DOCSLIB.ORG

Proeeedihgs of Iätional FOOD Tnd NUTRITION INSTITUTE

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Proeeedihgs of Iätional FOOD Tnd NUTRITION INSTITUTE AH proeeediHgs of iÄTIONAL FOOD tND NUTRITION INSTITUTE....... wt«w««***«vw«w«w« m^^^^^^m:. December B,9J0, 1952 Washington, D.C UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Agriculture Handbook No.56 Foreword The National Food and Nutrition Institute was held in the Jefferson Auditorium of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, December 8 to 10, 1952, for the purpose of reviewing nutrition progress and determining ways of strength- ening existing nutrition programs. More than ^00 representatives of governmental and nongovernmental agencies carrying responsi- bilities for various phases of current food and nutrition pro- grams attended. Joint sponsors of the Institute were the U. S. Department of Agriculture, the National Institutes of Health of the U. S. Public Health Service, the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council, and the Interagency Committee on Nutrition Edu- cation and School Lunch. This Interagency Committee is made up of representatives of the following Federal agencies: Children's Bureau, Office of Education, and Bureau of State Services of the Public Health Service, Federal Security Agency (now Department of Health, Education, and Welfare); Fish and Wildlife Service and Bureau of Indian Affairs of the Department of the Interior; Bureau of Human Nutrition and Home Economics, Extension Service, Farmers Home Adjninistration, Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations (now Foreign Agricultural Service), Production and Marketing Administra- tion, Rural Electrification Administration, and Office of Experi- ment Stations, Department of Agriculture; the American National Red Cross; the Federal Civil Defense Administration; and the North American Office of the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. This broad base of sponsorship resulted in a conference that gave perspective to a wide range of problems, each related to one of common interest—nutritional betterment of our people. The proceedings of the Institute were prepared under the leader- ship of the staff of the Bureau of Human Nutrition and Home Economics in consultation with staff of other sponsoring agencies. Hazel K- Stiebeling, Chief, Bureau of Human Nutrition and Home Economics Washington, D. C, July 1953 Contents Page Introduction • 1 Papers presented at general sessions 3 Nutrition and health: Nutrition—past and future* W, H. Sebrell, Jr 3 Significance of recent advances in nutrition research, Charles Glen King 13 The national food situation: Food supply and prospects. Frederick V. Waugh 19 Food supply and prospects. John D. Black 25 Dietary adequacy of family food supplies. Esther F. Phipard .... 30 Nutritional health in the united States: , Food intake of individuals. Pearl Svanson ^1 Nutritional health of adults. Russell M. Wilder 52 Nutritional health of infants, children, and adolescents. Geneviève Stearns 59 Nutritional problems in later maturity. Edward J. Stieglitz .... 6k Nutrition as a factor in disease: Obesity—its prevalence, etiology, effects on health, management. Norman Jolliffe 73 Nutritional aspects of chronic diseases. R. J. Anderson 80 Food laws and food protection: Processing trends and the nutritive value of foods. G. E. Hilbert 86 Nutritional consequences of food laws. Robert R. Williams 93 Limitations of consumer food protection under existing laws. C. W. Crawford 96 Some nutritional implications of food additives. H. E. Longenecker 102 Emergency food planning: Emergency food supplies. Roy W. Lennartson I03 Atomic warfare and food. Vincent B. Lamoureaux 109 Biological warfare and food. F. K. Erickson 112 Chemical warfare and food. Thomas H. Alphin 117 Discussion-group reports: Group I. Food supplies for good nutrition II8 Group II. Food distribution as it affects nutrition 120 Group III. Emergency food planning 122 Group IV. Achievement of good nutritional status 126 Group V. Food and nutrition education 130 Group VI. Nutrition as a factor in disease 135 Group VII. Food laws and food protection I38 Summary of panel discussion on coordination of nutrition activities l^i-l Plan of the conference ikk Participants in the Institute 1^6 National Food and Nutrition Institute Introduction The National Food and Nutrition Institute, planned jointly by- representatives of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, the U. S, Public Health