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World Bank Document Public Disclosure Authorized The Local Level Institutions Study 3: Study Institutions Level The Local Public Disclosure Authorized KEMENTERIAN KOORDINATOR BIDANG KESEJAHTERAAN RAKYAT Jl. Medan Merdeka Barat No. 3, Jakarta Pusat 10110 Indonesia Phone/Fax: (021) 345 9077 PNPM SUPPORT FACILITY Jalan Diponegoro No. 72 Public Disclosure Authorized Menteng, Jakarta Pusat. 10310 Indonesia Phone: (62 21) 314 8175 Fax: (62 21) 3190 3090 Website: www.pnpm-support.org Overview Report The Local Level Institutions Study 3: Public Disclosure Authorized Overview Report Design and layout Soleh Maulana (Limajari) Photo credits PSF, AKATIGA & KATADATA Publisher: Coordinating Ministry for People’s Welfare in cooperation with TNP2K and PNPM Support Facility 1 THE LOCAL LEVEL INSTITUTION STUDY 3 The Local Level Institutions Study 3: Overview 2 THE LOCAL LEVEL INSTITUTION STUDY 3 CONTENts: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................ I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................. II READER’S GUIDE ............................................................................................. VII CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 1 BOX 1: Summary of major findings from first round LLI research (LLI1) ................................................................................ 6 BOX 2: Summary of LLI2 findings .......................................................... 9 CHAPTER 2: CONCEPTUAL BACKROUND, RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY ...................................................................... 14 CHAPTER 3: COLLECTIVE PROBLEMS VILLAGERS FACE AND CHANGE SINCE LLI2 .......................................................................................... 23 BOX 3: Water management system in Dusun Pelem ...................... 30 CHAPTER 4: FACTORS EXPLAINING CAPACITY SHIFTS ........................ 34 BOX 4: Continuous problems with water in Mataloko, NTT ......... 36 BOX 5: Reclaiming land in Kelok Sungai Besar, Jambi ................... 44 CHAPTER 5: CURRENT ORGANIZATIONAL LANDSCAPE AND CHANGE SINCE LLI2 .......................................................................................... 51 CHAPTER 6: CHANGES IN VILLAGE GOVERNMENT ............................... 68 BOX 6: Village Head of Walet, Central Java .......................................... 72 BOX 7: Managing customary forests in Sipahit Lidah, Jambi ....... 74 CHAPTER 7: STATE-SOCIETY RELATIONS .................................................. 83 BOX 8: A different kind of BPD, Deling, Central Java ....................... 85 BOX 9: Water user group in RT 01, RW 04, Deling ............................ 87 BOX 10: Building up networks to get resources .............................. 91 BOX 11: Village proliferation (pemekaran) ......................................... 93 BOX 12: Unit Pengelola Hasil, Mataloko, NTT .................................... 97 CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................... 107 BOX 13: RUU Desa .................................................................................... 109 BOX 14: PNPM Roadmap ....................................................................... 113 BOX 15: Land and resource rights ...................................................... 117 BOX 16: MP3EI & MP3KI ......................................................................... 120 REFERENCES ................................................................................................. 123 3 THE LOCAL LEVEL INSTITUTION STUDY 3 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ADD : Alokasi Dana Desa or Village Allocation Funds AMAN : Aliansi Masyarakat Adat Nusantara or Indigenous Peoples Alliance of the Archipelago BPD : Badan Permusyawaratan Desa or Village Council BPM : Badan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat refers to community empowerment organization/body at the village level. CDD : Community-driven development DAD : Dana Alokasi Desa or Village Allocation Funds DPRD : Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah or district parliament FGD : focus group discussions JKPP : Jaringan Kerja Pemetaan Partisipatif or the Participative Mapping Working Network KDP : Kecamatan Development Program LLI : Local Level Institutions studies LPM : Lembaga Pemberdayaan Masyarakat or community empowerment organization/body at the village level. MP3EI : Masterplan Percepatan dan Perluasan Pembangunan Ekonomi Indonesia or Master Plan for Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesian Economic Development PNPM : Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat RKP Desa : Rencana Kerja Pemerintah or annual work plan RPJM Desa : Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Desa or medium term village development plan RT : Rukun Tetangga or Neighborhood RW : Rukun Warga or