Scirtothrips dorsalis (Chilli )

Joe Chamberlin Matt Ciomperlik Amanda Hodges Jeff Michel Cindy McKenzie S. Ludwig L.S. Osborne Cristi Palmer C. Regelbrugge L. Schmale D. Schuble S. dorsalis

Synonyms: Chilli, Castor, Berry, Assam and Yellow Tea Thrips Host Plants: Over 150 host plants including banana, beans, chrysanthemum, , corn, cotton, cocoa, eggplant, ficus, grape, grasses, holly, jasmine, kiwi, litchi, longan, mango, onion, peach, , pepper, , soybean, , tea, tobacco, tomato, viburnum, etc. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE Major pest of:

• in Queensland, Australia • tea in Japan and Taiwan • citrus in Japan and Taiwan (Chiu et al. 1991, Tatara and Furuhushi 1992, Tschuchiya et al 1995) • cotton in the Ivory Coast (Bournier 1999) • soybeans in Indonesia (Miyazaki et al.1984) • chillies and castor bean in India • in several states in India (Mound and Palmer 1981). • Ananthakrishnan (1984) also reports damage to the following hosts: cashew, tea, chillies, cotton, tomato, mango, castor bean, tamarind, and grape. • Rose in India Is dorsalis a Serious Economic Pest for the US?

• Assuming an overall U.S. crop yield loss from Chilli Thrips of 5 percent the total crop value loss would equal $3.0 billion (primary hosts $583 million and secondary hosts $2.43 billion).

• Assuming an overall U.S. crop yield loss from Chilli Thrips of 10 percent the total crop value loss would equal $5.98 billion (primary hosts $1.2 billion and secondary hosts $4.78 billion). Identification

http://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/lso/DOCUMENTS/identification% 20aid.pdf Chilli Thrips-Adult Chilli Thrips-Adults Male and Female (larger) Thrips-Adults

Western Flower thrips

Chilli thrips Adult Chilli Thrips-Adult (recently emerged) Chilli Thrips-Adult Chilli Thrips-Adults Chilli Thrips (mixed stages)

2nd instar

1st instar Egg Blister Chilli Thrips-Adults

Egg Blister Embryo Removed from Egg Blister

Egg Blister

Embryo 1st Instar Larva Chilli Thrips 1st Instar Larva

Egg to 2nd Instar F° Days 60.8 17.2 68 12.0 77 7.6 86 5.8 Chilli Thrips 2nd Instar Larva

F° Days 60.8 12.4 68 8.1 77 6.4 86 4.4 Chilli Thrips Pre-Pupa & Pupa

F° Days Pre-pupa 60.8 9.9 68 6.5 77 4.4 86 3.7

Pupa DEVELOPMENT (DAYS) EGG TO EGG

45 40.21 40 35 30 26.11 25 18.19 Days20 13.96 15 11.33 10 5 0 61 68 77 86 95 Temperature °F Over Wintering of Pupae

Grapes • 64.4% in liter • 16.2% in branch zone • 12.5% in soil • 6.9% leaf zone

Okada & Kudo 1982 Scouting Scouting Scouting Damage Hosts Acanthaceae Strobilanthes dyerianus Mast. Araliaceae Hedera helix L. Berberidaceae Mahonia bealei Caprifoliaceae Viburnum suspensum Combretaceae Conocarpus erectus Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn. f. Compositae Gerbera jamesonii H. Bolus ex Hook. f. Ericaceae Rhododendron spp. Euphorbiaceae communis Illiciaceae Illicium floridanum Ellis Moraceae Ficus elastica Hosts Oleaceae Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait. Ligustrum japonicum Thunb. Pittosporaceae Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.) Ait. f. Rosaceae Raphiolepsis indica Rhaphiolepis umbellata (Thunb.) Mak. Rosa sp. Rubiaceae Gardenia jasminoides Richardia brasiliensis Gomes Hosts

Rutaceae Citrus sp. Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack Solanaceae Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum frutescens L. Capsicum sp. Hosts

