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Biological Control of Two-Spotted Spider Mites Using Phytoseiid Predators

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Biological Control of Two-Spotted Spider Mites Using Phytoseiid Predators Vkfl Szo i ®8o C Biological control of two-spotted spider mites using phytoseiid predators. Part I Modelling the predator-prey interaction at the individual level M.W. Sabelis NN08201,880 M. W. Sabeljs Biological control of two-spotted spider mites using phytoseiid predators. Part I Modelling the predator-prey interaction at the individual level Proefschrift terverkrijgin g van degraa d van doctor ind e landbouwwetenschappen, op gezagva n derecto rmagnificus , dr. C.C.Oosterlee , hoogleraar ind eveeteeltwetenschap , inhe topenbaa r teverdedige n opvrijda g 19 februari 1982 des namiddags tevie r uur ind e aula van deLandbouwhogeschoo l te Wageningen CURRICULUMVITA E Mouringh Willem Sabelis werd geboreno p 14me i 1950t eHaarlem .Hi j volgde de middelbare school te Den Helder enbehaald ehe tdiplom a Gymnasium-B in 1969.Daarn a studeerdehi j aand eLandbouwhogeschoo l teWageningen .Hi j koos dePlanteziektenkund e als studierichting,waarbi jhe t accent lag op deento ­ mologische en oecologische aspecten van ditvakgebied .D e doctoraalstudie omvatte de hoofdvakken Entomologie en Theoretische Teeltkunde. De inhoud hiervan werd bepaald doorzij nbelangstellin g voor debiologisch e bestrij­ dingva nplagen :analys eva nprooipreferenti e bijpredatoren , populatiedyna­ miek van roof- en fruitspintmijten, populatiegroei van mijten in relatie tot hetmicroklimaa t in een appelboomgaard en bemonstering van mijten in boomgaarden.Zij nbegeleider sware nR .Rabbinge ,J . Goudriaan (beidenwerk ­ zaam aan de Landbouwhogeschool) en M. van de Vrie (Proefstation voor de fruitteelt te Wilhelminadorp). Hij behaalde zijn ingenieursdiploma in september 1975e nkree gkor tdaarn ad e gelegenheid om een promotie-onderzoek tedoe nbi jd evakgroe p Theoretische Teeltkunde.Me tdi tonderzoe k werdbe ­ oogd meer inzicht tekrijge n ind emogelijkhede nvoo rbestrijdin g vankas - spintmijten met behulp van roofmijten. Het onderzoekwa s experimenteel en modelmatige nwer d daarombegelei d doortwe epromotoren :prof.dr . J. deWild e enprof.dr.ir .C.T .d eWit .Bovendie nwa she tgerich to p depraktij k vand e sierteelt.Vandaa r dat er werd samengewerkt metM .va nd eVrie , toegepast entomoloog aan het Proefstation voor de Bloemisterij teAalsmeer . Vanwege zijn deelname aan hetbestuurlij kwer k ind eHogeschoolraa d werd zijnaan ­ stelling met een half jaarverlengd .He tpraktisch e deelva nhe t onderzoek werd afgesloten in april 1979.I nseptembe rva n datzelfde jaar trad hij in dienstva nd evakgroe pDieroecologi eva nd eLandbouwhogeschool , aanvankelijk als wetenschappelijk ambtenaar intijdelijk e dienst,late r alswetenschap ­ pelijkmedewerker . Indez eperiod everzorgd e hij een aantal dieroecologische practica,alsmed ehe tonderwij s ind emethodisch e aspectenva n deDieroeco ­ logie. Bovendien deed hij -i n samenwerking met studenten -onderzoe k aan dedispersi eva nroof -e nspintmijten .Naas tdez ewerkzaamhede n schreef hij ditproefschrift . STELLINGEN 1. De van Holling's Type-2 afwijkende vormen van functionele responsies - zoals die tot nu toe bij roofmijt-spintmijt interacties werden vastgesteld - zijn waarschijnlijk het gevolg van een onrealistische experimentele opzet. Daarom is het vooralsnog niet nodig om deze afwijkende responsies in beschou­ wing te nemen bij het construeren van populatiemodellen van roof- en spint- mijten. Mori, H. & D.A. Chant (1966a). Canadian Journal of Zoology 44: 483-491. Mori, H. (1969). Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress of Acarology, Sutton-Bonnington, England. Sandness, J.N. & J.A. McMurtry (1972). Canadian Entomologist 104: 461-470. Taylor, R.J. (1981). The American Naturalist 118: 102-109. Dit proefschrift. 2. De resultaten van Cock's prooipreferentie-analyse bij de roofmijt Phyto- seiulus persimilis kunnen worden verklaard door de relatie tussen de voedings toestand van de roofmijt en de relatieve vangsnelheden gemeten in predatie- experimenten met 'monocultures' van de prooistadia. Cock, M.J.W. (1978). Journal of Animal Ecology 47: 805-816. Dit proefschrift 3. Omdat de roofmijten uit gerefereerd onderzoek in staat blijken te zijn om spintmijtaggregaties op enige afstand te ruiken (Sabelis et al., in prep.) is de hypothese dat deze roofmijten 'op de tast' naar hun prooimijten zoeken, niet langer houdbaar. De verwerping van deze hypothese heeft belangrijke consequenties voor de constructie van populatiemodellen van roofmijt-spint­ mijt interacties. Mori, H. & D.A. Chant (1966a). Canadian Journal of Zoology 44: 483-491. Fransz, H.G. (1974). Simulation Monographs, Pudoc, Wageningen. Rabbinge, R. (1976). Simulation Monographs, Pudoc, Wageningen. Fuyita, K., T. Inoue & A. Takafuji (1979). Researches of Population Ecology 21: 105-119. 4. Het is onjuist om de laboratorium-toets op waardplantresistentie tegen spintmijten te beperken tot een bepaling van de netto-reproductie (sensu Birch, 1948). Een aanvullende meting van de duur van de ei-tot-ei periode is nodig en kan van doorslaggevende betekenis zijn voor de waarde van de intrinsieke groeisnelheid (sensu Birch, 1948), welke een betere maatstaf is voor het effect van de resistentie op populatie-niveau dan de netto-repro­ ductie. Tulisalo, U. (1972). Annales Entomologici Fennici 38: 60-64. De Ponti, O.M.B. (1977). Euphytica 26: 641-654. Birch, L.C. (1948). Journal of Animal Ecology 17: 15-26. CURRICULUMVITA E Mouringh Willem Sabelis werd geboren op1 4me i 1950t eHaarlem .Hi j volgde de middelbare school te Den Helder enbehaald ehe tdiplom a Gymnasium-B in 1969.Daarn a studeerdehi j aand eLandbouwhogeschoo l teWageningen .Hi j koos dePlanteziektenkund e alsstudierichting ,waarbi jhe taccen t lago p deento ­ mologische en oecologische aspecten van dit vakgebied.D e doctoraalstudie omvatte de hoofdvakken Entomologie en Theoretische Teeltkunde. De inhoud hiervan werd bepaald doorzij nbelangstellin g voor debiologisch e bestrij­ dingva nplagen :analys eva nprooipreferenti e bijpredatoren , populatiedyna­ miek van roof- en fruitspintmijten, populatiegroei van mijten in relatie tot hetmicroklimaa t in een appelboomgaard en bemonstering van mijten in boomgaarden.Zij nbegeleider s warenR .Rabbinge ,J . Goudriaan (beidenwerk ­ zaam aan de Landbouwhogeschool) en M. van de Vrie (Proefstation voor de fruitteelt te Wilhelminadorp). Hij behaalde zijn ingenieursdiploma in september 1975e nkree gkor tdaarn