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Poznavanje Broda Igor Belamariæ Poznavanje broda Hrvatski hidrografski institut Split 2005 Untitled-1 1 10. 01. 06, 18:08 Nakladnik Hrvatski hidrografski institut Za nakladnika dr. sc. Zvonko GræetiÊ Autor dr. sc. Igor BelamariÊ GrafiËku pripremu i korekturu obavio autor TehniËki urednik TonËi JeliËiÊ, dipl. ing. Likovna oprema Milivoj PoganËiÊ Tisak i uvez Tiskara RePrint, Split Naklada 500 primjeraka CIP - Katalogizacija u publikaciji SveuËiliπna knjiænica u Splitu UDK 629.123 BELAMARIΔ, Igor Poznavanje broda / Igor BelamariÊ - Split : Hrvatski hidrografski institut, 2005. Kazala. ISBN 953-6165-46-5 120308012 HRVATSKI HIDROGRAFSKI INSTITUT Zrinsko-Frankopanska 161, 21000 Split, Hrvatska Tel.: +385 (0)21 361 840, fax: +385 (0)21 347 208 www.hhi.hr ISBN 953-6165-46-5 Uspomeni profesora Stanka ©iloviÊa (1900-1984) Untitled-1 4 10. 01. 06, 18:08 Sadraj Predgovor ................................................. 7 Brod u moru ............................................. 9 Poèetci ..................................................... 11 O brodskoj omotnici .................................... 17 Containerski nosaè ..................................... 25 Osnova broda i sigurnost ............................. 36 Kosa, ili ravna kobilica ? ................................ 42 Kormilo .......................................................... 46 Pramac ......................................................... 57 Ugovorna brzina broda ..................................... 67 O struènome nazivlju ..................................... 83 Mala brodogradnja .................................... 125 1alkua rediviva ....................................... 159 Kolumbo i njegovi brodovi ............................. 165 Parni remorker Vridni ..................................... 176 Teretni lineri Baka i Novi ............................... 179 Teretni brod Driæ ......................................... 198 Tankeri Intermar Trader i Intermar Transporter .. 216 Kazalo osoba ...................................................... 225 Kazalo brodova ........................................... 227 Kazalo pojmova ............................................... 228 Untitled-1 5 10. 01. 06, 18:08 Untitled-1 10. 01. 06, 18:08 Predgovor Bitne znaèajke broda, projekt i konstrukcija, trabalo bi biti na dobro svima, podjednako naruèitelju i graditelju. Poznato je da ta premisa ne biva i ispunjena. Posljedice su gubitci, propast i zatvaranje brodogradilitâ. Tu sliku pogorava raskorak izmeðu proizvodnih moguænosti i objektivnih potreba za novim brodovima. Ugovorom o gradnji odreðene su temeljne znaèajke broda nosivost, brzina. Ugovorene vrijednosti i velièine mogu biti toèno ispunjene ili, pak, s uglavljenim odstupanjima u oba smjera. Sedam tisuæa godina iskustva pomorstva svjedoèi o odgovarajuæem rasponu sigurnosti i udobnosti plovidbe. Dananji tritni zakoni, mjera sigurnosti i etika, plov krhke laðe u olujnoj noæi na oceanu, iskuavaju projektantove misli. Ovdje se govori o upoznavanju, o razlièitim pogledima i doivljaju broda. Split, Uskrs 2005. I. B. Untitled-1 7 10. 01. 06, 18:08 Untitled-1 10. 01. 06, 18:08 9 Brod u moru Biva tako da neku rijeè èujemo, prihvatimo i rabimo da bismo onda, nekim povodom, zastali i promislili o punom smislu te rijeèi, o njenom korijenu, izvoritima i drugim moguæim znaèenjima. Dogodi se tada da znaèenje dotiènog pojma podpunije doivimo i shvatimo. Èuli smo o Arhimedu i njegovu zakonu, slijedom toga, o istisnini broda. Prof. Sorta nam svojim lapidarnim stilom govori o odreðivanju / raèunanju teine (mase)1 broda D (danas ∆) i istisnine V (danas ∇). Simbol D dolazi od déplacement (franc.), a V od volumen. Povezanost tih simbola / termina, u krajnoj liniji njihova istovetnost, bila nam je znana. Meðutim u svakodnevnoj praksi, kad bismo rekli istisnina, podrazumijevali bismo njenu volumensku kategoriju (m3), dok bi nam déplacement, preutnom konvencijom, sugerirao teinu, odnosno hidrostatski uzgon (t).2 Javili se i nazivi iz drugih jezika: Verdrängung (njem.), dislocamento (tal.), vodoizmeæenie (rus.), displacement (engl.). Onaj Verdrängung djelovae poneto oporo - puno suglasnika, i samo tri samoglasnika, od kojih dva tamna... Zbog nekog razloga, u ono vrijeme, izgovarah ga ferdrénnung, izostavljajuæi dakle ono prvo g. No, znali smo i uvaavali specifiène osobitosti njemaèkog jezika, a mene kao onodobnog frankofila, odmah potom germanofila, to pogotovo nije smjelo smetati te sam slono, s ostalim stanarima i djelatnicima Stare zgrade, nastavio spokojnu plovidbu. Naime, svi ti nai brodovi jednokratno bi istisnuli odgovarajuæu kolièinu tekuæine, nakon èega bi zavladao mir na naim morima. Uglavnom tako je to izgledalo, idilièno. A onda, jednog dana, posve iznenada, shvatim da talijanski brod more - dislocira, premjeta, kao to ga ruski - izmjeæuje. Istodobno uoèavam, kako li to zvuèi(!), da francuske laðe more - deplasiraju. Napokon, shvaæam da njemaèki Schiff more potiskuje, tjera, prodire u njega, muèi izazivajuæi patnju, da je more, dakle - verdrängt, potisnuto. Znaèi, germanski brod kreæe u svoj Drang nach/gegen - See. I doista, svi ti brodovi remete i uznemiravaju more; pomièu ga, premeæu i razmièu; oru i brazdaju, èak ga i griju; istisnuto kicavaju i deformiraju; protaèu i pretaèu more, hoæe ga preploviti na sve moguæe naèine i - èim bre. Untitled-1 9 10. 