like. In nutraceutical usage by one or more individuals to one or more Some embodiments, changes in one or more parameters may indicators and to one or more parameters related to the one or be correlated to nutraceutical usage by an individual. In some more individuals. One or more computation units 130 may embodiments, changes in one or more parameters may be compare numerous types of input associated with nutraceu correlated to changes in nutraceutical usage by an individual. tical usage, indicators, and parameters related to one or more 35 At operation 1410, the processing operation 270 may individuals. For example, in some embodiments, 5-hydrox include comparing one or more changes in the nutraceutical ytryptophan (5-HTP) usage may be compared with the usage by the one or more individuals to one or more changes amount of sleep obtained by an individual and the concentra in the one or more indicators and the one or more parameters tion of serotonin within the individual. In some embodiments, related to the one or more individuals. In some embodiments, caffeine usage may be compared with the amount of sleep 40 one or more computation units 130 may compare one or more obtained by an individual. In some embodiments, 5-hydrox changes in the nutraceutical usage by one or more individuals ytryptophan usage may be compared to the mood of an indi to one or more changes in one or more indicators and one or vidual and the concentration of serotonin within the indi more parameters related to the one or more individuals. In vidual. In some embodiments, lithium usage may be Some embodiments, one or more computation units 130 may compared to suppression of antipsychotic symptoms. In some 45 be used to determine if one or more changes in nutraceutical embodiments, nutraceutical usage, parameters associated usage by an individual produce a change in one or more with an individual, and indicators related to the individual indicators and/or one or more parameters related to the indi may be compared to nutraceutical usage, parameters and vidual. In some embodiments, one or more computation units indicators associated with one or more other individuals. 130 may be used to determine one or more dosages of one or At operation 1404, the processing operation 270 may 50 more nutraceuticals that produce a change in one or more include determining one or more changes in the nutraceutical indicators and/or one or more parameters related to an indi usage by the one or more individuals. In some embodiments, vidual. In some embodiments, one or more computation units one or more computation units 120 may determine one or 130 may be used to determine one or more dosages of one or more changes in nutraceutical usage by one or more individu more nutraceuticals that do not produce a change in one or als. For example, in some embodiments, an individual may 55 more indicators and/or one or more parameters related to an change the dosage of one or more nutraceuticals. In some individual. In some embodiments, one or more computation embodiments, an individual may change the identity of one or units 130 may be used to determine one or more dosages of more nutraceuticals. In some embodiments, an individual one or more nutraceuticals that produce a change in one or may change the route of administration of one or more nutra more indicators and do not produce a change in one or more ceuticals. In some embodiments, an individual may change 60 parameters related to an individual. In some embodiments, the time of administration of one or more nutraceuticals. one or more computation units 130 may be used to determine Accordingly, in Some embodiments, one or more computa one or more dosages of one or more nutraceuticals that do not tion units 130 may determine one or more changes in nutra produce a change in one or more indicators and that produce ceutical usage and correlate the change in nutraceutical usage a change in one or more parameters related to an individual. with one or more changes in one or more parameters related 65 FIG. 15 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example to one or more individuals. For example, in some embodi operational flow 200 of FIG. 2. FIG. 15 illustrates example ments, changes in Serotonin usage (e.g., dosage, time of embodiments where the processing operation 270 may