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POPULATION STATUS and CONSERVATION THREATS to ASSAMESE MACAQUE (Macaca Assamensis M’Clelland, 1840) in SHIVAPURI NAGARJUN NATIONAL PARK, NEPAL

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POPULATION STATUS and CONSERVATION THREATS to ASSAMESE MACAQUE (Macaca Assamensis M’Clelland, 1840) in SHIVAPURI NAGARJUN NATIONAL PARK, NEPAL POPULATION STATUS AND CONSERVATION THREATS TO ASSAMESE MACAQUE (Macaca assamensis M’Clelland, 1840) IN SHIVAPURI NAGARJUN NATIONAL PARK, NEPAL Pramod Thapa T.U. Registration No.: 5-2-37-364-2009 T.U. Examination Roll No.:134/071 Batch: 2071/72 A Thesis submitted In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Master of Science in Zoology with especial paper Ecology Submitted to Central Department of Zoology Institute of Science and Technology Tribhuvan University Kathmandu, Nepal November 2018 DECLARATION . I hereby declare that the work presented in this thesis entitled "POPULATION STATUS AND CONSERVATION THREATS TO ASSAMESE MONKEY (Macaca assamensis McClelland, 1840) IN SHIVAPURI NAGARJUN NATIONAL PARK, NEPAL" has been done by myself, and has not been submitted elsewhere for the award of any degree. All the sources of information have been specifically acknowledged by reference to the author(s) or institution(s). Date: November 20, 2018 ··· · · '·~¥.!.~& ........ Pramod Thapa Roll No: 134/071 Batch: 2071 /072 Phone No.: 01-4331896 TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY CENTRAL DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY . Kirtipur, Kathmandu Nepal RECOMMENDATION This is to recommend that the thesis entitled "POPULATION STATUS AND CONSERVATION THREATS TO ASSAMESE MONKEY (Macaca assamensis McClelland, 1840) IN SHIVAPURI NAGARJUN NATIONAL PARK, NEPAL" has been carried out by Mr. Pramod Thapa for partial fulfillment of the requirement for Master's Degree in Zoology with the special paper of Ecology. This is his original work and has been carried out under my supervision. To the best of my knowledge, this work has not been submitted for any other degree in any institutions. Date: November 20, 2018 Supervisor Mukesh Kumar Chalise, PhD Professor Central Department of Zoology Tribhuvan University Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal ii Phone No.: 01-4331896 TRIBHUVANUNIVERSITY CENTRAL DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY Kirtipur, Kathmandu Nepal LETTER OF APPROVAL On the recommendation of supervisor Prof. Dr. Mukesh Kumar Chalise, Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, the thesis entitle "POPULATION STATUS AND CONSERVATION THREATS TO ASSAMESE MONKEY (Macaca assamensis McClelland, 1840) IN SHIVAPURI NAGARJUN NATIONAL PARK, NEPAL" is approved for the examination and submitted to Tribhuvan University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Master's Degree of Science in Zoology with special paper, Ecology. Date: November 20, 2018 Prof. Dr. Tej Bahadur Thapa Head of Department Central Department of Zoology Tribhuvan University Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal iii Phone No.: 01-4331896 TRIBHUVANUNIVERSITY CENTRAL DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY Kirtipur, Kathmandu Nepal CERTIFICATE OF ACCEPTANCE This thesis work submitted by Mr. Pramod Thapa entitled "POPULATION STATUS AND CONSERVATION THREATS TO ASSAMESE MONKEY (Macaca assamensis McClelland, 1840) IN SHIVAPURI NAGARJUN NATIONAL PARK, NEPAL" has been accepted as a partial fulfillment for the requirements of Master's Degree of Science in Zoology with special paper Ecology. EVALUATION COMMITTEE }\~lj ( ······················· ~····· Supervisor Head of Department Mukesh Kumar Chalise, PhD Tej Bahadur Thapa, PhD Professor Professor Central Department of Zoology Central Department of Zoology Tribhuvan University Tribhuvan University al Examiner Internal Examiner a Bahadur Gurung Laxman Khanal, Ph. D Date of evaluation: December 21, 2018 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It is my pleasure to express my sincere gratitude to my respected supervisor Dr. Mukesh Kumar Chalise, Professor, Central Department of Zoology for his constant supervision, valuable guidance, encouragement and constructive criticisms in carrying out this research work. I am grateful to Prof. Dr. Tej Bahadur Thapa, Head of the Department and Laxman Khanal, Ph. D for their cooperation and support to carry out this dissertation work. Thanks are also dues to all the respected teachers and staff of Central Department of Zoology for their supports and encouragements. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to National Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC) for providing me the master thesis grant, and also thankful to Department of National Park and Wildlife Conservation (DNPWC) and Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park for providing permission for conducting research. I would like to express my sincere thanks to all my friends especially Mr. Tilak Magar, Mr. Bivek Gautam, Mr. Seejan Gyawali, Mr. Tejab Pun, Mr. Jivan Bhandari, Mr. Keshab Chokhal, Mr. Mahesh Thapaliya and everyone whom i have missed to remember and have contribution directly or indirectly towards completion of the work for their kind cooperation during my field work and entire study period. Special thanks goes to parents and relatives for unbelievable support and care. Pramod Thapa [email protected] v CONTENTS Page No. DECLARATION i RECOMMENDATION ii LETTER OF APPROVAL iii CERTIFICATE OF ACCEPTANCE iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v CONTENTS vi LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES viii LIST OF MAPS viii LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS viii LIST OF APPENDICES ix ABBREVIATION/ ACRONYMS x ABSTRACT xi 1. INTRODUCTION 1-6 1.1 General background 1 1.1.1 Historic Primate Research in Nepal 1 1.1.2 Primates 1 1.1.3 Macaque/Monkey 2 1.1.4 Assam macaque 2 1.1.5 Population status of Assam monkey 3 1.1.6 Distribution 4 1.1.7 Conservation status 5 1.1.8 Threats 5 1.2 Objectives of the study 5 1.2.1 General objectives 5 1.2.2 Specific objectives 5 1.3 Rationale of the study 6 1.4 Limitation of the study 6 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 7-13 2.1 Population status and age-sex composition 7 2.2 Distribution 9 2.3 Vegetation associated with habitat 10 2.4 Human- monkey conflict and threats 11 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 14-20 3. 1 Materials 14 3.2 Study Area 14 3.2.1 Location 14 3.2.2 Boundaries 15 3.2.3 Some of the significant highlights of SNNP 15 3.2.4 Biodiversity Status 16 3.2.5 Threats 17 3.3 Methodology 17 vi 3.3.1 Preliminary Survey 17 3.3.2 Direct/head count 17 3.3.3 Distribution of Assamese macaque 19 3.3.4 Habitat Analysis 19 3.3.5 Questionnaire Survey 19 3.3.6 Data analysis and presentation 20 4. RESULTS 21-27 4.1 Population status of Assamese macaque 21 4.1.1 Total population 21 4.1.2 Density, Range and Average troop size 21 4.1.3 Age- sex structure 22 4.1.4 Sex Ratio 22 4.1.5 Recruitment rate 22 4.1.6 Forest type utilized by Assamese monkey 22 4.2 Population distribution 23 4.3 Vegetation Analysis 24 4.4 Threats Assessment 24 4.4.1 Crop raiding 24 4.4.2 Deterrent methods against monkey 25 4.4.3 People’s Perception and Attitude towards Monkeys 26 4.4.4 Threats to the species 26 4.4.5 Remedial measures 27 5. DISCUSSION 28-31 5.1 Population Status and Density 28 5.2 Vegetation associated with habitat 29 5.3 Threats Assessments 29 5.3.1 Crop raiding status 29 5.3.2 Deterrent methods adopted by farmers 30 5.3.3 Attitudes and perception 31 6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 32-32 6.1 Conclusion 32 6.2 Recommendations 32 REFERENCES 33-40 ANNEXES 41-51 PHOTO PLATES 52-53 vii LIST OF TABLE Table Title of Table Page Table 1: Population status of Assamese macaque in each 7 different troops, 21 in Nagarjun Forest, 2017/18. LIST OF FIGURES Figure Title of Figure Page Fig 1: Overall Age-Sex composition, 2017/18 22 Fig 2: Forest type and corresponding number of troops occupied 23 Fig 3: Troop wise distribution of Assamese monkey, 2017/18 23 Fig 4: Crop damage (%) by Assamese Macaques in buffer zone VDCs. 25 Different crop protection strategies used by farmers in buffer Fig 5: 25 zone VDCs. Fig 6: People’s Perception and Attitude towards Monkey. 26 Fig 7: Major threats associated with monkey. 27 Fig 8: Remedial measure suggested by local people. 27 LIST OF MAPS Page Map 1: Global distribution of Assamese monkey (Macaca assamensis) 4 Map 2: Nagarjun forest and GPS points of recorded Macaque troop 14 LIST OF PHOTOGRAPH Page Photo 1: Adult female Assamese macaque. 21 Photo 2: Observing Macaque into the forest. 21 Photo 3: Nagarjun forest from view tower. 23 Photo 4: Nagarjun forest from Jamacho Gumba. 23 Photo 5: Tree composition in quadrate sampling. 25 Photo 6: Recording of tree species. 25 Photo 7: Macaque raiding on the maize field. 25 Photo 8: Eating maize. 25 Photo 9: Interviewing with local people. 27 Photo 10: Interviewing with local people. 27 viii LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix Title of appendix Page I List of tree species according to altitudinal gradient in Nagarjun forest. 41 II Value of different parameters for tree species in Nagarjun forest. 46 III Pre- structured questionnaire for locals of buffer zone VDCs. 48 IV Crop raiding rate of Assamese Macaque in Buffer zone VDCs. 51 PHOTOPLATES Photo Title of photographs Page 1 Adult male Assame macaque. 52 2 Observing trail map to the next focal site. 52 3 Macaque feeding rice near to canteen. 52 4 Macaque feeding cucumber. 52 5 Juvenile macaque playing to each other. 52 6 Macaque feeding banana near to canteen. 52 7 Crop land in buffer zone VDC. 53 8 Plantation of crops, vegetables etc. 53 9 Local’s cottage and their crop land. 53 10 Dog chasing the macaque. 53 11 Waste thrown by visitors into the park. 53 12 Inadequate space for waste to be thrown. 53 ix LIST OF ABBREVATIONS/ACRONYMS Abbreviated form Details of Abbreviation asl Above sea level CAMP Conservation Assessment and Management plan CBS Central Bureau of Statistics Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora CITES and Fauna Cm Centimeter GIS Geographic Information System GPS Global Positioning System IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources HH Households Kg Kilogram Km2 Square Kilometer LNP Langtang National Park Max./ Min.
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