THE INA QUARTERLY BRINGING HISTORY TO LIGHT THROUGH THE SCIENCE OF SHIPWRECKS

PHOENIX II IN VERMONT 2016 CLAUDE DUTHUIT GRANT RECIPIENT SALVAGING USS WESTFIELD REMNANTS OF A CIVIL WAR GUNBOAT

PROFILE FAITH HENTSCHEL INA ARCHAEOLOGISTS PAY TRIBUTE

SPRING/SUMMER 2016 VOLUME 43, NO. 1/2

FOUNDERS ASSOCIATE DIRECTORS Donny L. Hamilton, Ph.D. Justin Leidwanger, Ph.D. Professor, George O. Yamini Stanford University George F. Bass, Ph.D. ◊ Raynette Boshell Family Chair in Nautical CONTENTS John McManamon, S.J. John Baird † Allan Campbell, M.D. Archaeology, Yamini Family Loyola University Michael Katzev † Chair in Liberal Arts William C. Culp, M.D. Harun Özdaş, Ph.D. Jack W. Kelley † Grace Darden Cemal M. Pulak, Ph.D. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Associate Professor, Frederick Nicholas Griffs R. Mayer Professor of Nautical Irena Radič-Rossi, Ph.D. OFFICERS/ADMINISTRATION University of Zadar Robin P. Hartmann Archaeology President* Warren Riess, Ph.D. Faith Hentschel, Ph.D. Deborah N. Carlson, Ph.D. Shelley Wachsmann, Ph.D. University of Maine Professor, Meadows Professor Vice President Susan Katzev of Biblical Archaeology David Stewart, Ph.D. Cemal M. Pulak, Ph.D. James Kjorlien East Carolina University Vice President* Keith Langworthy EMERITUS FACULTY, NAUTICAL Kristine Trego, Ph.D. Kevin J. Crisman, Ph.D. Greg S. Maslow, M.D. ARCHAEOLOGY PROGRAM AT Bucknell University Offce Manager TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY Thomas McCasland, Jr. Peter van Alfen, Ph.D. Tamara Hebert George F. Bass, Ph.D. American Numismatic Society Jeffrey Morris Diving Safety Offcer Fred van Doorninck, Jr., Ph.D. Wendy Van Duivenvoorde, Ph.D. Terry A. Ray John Carlson C. Wayne Smith, Ph.D. Flinders University Judy Sturgis J. Richard Steffy† Gordon P. Watts, Jr., Ph.D. BODRUM RESEARCH CENTER Betsey Boshell Todd Tidewater Atlantic Research Director Ken Trethewey, Ph.D. TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY Tûba Ekmekçi, M.A. GRADUATE FELLOWS Garry A. Weber RESEARCH ASSOCIATES Finance Manager Marian M. Cook Graduate Fellow John A. Albertson, M.A. Özlem Doğan Nicholas Budsberg BODRUM RESEARCH J. Barto Arnold, M.A. CENTER STAFF Mr. & Mrs. Ray H. Siegfried II DIRECTORS Graduate Fellows Piotr Bojakowski, Ph.D. Bilge Güneşdoğdu Akman Oğuz Aydemir José Luis Casabán Massimo Capulli, Ph.D. Edward O. Boshell, Jr. Mustafa Babacık Rachel Matheny Chris Cartellone, Ph.D. Kevin Melia-Teevan John Cassils, M.D. Esra Altınanıt Biçer, M.A. José Luis Casabán, M.A. Lucy Darden * Mehmet Çiftlikli AFFILIATED SCHOLARS Alexis Catsambis, Ph.D. 24 John De Lapa Zafer Gül Katie Custer Bojakowski, Ph.D. Past Chairman* Kroum Batchvarov, Ph.D. Seçil Kayacık University of Connecticut Matthew Harpster, Ph.D. Carl Douglas Gülser Kazancıoğlu John Broadwater, Ph.D. Rebecca Ingram, Ph.D. Danielle J. Feeney * Spritsail Enterprises Şükran Köroğlu Michael Jones, Ph.D. James A. Goold 04 18 Orkan Köyağasıoğlu, M.A. Lilia Campana, Ph.D. LETTER FROM THE PROFILE: FAITH HENTSCHEL Secretary & Texas A&M University Jun Kimura, Ph.D. General Counsel * Nurgül Külah PRESIDENT INA archaeologists pay tribute Arthur Cohn, J.D. Margaret Leshikar-Denton, Ph.D. to her four decades of feldwork Jeff Hakko Muammer Özdemir Lake Champlain Maritime Museum Berta Lledó, M.A. Rebecca Martin Adem Şirin Mariá del Pilar Luna Colin Martin, Ph.D. 06 Pamela Matthews, Ph.D. Nevin Tekel Erreguerena, M.A. NEWS AND EVENTS 24 National Institute of Anthropology Veronica Morriss, M.A. SALVAGING USS WESTFIELD Sheila Matthews, M.A. Aysel Tok and History Robert Neyland, Ph.D. Exhibiting remnants of a Civil War Dana F. McGinnis gunboat in the Texas City Museum Edith Trnka Ben Ford, Ph.D. Ralph K. Pedersen, Ph.D. 08 Alex G. Nason Indiana University of Pennsylvania NAP TURNS 40 BY JUSTIN PARKOFF Süleyman Türel J. B. Pelletier Lynn Baird Shaw Meet the students who embarked on Güneş Yaşar Jeremy Green, M.A. Charlie Steinmetz Western Australia Maritime Museum Robin C. M. Piercy a gradute degree in Texas A&M's 30 Elizabeth S. Greene, Ph.D. John Pollack, M.Sc. Nautical Archaeology Program four LA BELLE: THE SHIP THAT Jason Sturgis FACULTY, NAUTICAL Vice Chairman* Brock University Mark Polzer, M.A. decades ago CHANGED HISTORY ARCHAEOLOGY PROGRAM AT A review of the Bullock Texas State Robert L. Walker, Ph.D. TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY Jerome Hall, Ph.D. Kimberly Rash Kenyon, M.A. 12 Chairman* University of San Diego History Museum exhibit on La Salle's Deborah N. Carlson, Ph.D. Donald Rosencrantz 12 fateful expedition Casidy Ward Faith Hentschel, Ph.D. 2016 SHELBURNE SHIPYARD Associate Professor, Sara W. Jeff Royal, Ph.D. BY KEN TRETHEWEY Roger A. Williamson, M.D.* and George O. Yamini Fellow Central Connecticut State University STEAMBOAT GRAVEYARD ON THE COVER: Faith Hentschel takes David Ruff, M.S. An update from INA's continuing Robyn Woodward, Ph.D. Filipe Vieira de Castro, Ph.D. Nicolle Hirschfeld, Ph.D. measurements on the Late Bronze Age study in Lake Champlain, Vermont Treasurer * Professor, Frederick R. Mayer Trinity University Miguel San Claudio, M.A. 34 shipwreck at Uluburun, Turkey (©INA, Professor of Nautical Archaeology II Frederick Hocker, Ph.D. BY CAROLYN KENNEDY BOOK REVIEW: FOOD AT SEA Photo by D. Frey). Sally M. Yamini Randall Sasaki, M.A. Kevin J. Crisman, Ph.D. Vasa Museum Kenan Yılmaz George Schwarz, Ph.D. Professor, Nautical Archaeology Mark Lawall, Ph.D. Michael Young, J.D. University of Manitoba Cheryl Ward, Ph.D. WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 3