Service, the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council, and the Interagency Committee on Nutrition Education and School Lunch, provided first for helping participants acquire a common back- ground about the country^s food and nutrition situation—stock-taking, so to speak. Secondly, it provided for discussion of mutual problems and of ways to strengthen existing programs. The general sessions included an appraisal of our present knowledge of nutrition in relation to health, a review of current and prospective food supplies, information on how the national food supply tends to be divided among families and among individuals, and some estimate of the adequacy of diets and the state of the nutritional health of different population groups. They also included presentations of some pressing food problems, such as food protection and planning for emergencies. Attending the Institute and actively joining in the discussions of the situation and of what to do to improve programs were some ¿i-OO leaders of a variety of food and nutrition programs, both public and private: Nutritionists, home economists, leaders in education or research...from schools or universities...from public health or Extension services...from Red Cross organizations•..from trade associations...from Federal and National agencies. Representatives of State and city nutrition committees...of the National Research Council's Food and Nutrition Board... of professional societies such as the American Institute of Nutrition, the American Dietetic Association, the American Home Economics Association, the American Public Health Asso- ciation, and the American Medical Association. The proceedings which follow include the addresses given at the general sessions, in whole or in abstract, insofar as they were made available by the participants. They also include summaries of group discussions for each topic, based on reports from each discussion section« In briefing the discussion notes, effort was made to omit factual state- ments repeated from lectures and emphasize the important points brought out. Welcome by the Secretary of Agriculture The Secretary of Agriculture, the Honorable Charles F. Brannan, welcomed the members of the Institute to Washington and to the Depart- ment* s Jefferson Auditorium. He noted that the conference was bringing together representatives from many different groups—research, education, agriculture, medicine, industry, and trade—which was important, he said, because the complexity of problems in.nutrition require for their solu- tion the sustained collaboration by all who have concern for them. This meeting on nutrition, he believed, had great potentialities for the future. Speaking for Agriculture, he pointed out the important responsibili- ties farmers have in producing the amounts of the many kinds of food needed for a well-fed people. Nutrition begins with food, he said, and the pro- duction and marketing of food is a major part of the business of agriculture. He referred to some of the improvements that have taken place over the years in the quality of our national diet, remarking that he took pride in this dietary improvement because it rests in part on the performance of ag- riculture. It is a tribute to the increasing efficiency of production, pro- cessing, and marketing, and to research that has pointed the way. The challenge will be even greater in the years ahead as our population in- creases faster than our tillable acres. He noted that in 1975 the country will have five plates to fill for every four filled at present. And as research shows ever more clearly the part that nutrition can play in pro- viding abundant health, he said, agriculture will adjust its programs ac- cordingly. He recalled the Nutrition Conference for Defense which the President of the United States had called in 19^1, and the fact that its influence on nutrition programs is still being felt. He was sure, he said, that the deliberations of this Institute would likewise be fruitful, and expressed the hope that each participant would find the conference a stimulus to strengthen his part in the Nation's nu- trition programs. He felt the conference would lead to increased coopera- tive effort among agencies and looked forward to accelerated progress in nutrition in the years ahead. Papers Presented at General Sessions Nutrition and Health Presiding: Hazel K. Stiebeling^ Ph. D., Chief, Bureau of Human Nutrition and Home Economics, U. S. Department of Agriculture, and Chairman, USDA. Nutrition Committee Nutrition—Past and Future W. H. Sebrell, Jr., M. D.* Eleven and a half years have now passed since the National Nutrition Conference for Defense was called by the President* of the United States. This meeting today brings that very successful oc- casion vividly to mind. By that time, May of 19^1, our defense efforts were well under way, and the great importance of nutrition in the program was clearly recognized« Enough was known about nu- trition to do something about it. Accordingly, more than 900 dele- gates met here in Washington to discuss the problem and to recommend a national course of action. I have just reviewed with a great deal of interest the recom- mendations made by that conference to