Sub-village TTS : Timor Tengah Selatan UPH : Unit Pengelola Hasil (UPH) or a cooperative-like organization that purchase products at competitive prices from local farmers WALHI : Wahana Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 4 THE LOCAL LEVEL INSTITUTION STUDY 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS he LLI studies first and foremost owe an The authors would like to thank the reviewers of Tenormous debt to the villagers whose the concept note and earlier drafts of this report, experiences are reflected in these pages. The as well as members of the LLI Advisory Board, for AKATIGA team that translated villagers’ words into helpful inputs. They are: Anthony Bebbington, qualitative data was led by Nurul Widyaningrum Paul Boon, Pradjarta Dirdjosandjoto, Franz Drees- and Indri Sari, as well as regional coordinators Gross, Pieter Ever, Noer Fauzi Rachman, Meuthia Fauzan Jamal, Adenantera Wicaksono, and Eka Ganie-Rochman, Scott Guggenheim, Enurlaela Chandra and their respective teams. Hasanah, Yulia Immajati, Asmeen Khan, Pamuji Lestari, Rachael Moore, Daan Pattinasarany, The PNPM Support Facility Monitoring and Janelle Plummer, Audrey Sacks, Wicaksono Sarosa, Evaluation unit provided excellent guidance and Mia Siscawati, Rudy Soeprihadi Prawiradinata, support throughout the research design, data Sonya M. Sultan, Sudarno Sumarto, Kun Wildan, collection, analysis, and writing. Natasha Hayward and Michael Woolcock. and Lily Hoo provided overall leadership, while Yulia Herawati and Kelik Endarso coordinated Authors : Anna Wetterberg, Jon R. Jellema and the household survey and analysis. We are also Leni Dharmawan grateful to Hans Antlöv, who initiated the third round and provided feedback at key points along the way. 5I THE LOCAL LEVEL INSTITUTION STUDY 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY he Indonesian Local Level Institutions studies, the relative role of non-state community leaders. Tcarried out in 1996 (LLI1) and 2000/2001 In spite of dramatic political, economic, and social (LLI2), sought to identify the preconditions changes, almost half of the LLI villages retained for and constraints on local capacity (defined the same level of problem-solving capacity as in as the ability to solve common problems LLI2. However, one quarter of villages, mostly collectively) and the extent to which state in Central Java, experienced declining rates of structures complemented or impeded successful problem-solving during the same villagers’ problem-solving efforts. In 2012, the period, due to deteriorating access to natural research team returned to the same study areas in resources, nascent signs of reduced reciprocity, Jambi, Central Java, and NTT, combining updated and unresponsive village leaders who did not versions of the qualitative and quantitative work in villagers’ interest. Improved capacity research instruments used in LLI2. The primary was mainly a reflection of villagers’ own objective of the third round of the study (LLI3) efforts to improve their livelihoods, increase was to trace developments in local capacity control over natural resources, and sustain since LLI2 and evaluate these changes in mechanisms to ensure that village leaders light of decentralization, democratization, were oriented towards solving collective and expansion of participatory programs problems. Reformist officials also contributed since 2001. The LLI3 findings seek to inform to increased problem-solving capacity, as did the Indonesian government’s sub-national NGOs in a circumscribed but important set of governance strategy, particularly the redesign of efforts to reclaim disputed land in Jambi. In these the Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat villages, changes in corporate control over natural (PNPM). resources and political competition at district and provincial levels have provided opportunities for villages to strengthen problem-solving. LOCAL CAPACITY Overall, the constellation of problems LLI villagers PARTICIPATION IN ORGANIZATIONAL reported, and their responses to them, have LIFE changed substantially since 2001. Villagers now report fewer collective problems, but also As with responses to common problems, respond to a smaller proportion of those that households in LLI villages are participating remain. When they do mobilize, villagers less less frequently and less intensively in often find sustainable solutions. The declining communal activities. In the face of general rate of response is in part due to changes in the declines in organizational participation, however, nature of problems, with increases in the share women have dramatically increased their of overwhelming economic, service delivery share of total household participation and infrastructure issues reported. When in all activities, sometimes accounting for problems are responded to, village government participation
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