Faculty Fellow * Executive Committee | ◊ Non-voting Board † Deceased The Institute of Nautical Archaeology is a non-proft JOIN US AND organization whose mission is to advance the search for SUPPORT INA TODAY! the history of civilization by IT'S ALL ABOUT THE SHIPS fostering excellence in underwater archaeology Bringing History to Light through the Science of Shipwrecks The INA Quarterly (ISSN 1090- Some readers glancing at the title will the Nautical Archaeology Program 2635) is published by the The Institute of Nautical Archaeology (INA) is a Institute of Nautical Archaeology assume I am referring to boats, barges, (NAP), which celebrates its 40th year skifs, schooners, galleys, galleons, in 2016. Since its humble beginnings non-proft international research organization committed to locating, excavating, recording, preserving, and Publication of the INA Quarterly and all those vessels that are the focus in 1976, hundreds of NAP students is made possible by a grant of INA’s eforts to bring the history have earned Master’s and doctoral de- publishing shipwrecks and other archaeological sites from the Ed Rachal Foundation to light through the science of ship- grees and we followed up with some of of maritime signifcance. INA was founded over 40 wrecks. But in fact the ships that make them from NAP's inaugural class. years ago by Dr. George Bass, who in the 1960s Editor INA truly great, and make the INA My favorite part of this issue is pioneered the science of archaeological excavation Deborah N. Carlson, Ph.D. presidency feel much less like a job, are the profle of archaeologist Faith under water. Today there is greater need than ever relationships: specifcally friendships Hentschel, whose service to INA as before to support the work done by INA; dredging Assistant Editor and partnerships. a volunteer every summer on a dozen and commercial fshing have severely damaged or Stephanie Koenig In this frst double issue of 2016, we INA shipwreck excavations exemplifes completely erased sites around the world. INA hear from Ph.D. student Carolyn Ken- the defnition of friend and part- members are institutions, professionals, enthusiasts, Designer nedy, the most recent recipient of INA’s ner. We received so many delightful and students united in their passion for discovering Jacqueline Munz largest annual archaeology award, the anecdotes about, and terrifc photos the untold stories that lie hidden beneath the sea. Claude Duthuit Archaeology Grant. of, Faith in the feld that we could not Join INA today and become a patron of discovery! Printed by Claude Duthuit (1931-2011), took squeeze them all in. Following the J&N Enterprises INA Founder George Bass on his frst adage that “a picture [by Don Frey] Houston, Texas open-water dive in 1960, was George’s is worth a thousand words” I ofer www.j-nenterprises.com closest friend, and a loyal and gener- this photo of Faith and me on the ous INA Director until his death. Te Kızılburun Column Wreck in 2006. BENEFITS OF INA MEMBERSHIP Institute of Nautical Archaeology Claude Duthuit Archaeology Grant What worried me at the time is a > Four print or digital issues of the INA Quarterly, P.O. Drawer HG was endowed by Claude’s wife Barbara distant memory, but the photo epito- now in its ffth decade College Station, Texas in 2014, and every year the grant is mizes Faith’s inquisitive, assertive, and 77841-5137 USA awarded rekindles Claude’s intrepid protective nature. I love being in the > Monthly e-news via the INA Insider, featuring email [email protected] and magnetic vigor. feld with you, Fatma! behind-the-scenes feld reports and announcements phone (979) 845-6694 In this issue we also honor INA’s about upcoming lectures, publications, and book www.nauticalarch.org partnership with Texas A&M Uni- signings versity (TAMU), which represents, > Exclusive access to members-only content on the INA website The opinions expressed in the in the words of George Bass, “the best Deborah Carlson INA Quarterly articles are those thing that ever happened to INA.” Te INA President > 50% discount on membership in the National of the authors and do not INA-TAMU partnership gave rise to [email protected] Maritime Historical Society (NMHS) which includes necessarily refect the views four issues of Sea History magazine of the Institute > 30% discount on nautical archaeology titles from Texas A&M University Press If you are interested in > 20% discount on membership in the Nautical submitting an article for publica- Archaeology Society (NAS) which includes two issues tion please contact the Editor at of the International Journal of Nautical Archaeology [email protected] (IJNA) ©October 2016 by the > 10% discount on merchandise available through Institute of Nautical Archaeology INA’s online store All rights reserved Visit us at www.nauticalarch.org to become a member or call (979) 845-6694 NEWS & EVENTS Updates from abroad, upcoming lectures, NAP alumni news

UPDATE FROM heritage preservation plan that includes ing with the analysis of artifacts from THE EQUATOR PROJECT provisions for stabilization, as well as re- the Uluburun shipwreck, Chelsea INA Research Associates Katie and Piotr cording some of the exposed framing and Cohen and Phil Watson working on Bojakowski recently completed a feld generating a 3D digital model of the hull. the Kızılburun shipwreck assemblage, season recording the Equator, a small and Karl Krusell conducting capacity schooner built in San Francisco in 1888 SUMMER RESEARCH IN TURKEY measurements on 70 transport amphoras for the South Pacifc coconut trade. Te In stark contrast to the terrorist attacks from the Tektaş Burnu shipwreck. As Equator had a fascinating early history as and political turmoil in Ankara, Istanbul, a result of INA’s afliation with Texas a charter vessel for Treasure Island author and southeastern Turkey, the summer A&M, graduate students gain interna- Robert Louis Stevenson, a tender for an of 2016 in Bodrum was calm, quiet, tional internship experience working with Alaskan salmon steam cannery, and a and very productive. University faculty archaeological collections in a museum survey vessel charting underwater navi- in residence included INA President setting. INA researchers thank all stu- gational hazards, before being scuttled Debbie Carlson (Texas A&M), INA dents and INA staf for another terrifc at the mouth of the Snohomish River in Vice President Cemal Pulak (Texas summer in Bodrum! and TAMU Ph.D. graduate Michael Historical Commission and State Marine built and classed as an archaeological re- Everett, Washington. Te abandoned hull A&M), and INA Afliated Scholars Jones (Te Archaeology of Shipbuilding), Archaeologist (and NAP alumna) Amy search vessel – will be a tremendous asset was hauled up and stored by the local Nicolle Hirschfeld (Trinity) and Kris 2016-2017 AIA Stefy Lecturer and TAMU Ph.D. gradu- Borgens, Sam successfully completed a for INA’s work around the Mediterranean Kiwanis Club in 1967 and entered onto Trego (Bucknell). Tey were supported LECTURE SCHEDULE ate Lilia Campana (Megalomania at Sea: 75-mile geophysical survey of the former and beyond. On its way to its new home the National Register of Historic Places by a stellar team of INA administrative INA researchers are well represented in the Recovery of Hellenistic Naval Archi- Indianola wharf area and relocated a in Yalıkavak Marina outside of Bodrum, in 1972. and conservation staf and an outstand- the current national lecture program of tecture during the Renaissance), and INA wreck, tentatively presumed to be the the ship and its crew underwent sea trials When the Kiwanis Club disbanded, ing group of six Texas A&M graduate the Archaeological Institute of America Afliated Scholar Elizabeth S. Greene Morgan Steamship Company's SS Perse- to ensure that Virazon II is ready for its Equator was left with no clear owner. Te students. Among the latter were Ph.D. (AIA). Fall presentations include those by (Exchange in the Age of Lyric Poetry: the Ar- verance. After graduation, Sam accepted frst INA project – a shipwreck survey Bojakowskis are assisting the vessel’s stew- student Kevin Melia-Teevan, Kelsey TAMU Professor Shelley Wachsmann chaic Shipwreck at Pabuç Burnu, Turkey). a position as a Data Exploitation Analyst around Bodrum and Antalya in collabo- ards– the Port of Everett – by creating a Rooney, and Miguel Gutierrez assist- (Te Sea of Galilee Boat), Bass Lecturer In 2017 scheduled speakers include Mc- at Oceaneering International, Inc., where ration with INA Afliated Scholar Harun Cann/Taggart Lecturer and TAMU M.A. he will collect and analyze data from Özdaş (Dokuz Eylül University in Izmir). alumnus Justin Leidwanger (Between East numerous towed, remotely-operated, and Look for more news about the fall survey and West at the End of Antiquity: the Mar- autonomous systems used in underwater and Virazon II in an upcoming issue of Front (L to R): Karl Krusell, Kelsey Rooney, Tuba Ekmekçı, Miguel zamemi Shipwreck), Anita Krause Bader archaeology. the INA Quarterly! Gutierrez; Back (L to R): Phil Lecturer and INA Afliated Scholar Mark Laura White (M.Sc. University of Brad- Watson, Chelsea Cohen, Kevin Lawall, and TAMU Ph.D. graduate Peter ford, UK) has recently joined the faculty SHOP ONLINE TO SUPPORT INA Melia-Teevan Fix (Te Recovery of La Belle). For more of Texas A&M University - Galveston as Did you know that shopping at Amazon. information about lecture locations and a lecturer in the Dive Program, within com can support INA? AmazonSmile is times, please consult the online schedule the Department of Liberal Studies. She an easy and automatic way to support at www.archaeological.org/lectures. is currently fnishing her doctoral studies INA at absolutely no cost – Amazon in the Nautical Archaeology Program, will simply donate a portion of eligible NAP ALUMNI NEWS researching the painting and preservation purchases to your favorite charitable Sam Cuellar received his M.A. from the of ships in antiquity. organization. To help support INA, go to Nautical Archaeology Program at Texas smile.amazon.com, search for, and select A&M University in May 2015. Tis past VIRAZON II SETS SAIL FOR the Institute of Nautical Archaeology as summer, Sam directed the INA-funded BODRUM, TURKEY your charity. If you want to do even more Indianola Survey Project, exploring the In November, INA’s newly constructed to help INA, please consider donating ofshore remains of the once prosperous 80’-long research vessel Virazon II will set a book to the Mary and Lamar Tooze Karl Krusell and Phil Watson with Texas port city of Indianola. With the sail from Istanbul, Turkey where the ship Library at INA’s Research Center in Bo- amphoras from Tektaş Burnu help of TAMU Ph.D. students Dave Ruf was built, outftted and christened. Te drum, Turkey by visiting INA’s Wish List and Charles Bendig, as well as the Texas ship itself – the frst vessel in Turkey to be at www.amazon.com!

6 INA QUARTERLY 43.1/2 SPRING/SUMMER 2016 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 7 Dick Stefy (left) and Don Keith on the Warren Riess I left a tenured professorship University of Molasses Reef shipwreck Pennsylvania in 1973 in order to form INA so we could spend full time on feld work and publishing without the duties of teaching. How ironic then that the best thing that ever happened to INA was afliating with Texas A&M University in 1976 after a civil war forced INA to abandon its original headquar- ters on Cyprus. Te graduate students we now have comprise the bulk of our skilled excava- tion stafs, often playing a large role in subse- quent publications of our projects. Graduate seminars also provide opportunities to train future generations of nautical archaeologists in more than just excavation techniques. - GEORGE F. BASS

I was asked by George Bass to join NAP as a faculty member in 1977. During the pre- vious decade, I had become a competent teacher of ancient Greek and Greek and Roman archaeology at UC Davis. Now, however, I was faced with teaching courses in a new feld just coming into being, and I sometimes felt that I was a fraud who pretended to know much more about my subject than I actually did. Fortunately, we were blessed with a steady fow of exceptional students who, working with the faculty both in the classroom and in the feld, helped make the Program an important contributor to the form and substance of what is now the discipline of nautical archaeology. By the beginning of the 1990s, I felt I had become a competent teacher again in what continues today to be a truly great program. - FRED VAN DOORNINCK THE NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY PROGRAM TURNS 40 Meet some of the students who embarked on a graduate degree in Texas A&M’s Nautical Archaeology Program four decades ago

In 1976, as a direct result of its new afliation with INA, Texas degree in a related feld (history, classics, anthropology), while A&M University (TAMU) welcomed the frst class of students others have made successful careers in museums, publishing 1976-1977 NAP STUDENTS into the country’s only academic graduate program in nautical and journalism, cultural resource management, and archaeol- archaeology. Over the past 40 years, Master’s students enrolled ogy at the state and federal levels. In celebration of NAP’s 40th Randel Davis Sheila Matthews in the Nautical Archaeology Program at TAMU have directed birthday, we asked members of the frst pioneering group what Tom Doran Elizabeth (Lisa) and participated in hundreds of projects all over the globe, in- it was like to embark upon the pursuit of a degree in a brand Don Keith Shuey cluding INA shipwreck excavations at Serce Limani, Port Royal, new discipline, and they shared with us some of their favorite Terry Mahlman Warren Riess Mombasa, Uluburun, Bozburun, and Tektas Burnu, among memories and photos from their time in the Nautical Archaeol- Sam Margolin Richard Swete Terry Mahlman and Lisa Shuey others. Some M.A. graduates went on to pursue a doctoral ogy Program.

