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Biology and Ecology of the Predatory Mite Iphiseius Degenerans (Berlese) (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

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Biology and Ecology of the Predatory Mite Iphiseius Degenerans (Berlese) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) (Acari: of the predatory mite Biology and ecology Iphiseius degenerans (Berlese) ir. Isabelle Vantornhout Isabelle ir. Biology and ecology of the predatory mite Iphiseius degenerans (Berlese) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) ir. Isabelle Vantornhout 2006 ISBN 90-5989-131-7 FACULTEIT BIO-INGENIEURSWETENSCHAPPEN Promotors: Prof. dr. ir. Luc Tirry Department of Crop Protection, Laboratory of Agrozoology Prof. dr. ir. Patrick De Clercq Department of Crop Protection, Laboratory of Agrozoology Dean: Prof. dr. ir. Herman Van Langenhove Rector: Prof. dr. Paul Van Cauwenberge ir. Isabelle VANTORNHOUT BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF THE PREDATORY MITE IPHISEIUS DEGENERANS (BERLESE) (ACARI: PHYTOSEIIDAE) Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor (PhD) in Applied Biological Sciences Dutch translation of the title: Biologie en ecologie van de roofmijt Iphiseius degenerans (Berlese)(Acari: Phytoseiidae) Please refer to this work as follows: Vantornhout, I. 2006. Biology and ecology of the predatory mite Iphiseius degenerans (Berlese) (Acari: Phytoseiidae). PhD thesis, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. ISBN 90-5989-131-7 The author and the promotor give the authorisation to consult and to copy parts of this work for personal use only. Every other use is subject to the copyright laws. Permission to reproduce any material contained in this work should be obtained from the author. VOORWOORD Eindelijk is het zover! Het schrijven van dit voorwoord betekent het einde van een drukke, maar leerrijke periode. Eentje die startte op 5 januari 2000, de dag waarop de eerste populatie roofmijten werd geleverd. Drie weken later waren ze allemaal dood…. Een scenario dat zich, jammer genoeg, nog een aantal keer zou herhalen. Een Amerikaanse onderzoeker schreef me ooit: “Sometimes the animals do not cooperate.” Ik heb het mogen ondervinden. Maar het is uiteindelijk allemaal goed gekomen. Naast een heleboel informatie over de biologie en ecologie van het beestje, ben ik onder meer ook te weten gekomen dat deze mijten hoge eisen stellen aan hygiëne, jonge cicaden gebruiken om paard te rijden, en occasioneel gevechten aangaan met schilderspenselen. Bij de toestandkoming van dit werk heb ik ook kunnen rekenen op de steun en hulp van familie, vrienden en collega’s. Hierbij wil ik hen graag bedanken. Eerst en vooral wil ik mijn promotoren, Prof. dr. ir. Luc Tirry en Prof. dr. ir. Patrick De Clercq, bedanken. Zij hebben me de vrijheid gegeven om dit onderzoek uit te bouwen (en daarbij lokaal A102 om te bouwen). Bij hen kon ik altijd terecht met mijn vragen, zelfs op de drukste momenten. Hun kritische opmerkingen hebben zonder meer bijgedragen tot dit werk en werden door mij zeer gewaardeerd. Prof. dr. N. De Pauw, Prof. dr. ir. M.-C. Van Labeke, dr. A. Minks, Prof. dr. F. Jacobs, dr. P. Grootaert en lic. G. Sterk wil ik danken voor hun bereidheid te zetelen in de lees- en examencommissie en voor hun suggesties en opmerkingen. De (ex)-collega’s van het laboratorium voor agrozoölogie verdienen zeker een bloemetje (zonder beestjes, uiteraard). Ik wil hen hierbij bedanken voor hun interesse, hun steun, de plantentips, de technische ondersteuning en vooral voor de aangename sfeer op het labo. Die vijf jaar en tien maanden zijn voorbij gevlogen. Een vermelding verdienen ook de thesisstudenten op het labo die allen hebben bijgedragen tot dit werk: Hilde Leen, Kjell, Jan en Rebekka. Ik mag de collega’s op het “decanaat sensu largo” zeker niet vergeten. Bedankt voor de interesse, het goed soigneren van mijn dossier en de oppeptalk op maandagmorgen ! Verder wil ik ook al mijn vrienden bedanken voor hun steun en de nodige ontspanningsmomenten. Een speciaal woordje zou ik willen richten tot de vrienden uit de “P37”: Diederik en Joeri. “London, here we come!”. En tot slotte, maar daarom niet in het minst, wil ik mijn ouders bedanken voor grote niet-aflatende steun de voorbije jaren. Bedankt lieve ouders, bedankt voor alles ! Isabelle Vantornhout Gent, september 2006. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Introduction, objectives and thesis outline 1 Chapter 2 Iphiseius degenerans (Berlese): a literature review 5 Chapter 3 Morphology and mating behaviour of Iphiseius degenerans 43 Chapter 4 Effect of pollen, natural prey and factitious prey on the development of Iphiseius degenerans 51 Chapter 5 Influence of diet on life table parameters of Iphiseius degenerans 73 Chapter 6 Functional response of Iphiseius degenerans to different prey species 87 Chapter 7 Evaluating prey preference of Iphiseius degenerans under laboratory conditions 101 Chapter 8 Olfactory response of Iphiseius degenerans towards odours from plants, pollen and prey 119 Chapter 9 General discussion, conclusion and perspectives 129 Summary 137 Samenvatting 141 References 151 Appendix I VBA macro “Jackknife method to calculate life table parameters” 175 Appendix II Analysis of functional response experiments: SAS program code 199 Curriculum vitae 211 It is difficult, if not impossible, to assess the potential of a predator as a biocontrol agent without knowledge of its feeding habit and developmental biology. Momen, 1969 Introduction 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION, OBJECTIVES AND THESIS OUTLINE 1.1 INTRODUCTION Biological control is considered as a key component of sustainable integrated pest management strategies that pursue reductions in the use of chemical pesticides. It is defined as the use of parasitoid, predator, pathogen, antagonist, or competitor populations to suppress a pest population, making it less abundant and thus less damaging that it would otherwise be (Van Driesche and Bellows, 1996). Insects and mites belonging to different families have been frequently used as biological control agents of arthropods and molluscs (an overview is given by Van Driesche and Bellows (1996)). The subject of this study, Iphiseius degenerans (Berlese) (Fig. 1.1), is a predatory mite belonging to the family Phytoseiidae. Phytoseiid mites are economically important predators of phytophagous mites and insects in greenhouse crops. Mass reared phytoseiid mites are commercially available and used, amongst others, against spider mite and thrips infestations in greenhouse crops (e.g., Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias- Henriot, Neoseiulus californicus McGregor, N. cucumeris (Oudemans). Iphiseius degenerans is used commercially in Belgium for thrips control in greenhouse crops since 1994. Figure 1.1. Female and male I. degenerans. 2 Chapter 1 Effectiveness of a predator in biological control depends on factors including the ability to develop to the adult stage using the host as food source, climatic adaptation, the lack of negative effects on other beneficials present in the same environment, a good rearing method, a high kill rate (high intrinsic rate of increase) and a good searching efficiency (van Lenteren and Woets, 1988). However, being a commercially available predatory mite, little information on the biology of I. degenerans is available in the literature. 1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THIS STUDY Thorough knowledge on the biology of a predator is essential for its practical use. The objective of this study was to investigate some fundamental aspects of the biology of the predatory mite I. degenerans. The research questions are: 1. What is the impact of food on the development, longevity and life table parameters of I. degenerans? 2. What is the maximum predation rate of I. degenerans on different natural prey species? 3. Does I. degenerans show a preference for a particular food source? 4. Is there an olfactory response involved when the predatory mite searches for prey? 1.3 THESIS OUTLINE The purpose of the literature survey in chapter 2 is to provide an overview of the information available on the predatory mite I. degenerans. The focus of this survey is on morphology, bionomics, predatory behaviour and practical use of I. degenerans. The next three chapters explore some life history traits of the predatory mite. Chapter 3 provides information on the egg size and body size of all life stages of the phytoseiid mite. This information is useful to distinguish the stages and this is needed in later Introduction 3 experiments. Further, in this chapter the mating behaviour of I. degenerans is described. Chapter 4 examines the relationship between both diet and substrate, and the developmental biology of I. degenerans. We studied the possibility of the predatory mite to complete development to adulthood on five pollen species (pollen of almond, apple, castor bean, plum and sweet pepper pollen), four natural prey species (twospotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch, western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood and green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer), a combination of F. occidentalis nymphs and castor bean pollen, and finally, two factitious prey species (Mediterranean flour moth Ephestia kuehniella Zeller and brine shrimp Artemia franciscana Kellogg). Subsequently, the influence of different substrates (artificial versus leaf arena) on the developmental performance was assessed. Life table parameters were studied in chapter 5. Fecundity, longevity and intrinsic rate of increase rm were determined when the predatory mite was fed castor bean pollen, all life stages of T. urticae, T. vaporariorum eggs, F. occidentalis nymphs and E. kuehniella eggs. The VBA-macro written to calculate Jackknife values of rm is described in appendix I. Predation and prey preference of I. degenerans were analysed with respect to some economically important
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