Load more

Recommended publications
  • T. Colin Campbell, Ph.D. Thomas M. Campbell II
    "Everyone in the field of nutrition science stands on the shoulders of Dr. Campbell, who is one of the giants in the field. This is one of the most important books about nutrition ever written - reading it may save your life." - Dean Ornish, MD THE MOST COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF NUTRITION EVER CONDUCTED --THE-- STARTLING IMPLICATIONS FOR DIET, WEIGHT Loss AND LONG-TERM HEALTH T. COLIN CAMPBELL, PHD AND THOMAS M. CAMPBELL II FOREWORD BY JOHN ROBBINS, AUTHOR, DIET FOR A NEW AMERICA PRAISE FOR THE CHINA STUDY "The China Study gives critical, life-saving nutritional information for ev­ ery health-seeker in America. But it is much more; Dr. Campbell's expose of the research and medical establishment makes this book a fascinating read and one that could change the future for all of us. Every health care provider and researcher in the world must read it." -JOEl FUHRMAN, M.D. Author of the Best-Selling Book, Eat To Live . ', "Backed by well-documented, peer-reviewed studies and overwhelming statistics the case for a vegetarian diet as a foundation for a healthy life­ t style has never been stronger." -BRADLY SAUL, OrganicAthlete.com "The China Study is the most important book on nutrition and health to come out in the last seventy-five years. Everyone should read it, and it should be the model for all nutrition programs taught at universities, The reading is engrossing if not astounding. The science is conclusive. Dr. Campbells integrity and commitment to truthful nutrition education shine through." -DAVID KLEIN, PublisherlEditor Living Nutrition MagaZine "The China Study describes a monumental survey of diet and death rates from cancer in more than 2,400 Chinese counties and the equally monu­ mental efforts to explore its Significance and implications for nutrition and health.
    [Show full text]
  • Longevity, Aging, and Caloric Restriction : Clive Maine Mccay and the Construction of a Multidisciplinary Research Program
    This document is downloaded from DR‑NTU (https://dr.ntu.edu.sg) Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Longevity, aging, and caloric restriction : Clive Maine McCay and the construction of a multidisciplinary research program Park, Hyung Wook 2010 Park, H. W. (2010). Longevity, Aging, and Caloric Restriction: Clive Maine McCay and the Construction of a Multidisciplinary Research Program. Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences, 40(1), 79‑124. https://hdl.handle.net/10356/96440 https://doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2010.40.1.79 © 2010 by the Regents of the University of California. This paper was published in Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences and is made available as an electronic reprint (preprint) with permission of the Regents of the University of California. The paper can be found at the following official DOI: [http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2010.40.1.79]. One print or electronic copy may be made for personal use only. Systematic or multiple reproduction, distribution to multiple locations via electronic or other means, duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of the paper is prohibited and is subject to penalties under law. Downloaded on 02 Oct 2021 12:53:04 SGT HYUNG WOOK PARK* Longevity, Aging, and Caloric Restriction: Clive Maine McCay and the Construction of a Multidisciplinary Research Program ABSTRACT Since the 1930s scientists from fields such as biochemistry, pathology, immunology, genetics, neuroscience, and nutrition have studied the relation of dietary caloric intake to longevity and aging. This paper discusses how Clive Maine McCay, a professor of animal husbandry at Cornell University, began his investigation of the topic and pro- moted it as a productive research program in the multidisciplinary science of geron- tology.