8 INA QUARTERLY 43.1/2 SPRING/SUMMER 2016 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 9 Lisa Shuey in As a young man I considered various professions and by luck in 1969 I was a member Port Royal, Jamaica of the archaeology team at Yassıada, Turkey. Tere I became fascinated with the way George Bass, Fred van Doorninck, and others studied the clues of the 4th-century Ro- man ship to unravel its story. As people they set a standard of scholars supporting not only the collective efort, but also each other professionally and personally. When George and Dick Stefy started work on the Defence site in Maine, I became part of the team. In 1976, as I was preparing to start graduate studies in History, George, Dick, and Fred launched the Nautical Archaeology Program. Immediately I applied. Tough I had learned much from these three wonderful men in the feld, studying under them was extremely rewarding. It was in the NAP that I learned to meld my varied back- (L to R) Warren Riess, Sam ground (science, engineering, history, and a love of solving mysteries) to analyze and Margolin, Terry Mahlman, interpret wreck sites. And, I was with graduate students who would be colleagues and and Richard Swete friends for life, whether or not they remained in nautical archaeology. - WARREN RIESS

During my last year of undergraduate work in anthropology at Te Univer- As an undergrad at UC Berkeley I sity of Texas, I was still undecided as to discovered underwater archaeology CHECK OUT OUR what direction to take after graduation. I when a professor gave me George watched a Jacques Cousteau documentary Bass’ frst book. Being an avid sailor NEW & IMPROVED WEBSITE and decided, on a whim, to take diving and diver with a love of classical lessons. Te next day, I was near the Clas- archaeology, it was exactly what I GET THE LATEST IN NEWS, PROJECTS, sics building when my feet took me into wanted to pursue, but at the time EXCLUSIVE PHOTOS AND MORE! the main ofce and I asked if there was there was no place to go. Tankfully, such thing as doing archaeology under three years later the Nautical Archae- water. Tey told me that George Bass was ology Program was founded and join- starting a program at Texas A&M. ing its frst class was defnitely one INTERACTIVE MAP My decision to apply changed my life of the best things I ever did. It was a thrilling academic experience to study and ignited a passion that has continued EXPLORE INA'S until the present. Dick Stefy instilled in under George Bass, Fred van Doorn- global network of research me a deep interest in ship construction inck and Dick Stefy, and an utter joy projects, surveys, and excavations to work on the Serçe Limanı, Ulu- and 3D visualization long before comput- with a click of your mouse ers would do all the work for us. Our frst burun, and Mombasa excavations. semester with Mr. Stefy was spent in his Te impact of those experiences and garage with breaks for homemade cookies friendships made in the feld are still made by his wife, Lucile. Te second year, a major part of me. Tough my life PROJECT PAGES we experienced the thrill of an expanding went another direction after getting program and our classroom discussions my M.A. and Ph.D., there’s no doubt FIND INFORMATION often evolved into evening gatherings. in my mind that the discipline of about INA's newest and most I was invited to join the Serçe Limanı self-directed research and the orga- iconic projects, including blog excavation in Turkey and given the oppor- nizational experience of directing posts, articles & more tunity to reassemble and study the ship’s and publishing the port excavation hull. I worked on numerous projects as an at Gravisca, Italy helped me profes- INA employee for most of my career and I sionally. I’ve had a successful career have never regretted a moment. It all goes in software development and, for the VIDEOS & PHOTOS back to a single documentary flm and the last 15 years, as an IT Project Man- extraordinary guidance of George Bass, ager and enjoyed it all, but nautical ACCESS MEMBERS-ONLY Dick Stefy and Fred van Doorninck. Sheila Matthews reassembles archaeology has remained solidly in content, including photos from - SHEILA MATTHEWS the Serçe Limanı ship's hull my heart and mind throughout. the INA archives and videos - LISA SHUEY about INA's history

10 INA QUARTERLY 43.1/2 SPRING/SUMMER 2016 www.nauticalarch.org 2016 CLAUDE DUTHUIT ARCHAEOLOGY GRANT RECIPIENT

SHELBURNE SHIPYARD STEAMBOAT GRAVEYARD An update from INA's continuing study of four 19th-century steamboats in Lake Champlain, Vermont BY CAROLYN KENNEDY

he third and fnal feld season of the the Nautical Archaeology Program (NAP) at Texas Shelburne Shipyard Steamboat Grave- A&M University (TAMU), were able to complete yard Project was made possible by the the study and excavation of four steamboats wrecked 2016 Claude Duthuit Archaeology in Lake Champlain, Vermont. Not only were the TGrant. Tanks to the generous Duthuit grant, the predetermined goals accomplished, several unex- project’s co-principal investigators, Professor Kevin pected fnds revealed incredibly valuable information Dan Bishop surveys

frame 60 of Phoenix II YAMAFUNE K. PHOTO: Crisman and Ph.D. Student Carolyn Kennedy of about one wreck’s identity and machinery.

WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 13 2016 SHELBURNE SHIPYARD STEAMBOAT GRAVEYARD DAVE RUFF AND IRENA RADIC-ROSSI

In addition to co-directors Crisman Peter Barranco records, Phoenix II’s real and Kennedy, the 2016 season benefted historical length was revealed to be 143 from the leadership and co-direction of feet, putting it well within the realm of the Lake Champlain Maritime Museum’s possible matches. Wreck 2 appeared to (LCMM) archaeological director and project directors as older than the other NAP alumnus Christopher Sabick, as well wrecks in the harbor, and its resemblance as expert divemaster, longtime INA Af- to the wreck of Phoenix I (1815-1819) fliated Scholar, and director emeritus of had raised suspicions as well. But the dis- the LCMM, Arthur Cohn, and assistant covery of the ship’s original length in the divemaster and technical diving expert, enrollment papers was the fnal piece of Dave Potter. Our core crew included the puzzle identifying Wreck 2 as Phoenix graduate students Dan Bishop, Chelsea II. Cohen, Megan Hagseth, Kelsey Rooney, Going into the 2016 season, Crisman and recent Ph.D. Kotaro Yamafune; and Kennedy were confdent with the new TAMU undergraduate Alex Burford; identifcation as Phoenix II. Like most and volunteers Jenny Craig, Maxfeld historical shipwreck sites, the chances of MacPhee, INA Research Associate George ever confrming this were small, especially Schwarz, and Ed Scollon. Te project ran as the hull had been stripped of all valu- from May 30 to June 19, during which able items that might have toted the ship’s time we were incredibly fortunate to have name. As it turned out, Wreck 2 had more experienced perfect weather. Te project surprises in store for the crew of the Shel- was staged from Mark Brooks’ personal burne Shipyard Project. Halfway through lakefront property, whose gracious sup- the feld project, Dan Bishop surfaced port for the project over the years has with a handful of iron tools from frame copper coin from 1819 found under the fully completed by the end of June. Cross less than three-degree deadrise, the same only been matched by Charlie Tompkins, 60, previously cleared of rocks by Ed Scol- ceiling planking near the stern. With sections were recorded at frames 5, 20, angle found at frames 40 and 80. Te owner and operator of the Aske Marina lon. One of these tools was a chisel with permission from the Vermont Division for 40, 80 and 110. Te stringers and keelson fat, boxy hull therefore accounted for the where the wrecks currently lie in less than an inscription that reads “S.B. Phoenix.” Historic Preservation, the team recovered were drawn in plan view and from profle majority of the steamer’s length. Tat the ten feet of water. “S.B.”, an abbreviation for Steam Boat, all of these diagnostic artifacts for further perspectives. Te bow was dug out from a fat-bottomed hull was seemingly worri- Tis year, the team set out to fnish and “Phoenix” made the identity of study. Tese will be conserved at TAMU’s thin layer of sediment in 2015, and docu- some to the shipbuilders is suggested by recording main components of the hull Wreck 2 unmistakable. Phoenix I, studied Conservation Research Laboratory, and mentation of the remaining structure was an obvious increase in the number of iron of Phoenix II, referred to in earlier INA by INA Research Associate and NAP displayed temporarily in the Department completed in 2016. Te stern and rudder fastenings used in the hull and ceiling Quarterly reports (41.2: 16-21; 42.3: alumnus George Schwarz, sank dramati- 12-17) as Wreck 2. Phoenix II, built in cally by fre in the middle of Lake Cham- 1820 and retired in 1837 at the Shel- plain, thus the only remaining steamer [The diver] surfaced with a handful of iron tools...One of these tools burne Shipyard, was identifed in 2015 by with this name was the Phoenix II. Tis was a chisel with an inscription that reads "S.B. Phoenix." "S.B.", matching the wreck’s remaining length to discovery validated all of the research Phoenix II’s enrollment papers. All of the done that led us to the elated conclusion, an abbreviation for Steam Boat, and "Phoenix" made the identity of historical sources consulted initially stated that this wreck was Phoenix II. Wreck 2 unmistakable. Phoenix II’s historical length was 150 feet. Tough the chisel received the most When searching for an identifcation for attention in the press a number of other of Anthropology, but eventually sent to were excavated completely, revealing the planking around the turn of the bilge. the 136-foot-long wreck, 150 feet was fascinating artifacts from Phoenix II were the LCMM for permanent exhibition. bottom of the buried rudder. Te excavat- Phoenix II’s stern assembly presented too long to be a possible match. When uncovered during the 2016 season. Tese Te artifacts, though an exciting ad- ed sections were recorded photogrammet- more of a problem than the rest of the Kennedy discovered the enrollment included several contemporary glass spirits dition, were not the main focus of the rically by Dr. Kotaro Yamafune, whose vessel. Te bottom of the sternpost and papers in the LCMM’s new archives, the bottles from the bow area, likely repre- 2016 Shelburne Project. In fact, the goals services were made possible thanks to the rudder were buried much deeper into the sentative of the crew’s drinking habits, a for this season were to continue record- Claude Duthuit Archaeology Grant. lake foor than the rest of the hull. An un- This page, from top: Bishop emerges from spoon found amidships in the same gen- ing the major hull features of Phoenix II, Te frame cross sections revealed a successful attempt to reveal the keel and the water with a handful of tools from frame eral area as the chisel, three brass straight 60; Kennedy ecstatic at confrming the ship's including fve cross sections, the stringers, mostly fat-bottomed steamer, as expected, bottom of the boat was made in 2015, identity; the name-bearing chisel. Opposite pins in the forward third of the hull, a keelson and keel (where possible), and with some signifcant narrowing towards before the crew realized the extent of the page: The 2016 Shelburne Shipyard Steam- number of ceramic vessel sherds, several the bow and stern assemblies. Tese tasks, the bow and the stern. Te bottom was task. Tis year, knowing what we were up boat Graveyard team. smoking pipe fragments and a one-cent YAMAFUNE K. OPPOSITE PAGE: G. SCHWARZ. G. SCHWARZ; C. KENNEDY; TOP): (FROM THIS PAGE PHOTOS, begun in 2014 and 2015, were success- fat as far forward as frame 20, with a against, we allocated some of the Claude