ad egelegenhei d omee n promotie-onderzoek tedoe nbi jd evakgroe pTheoretisch e Teeltkunde.Me tdi tonderzoe k werdbe ­ oogd meer inzicht tekrijge n ind emogelijkhede nvoo rbestrijdin g vankas - spintmijtenme t behulp van roofmijten. Het onderzoekwa s experimenteel en modelmatig enwer d daarombegelei d doortwe epromotoren :prof.dr . J. deWild e enprof.dr.ir .C.T .d eWit .Bovendie nwa she tgerich to pd epraktij k vand e sierteelt. Vandaar dat er werd samengewerkt metM .va n deVrie , toegepast entomoloog aan het Proefstation voor de Bloemisterij teAalsmeer . Vanwege zijn deelname aan hetbestuurlij kwer k ind eHogeschoolraa d werd zijnaan ­ stelling met een half jaarverlengd .He tpraktisch e deelva nhe t onderzoek werd afgesloten in april1979 .I nseptembe rva n datzelfde jaar trad hij in dienstva nd evakgroe pDieroecologi e vand eLandbouwhogeschool , aanvankelijk als wetenschappelijk ambtenaar intijdelijk e dienst,late r alswetenschap ­ pelijkmedewerker . Indez eperiod everzorgd e hij eenaanta l dieroecologische practica,alsmed ehe tonderwij s ind emethodisch e aspectenva n deDieroeco ­ logie. Bovendien deed hij -i n samenwerking met studenten -onderzoe k aan dedispersi eva nroof -e nspintmijten .Naas tdez ewerkzaamhede n schreef hij ditproefschrift . 5. Voor de evaluatie vannatuurlijk e vijandenme tbetrekkin g totbiologisch e bestrijding vanplage n is een systeemanalytischewerkwijz e onontbeerlijk. Op dezemanie r kand ekuns t een kundeworden . Lenteren,J.C .va n (1980).Evaluatio no fcontro lcapabilitie so fnatura lenemies :doe sar t havet obecom e science?Netherland s Journalo fZoolog y 30(2):369-381 . 6. Het is omnatuurwetenschappelijk e redenen onjuist om de tot-nu-toe ge­ bruikelijke bestrijdingsmiddelen en de biorationele bestrijdingsmiddelen (EPA,Federa l Register, 14me i 1979)aa ndezelfd e toelatingseisen teonder ­ werpen. Om dezelfde redenen dienen de toelatingseisen teworde n aangepast aand e diverse klassenva nbiorationel e bestrijdingsmiddelen. 7. In die gevallen waar een milieuvriendelijke -veela l op kleine schaal toepasbare -gewasbeschermingsmethod e beschikbaar is,dien t als aanvulling op het toelatingsbeleid voor bestrijdingsmiddelen overwogen te worden om het gebruik van het milieubelastende breedwerkende pesticide te 'sturen' door een heffing op de produktie en het gebruik van ditmiddel .He t geld dat uit deze heffingword tverkregen ,ka n danworde n gebruiktte r stimule­ ringva n eenmilieuvriendelijke r gewasbescherming. 8. Gezien de behoefte aan Bodembiologische expertise bij het beheer van landbouwgronden wordt het hoog tijd dat er aan de Landbouwhogeschool een curriculum wordt ontwikkeld voor deBodembiologie .Tusse n devakgroepe n die zich nu reeds met oecologisch bodemonderzoek bezighouden, dient hiertoe samenwerking en afstemming vanprioriteite n tot stand te komen. Uitbreiding vand e onderzoeksinspanning op ditvrijwe l braakliggende terreinva nweten ­ schap isgewenst . 9. Het grote aantal adviesraden van de overheid bevordert de onderlinge competentiestrijd hetgeen tot onnodige verlenging van procedures leidt. Deze gangva n zaken is fnuikend voor een democratische besluitvorming. 10. De roofmijt Phytoseiulus persimilis isméé rwaar dda nhaa rgewich ti n goud. Proefschriftva
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