    [Show full text]
  • The China Study È Una Storia Che Va Assolutamente Ascoltata”
    T. Colin Campbell e Thomas M. Campbell II ____________ THE________ CHINA STUDY Un testo monumentale che sta sollevando un vero polverone intorno alla medicina convenzionale in tutto il mondo. Il più importante studio epidemiologico mai realizzato, durato 27 anni e realizzato in collaborazione con varie università. Il famoso scienziato americano T. Colin Campbell, assieme al figlio Thomas M. Campbell II, studiano la relazione fra dieta e malattia, giungendo a conclusioni davvero sorprendenti. Finalmente alcune delle tesi fondamentali da sempre sostenute dalla medicina naturale sono verificate e testate: la genetica non è il fattore predominante nella genesi delle malattie il controllo ossessivo di grassi, carboidrati, colesterolo e omega-3 non dà come risultato una buona salute farmaci e chirurgia non curano le malattie di cui siamo affetti i medici non sanno esattamente cosa consigliare per rimanere in buona salute solo con la dieta e lo stile di vita si può guarire dalle malattie cardiache il cancro al seno è correlato a una situazione ormonale alterata che è determinata dal cibo che mangiamo . il consumo di latticini aumenta il rischio di cancro alla prostata gli antiossidanti contenuti in frutta e vegetali sono correlati a una migliore performance mentale nella terza età vari tipi di cancro sono correlati al consumo eccessivo di proteine animali ecc. UNA RICERCA APPROFONDITA, NON UNA SEMPLICE TEORIA, LE CUI CONCLUSIONI, SE APPLICATE, SALVEREBBERO LA VITA A MILIONI DI PERSONE. www.macroedizioni.it ISBN 88-6229-056-X 9 788862,l290562 GRUPPO EDITORIALE MACRO 1987-2011: 25 anni € 20,00 “The China Study è una storia che va assolutamente ascoltata”.
    [Show full text]
  • The Field of Nutrition Science Stands on the Shoulders of Dr
    "Everyone in the field of nutrition science stands on the shoulders of Dr. Campbell, who is one of the giants in the field. This is one of the most important books about nutrition ever written - reading it may save your life." - Dean Ornish, MD THE MOST COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF NUTRITION EVER CONDUCTED --THE-- STARTLING IMPLICATIONS FOR DIET, WEIGHT Loss AND LONG-TERM HEALTH T. COLIN CAMPBELL, PHD AND THOMAS M. CAMPBELL II FOREWORD BY JOHN ROBBINS, AUTHOR, DIET FOR A NEW AMERICA PRAISE FOR THE CHINA STUDY "The China Study gives critical, life-saving nutritional information for ev­ ery health-seeker in America. But it is much more; Dr. Campbell's expose of the research and medical establishment makes this book a fascinating read and one that could change the future for all of us. Every health care provider and researcher in the world must read it." -JOEl FUHRMAN, M.D. Author of the Best-Selling Book, Eat To Live . ', "Backed by well-documented, peer-reviewed studies and overwhelming statistics the case for a vegetarian diet as a foundation for a healthy life­ t style has never been stronger." -BRADLY SAUL, OrganicAthlete.com "The China Study is the most important book on nutrition and health to come out in the last seventy-five years. Everyone should read it, and it should be the model for all nutrition programs taught at universities, The reading is engrossing if not astounding. The science is conclusive. Dr. Campbells integrity and commitment to truthful nutrition education shine through." -DAVID KLEIN, PublisherlEditor Living Nutrition MagaZine "The China Study describes a monumental survey of diet and death rates from cancer in more than 2,400 Chinese counties and the equally monu­ mental efforts to explore its Significance and implications for nutrition and health.