14 INA QUARTERLY 43.1/2 SPRING/SUMMER 2016 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 15 2016 SHELBURNE SHIPYARD STEAMBOAT GRAVEYEARD

GUDGEON Duthuit funds toward a second Honda small hoses, it became clear that it was boats. Neither dovetail plates nor evidence pump to run continuously at the stern necessary to flter the rocks by hand to of a circle band were detected on Phoenix and rudder area, while our original dredge prevent clogs. I. According to Crisman, this type of pump served the divers working on frame Te disturbed clay left a lingering fastener was used on several of the British sections and the bow. opaque cloud on the lake bottom, requir- ships in the Great Lakes in the War of Christopher Sabick tackled the brunt of ing all the recording to be done by touch. 1812, but this is the frst sign of one on a the digging work throughout the 2016 Removing gloves allowed divers to feel the Lake Champlain steamboat. season. Te sediment removed in 2015 seam between the garboard and the keel, We discovered even more surprises at had largely returned over the course of and the iron fasteners holding the assem- frame 60, where the chisel and a large the year, but was easily removed again in bly together. Te keel was found to be 9 number of other artifacts were found. the frst week of the 2016 season. Un- inches molded, and held to the sternpost Clearing the rocks from frame 60, diver fortunately, once that layer was removed by a circular iron band, with the wood Ed Scollon revealed the most indirect the sediment turned from soft and silty cut away so the iron circle was fush with evidence for machinery from the entire to hard-packed clay and rocks. Te small the surfaces of the garboard, sternpost and wreck. At least fve holes ranging from STERN POST dredge pump was no match for the keel. Te 15-inch diameter circular iron 4 to 11 inches in diameter had been cut RUDDER clay on its own, so Sabick was forced to band was not what we anticipated; we through the ceiling planking, most likely soften/break up the clay by hand before were expecting iron dovetail plates, a com- to accommodate valves or through-pipes. feeding it through the vacuum end of mon fastener used on steamboats during Te largest hole, at 11 inches in diameter, the hose, an incredibly time-consuming this period. Dovetail plates (also referred passed through not just ceiling planking, process. Not only did he need to reduce to as fsh plates) were used on Ticonderoga but also through a solid wooden block IRON CIRCULAR BAND FASTENER the clay, but with such a tiny pump and (1814), one of the earliest-planned steam- all the way through to the bottom of the

This single wreck represents the era of massive, elegant Lake Champlain KEEL steamboats that constituted the main method of travel for people passing

through the Champlain Valley for nearly 100 years. steamer. Te other holes had at some tion of the early crosshead beam engine cases, untested techniques to construct the point been disfgured, likely in an efort to used on Phoenix II. Tough the features hulls and skeletal framework. Tis process remove the metal piping they housed. found on frame 60 require more examina- required trial-and-error to learn which Aside from the holes indicating machin- tion, the information derived may answer construction methods worked best to pro- KEELSON ery placement, two iron attachment points many questions about this early style duce larger and faster boats that generated resembling shackle bolt mounts were of engine and its employment on Lake the most proft. Phoenix II’s hull repre- placed between the inner and outer engine Champlain steamers. sents the earliest alterations, but can be CEILING PLANKING bed timbers on both sides. Te mounts Tree years of archaeological work on directly compared to Phoenix I to see how were 4.5 inches high, with a 3-inch diam- Phoenix II will be instrumental in further- design had changed in only fve years. eter circular head, and a 1-inch diameter ing our understanding of early steam- Having confrmed the steamer’s identity FRAME ENDS hole where presumably the shackle bolt was boats, their construction, engines and the through the combination of archaeologi- attached. What exactly these mounts were lives of those who worked and traveled cal excavation, historical research, and a used for is unknown, but they may be key on board. Te technology required for bit of luck, we are now able to draw con- to solving the positioning and confgura- building the engines, designing the hulls clusions about a known historical wreck. and running the on-board operations was Tis single wreck represents the era of all in the earliest phase of development. In massive, elegant Lake Champlain steam- Opposite page: Perspective view of frame this period, shipwrights were using a mix- boats that constituted the main method 60, with archaeological indicators for engine machinery placement. This page: Profle view ture of traditional boat-building methods of travel for people passing through the of the sternpost as seen from the port side. and implementing new, and in some Champlain Valley for nearly 100 years.

FOLLOW INA ONLINE: For more information, visit the project page at nautica- CAROLYN KENNEDY larch.org/projects/shelburne-shipyard-steamboat-graveyard-research-project/ Ph.D. Student Texas A&M University

Location of chisel with name "S.B. Phoenix" YAMAFUNE IMAGES: K. PHOTOGRAMMETRY between keelson and engine bed timber 16 INA QUARTERLY 43.1/2 SPRING/SUMMER 2016 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 17 PROFILE FAITH HENTSCHEL

NA Afliated Scholar and Associate Director Dr. Faith Hentschel has been a valued and voluntary member of a dozen INA projects over the past four decades. Faith earned degrees in ArtI History from Mount Holyoke (1965) and Classical Archaeology from Yale (1975, 1977, 1982). As an underwater archaeologist Faith worked in Maine, Italy, and Spain but dedicated the bulk of her career to INA projects in Turkey, where she trained countless students in the techniques of underwater excavation. Faith’s extraordinary resume includes INA excavations at Yassıada, Serçe Limanı, Uluburun, Bozburun, Tektaş Burnu, Pabuç Burnu, and Kızılburun. Faith also directed shipwreck surveys for INA in 2003 and 2004. In 2009, Faith retired from Central Connecticut State University as Professor in the Department of Art. During her prestigious archaeological career Faith has given innumerable public lectures about INA-excavated shipwrecks. Today she enjoys spending time with her two children and four grandchildren. Te pages that follow capture, chronicle, and celebrate the lasting impact of one of nautical archaeology’s grande dames.

