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New World Screwworm, Cochliomyia Hominivorax (Coquerel)

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New World Screwworm, Cochliomyia Hominivorax (Coquerel) European Association of Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians - Transmissible Diseases Handbook 2019 SIMIAN HEMORRHAGIC FEVER V03.03 OIE BALAI EU AHL VIRUS SHFV, Arterivirus, Arteriviridae ZOONOSIS SUSCEPTIBLE PREVENTION TRANSMISSION CLINICAL SIGNS SEVERITY TREATMENT ANIMAL GROUPS AND CONTROL Macaques Direct and Fever, lethargy, Fatal in macaques None Quarantine, indirect contact anorexia, up to 100% testing and Natural reservoirs dehydration, separation of are African non- Aerosols No disease in facial oedema, African NHP and human primates natural hosts skin petechiae, macaques in epistaxis, melena captivity FACT SHEET COMPILED BY LAST UPDATE M. Brack, DPZ, Göttingen, Germany August 2015 FACT SHEET REVIEWED BY W. Rietschel, Wilhelma Zoologischer-Botanischer Garten, Stuttgart, Germany C. Furley, Howletts Zoo, Bekesbourne, United Kingdom H. Niphuis, Primate viral diagnostics, BPRC, Rijswijk, The Netherlands DISEASE AGENT Simian hemorrhagic fever (SHF) virus (SHFV), genus Arterivirus, family Arteriviridae. SUSCEPTIBLE ANIMAL GROUPS Macaques including rhesus macaque (M. mulatta), bonnet macaque (M. radiata), cynomolgus macaque (M. fasicularis), stump-tailed macaque (M. arctoides), assam macaque (M. assamensis) and southern pig-tailed macaque (M. nemestrina). Natural reservoirs are African non-human primates (NHP) including Patas monkey (E. patas), vervet monkeys (C. aethiops) and baboons (Papio spp.). SHFV variants have been detected in Red colobus monkeys and red-tailed guenons. ZOONOTIC POTENTIAL None. DISTRIBUTION Natural hosts in African NHP, but in consideration for captive macaques worldwide. TRANSMISSION Via direct and indirect contact, or transmission by air (aerosols). INCUBATION PERIOD 2-9 days. CLINICAL SIGNS Fever, lethargy, anorexia, dehydration, facial edema, skin petechiae, epistaxis, melena. Proteinuria. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and retrobulbar hemorrhages in macaques followed by death in 10-15 days. Mortality rate in macaques up to 100%. No clinical disease in natural hosts. Simian Hemorrhagic Fever - Fact Sheet V03.03 European Association of Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians - Transmissible Diseases Handbook 2019 PATHOLOGY AND POST MORTEM FINDINGS Petechial hemorrhages on mucosal and serosal surfaces, vasculitis and hemorrhages, intravascular fibrin, splenomegaly, splenic lymphoid follicles ringed with zone of hemorrhage, hemorrhage of proximal duodenum, multi-organ necrosis, lymphohistiocytic meningoencephalitis. DIAGNOSIS ELISA, RT-PCR. SAMPLES REQUIRED FOR LABORATORY ANALYSIS Plasma/serum and blood. TREATMENT None. PREVENTION Proper quarantine and testing of African NHP. Separation of African NHP and macaques in captivity. CONTROL Euthanasia of affected animals and disinfection. Suggested disinfectants for facilities: Synergize™ 0.8%, Virkon-STM 1.0%. LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS Not notifiable under OIE 2019, BALAI (Council Directive 92/65/ECC) or AHL (Regulation EU 2016/429). RELEVANT DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORIES 1. Zoologix 9811 Owensmouth Ave, Suite 4, Chatsworth CA 91311, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Tel: +1-818-717-8880 2. BioReliance Corp. 14920 Broschart Rd., Rockville, MD 20850-3349, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Tel: +1-301-738-1000 3. VRL-San Antonio P.O. Box 40100/ 7540 Louis Pasteur, Suite 200, San Antonio, Texas 78229, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Tel: +1-877-615-7275 / http://www.vrlsat.com REFERENCES 1. Godeny, E. K. 2002. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies against simian hemorrhagic fever virus. Comp. Med. 52: 229-232. 2. Johnson, R.F., L.E. Dodd, S. Yellayi, W. Gu, J.A. Cann, C. Jett, J.G. Bernbaum, D.R. Ragland, M. St Claire, R. Byrum, J. Paragas, J.E. Blaney and P.B. Jahrling. 2011. Simian hemorrhagic fever virus infection of rhesus macaques as a model of viral hemorrhagic fever: clinical characterization and risk factors for severe disease. Virol. 421(2): 129-140. 3. Lauck, M., D. Hyeroba, A. Tumukunde, G. Weny, S.M. Lank, C.A.Chapman, D.H. O'Connor, T.C. Friedrich, and T.L. Goldberg. 2011. Novel, divergent simian hemorrhagic fever viruses in a wild Ugandan red colobus monkey discovered using direct pyrosequencing. PLoS One 6(4):e19056. 4. Lauck, M., S.D. Sibley, D. Hyeroba, A. Tumukunde, G. Weny, C.A. Chapman, N. Ting, W.M. Switzer, J.H. Kuhn, T.C. Friedrich, D.H. O'Connor, and T.L. Goldberg. 2013. Exceptional simian hemorrhagic fever virus diversity in a wild African primate community. J. Virol. 87(1): 688-691. 5. American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Infectious Disease Committee Manual 2013. Simian Hemorrhagic Fever - Fact Sheet V03.03 .
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