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Annual Report ATTACHMENTS I. UOCAVA Enforcement Activity by the Attorney General in 2017 A. Litigation to Defend the Constitutionality of UOCAVA Segovia v. United States Case: 16-4240 Document: 54 Filed: 06/26/2017 Pages: 66 NO. 16-4240 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SEVENTH CIRCUIT LUIS SEGOVIA, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, et al., Defendants-Appellees. On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, No. 1:15-cv-10196 (Hon. Joan B. Gottschall, J.) CORRECTED BRIEF FOR THE FEDERAL APPELLEES CHAD A. READLER Acting Assistant Attorney General JOEL R. LEVIN Acting United States Attorney MICHAEL S. RAAB CARLEEN M. ZUBRZYCKI Attorneys, Appellate Staff Civil Division, Room 7260 U.S. Department of Justice 950 Pennsylvania Avenue NW Washington, DC 20530 (202) 514-3388 Case: 16-4240 Document: 54 Filed: 06/26/2017 Pages: 66 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page(s) INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 STATEMENT OF JURISDICTION ....................................................................... 1 STATEMENT OF THE ISSUE ............................................................................... 2 PERTINENT STATUTES AND REGULATIONS............................................... 3 STATEMENT OF THE CASE ................................................................................ 3 A. Legal Background ............................................................................... 4 1. Constitutional Provisions Regarding Federal Elections ..................................................................................... 4 2. The U.S. Territories and CNMI .............................................. 6 B. The Federal Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act (UOCAVA) and Illinois MOVE .................. 9 C. Prior Proceedings ............................................................................. 12 SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT ............................................................................. 19 STANDARD OF REVIEW ................................................................................... 21 ARGUMENT .......................................................................................................... 21 I. Plaintiffs Lack Standing To Challenge UOCAVA ................................. 21 II. UOCAVA’s Definition Of The United States Comports With Equal Protection Principles ............................................................. 23 Case: 16-4240 Document: 54 Filed: 06/26/2017 Pages: 66 A. The District Court Properly Applied Rational-Basis Review ................................................................................................ 24 1. UOCAVA Does Not Burden A Fundamental Right ........ 25 2. UOCAVA Does Not Discriminate Against A Protected Class ....................................................................... 30 B. UOCAVA’s Definition Of The Territorial United States Serves Rational Government Interests .......................................... 32 III. UOCAVA Does Not Infringe On Any Right To Travel ........................ 39 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................... 43 CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE ADDENDUM Case: 16-4240 Document: 54 Filed: 06/26/2017 Pages: 66 TABLE OF AUTHORITIES Cases: Page(s) Califano v. Gautier Torres, 435 U.S. 1 (1978) .......................................................................................... 31, 41 DH2, Inc. v. SEC, 422 F.3d 591 (7th Cir. 2005) ...............................................................................23 Dunn v. Blumstein, 405 U.S. 330 (1972) ...................................................................................... 26, 27 Eche v. Holder, 694 F.3d 1026 (9th Cir. 2012) .............................................................................38 Evans v. Cornman, 398 U.S. 419 (1970) .............................................................................................27 Examining Bd. of Engineers, Architects & Surveyors v. Flores de Otero, 426 U.S. 572 (1976) .............................................................................................24 Griffin v. Roupas, 385 F.3d 1128 (7th Cir. 2004) .............................................................................28 Harris v. Rosario, 446 U.S. 651 (1980) ...................................................................................... 25, 31 Holt Civic Club v. City of Tuscaloosa, 439 U.S. 60 (1978) ...............................................................................................26 Igartua v. United States, 626 F.3d 592 (1st Cir. 2010) ...........................................................................5, 26 Johnson v. Daley, 339 F.3d 582 (XX Cir. 2003) ...............................................................................24 Katzenbach v. Morgan, 384 U.S. 641 (1966) ...................................................................................... 14, 29 Case: 16-4240 Document: 54 Filed: 06/26/2017 Pages: 66 Madison Mut. Ins. Co. v. Diamond State Ins. Co., 851 F.3d 749 (7th Cir. 2017) ...............................................................................21 McMillian v. Sheraton Chi. Hotel & Towers, 567 F.3d 839 (7th Cir. 2009) .................................................................................2 Mtoched v. Lynch, 786 F.3d 1210 (9th Cir. 2015) ...............................................................................7 Quiban v. Veterans Admin., 928 F.2d 1154 (D.C. Cir. 1991) ..........................................................................32 Romeu v. Cohen, 265 F.3d 118 (2d Cir. 2001) ......................................................... 5, 16, 25, 33, 41 Saenz v. Roe, 526 U.S. 489 (1999) ...................................................................................... 18, 40 San Antonio Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 1 (1973) .................................................................................................24 Simon v. Eastern Ky. Welfare Rights Org., 426 U.S. 26 (1976) ...............................................................................................23 Tuaua v. United States, 788 F.3d 300 (D.C. Cir. 2016) ...................................................................... 35-36 United States v. Lebron-Caceres, No. 15-cr-279, 2016 WL 204447 (D.P.R. Jan. 15, 2016) ..................................36 United States v. Lee, 472 F.3d 638 (2006) ...............................................................................................8 Wabol v.Villacrusis, 958 F.2d 1450 (9th Cir. 1990) .............................................................................36 Case: 16-4240 Document: 54 Filed: 06/26/2017 Pages: 66 U.S. Constitution: Art. I, § 2 ...................................................................................................................5 Art. I, § 4, cl. 1 ..........................................................................................................5 Art. II, § 1 ..................................................................................................................4 Cl. 2 ........................................................................................................................4 Art. III ........................................................................................................................2 Art. IV, § 3, cl. 2 (Territorial Clause).................................................. 6, 14, 24, 32 Amend. V................................................................................................................24 Due Process Clause ................................................................................ 3, 12, 16 Amend. XIV (Equal Protection Clause) .............................................................17 Amend. XVII ............................................................................................................5 Statutes: Consolidated Natural Resources Act of 2008, Pub. L. No. 110-229, 122 Stat. 754 ....................................................................38 Guano Islands Act, 48 U.S.C. §§ 1411-1419 .........................................................................................6 Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act, Pub. L. No. 99-410, 100 Stat. 924 (1986) (codified at 52 U.S.C. § 20301 et seq.): 52 U.S.C. § 20302 .............................................................................................39 52 U.S.C. § 20302(a)(1) .....................................................................................9 52 U.S.C. § 20310(3) ........................................................................................10 52 U.S.C. § 20310(5) ........................................................................................10 52 U.S.C. § 20310(6) ................................................................................. 10, 39 Case: 16-4240 Document: 54 Filed: 06/26/2017 Pages: 66 52 U.S.C. § 20310(8) ....................................................................... 2, 10, 24, 32 7 U.S.C. § 2014 ........................................................................................................35 8 U.S.C. § 1402 ........................................................................................................35 8 U.S.C. § 1406 ........................................................................................................35
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