Faith boards Virazon at Pabuç Burnu

1974 1977 1982 - 1983 1995 - 1998 2002 - 2003 2005 - 2011 4th-century Roman Hellenistic wreck Ottoman wreck at 9th-century wreck at 6th-century B.C. Late Hellenistic wreck at Yassıada, at Secca di Capistello Yassıada, Turkey Bozburun, Turkey wreck at Pabuç column wreck at Turkey (Lipari), Italy Burnu, Turkey Kızılburun, Turkey

1975 1977 - 1979 1984 - 1994 1999 - 2001 2003 - 2004 2007 - 2011 Excavation of the Medieval Glass wreck at Late Bronze Age wreck Classical Greek wreck at Faith conducts submersible Phoenician wreck at Bajo Defense in Maine Serçe Limanı, Turkey at Uluburun, Turkey Tektaş Burnu, Turkey surveys for ancient ship- de la Campana, Spain wrecks, Turkey

18 INA QUARTERLY 43.1/2 SPRING/SUMMER 2016 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 19 PROFILE: FAITH HENTSCHEL

way-- as long as I could hear her I knew she was safe and I never had to stop working to check on her. While over the years I have had other dive buddies who have perhaps been Faith’s equal, none has been better! 1980s -RALPH PEDERSEN During my photo runs at Uluburun I spent hours watching Faith excavate, and she was not to be disturbed or moved for a better photograph; but loving the lights she worked feverishly, talking to In 1982, I was a student in the Williams College/Mystic Seaport herself all the while. At Uluburun Faith was great company on a Program in Maritime Studies when Faith gave a lecture at the day of in Kastellorizo; she was always ready for a good conversa- Seaport about INA's work in Turkey. I was a history major, but tion, a dance, or a jump of the clif into the sea. wanted to work more with physical objects and ships, and the -DON FREY light bulb went on in my head during her lecture - this is EX- ACTLY what I want to do! After the lecture, I made Faith cofee Te Uluburun shipwreck excavation lasted 11 full seasons during while she told stories about George, Fred, Dick and the excava- which we dived twice a day, six days a week for two and a half to This page, clockwise from left: Faith and tions at Serçe Limanı and Yassıada. A year later, she taught a three months each season, compiling 22,500 working dives, and I Don Frey; Sorting glass fragments from the do not remember a single dive Faith missed! Always volunteering Serçe Limanı Glass wreck; Faith in 1979; course at Connecticut College. Faith assigned me a report on the Faith and Don Rosencrantz. Byzantine ship at Yassıada, and lent me her new copy of the ex- for tasks that others normally shied from, meticulously keeping ex- cavation publication to prepare, and then had to sufer through a cavation and artifact catalogs, and swiftly stepping in when others very long plank-by-plank report on Fred and Dick's hull analysis. felt ill or tired. We depended on her regularly, and she delivered -FRED HOCKER unfailingly week after week, year after year, with her big, beaming In 1977, I was a graduate student volunteering at INA’s Serçe smile. I will never forget her standing on my shoulders at 180 feet Limanı Medieval Glass Wreck excavation in Turkey when I met At Uluburun Faith was my favorite dive buddy. We would often deep determined to get difcult horizontal measurements using a Faith. Two years earlier, at INA’s Bronze Age Şeytan Deresi wreck “power down” the 150 feet to the site to gain a bit more work plumb-bob and measuring tapes on the steep slope of the site. I excavation, I frst heard of Faith’s many praises, and conjured time. She was tough as nails! One of the best parts of diving with cannot imagine a harder working, a more joyful and spirited feld up an image of an incredibly capable, giant of nautical archaeol- her was that when excavating she mumbled to herself. As we were colleague than Faith. 1970s ogy. It was with great anticipation therefore that my eyes were often out of sight of one another -- there was a big boulder in the -CEMAL PULAK glued to the horizon for our locally-hired boat, returning from its weekly run to Marmaris with provisions and guests. When the boat fnally arrived, I began sizing up the guests on board, It was the mid-1970s when I frst met Faith. George Bass was and I quickly recognized Faith from her beaming smile, heartfelt now well known for taking archaeology to the seabed with the greeting, and her infectious laughter. Indeed, Faith proved to be Byzantine Ship at Yassıada. He decided to launch a student everything I had heard about and much more. season to train a wider group in the techniques of watery excava- -CEMAL PULAK tion. Faith, then a student at Yale, applied to join. It just so happened that my husband Michael and I were visiting faculty I can never forget the frst time I met Faith. It was 1978; my friends at Yale, and George asked Michael to assess the capabili- frst week in Turkey, and she arrived at the excavation full of ties of the applicant. Faith walked in and Michael’s eyes went smiles and exuberance. Faith always reminds me of laughter, out on stalks. He did manage to conduct a fairly sane interview, long talks, whispers and giggles across bunk beds at our excava- but the next thing I knew he was on a phone. “George, you’ve tion camps. Faith has always been able to pull people out of got to take Faith Hentschel on your dig. She’s absolutely gor- themselves. Maybe it’s her openness and willingness to share that geous!....oh, yes…. and smart.” Once launched, Faith’s diving draws people to her. It is probably this feature of her character career took on a life parallel with her teaching, but out of our that also gives her such a love of adventure. Faith is always do- sight. Only recently as a fellow associate director of INA have I ing something, busy exploring and questioning - we have had come to know and love her through our art viewing adventures some wonderful trips together and she has led me in directions This page, clockwise from left: Faith examining together. Wherever INA is meeting we visit the museums and I would never have thought to try on my own. I have known glass shards in the Bodrum Museum; Holding are struck by the same works for the same reasons. What terrifc an ebony log from the Uluburun cargo; Faith Faith for over half of my life, and because of this, the most discusses the Uluburun site plan in the feld; fun we’re having. important half. Faith (left) and (left to right): George Bass, Robin -SUSAN KATZEV -SHEILA MATTHEWS Piercy, Dick Stefy, and Ann Bass.

20 INA QUARTERLY 43.1/2 SPRING/SUMMER 2016 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 21 PROFILE: FAITH HENTSCHEL

Faith is the ultimate digger, the excavator's excavator, with years of experience and a fne eye for what she sees in the mud and sand. When I was preparing for the frst season at Bozburun, I was pleased to learn that Faith would participate, and asked her to work the galley area. She was one of our stalwarts, every season for 1990s four years, but you had to be a tolerant partner. She did not want to stop digging, and would bat you away with a hand when you came to "suggest" that it was time to surface. I treasured every sea- son with her, and look forward to seeing her every time we meet. Faith Hentschel was the frst member of INA whom I ever met, -FRED HOCKER when I attended her presentation on the 1988 excavation of the Uluburun shipwreck. Afterwards I presented myself to Dr. When I was lucky enough to have Faith as a dive buddy at Tektaş Hentschel who promptly introduced me to Dr. George Bass Burnu, I learned the thrill of zooming down to the site, fnning himself. In 1989 I was admitted to the Nautical Archaeology furiously as fast as our ears could clear, impatient to begin the Program, and in May 1990 I reported for camp building at day’s discoveries. And yet many times at Kekova a few years after This page, clockwise from left: Faith on the decompression stop at Kızılburun; Getting ready to Uluburun. As Virazon arrived in camp, I quickly spied Faith and that, I watched as Faith patiently shepherded new students down dive from Virazon at Kekova; Faith (right) examin- shouted “Hello Dr. Hentschel!” She laughed and replied, “Call to the site, descending feet-frst at a rate that must have felt like ing pottery with Danielle Feeney and Susan Rotrof; me Faith.” I worked with her everyday over the next fve seasons half her bottom time. Faith didn’t only teach students to exca- Faith (right) and Deborah Carlson at Kızılburun. at Uluburun. Faith brought us frst year students along for trips vate, but to experience Turkey in all of its glory. After driving two students to a treasured fsh restaurant on the Bodrum peninsula, through the countryside and out to the restaurants of Kaş on our feld. But Faith’s meticulous work on the seabed is as remarkable as she encouraged them to try whole fsh for the frst time. Yet with day of, teaching us about the art and history surrounding us. her infuence above the waves. Te area under her supervision was a diferent set of determinedly unadventurous diners, she had no Perhaps best of all was her great laugh and willingness to listen to often the most delicate or complex on site, as few could be trusted hesitation in ordering multiple plates of sigara borek to make sure our problems and little dramas. I can’t imagine my life in Turkey to uncover, record, and decipher objects on the seabed as Faith they too learned to love Turkish cuisine. without her. could. She has always been the one to turn to for advice about -EDWARD ROGERS -ELIZABETH GREENE 2000s excavating a tricky area on the seabed, and she always delivered that advice without airs or judgment. To earn the Faith Seal of Ap- proval meant you were a successful initiate. -KRIS TREGO

When I think about Faith, the frst word that comes to mind is As Director of INA’s Turkish shipwreck surveys in 2003 and ‘sparkle’. A personality that lights up a room and makes a party. 2004, Faith made unsuccessful but well focused eforts to relocate Te sparkle of freworks generated by a life lived passionately. the “Demeter Wreck.” Both summers, I followed her eforts Te second word that comes to mind is ‘generosity’. Faith took closely and became aware that “macho extremism” was such a me to explore the Sinai and dive in the Red Sea and tube the problem that I twice threatened to fre one of the ofenders. In Xanthos River. She bought me my frst car and made me learn the end, however, it was Faith’s dignity and grace that carried the to drive a motorcycle the day she fell of hers. She gave me the day. Today, thanks to the early eforts of people like Faith, INA best hand-me-downs ever. Te third word that comes to mind is is thriving under the leadership of women, along with men, at ‘ferce’. Fierce to get it right, ferce to do it right. Her hand raised all levels. She is to be thanked for her role in bringing us to this at the end of briefngs, asking for clarifcation. Her hand raised to happy state. volunteer. Te best cleaning buddy in the history of the universe. -FRED VAN DOORNINCK Te hasır toilet shacks – you guessed it – sparkled. Te last word that comes to mind is ‘joy’. Faith, wild-child of the 60s, dreaming I’m sure Faith will laugh at the suggestion that I learned patience big, fearless in making those dreams happen. Like the best heroes, from her, but the better lesson might be one of balance. More stumbling big. Ten doing even bigger to make up for it. than anything else, Faith’s ideas about a balanced life, which she - NICOLLE HIRSCHFELD told me over countless sandwich lunches on Virazon during the long frst season at Pabuç Burnu—to pursue excellence, but leave This page, clockwise from left: Faith ready I frst met Faith when we worked together at Kızılburun, although to dive at Uluburun; Faith takes artifact time for love and family; to speak your mind, but sometimes stay measurements at Uluburun; Faith (right) and I had been hearing stories of this INA Olympian since my sum- silent; and to cherish the beauty of your full world—are words of Claire Peachey at Bozburun; Faith and Murat mers at Tektaş Burnu. Vivacious and loquacious, Faith possesses wisdom I will always value. Tilev examining the recompression chamber. a force that pulls those orbiting around her into her gravitational -ELIZABETH S. GREENE