01. 06, 18:27 10 Da, pojavili se i brodovi koji su, slikovito reèeno, djelomièno, ili posve napustili Arhimeda, lagani brodovi koji kliu po moru, lebde na takozvanom zraènom jastuku, ili èak nisko lete nad morem koristeæi povrinski efekt, sve to sa svrhom postizavanja èim veæih brzina, a sa to manjom snagom. Takvi objekti, za razliku od veæine plovila koja slijede Arhimedove deplacementske zakone, klasificirani su kao avantgardna vozila, avantgardne plovilice, i slièno.3 Profesor Horvat govorio nam je kako more prua otpor u stanju gibanja, kad ga se - deformira, te da je velièina tog otpora funkcija brzine deformacije. S tim u skladu poznata Admiralitetska formula, rekao bih drevna, jo i danas slui makar za grubu procjenu snage pogonskog stroja. Ona glasi: P = D2/3×V3/C. >aktori u brojniku govore o mjeri u kojoj velièina B mase broda, odnosno mase istiskivane tekuæine te brzine kojom se brod kreæe, utjeèu na velièinu potrebne porivne snage. Konstanta (koja nije konstanta, dodao bi prof. iloviæ)4, odnosno koeficient C sadri u sebi vane èinitelje kao to su oblik i stupanj vitkosti korita, omjeri glavnih izmjera, hidrodinamièke znaèajke propulsora i odnoaj komponenata predane mu snage, podvodni i nadvodni privjesci. Postoje i poneto modificirane admiralitetske formule, npr. s neto manjim eksponentom istisnine, a veæim eksponentom brzine. U svakom sluèaju vaan je meðusobni odnoaj stranica opisanog paralelopipeda LBT i mjere u kojoj se korito unutar njega udaljuje od jedinice (koef. C ), i uzdunog B oblikovanja (koef. C ), a u funkciji brzine spomenutog premjetanja, dislociranja P vodne mase. Znani zakoni, o kojima se u praksi vie grijei negoli bi se to oèekivalo, pa æe o tome trebati jo neto reæi. Napokon, u skladu s poèetnim zapaanjima, moglo bi se zamiljati da termin istisnina sugerira mirovanje, dok oni drugi upuæuju na premjetanje, gibanje, nemir. 1 Danas (ISO 7462-1985): displacement, mass; mass displacement (engl.); déplacement, masse (franc.) 2 Profesori Armanda i iloviæ u Pomorskoj enciklopediji piu: Teina istisnute vode naziva se uzgon ili deplasman (deplacement) i oznaèuje sa D. Deplasman je zapravo volumen istisnute vode koju brod istisne svojim podvodnim dijelom; taj se volumen naziva istisnina (oznaka ∇) i izraava u m3, ali se pod deplasmanom razumijeva i uzgon izraen u t; on je rezultanta svih hidrostatskih tlakova na uronjenoj povrini broda, a jednak je umnoku istisnine ∇ u m3 i specifiène teine vode = ∇×γ. 3 M. Sambolek i D. Bandula nazivaju ih brzim nekonvencionalnim brodovima (BNB), Brodogradnja 1-2/1992. 4 C znatno varira iako se zove konstanta, PE, 2. izd. sv. 1, str. 457. Untitled-1 10 10. 01. 06, 18:27 11 Parni teretnjak iz prve polovine 20.st. lagano plovi u hamburgkoj luci. Bez tereta je pa mu se, iako blago zatean, vidi vrak krila vijka, stoga i ono malo pjene uz list kormila. Strojarnica i nadgraðe sa zapovjednièkim mostom su pri sredini, dva skladita ispred i dva iza. Cilindrièni vitki dimnjak i dva teretna jarbola, nagnuti prema krmi pod istim kutem, u skladu s estetskim kriterijima toga doba. Glavnina momèadi zacijelo je smjetena u krmici i katelu, a èasnici i putnici u nastambama pri sredini broda. Poèetci U edenskom vrtu ivio je prvi èovjek bezbrino i spokojno. No, nakon to je iz poznatih razloga sa svojom druicom iz Edena istjeran, bijae prisiljen skrbiti za odjeæu i obuæu, za hranu i stan. Najprije za sebe, zatim i za potomstvo koje postajae sve brojnije. Da bi preivio morao se kojeèemu domiljati i smiljati, razne náprave iinjati, kako bi nai stari rekli. Utoliko se za nae najranije pretke moe ustvrditi da su bili, zapravo - inenjeri opæe prakse. Zahvaljujuæi tim prvim snalaljivim inenjerima ljudski je rod obstao, dapaèe se mnoio i razvijao. Dakle, taj na predak, ingénieur preteno teaèkog, odnosno poljodjelsko−lovaèkog usmjerenja, omoguæio je postupnu pojavu ljudi drugih zanimanja, sve do grèkih mudraca (sami oni bi, zbog svoje skromnosti, radije rekli: revnitelja, ljubitelja mudrosti - filo-sofos (ϕιλο-σοϕοζ) i naih dana. Usprkos toj èinjenici, ba pojedini grèki filozofi pokazat æe se nezahvalni; ili su moda bili zabrinuti, zbog neèega prestraeni !? ... Jamaèno je njihova bojazan bila na tragu dananje zabrinutosti nasljednika klasicizma Goetheova vremena
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