Polsk Filmkunst – Fra Den Tidlige Efterkrigstid Frem Til Begyndelsen Af Det Enogtyvende Århundrede

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Polsk Filmkunst – Fra Den Tidlige Efterkrigstid Frem Til Begyndelsen Af Det Enogtyvende Århundrede Polsk filmkunst – fra den tidlige efterkrigstid frem til begyndelsen af det enogtyvende århundrede. Ib Johansen. 1 2 Indholdsfortegnelse. Forord. Indledning. Kapitel 1: Jerzy Zarzycki, Aleksander Ford, Jerzy Kawalerowicz og Andrzej Munk. Kapitel 2: Andrej Wajda og Wojciech J. Has. Kapitel 3: Kazimierz Kutz, Krzysztof Zanussi, Krzysztof Kieślowski og Andrzej Żuƚawski. Kapitel 4: To grænsegængere inden for polsk filmkunst: Roman Polański og Jerzy Skolimowski. Kapitel 5: Polsk filmkunst i det tidlige enogtyvende århundrede. Epilog. Bibliografi. 3 4 Forord. I tidens løb – dvs. fra min tidlige ungdom i begyndelsen af tresserne og frem til i dag – har jeg på talrige rejser til Polen haft rig lejlighed til at stifte bekendtskab med landets interessante og mangespektrede kulturliv, herunder ikke mindst med eksempler på polsk filmkunst, som inden for dette tidsrum (men derudover allerede i den tidlige efterkrigstid) har fostret en række store instruktører, hvoraf nogle (men dog langtfra alle) har vundet anerkendelse i den vestlige verden, i.e. i Vesteuropa, U.S.A. og Kanada. Da der i begyndelsen af nittenfirserne blev afholdt en polsk filmuge i København (nærmere bestemt i biografen Grand fra d. 25. til d. 31. august 1980) – hvor jeg i parentes bemærket selv var til stede – var det forholdsvis få af vores hjemlige filmkritikere og -anmeldere, der viede denne begivenhed nogen særlig opmærksomhed. På den baggrund – og for så vidt man stadigvæk i nogen grad hér på hjemmefronten forsømmer, hvad der kommer til os østfra – har jeg fundet det relevant på sæt og vis at rette op på denne hyppige underprioritering af netop polsk filmkunst hér og i andre vestlige lande, som desværre stadigvæk er karakteristisk for det brede filmpublikums (og i nogen grad også den akademiske og anden kritiks) indstilling til tingene. Der er under alle omstændigheder meget få polske blockbusters af den type, som Hollywoods filmindustri har sat stort op og lever højt på. Da jeg ligeledes på mine Polens-rejser indimellem har haft lejlighed til personligt at møde enkelte af den polske filmverdens spændende navne, har dette været en yderligere tilskyndelse til at følge mit længerevarende forsæt om at forsøge mig med en både omfattende og analytisk genstandssensitiv redegørelse for nogle af de tematikker og formelle træk, der er på spil i både lidt ældre og nyere polske film. Flere polske instruktører har i kortere eller længere perioder arbejdet i udlandet, og i den foreliggende sammenhæng vil jeg også i et vist omfang inddrage deres arbejder. Hvor det har været muligt, har jeg benyttet mig af tilgængelige DVD’er med de behandlede film, men hvor dette har været umuligt, fremkommer jeg alligevel i enkelte tilfælde med kortere diskussioner af de film, jeg har fundet det værd at omtale. Jeg tager også stilling til de hyppige litterære forlæg og til paralleller til de pågældende film inden for andre kunstarter (først og fremmest i billedkunsten). I parentes bemærket: med hensyn til brugen eller ikke-brugen af polsk stavemåde, når det eksempelvis drejer sig om navngivningen af instruktører, af skuespillere eller af andre relevante emner, så hænder det indimellem, at nogle af de præsenterede navne og titler i det valgte 5 kildemateriale er blevet transkriberet i retning af en mere vestlig sprogbrug. En sådan would-be revisionistisk og idiomatisk “renselsesproces” kan stedvis fremlæses i forbindelse med nogle af de DVD’er, DVD’kassetter eller DVD-bokse, jeg har som mit arbejdsgrundlag. Jeg holder mig altså i dette tilfælde til det lingvistiske idiom, der er på spil disse steder. Når det derimod gælder min egen tekst, så føler jeg mig forpligtet til at følge de sproglige regler i fuldt omfang, hvad der indebærer, at jeg med megen omhu er lydhør over for det benyttede lingvistiske vokabularium, dvs. det vokabularium, der på den ene eller anden måde skattes til – med mouillerede n’er og det hele – i det behandlede filmiske korpus. 6 Indledning. I Bengt Idestam-Almqvists (1895 - 1983) Polsk film och den nya ryska vågen (Polsk film og den nye russiske bølge [Stockholm: Wahlström och Widstrand, 1964]), spørger denne svenske journalist og filmkritiker: “Kan man tale om polsk filmkunst før nittenfyrrerne og -halvtredserne, da en række [polske instruktørnavne] … tonede frem på filmverdenens og verdensfilmens firmament som et nyt stjernebillede med en særegen lysstyrke? // Det kan man og bør man …” (ibid., p. 7, mine ellipser, min oversættelse). Alligevel ligger hovedvægten i hans bog ganske givet på den tidlige efterkrigstids filmmagere og deres arbejder, dvs. på perioden fra nittenfyrrerne og op til begyndelsen af nittentresserne, og på de film der blev instrueret og