22 INA QUARTERLY 43.1/2 SPRING/SUMMER 2016 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 23 SALVAGING USS WESTFIELD

AT TRSTENIK IN THE GULF OF KAŠTELA, CROATI Exhibiting remnants of a Civil War gunboat in the Texas City Museum BY JUSTIN PARKOFF

n 2009, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) organized the recovery of the wreckage from the Civil War gunboat USS Westfeld in advance of a major dredging operation planned for the Texas City Ship Channel in Galveston Bay, Texas. Tis Iproject resulted in the largest archaeological salvage ever conducted in Texas waters. Over 8,000 artifacts were recovered and sent to the Conservation Research Laboratory (CRL) at Texas A&M University (TAMU). Although conservation was originally the main objective, in time, the project grew into a major exhibit at the Texas City Museum. Tis project was realized by both undergraduate and graduate students from numerous disciplines working together to achieve a common goal in bringing Westfeld's story to the public.

USS Westfeld's destruction; from Harper's Weekly (31 January, 1863), modifed with graphics by Andrew Hall

24 INA QUARTERLY 43.1/2 SPRING/SUMMER 2016 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 25 SALVAGING USS WESTFIELD JUSTIN PARKOFF

HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE was equipped with an identical bow and tured by Union forces aboard Westfeld When the Civil War broke out in 1861, stern so it could travel in either direction. on October 9th, 1862, and subsequently the Union Navy sought to blockade all Tis feature allowed Westfeld to operate used as a base of operations to conduct southern ports as a means to strangle the in very confned spaces in New York Har- raids up and down the Texas coast. Te economy of the newly formed Confedera- bor. Additionally, Westfeld was built to Union held this city until the Battle of cy. However, the Union soon realized that carry heavy loads of passengers and horse Galveston on January 1, 1863. In the they were ill prepared to fght naval battles teams, a design aspect that was reutilized early hours of New Year’s Day, Confeder- in their own backyard, much less establish by the Navy for carrying heavy artillery ate forces under the command of General a blockade. Te warships in service were and other armament. John B. Magruder launched a joint land heavy, deep-drafted vessels that could not After aiding Admiral Farragut in the and naval attack on the city. During this navigate the shallow bays and twisting successful capture of New Orleans and battle, Westfeld was run aground while rivers of the southern states. Tis led the participating in numerous operations on trying to cut of enemy steamers. Facing Navy to purchase hundreds of shallow- the Mississippi River, USS Westfeld was capture, Westfeld’s commander, William draft civilian vessels, including Westfeld, made the new fagship for Union eforts B. Renshaw, made the difcult choice to which were converted into warships. along the Texas Gulf Coast. Her mission destroy the vessel rather than let her fall was to maintain the blockade, and to iso- into enemy hands. After evacuating the Opposite page, from left: Reconstructed Westfeld was originally a New York components outlined in red; Engine cylin- Staten Island ferryboat, built for Corne- late or capture major port towns. As the crew, Renshaw, his ofcers, and several der reconstruction. This page, from left: A lius Vanderbilt. As a ferryboat, the vessel largest port in Texas, Galveston was cap- other men stayed behind to prepare the typical clamshell grab shows the dispa- rate nature of the recovered artifacts; Undergraduate students assisted with the fnal placement of many artifacts. Forward she was blown into fragments down to the water... The Commodore's boat and all in it were annihilated in the terrible vessel for destruction. Unfortunately, dore's boat and all in it were annihilated in a scientifc excavation was not feasible. catastrophe – scattered through the air in fragments. something went wrong and the charges the terrible catastrophe – scattered through Although carefully planned, Westfeld's detonated prematurely. A witness de- the air in fragments. Te smoke-stack and recovery was purely a salvage operation scribed the event: the after part of the ship lay in a black that had to be conducted quickly and “Te decks were saturated with turpen- mass in the water for ten minutes, when efciently in just over one month. Te tine, and the last of the crew, with Com- there was another fash, and she was speed- remains of the vessel consisted of little modore Renshaw, were just about to leave ily wrapped in fames." more than a disarticulated debris feld. the ship. Te gig was ready and theCom- Te second fash marked the destruction Tese artifacts were recovered using a modore was the last to descend. Te torch of the over-pressurized boilers exploding. clamshell digger. To help determine was applied – a bright fash ran along the Westfeld's stern burned to the waterline provenience, a 15 x 15 ft digital grid was deck... It was a moment of surprise and and slipped beneath Galveston Bay, laid over the site remotely using multi- of perfect silence, and it was only a mo- leaving the top of the twisted machin- beam data to display the 3d surface of the ment; then there was a fash of blue smoke ery exposed and thirteen men dead. By site and an integrated dredge positioning and a fearful explosion. Te shells of the the end of the battle, Galveston lay in system to provide the operator a real-time magazine, rising in the air, burst far up. Confederate hands, and the remaining view of the grid and clamshell position. Tere was a plunging noise in the water, Union ships fed the bay. Te loss of both After each clamshell grab, archaeologists such as is occasioned by the falling of a Westfeld and Galveston had a long-lasting logged the grid number of the artifacts heavy body, and then for a radius of four impact on Union operations in Texas. contained within. or fve hundred feet there was a shower of Galveston remained a Confederate port Following the excavation, the artifacts fragments which sounded like falling rain. for the duration of the war and Westfeld’s were sent to CRL at TAMU. Conserva- Westfeld was seen to part or burst out for- visible wreckage served as a continuous tion lasted approximately fve years, after ward, like a chestnut burr, and when the reminder of the Confederate victory over which, a curation problem arose. Like smoke was cleared away there was no sign a stronger adversary. the wreck site, the conserved collection of life about her. Forward she was blown consisted of thousands of disarticulated into fragments down to the water; but the EXCAVATION AND CONSERVATION fragments that would be difcult to pres- machinery had not (yet) been destroyed, Te remains of USS Westfeld were lo- ent to the general public. Tis difcultly as the singing of the steam was distinctly cated in one of our nation's busiest ship- inevitably turned many museums away. heard after the explosion. Te Commo- ping lanes; closing down the channel for Very little survived that could be devel- PHOTOS, THIS PAGE (FROM LEFT): J. PARKOFF; TAMU CRL; OPPOSITE PAGE (FROM LEFT): ATKINS GLOBAL; TAMU CRL TAMU GLOBAL; ATKINS (FROM LEFT): CRL; OPPOSITE PAGE TAMU (FROM LEFT): J. PARKOFF; THIS PAGE PHOTOS,

26 INA QUARTERLY 43.1/2 SPRING/SUMMER 2016 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 27 JUSTIN PARKOFF

oped into a meaningful museum exhibit In their original form, Westfeld's boilers students at the CRL were puzzled how to and it began to look as if most of the were very complex with many internal support the great weight of this compo- SUGGESTED READING collection would be relegated to perma- spaces created by the frebox areas, fues, nent. Te students from Architecture nent storage. and the encircling water compartments. Ranch found a solution – a heavy frame Cotham Jr., E.T. 2006, The Southern Jour- Because the artifacts were twisted from hidden within faux beams designed to ney of a Civil War Marine, the Illustrated INTERDISCIPLINARY the explosion, the boiler design required mimic the originals. Note-Book of Henry O. Gusley, Austin. COLLABORATION modifcation throughout the planning Before conservation was complete, the process. Recent NAP Ph.D. Kotaro CONCLUSION Parkoff, J. 2016, "A Formidable Looking Pile Yamafune recreated the boiler in digital of Iron Boilers and Machinery": Reconstruct- author, together with fellow Nautical Ar- Te process that led to this reconstruc- ing the Civil War Gunboat USS Westfeld. chaeology Program (NAP) graduate stu- form and NAP alumna Karen Martin- tion proves that even the most scant Ph.D. Dissertation, Anthropology, Texas dent Jessica Stika, began to work toward dale helped the author modify the plan archaeological artifacts can be an edu- A&M University, College Station. a curation solution. Individually, these until the bulk of the boiler artifacts were cational asset if utilized properly. While shattered artifacts meant nothing, yet, if included. To facilitate presentation and USS Westfeld is only 150 years old, the Stika, J.R. 2013, The Conservation and interpretation, the boiler exhibit was Analysis of Small Artifacts from the Site of they could be combined and exhibited design of the machinery is now largely USS Westfeld. M.A. Thesis, Anthropology, together, Westfeld's story could be told. split down the middle, with one side forgotten or misunderstood. Collabora- Texas A&M University, College Station. We started to design concept models that a full reconstruction, and the other a tion between conservators, museum staf, utilized skeletal structures to reconstruct skeleton showing the surviving artifacts and students of Anthropology, Architec- the original size of Westfeld's machin- mounted in position. ture, and Engineering generated creative ery and began mounting the surviving Te Automated Fabrication & Design solutions through shared expertise. As artifacts onto those structures. Before Laboratory, or "Architecture Ranch" at a result, large portions of Westfeld's long we realized that there were enough TAMU’s Department of Architecture machinery were reconstructed, allowing artifacts to reconstruct Westfeld's massive trains undergraduate and graduate stu- the vessel's story to be presented to the engine cylinder, one of the two boilers, dents who made suggestions about how general public in one of the largest ship- and one of the bearing block assemblies to build the boiler components in an wreck exhibits in the state of Texas. that once supported the engine's walking economically and structurally sound way. beam. After presenting concept models Architecture Ranch students reworked ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS of these three components to the Texas the boiler plan to include the vertical Heartfelt thanks go out to students of City Museum, the idea was accepted, stability of the structure, the weight ca- the TAMU Anthropology Department: and the USS Westfeld Reconstruction pacity to hold the artifacts, the aesthetic Jessica Stika, Karen Martindale, Kotaro Project was formed. need to hide the main structural frame, Yamafune, Glenn Grieco, Christopher Professional ship modeler Glenn electrical lighting, and most importantly, Dostal, Timothy Campbell, Ralf Singh- Grieco of the Center for Maritime Ar- safety, since this structure would be Bischofberger, Parker Brooks, Carrigan chaeology and Conservation (CMAC) placed in a public museum. Miller, Martin Kallus, Kelsey Rooney; the took the engine cylinder concept and Finally, Architecture Ranch students con- Architecture Ranch: Luke Fangue, Jacob redesigned it into a structurally sound structed the skeletal portions of the boiler Pasket, Mitchell Jackson, Michael McCall, plan that could support the weight of using cattle-panel and reinforced steel bars Troy Hassmann, Justin Cannaday, Shyanne the heavy cast iron artifacts. Using Grie- and tubing. Although considerably smaller Delhin; TAMU Galveston: Morgan Larson co's plan, Dudley May, from the Texas than the other components, the bearing and Rachel Jacob; and Austin Anderson A&M Transportation Institute com- block proved to be no less impressive in (University of San Diego). pleted the frst skeleton by welding the both planning and construction. Te top framing components. Te structure was portion of the bearing block weighs 765 assembled at the CRL, where under- lbs., while the bottom portion weighs 350 JUSTIN PARKOFF graduate students from both TAMU’s lbs. Without the wood beams that were 2016 Ph.D. Graduate Anthropology Department and TAMU originally integrated into the structure, Texas A&M University Galveston assisted in determining the fnal placement of many artifacts.