    [Show full text]
  • Clive Mccay: a Man Before His Time
    Metab y & o g lic lo S o y n n i r d c r o o m d Hansel, Endocrinol Metab Syndr 2016, 5:3 n e E ISSN: 2161-1017 Endocrinology & Metabolic Syndrome DOI: 10.4172/2161-1017.1000236 Commentary Open Access Clive McCay: A Man Before His Time Hansel W* Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA *Corresponding author: William Hansel, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA; E-mail: [email protected] Received date: May 04, 2015; Accepted date: May 10, 2015; Published date: May 17, 2015 Copyright: © 2016 Hansel W. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Commentary some of their experiments and I still have vivid recollections of the large number of cancers of all kinds seen in the old rats fed high energy Clive McCay (1898-1967) is widely honored [1] for his discovery 76 diets. Later, as a junior faculty member, I came to know McCay well years ago that caloric restriction prolongs the life span of rats [2,3]. and to appreciate the significance of his many contributions to the field Although this turned out to be one of the greatest discoveries ever of nutrition. made in biology and medicine, it was only one of the many important contributions that he made to our knowledge of nutritional physiology. McCay was always in a hurry. He moved at a rapid pace, literally, and figuratively.
    [Show full text]
  • The Division of Nutritional Sciences at Cornell University a History and Personal Reflections
    George E. Gull The Division of Nutritional Sciences at Cornell University A History and Personal Reflections Malden C. Nesheim The Division of Nutritional Sciences at Cornell University A History and Personal Reflections i The Internet-First University Press of Cornell University’s eCommons is a digital archive for open access distribution. This content is also available in the more traditional physical forms for a modest user fee (see below). This approach makes this work available to anyone in the world with an Internet connection and obviates the need for other libraries (or indeed, individuals for personal usage) to acquire, catalog and store this content. However, redistribution and all other rights remain with the copyright holders. The IFUP was co-founded by J. Robert Cooke and Kenneth M. King. Online access to this book is at: Department Histories - Cornell University http://ecommons.library.cornell.edu/handle/1813/14144 and The Internet-First University Press http://ecommons.library.cornell.edu/handle/1813/62 Perfect bound copies of this book may be ordered via e-mail: [email protected]. Elaine Engst, University Archivist, and the staff of Cornell Library’s Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections provided valuable assistance. The photographs are from files of the division of Nutritional Sciences and courtesy of the Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library. I am grateful for the assistance of J. Robert Cooke in the preparation of this publication and for the editorial ser- vices of Dianne Ferriss. Chad O’Shea of Cornell Business Services (Digital Services) is responsible for printing. The cover photo, “Far Above,” by George E.
    [Show full text]
  • The China Study
    www.ebook3000.com Resounding acclaim for T. Colin Campbell and The China Study “Backed by well-documented, peer-reviewed studies and overwhelming statistics, the case for a vegetarian diet as a foundation for a healthy lifestyle has never been stronger.” —Bradley Saul, OrganicAthlete.com “The China Study is the most important book on nutrition and health to come out in the last seventy-five years. Everyone should read it, and it should be the model for all nutrition programs taught at universities. The reading is engrossing if not astound- ing. The science is conclusive. Dr. Campbell’s integrity and commitment to truthful nutrition education shine through.” —David Klein, Publisher/Editor Living Nutrition Magazine “The China Study describes a monumental survey of diet and death rates from cancer in more than 2,400 Chinese counties and the equally monumental efforts to explore its significance and implications for nutrition and health. Dr. Campbell and his son, Thomas, have written a lively, provocative, and important book that deserves widespread attention.” —Frank Rhodes, PhD, President (1978–1995) Emeritus, Cornell University “Colin Campbell’s The China Study is an important book, and a highly readable one. With his son, Tom, Colin studies the relationship between diet and disease, and his conclusions are startling. The China Study is a story that needs to be heard.” —Robert C. Richardson, PhD, Nobel Prize Winner, Professor of Physics and Vice Provost of Research, Cornell University “The China Study is the account of a ground-breaking research that provides the answers long sought by physicians, scientists, and health-conscious readers.