produceret på polsk grund i dette tidehverv. Hér bør man dog også have in mente, at adskillige polske instruktører – som eksempelvis Roman Polański (f. 1933) og Jerzy Skolimowski (f. 1938) – i hele efterkrigstiden og indtil Murens Fald i 1989 af mange forskellige årsager (men nok mest på grund af problemer med den statslige censur i deres hjemland) valgte at få indspillet deres film i andre lande, først og fremmest i Vesteuropa og U.S.A. De fleste af den polske “nye bølges” instruktører er uddannet på den i udlandet velkendte Filmskole (Szkoƚa filmowa) i den gamle industriby Łódź i det østlige Polen. Hyppigt fokuserer denne periodes filmmagere på Anden Verdenskrigs rædsler og på denne krigs uhyrlige konsekvenser for ikke mindst hovedstaden Warszawa, som tyskerne efter den (mislykkede) polske opstand i efteråret 1944 (de 63 dage) så godt som jævnede med jorden. I den kommende gennemgang vil det dog også være mig magtpåliggende at diskutere eksempler på instruktører, der behandler andre tematikker – som f.eks. Krzysztof Zanussi (f. 1939), der især beskæftiger sig med mere nutidige emner, og i den forbindelse hyppigt inkorporerer en mere eksistentiel og filosofisk tilgang til det filmiske materiale. Som jeg anfører ovenfor i mit forord, er min interesse for polsk filmkunst af ældre dato, og hér kan jeg eksempelvis henvise til en artikel, jeg publicerede i det nu hedengangne filmtidsskrift MACGUFFIN, 8. årg. Dec. 1980, nummer 35/36, med titlen: “Polsk film – og dansk filmkritik” (ibid., pp. 86 - 91), hvor jeg bl.a. fremhæver den føromtalte nedprioritering af polsk filmkunst i de danske medier og derudover fremkommer med en nærmere omtale af et par film instrueret af to af dette lands mest interessante instruktører, nemlig Krzysztof Kieślowskis (1941 - 96) Jeg – en amatør (Amator eller Cinema Buff, 1979) med samt Zanussis Hjertets renhed (Constans, 1980), 7 som jeg i øvrigt – ligesom det gælder med hensyn til Kieślowskis anførte film – tager op til nærmere behandling sidenhen i indeværende arbejde. MACGUFFIN, udgivet af Studenternes Filmklub i Aarhus, ophørte med at udkomme efter 57 numre i 1986, og et forsøg på at genoplive tidsskriftet i begyndelsen af det tredje årtusind mislykkedes helt og aldeles. 8 Kapitel 1: Jerzy Zarzycki, Aleksander Ford, Jerzy Kawalerowicz og Andrzej Munk. Den ødelagte hovedstad med dens ganske få tilbageværende indbyggere indbyggere bliver fremstillet på film i Jerzy Zarzyckis (1911 - 71) Warszawa ubesejret eller Robinson i Warszawa (Robinson Warszawski, 1949), som det lykkedes for undertegnede (Ib Johansen) at få set ved en filmforevisning under et Polens-besøg i selvsamme hovedstad i begyndelsen af 1960’erne. “Stalinisterne kritiserede sidenhen filmen som ‘formalistisk’ og fordømte den for, at den gav et forløjet billede af forholdene, og for at den ikke afspejlede 1944-opstandens klassemodsætninger” (bliver det påpeget hos Bengt Idestam-Almqvist: Polsk film, etc., op. cit., p. 91); samtidig må man dog i den forbindelse betænke, at Zarzycki selv med fare for sit eget liv i efteråret 1944 optog de fotografiske billeder, som udgør filmens dokumentariske underlag … 9 Se på forrige side Zygmunt Anczykowski: plakat (fra 1954) til Zarzyckis film (1949) om den ubesejrede by. Zarzyckis Den ubesejrede by (Miasto nieujarzmione) kan ses på DVD i serien Klasyka Polskiego Kina Wojennego (i.e. Klassisk polsk krigsfilm[kunst]), hvor den dog kun forefindes med polske undertekster (se: TVP. Warszawa, 2008). Hér får man i klassisk montage-form nogle klare – hyppigt tableau-agtige – optagelser fra hovedstaden, som er tæt på at bukke under, med fokus på nogle få overlevendes forsøg på at kommunikere med hinanden og omverdenen, hvor rester af en militær eller kvasi-militær struktur forsøger at holde (livs)modet oppe, samtidig med at de allestedsnærværende tyske hærenheder gennemsøger ruinerne og de få tilbageblevne bygninger, skyder på alt og alle og med flammekastere bombarderer de endnu resterende, relativt ubeskadigede huse. I et optrin ser man i øvrigt en tysk officer spille på et konfiskeret flygel nede på gaden, og hér kan man sige, at den hartad kliché-agtige fremstilling af tyskernes musikbegejstring går hånd i hånd med deres i al almindelighed grusomme og gruopvækkende adfærd i den ødelagte by. Modstandsgruppernes vilkår må på disse betingelser siges at være næsten umulige … I filmens afsluttende sekvenser rykker dog Sovjettropperne sejrrigt ind i Warszawa, og det forkyndes optimistisk: “Vi tager til Berlin!” – samtidig med at selveste Stalins navn gentagne gange omtales med megen patos og begejstring. I 1950’ernes og ’60’ernes Polen skiftede kulturpolitikken adskillige gange karakter, og selvom kommunistpartiets generalsekretær Wladysƚaw Gomuƚka (1905 - 82) efter sin magtovertagelse i partiet og valgsejren til den formelle (af kommunistpartiet dominerede) “folkefront” i januar 1957 førte til en vis
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