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Dietary Supplements Defined Dietary Supplement Research Facts And Introduction to Dietary Supplements Since 1994, many non-traditional food components have been launched under the Dietary Supplements Health Education Act (DSHEA). Some of these include fish oil (a source of omega-3 fatty acids), glucosamine and chondroitin for joint health, and s-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) for depression, osteoarthritis and some liver diseases. Dietary Supplements Defined The DSHEA determined that dietary supplements would be defined by the following criteria: 1. A dietary supplement is "any product (except tobacco) that contains at least one of the following: (1) a vitamin, (2) a mineral, (3) an herb or botanical, (4) an amino acid, (5) a dietary substance for use by man to supplement the diet by increasing the total daily intake, or a concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract, or combinations of these ingredients." 2. A dietary supplement is "intended for ingestion in pill, capsule, tablet or liquid form." 3. A dietary supplement is "not represented for use as a conventional food or as the sole item of a meal or diet." 4. A dietary supplement is "labeled as a 'dietary supplement'." 5. A dietary supplement "includes products such as an approved new drug, certified antibiotic, or licensed biologic that was marketed as a dietary supplement food before approval, certification, or license (unless the Secretary of Health and Human Services waives this provision)." Dietary Supplement Research Research on dietary supplements is growing each year, providing healthcare professionals with evidence of both safety and efficacy. For example, the U.S. Health and Human Services Department reported that SAMe is as effective as standard therapy for depression and osteoarthritis (HHS Hand Report 2002). In addition, strong evidence exists that omega-3 fatty acids may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (JAMA 2002; 287 (14):1815-1821; N Engl J Med. 2002; 346(15):1113-1118). The FDA has approved qualified health claims for fish oil, fiber, and soy protein for heart health. Because research on dietary supplements is dynamic, it is important to periodically review updates to text and references for guidelines on use and new applications. Facts and Functions In the Vitamin Herb University website we provide facts and functions of various dietary supplements, their recommended dosages and toxicity levels, possible herb drug supplement interaction, and summarize current dietary supplements research. Dietary Acidophilus Supplements Information -Facts -Functions -Toxicity -Dietary Sources Click on any link -Drug-Supplement Interaction -Research Summary -Acidophilus -Dosage -Alpha Lipoic Acid -Chondroitin Facts Back to sub-topics -Coenzyme Q10 -Conjugated Linoleic Acid • Lactobacillus acidophilus is one of the bacterial species that produce lactic acid in the -Fiber digestive tract. • The human digestive system contains more than 400 different bacterial species. The -Fish Oil number of bacteria has been estimated to be approximately 1014. -Flaxseed Oil • The prevalent bacteria in the human adult digestive tract include bacteroides, -Glucosamine eubacteria, peptostreptococci, bifidobacteria, enterobacteria, streptococci, lactobaccili, -Kelp clostridia and staphylococci. -L-Arginine • Lactobacilli are commercially available in yogurt, fermented milk, capsule and powder forms. -Lecithin -L-Lysine -Lycopene Functions Back to sub-topics -Melatonin -Methylsulfonylmethane L. acidophilus has been suggested to: • Improve intestinal motility and relieve constipation -Pantethine • Enhance immune function -Phytonutrients • Improve digestibility and increase availability of dietary nutrients -Plant Sterols/Stanols • Alleviate lactose intolerance -S-adenosyl-L-methionine • Reduce risk of cancer development -Soy Isoflavones • Decrease allergic response by improving mucosal barrier function • Speed recovery from diarrhea caused by antibiotics or pathogens -Vinpocetine • Block adhesion of pathogens to digestive tract Dosage Back to sub-topics About 10 9 to 10 10 live bacteria daily are required from various sources (tablet, yogurt, etc.) to promote intestinal health or prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Toxicity Back to sub-topics Not known. Dietary Sources Back to sub-topics Lactobacillus acidophilus and other Lactobacilli are available commercially as freeze-dried powders and capsules and in yogurts and fermented milk products. Drug-Supplement Interaction Back to sub-topics 1 2 3 • Lactobacillus acidophilus and related species are known as "friendly" bacteria that help reduce common side effects (i.e. diarrhea) of antibiotic therapy. Taking acidophilus-containing products may be recommended during and after antibiotic therapy. Information on the relationship between substances and disease is provided for general information, in order to convey a balanced review of the scientific literature. In many cases the relationship between a substance and a disease is tentative and additional research is needed to confirm such a relationship. Research Summary Back to sub-topics References Back to sub-topics 1 Burnham Drug Facts and Comparisons. St. Louis, MO: Facts and TH: Comparisons. 