    [Show full text]
  • Delaying Aging and Extending Life – an Ancient Dream Revisited : Using Body Regimens As a Window to Reflect on Aging, Identity, and the Body
    Delaying Aging and Extending Life – An Ancient Dream Revisited : Using Body Regimens as a Window to Reflect on Aging, Identity, and the Body Author: Diane M. Watts-Roy Persistent link: http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1370 This work is posted on eScholarship@BC, Boston College University Libraries. Boston College Electronic Thesis or Dissertation, 2008 Copyright is held by the author, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise noted. Boston College The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Department of Sociology DELAYING AGING AND EXTENDING LIFE – AN ANCIENT DREAM REVISITED: USING BODY REGIMENS AS A WINDOW TO REFLECT ON AGING, IDENTITY, AND THE BODY by DIANE MARIE WATTS-ROY Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2008 © copyright by DIANE MARIE WATTS-ROY 2008 Delaying Aging and Extending Life – An Ancient Dream Revisited: Using Body Regimens as a Window to Reflect on Aging, Identity, and the Body Diane M. Watts-Roy Under the supervision of dissertation advisor Dr. John B. Williamson Abstract: The desire to defy the aging process and to prolong the lifespan has long captured the human imagination. Recognized as one of the most ancient known pieces of literature, the Epic of Gilgamesh documents a King’s quest to find immortality. More recent examples include the story of Ponce de Leon’s 16th century search to discover the Fountain of Youth, Sir Francis Bacon’s (1659) assertion that humans are naturally immortal “potens non mori,” and Benjamin Franklin’s desire to be preserved in a vat of madeira until science is capable of life extension.
    [Show full text]
  • Clive M. Mccay and Jeanette B. Mccay
    MCCAY & SOY 1 CLIVE M. MCCAY AND JEANETTE B. MCCAY - HISTORY OF WORK WITH SOYFOODS, THE NEW YORK STATE EMERGENCY FOOD COMMISSION, IMPROVED BREAD, AND EXTENSION OF LIFESPAN (1927-2009): EXTENSIVELY ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SOURCEBOOK Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center MCCAY & SOY 2 Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center MCCAY & SOY 3 CLIVE M. MCCAY AND JEANETTE B. MCCAY - HISTORY OF WORK WITH SOYFOODS, THE NEW YORK STATE EMERGENCY FOOD COMMISSION, IMPROVED BREAD, AND EXTENSION OF LIFESPAN (1927-2009): EXTENSIVELY ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SOURCEBOOK Compiled by William Shurtleff & Akiko Aoyagi 2009 Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center MCCAY & SOY 4 Copyright (c) 2009 by William Shurtleff & Akiko Aoyagi All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means - graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information and retrieval systems - except for use in reviews, without written permission from the publisher. Published by: Soyinfo Center P.O. Box 234 Lafayette, CA 94549-0234 USA Phone: 925-283-2991 Fax: 925-283-9091 www.soyinfocenter.com [email protected] ISBN 978-1-928914-27-3 (Clive M. McCay ad Jeanette B. McCay: Bibliography and Sourcebook) Printed 29 Sept. 2009 Price: Available on the Web free of charge Search engine keywords: Jeanette Beyer McCay Cornell Bread Cornell Triple Rich Bread Cornell Golden Triple Rich Bread Soybean Sprouts Full-fat soy flour Full-fat soybean flour Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center MCCAY & SOY 5 Contents Page Dedication and
    [Show full text]
  • ©2013 Matthew D. Roth ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
    ©2013 Matthew D. Roth ALL RIGHTS RESERVED MAGIC BEAN: THE QUESTS THAT BROUGHT SOY INTO AMERICAN FARMING, DIET AND CULTURE by MATTHEW D. ROTH A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in History Written under the direction of T.J. Jackson Lears And approved by _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey OCTOBER, 2013 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Magic Bean: The Quests That Brought Soy into American Farming, Diet and Culture by MATTHEW D. ROTH Dissertation Director: T.J. Jackson Lears In 1900, the soybean was a nonentity in American farming. By 2000, 87 million metric tons were grown each year and soy was the country’s most valuable agricultural export. A less concrete but perhaps more telling difference was the soybean’s increased presence in American culture: in 1900, a small number of Asian immigrants, adventuresome farmers, and agricultural researchers thought about soybeans on a regular basis. By 2000, that number had expanded to include chemical, nutritional and medical researchers; commodities traders; lobbyists; vegetarians and millions more buying tofu or soy health-foods; sufferers of soybean allergies; and countless others. Magic Bean charts the diverse paths of the soybean into American farming, diet and culture over the course of the twentieth century. These pathways were enmeshed in systems of knowledge and cultural transfer that themselves underwent enormous transformations in that time: immigrant networks, missionary enterprises, agricultural science, laboratory chemistry, commodities markets, spiritual pilgrimages, and marketing techniques.