This page: Reconstruction of the boiler before FOLLOW INA ONLINE: For more information about visiting the USS Wesfeld fnal painting. Opposite page: Students at the exhibit, check out the Texas City Museum's website: http://www.texas-city-tx.org

Architecture Ranch welding the boiler's frame. ARCHITECTURE RANCH OPPOSITE PAGE: J. PARKOFF; THIS PAGE: PHOTO,

28 INA QUARTERLY 43.1/2 SPRING/SUMMER 2016 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 29

1:12 model built by Glenn Grieco of TAMU's Center for LA BELLE: THE SHIP THAT CHANGED HISTORY Maritime Archaeology and RELIVING LA SALLE'S FATEFUL 1684 EXPEDITION AT THE Conservation BULLOCK TEXAS STATE HISTORY MUSEUM By Ken Trethewey

Tree hundred and thirty years after La the interpretation of the artifacts, the hu- material remains, and in repeatedly high- Belle sank in Matagorda Bay, she is now man remains on board, and the challenges lighting the human element in those sto- the centerpiece of the main exhibit of the overcome by the conservators. ries. As soon as visitors enter the exhibit Bullock Texas State History Museum, Tough the Bullock Museum covers space, the frst thing they see is a series of which opened in downtown Austin in many aspects of Texas history through photographs with captions providing the 2001. In fact, the discovery of La Belle its numerous galleries situated on three chronology of the search for, discovery, in 1995 was the catalyst for the creation foors, it is immediately apparent upon identifcation, excavation, conservation of the museum, and the building was de- entering the building that La Belle is the and display of the wreck. It is made clear signed specifcally to house her. Following premiere exhibit. Te arched entrance to that a cannon recovered during early ex- excavation by the Texas Historical Com- the La Belle exhibit pierces the center of ploratory dives provided the proof of the mission (THC) and years of conservation the wall facing the entry, and it is the only identity of the ship. Tat cannon is then and reconstruction by Texas A&M Uni- exhibit to occupy the frst foor. Visitors displayed next, just after the chronologi- Musket cartridges versity (TAMU)’s Conservation Research proceeding to other exhibits on the second cal series of photos, with a dramatic quote Laboratory, La Belle at last occupies the and third foors fnd balconies providing from the diver conveying the sensation place of honor intended for her, within bird’s eye views of La Belle from every side of groping blindly in the muddy water an exhibition providing a rich context of on both levels. and making a thrilling discovery. Other excavate the marine site as a land site by large map painted on the wall, with the display case is small enough that, though compelling narratives: the discovery of the Te exhibit itself is very efective at tell- points emphasized in the chronology are building a cofer dam and pumping out expedition’s route dotted in, and with a set the number of items inside is also small, wreck, the original La Salle expedition, ing multiple stories associated with the the revolutionary technique employed to the sea, the Herculean task of conserving of photographs with captions, similar to they are so crowded that I found it dif- such a tremendous quantity of artifacts, the shipwreck discovery and display chro- fcult to take photographs without messy the negotiations with France over the nology opposite to it, relating the chronol- and distracting backgrounds. ownership of the wreck, the unusual ogy of the failed expedition, and ending A separate display case is dedicated to The hull remains of the 17th- choice to freeze dry the wooden hull, and with the sinking of La Belle. Te map is artifacts associated with one of the two century French ship, La Belle the creation of the museum as Bob Bull- efective in reminding the viewer just how skeletons found on the wreck, along with ock’s vision for the accommodation of this long the journey across the Atlantic Ocean a replica of the skull and even a recon- important discovery. really was, especially in such a small ship. struction of the face of the man who died Also upon entry into the exhibit, one And the chronology provides additional over 300 years ago. Nineteen others re- immediately hears the narration accom- detail not covered by the video, includ- portedly died when La Belle sank. It is rare panying a 15-minute video, playing in a ing more on the ship’s cargo, identities of to fnd human remains on old wooden continuous loop. Tis is the main one of some of the passengers, particulars about shipwrecks, since bodies are usually swept three diferent videos playing in various the voyage and the arrival, and greater away, and this one provides an ideal parts of the exhibit, and it tells the story detail about the sinking of La Belle. opportunity to emphasize the human ele- of the La Salle expedition. Te video be- Tough 1.6 million artifacts were recov- ment in the historical events usually illus- gins with shots of the wreck in situ, with a ered from the shipwreck, surprisingly few trated only by artifacts. As with the bronze close up of a human skull lying in it, then are on display at the Bullock Museum, cannon, the display of the human remains quickly transitions to the 17th century but they are efective at bringing to life is accompanied by a dramatic quote, this and the original conception of the expedi- the people who used them. Te main one conveying the 20th-century research- tion, and narrates the events that followed artifact display is a single square glass case, ers’ emotional connection to the 17th- in a tragic tone. Te visuals consist of designed to be viewed from all four sides. seventeenth century would-be colonists. paintings, map graphics, water colors, ink Each side contains a diferent category Te surviving hull of La Belle lies behind drawings, etc., and the focus is upon the of items: items needed for the planned a low barrier at the rear of the frst room hardships and eventual near complete loss colony such as tools and cooking uten- of the exhibit. Visitors approach from of the expedition team. sils, trade goods such as beads and rings, her port side, of which only six strakes Te same story is also told with a very rigging from the ship, and weapons. Te survive above the keel. She rested on her