2001; 2 McEvoy American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Bethesda, MD:American Society of GK: Information. Health-System Pharmacists. 2001; 3 Bratman The Natural Pharmacist Drug Herb Roseville, CA:Prima Publishing. S: Interactions Bible. 2001; 4 Effect of bifidobacterium bifidum and Immunopharm Immunotox DeSimone lactobacillus acidophilus on gut mucosa and 14:331-340. C, et al: peripheral blood B lymphocytes. 5 Adherence of probiotic bacteria to human Clin Diag Lab Immun 8:293-296. Juntunen intestinal mucus in healthy infants and M, et al: during rotavirus infection. 6 Michetti Effect of whey-based culture supernatant of Digestion 60:203-209. P, et al: lactobacillus acidophilus (johnsonii) La1 on helicobacter pylori infection in humans. 7 Rao CV, Prevention of colonic preneoplastic lesions Int J Onc 14:939-944. et al: by the probiotic lactobacillus acidophilus NCFMTM in F344 rats. 8 Biomodulation of the toxic and nutritional Mine Electrolyte Metab 22:92-96. Simenhoff effects of small bowl bacterial overgrowth in ML, et al: end-stage kidney disease using freeze-dried lactobacillus acidophilus. 9 Sazawal Efficacy of probiotics in prevention of acute Lancet Infect Dis 2006 6:374-382 S, et al diarrhoea: a masked, randomized, placebo-controlled trials. 10 Ishida Clinical effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus J Dairy Sci 2005 88: 527-533 Y, et al strain L-92 on perennial allergic rhinitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. 11 Gluck U Ingested probiotics reduce nasal Am J Clin Nutr 2003 77: 517-520 and colonization with pathogenic bacteria Gebbers (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus JO pneumoniae, and beta-hemolytic Streptococci) 12 Ishida Effect of milk fermented with Lactobacillus Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2005 Y, et al acidophilus strain L-92 on symptoms of 69:1652-1660 Japanese cedar pollen allergy: a randomized placebo-controlled trial 13 Chen Nonsurgical management of partial adhesive CMAJ 2005 173:1165-1169 SC, et al small-bowel obstruction with oral therapy: a randomized controlled trial 14 Lieske Use of a probiotic to decrease enteric Kidney Int 2005 68:1244-1249 JC, et al hyperoxaluria. Dietary Alpha Lipoic Acid Supplements Information -Facts -Functions -Toxicity -Dietary Sources Click on any link -Drug-Supplement Interaction -Research Summary -Acidophilus -Dosage -Alpha Lipoic Acid -Chondroitin -Coenzyme Q10 Facts Back to sub-topics -Conjugated Linoleic Acid -Fiber • Lipoic acid is a water- and fat-soluble antioxidant. -Fish Oil • Dihyrolipoic acid (DHLA), reduced lipoic acid, has more antioxidant activity than lipoic -Flaxseed Oil acid. -Glucosamine • Lipoic acid is found in mitochondria and plays a role in energy production. • Lipoic acid acts as a cofactor in oxidative decarboxylation. -Kelp • Lipoic acid is bound to proteins and free lipoic acid has not been found in humans. -L-Arginine • -Lecithin -L-Lysine Lipoic acid has been used in Germany for several decades for the treatment of acute -Lycopene painful diabetic neuropathy. -Melatonin -Methylsulfonylmethane -Pantethine -Phytonutrients Functions Back to sub-topics -Plant Sterols/Stanols -S-adenosyl-L-methionine • Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is an antioxidant formed in the body. Alpha-lipoic acid and its -Soy Isoflavones reduced form, dihydrolipoic acid, may quench various reactive oxygen species. (i.e. -Vinpocetine hydroxyl radicals, hypochlorous acid, peroxynitrite and singlet oxygen). • As a chelator, lipoic acid can trap metals in the blood circulation, thus preventing cellular damage. • Lipoic acid may enter nerve tissue and prevent glucose-related oxidative damage. • Reduced glutathione, a major cellular antioxidant, can be regenerated by alpha lipoic acid in concert with other antioxidants. 10 • Dehydroascorbate, reduced vitamin C, can be recycled into ascorbate, vitamin C, by dihydroxylipoic acid. Alpha-lipoic acid may indirectly participate in the regeneration of vitamin E. • Alpha-lipoic acid has a role in enhancing energy production (ATP synthesis). • Alpha-lipoic acid is a cofactor of a-keto-dehydrogenase. Dosage Back to sub-topics Six hundred to 1200 mg of ALA has been shown to be well-tolerated in treating patients with diseases such as diabetes and Alzheimers disease. Toxicity Back to sub-topics Not known. Dietary Sources Back to sub-topics Drug-Supplement Interaction Back to sub-topics 1 2 3 Although it has not been supported by animal studies, ALA increases the antioxidant effects
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