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    INTRODUCTION “Staying healthy and strong well into our centennial years . is becoming an increasingly viable goal,” declared the authors of The CR Way: Using Secrets of Calorie Restriction for a Longer, Healthier Life (2008).1 The “secret,” they noted, is that “when it comes to living a longer, healthier life, less is more.” To the au- thors, low-calorie diets were a crucial means to achieve not only prolongevity but also sound health in declining years, as recom- mended by many gerontologists. This secret was discovered in the 1930s in the laboratory of a prominent gerontologist, Dr. Clive McCay (1898–1967), whose “breakthrough studies showed that calorie restriction greatly expanded the lives of mice.” Thereaf- ter, the authors of The CR Way wrote, “thousands of studies have documented the broad range of health and longevity benefits of calorie restriction,” including for humans. These studies suggested that the science of gerontology should be fundamental to a health- ier and longer life, and they emerged just as the aging population in the United States was expanding. This reference to the work of Clive McCay demonstrates the enduring legacy of early gerontologists, whom I define as the cre- ators of the new field of gerontology from the 1930s to the 1950s, a time when the problems of an aging population prompted scien- tific scrutiny of the phenomenon of growing old (figure I.1). As the proportion of seniors in the United States grew due to improve- ments in hygiene and nutrition as well as a declining birthrate, topics associated with the older population, such as chronic dis- ease, pensions, industrial efficiency, and age discrimination gained greater social relevance.
    [Show full text]
  • 104 Loeb and Northrop’S Experimental Manipulation of Longevity Was Deeply Related to the Discourse on Immortality at That Time
    Refiguring Old Age: Shaping Scientific Research on Senescence, 1900-1960 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Hyung Wook Park Program in History of Science, Technology, and Medicine University of Minnesota IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Sally Gregory Kohlstedt and John M. Eyler July, 2009 © Hyung Wook Park, 2009 Acknowledgements In completing this project, I am indebted to many people. First of all, I am deeply grateful for my advisors, Professors Sally Gregory Kohlstedt and John M. Eyler. Their significance in my academic growth cannot be overstated. They have been great teachers and thoughtful mentors who showed me what is to become a historian of science and medicine. I also appreciate my dissertation committee chair and members, Professors Mark Borrello, Susan Jones, and Jennifer Gunn. Besides reading and commenting on my long dissertation, they have always been helpful whenever I sought their advice concerning my publications and presentations. I thank other scholars in our program, especially Professors Alan Shapiro, Robert Seidel, and Thomas Misa. Their classes, which I attended as a student or a teaching assistant, stimulated the growth of my scholarship. In addition, I should not omit my gratitude toward my fellow graduate student colleagues, including Sara Cammersi, Amy Fisher, Suzanne Fischer, Gina Rumore, Barbara Reiterer, Adrian Fischer, Nathan Crowe, Maggy Hofius, Don Opitz, and Nick Martin. They have been my encouraging and sincere friends. There are people outside of the University of Minnesota to whom I should express my thanks. I appreciate the archivists and librarians whom I met during my research travels from 2005 to 2007, including Willam Wallach at the University of Michigan, Clare Porter at the Nuffield Foundation, Nicholas Scheetz at Georgetown University, David Corson at Cornell University, Paul Anderson and Martha Riley at Washington University, and others whose name I do not remember.
    [Show full text]