Amaranthaceae Celosia argentea L. Araceae Philodendron sp. Araliaceae Schefflera arboricola (Hayata) Merrill Balsaminaceae Impatiens walleriana Hook. f. Compositae Coreopsis sp. Compositae Zinnia sp. Euphorbiaceae Poinsettia pulcherrima Graham Gentianaceae Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinn. Geraniaceae Pelargonium x hortorum Bailey Hamamelidaceae Loropetalum chinense (R. Br.) Oliver Hosts Labiatae Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) R. Br. Salvia sp. Leguminosae Phaseolus vulgaris L. Lythraceae Cuphea sp. Marantaceae Stromanthe sanguinea (Hook.) Sonder Onagraceae Gaura lindheimeri Rubiaceae Pentas lanceolata (Forssk.) Deflers Scrophulariaceae Antirrhinum majus L. Solanaceae Petunia sp. Verbenaceae Duranta erecta Glandularia x hybrida (Grön. & Rüm.) Neson & Pruski Damaged Flower Bud and Leaves

Photos: L. Osborne, UF-IFAS Mannion Comparison of damaged and normal leaf

Damaged new growth Normal new growth

Photos: L. Osborne, UF-IFAS Mannion Chilli Thrips - rose Ligustrum Pittosporum Ligustrum Ligustrum Chilli Thrips-pepper Chilli Thrips-pepper Chilli Thrips-Indian Hawthorn Chilli Thrips-Schefflera Chilli Thrips-Schefflera Chilli Thrips- Schefflera Chilli Thrips-strawberry Sweet Viburnum Management Chemical

See Chilli Thrips Management: Osborne & Ludwig http://www.mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/lso/THRIPS/CHILLIWEB2/chil li-doc/CHILLI%20THRIPS%20Management.pdf 100% Reliance on Pesticides = RESISTANCE What Can Growers Do? 1. Pay attention to information distributed by SAF, the propagators, media, pesticide companies and/or University and ARS scientists.

2. Implement INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS IRM

ROTATE ROTATE Table based on data from: Ciomperlik Ludwig Osborne Effective Products Seal 7 Different Modes of Action

Acephate Foliar N, G, L Acetamiprid Foliar N, G, L Clothianidin Foliar N, G, L Dinotefuran Foliar N, G, L Imidacloprid Foliar N, G, L Thiamethoxam Foliar N, G, L Spinosad Foliar N, G, L Abamectin Foliar N, G, L Flonicamid Foliar G Chlorfenapyr Foliar G Pyridalyl Foliar G N=Nursery G=Greenhouse Compounds in Yellow = the same MOA L=Landscape RISK OF RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT LOW MEDIUM HIGH OPTION Pesticide Rotation > 2 Modes 2 Modes 1 Mode

Use of Same Mode Once More than Many times of Action once Infestation Level Low Medium High Control in Last 3 Good Declining Poor Cycles IPM System All Tactics Pesticide Pesticide and limited only others PLAN Identify All Pesticides Registered for the Pest and Crop Determine Plant Safety Determine Labeled Frequency Determine Other Use Restrictions Organize Treatments (MOA…) Don’t Forget Other Pests! Management Biological Why Biological Control? • To help manage pesticide resistance in populations of Western flower thrips. • Chilli Thrips was attacking basil, mint, and peppers in organic production systems. • Thrips control impacted implementation of IPM programs in many ornamental crop systems. • Chemical control in the landscape is NOT SUSTAINABLE () swirskii Feeding on a Chilli thrips Study 1 Control of Chilli Thrips Chilly Chili Pepper 80

70

60 50 ck old 40 ck new

30 A.s. old A.s. new 20

10 Mean # of Immatures/Plant Mean 0 day 7 day 14 day 21 N=20 5 plants/Unit 4 Units/treatment Franklinothrips vespiformis Adult Franklinothrips vespiformis Nymph Management Cultural ????

Thank you!