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LA BELLE: THE SHIP THAT CHANGED HISTORY The hull remains list to starboard as they did on the seabed starboard side on the seabed, so more of aboard one of the other three ships of come this problem fairly easily, however, that side of the ship was preserved below the expedition, and to assemble her after since there is also on display a 1:12 scale the mud, but that side cannot be seen by they had reached their intended destina- model of La Belle created by Glenn Grieco museum visitors. Te ship is displayed tion in Louisiana. In the end there was no of TAMU’s Center for Maritime Archae- listing to starboard as she was found. room to carry the components, and so La ology and Conservation. Te model is From the ground level of the museum, Belle was constructed in France and sailed even in exactly the same orientation as the the hull so flls the space that is difcult across the Atlantic with the other ships. actual hull, listing to starboard, with the to photograph the ship in its entirety; one But the markings identifying the indi- bow facing left, so one can glance from cannot get far enough away, and the light vidual components and providing their one to the other to imagine the full scale seems inadequate as well. Te hull is of intended positions in the assembled ship ship. Also, the hull planking has been left course completely empty of any artifacts, are still clearly visible on the hull today. of of the model on the port side, so that but a line drawing on a podium in front Te museum visitor need only look up viewers can see the boxes, barrels, ropes, of it shows the locations of many of the from the placard at the well-illuminated etc., as they were loaded on the real ship. artifacts, so that the viewer can fairly easily stern section of the keel just above and a Walking around the stern to get to imagine what things looked like as the few feet away to see the Roman numeral the smaller back room of the exhibit, a water and mud were removed from the markings very clearly. 15-minute silent video is playing on a excavation site. As with most old wooden shipwrecks, loop. Oddly, there is no place from which Te museum has done a great job il- the parts of La Belle that were buried in to view this video. I had to wedge myself lustrating one particular detail of the con- the seabed survive, while the parts above into a corner between the low barrier struction. As visitors leave the main front the mud have been lost. It is often difcult around the ship and a support column to room of the exhibit, they walk toward the to envision what an entire ship may have be out of foot trafc so that I could watch stern of the ship, and fnd a last placard looked like when all one can see are the the video. I found it worth seeing, how- explaining that La Belle was meant to parts that were probably below the water ever, since it showed the actual process of many of the artifacts in situ, the mapping of conserving such a huge quantity of the main stories the museum has elected be a “kit ship”. La Salle’s original plan line even when the ship was intact and the construction of the cofer dams, the technique, and the painstaking cleaning, artifacts as was found on La Belle. Two to tell about the wreck. had been to pack La Belle’s components sailing. Visitors to the museum can over- removal and sifting of the sand and mud, tracing and disassembly of the timbers. items receive particular attention in the Tough it is difcult to photograph the Particularly interesting to me was the foot- flm: the muskets and the hull itself. Tere ship from the lower level as mentioned age of the tourists excitedly viewing the is a nice graphic of a musket lying on the previously, as one leaves the La Belle excavation activities and taking photo- seabed and having its iron parts corrode exhibit and proceeds upstairs to enjoy the graphs from the top of the cofer dams. away and form a concretion, and then a rest of the museum, it is quickly apparent Te last display on the route to the hole is drilled in the concretion and it is that there are excellent perspectives on smaller back room of the exhibit is an flled with epoxy. Te viewer then sees the ship from the staircase landings and iron cannon found at Fort St. Louis, the the resulting molded pieces reftted onto the upper foor balconies above. With doomed settlement created by La Salle’s the original wood pieces to reconstruct so much to see, learn and enjoy in the colonists. It is explained that, after two the complete musket. Peter Fix discusses exhibit itself, it is an added treat to fnd years of conficts with native populations, the challenges involved in cleaning and numerous pleasing perspectives down disease and hunger, the last adult colo- reassembling the 8000 board feet and 600 onto La Belle long after one has moved on nists, stranded after the loss of La Belle, pieces of the hull, all without ever letting to the other exhibits. were killed by Karankawas, and a few them dry, and there is illustrative footage children taken away. Tese children were of the reconstruction within the large wa- found over a year later by Spaniards, and ter tank with the lifting platform. Donny Associate Director Dr. Ken Trethewey (M.A., the story of one of them is featured in the and Peter also talk about the novelty of Ph.D. Princeton University) has partici- 4-D flm Shipwrecked, screened upstairs freeze drying the entire hull, and the suc- pated in several INA excavations, including in the museum’s theater. cess of that process. those at Bozburun, Kızılburun, and Tektaş Te main display in the smaller rear It is gratifying to see that the challenges Burnu (Turkey) and at Godavaya (Sri room of the exhibition is the third and and rewards of conservation are among Lanka). fnal video, this one a four minute flm focusing on conservation. Te frst face seen is that of TAMU Conservator and FOLLOW INA ONLINE: For more information about the exhibit, check out the Cooking utensils former INA President Donny Hamilton, Bullock Texas State History Museum's website: www.thestoryoftexas.com! remarking upon the enormity of the task

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REVIEW narrow geographic areas and time spans— frequent citations, direct quotes, and an Food at Sea is one of the few that includes extensive bibliography. Primary accounts A SHIPBOARD RECIPE FOOD AT SEA: SHIPBOARD CUISINE FROM ANCIENT TO MODERN TIMES disparate periods, nationalities, geographic from ships’ logs and journals are often FROM THE BOOK areas, and perspectives. cited, including a particularly colorful MENESTRA À LA GALEON REAL By Simon Spalding Although Spalding’s scope is wide, description of worm-infested sea biscuits (CIRCA 1290) detailed morsels of information can be that literally crawled of the mess cloth. 2 cups dry fava beans and/or chickpeas found throughout the book. For example, Although well-cited, this book does not 2 cups rice in chapter four, he notes how changes in present original research of the author, 3 pints fresh water ships’ rigging during the 19th century im- but a secondary compilation of existing 2-4 cloves garlic, minced capturing the imagination of the public. proved the sailors’ diet—the elimination of historical and archaeological publica- 2 tablespoons olive oil Te price fetched for this piece of hardtack stunsails left the crew leisure time to fsh, tions; Spalding is neither a researcher nor 1 tablespoon wine vinegar 1/2 teaspoon salt, or more to taste demonstrates the fascination that people whereas the crew rarely had time to catch an academic, but rather a music histo- have with shipboard food. Limited storage fresh fsh on clipper ships because sailors rian. Tose who are experts in the topic Soak the legumes overnight; pour off water and space on board and the equally limited were constantly setting or striking the should not approach this book searching rinse before cooking. In a pot, heat olive oil; add shelf-life of available foods and water stunsails. Spalding also mentions the vari- for new data or fresh historical insights. the garlic and lightly brown it. Add the legumes, resulted in the challenge of ensuring sailors ous ways sailors tried to cure scurvy before Food at Sea is written in a clear tone the rice, the water, and the salt. Bring to a boil; had adequate hydration and nutrition. For the science behind the disease was known. with abundant descriptions that allow then add vinegar and simmer at low heat for 20 minutes or until the rice is done. Serve in millennia, storage time relied upon prop- Although discussion of the ramifcations of Spalding’s enthusiasm for the subject to wooden bowls. erties of the food, such as low moisture in the often restricted shipboard diets is near- shine through. Although nautical jargon oatmeal, onions, and cheese, and smoking ly absent, Spalding does give special men- is used throughout, the terms are defned or storing meat and fsh in brine. But even tion to scurvy, as no book on shipboard for the non-specialist. Spalding’s articulate shipboard food is communicated to the then, humid conditions and damage by food is complete without a discussion style, paired with his meticulous research, reader in the later chapters. Tis volume insects, rodents, and microbes resulted in on the most infamous of sailor diseases. make this book suitable for both academ- could have been better organized into two scores of sailors dying from dietary def- publications—one covering shipboard ciencies. In Food at Sea: Shipboard Cuisine In Food at Sea: Shipboard Cuisine from Ancient food from the ancient and medieval world, from Ancient to Modern Times, Simon to Modern Times, Simon Spalding answers the and the second covering post-medieval to Spalding answers the intriguing question modern shipboard food. of what people ate on sailing vessels dating intriguing question of what people ate on sailing Lastly, the book contains 36 images, but from prehistory until present day. vessels dating from prehistory until present day. the majority of these do not add much Spalding’s book is divided into eight information for the reader. Many of these chapters beginning with food eaten on Sailors on long voyages often succumbed ics and the general public. images are low-resolution, particularly Mesolithic dugout canoes and ending with to scurvy, a disease of connective tissue in Our criticisms relate to lack of content. when printed in black-and-white on tex- cuisine aboard modern cruise ships. Te which bleeding occurred and old wounds Although the book is the most compre- tured beige paper. chapters are organized in chronological and fractures reopened. In 1747, Captain hensive popular publication to date of Te few shortcomings of the book do order, with minor temporal overlap of a Dr. James Lind concluded that citrus fruit food on ships, it is still lacking in content, not detract from its value. Tis is the only few chapters where the author found it (specifcally oranges and lemons) cured the particularly in the frst chapter. Everything comprehensive volume on shipboard food benefcial to group chapters by subject disease after conducting one of the frst from prehistory to AD 1500 is covered in spanning from antiquity to the present matter rather than period. Te main text is clinical trials ever. Limes were mistakenly the frst 25 pages, whereas the other seven that covers the topic in such breadth, even followed by shipboard recipes, a bibliogra- identifed as the miracle substance, thus chapters of the book are devoted to only if the content is treated a bit unevenly. phy, and an index. the moniker “limeys” for British sailors and the last 500 years. As such, the frst chap- Spalding does a wonderful job of writing Tere are several strengths to this book. eventually Englishmen in general. Captain ter is truncated and barely goes into any a book that will feed anyone’s curiosity on First, the breadth of this volume ensures James Cook prevented sailors from dying depth on the shipwrecks, periods, or re- shipboard food. ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD, 2015 that there is something for everyone in- of scurvy on voyages around the horn of gions described. Te frst chapter reads like ISBN 978-1-4422-2736-1 terested in shipboard cuisine. Te subject Africa with the inclusion of sauerkraut, an an encyclopedia and can be overwhelming; Grace Tsai is a Ph.D. student in the Nautical REVIEWED BY GRACE TSAI AND is explored from a variety of perspectives, antiscorbutic. Even so, vitamin C defcien- a single page covers the shipwrecks at Ulu- Archaeology Program at Texas A&M Uni- KAREN KUBENA and includes everything from Arabian cy was not identifed as the causative agent burun, Pabuç Burnu, Ma’agan Michael, versity researching the nutrition of shipboard dhows, Bronze Age ships, Byzantine of scurvy until the 1930s. Te inclusion of and the Chios-Oinousses wrecks, touching food during the 17th century. Dr. Karen A resilient sea biscuit from Titanic recently wrecks, ships of exploration, Titanic, dug- these fascinating bits of trivia makes for an upon each but leaving the reader wanting Kubena is a Professor in the Department of sold for £15,000 (roughly $23,000 USD) out canoes, submarines, and more. Most endlessly entertaining read. more. Te book fows smoothly after the Nutrition and Food Science at Texas A&M to a Greek collector, making headlines and other publications on this subject cover Te textual content is supported by frst chapter and a far better overview of University.

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American Embassy in Ankara Museum International, UNESCO Sector for Culture American Journal of Archaeology Muzeum Archeologiczne American Research Institute in Turkey National Board of Antiquities American School of Classical Studies National Endowment for the Humanities Archaeological Institute of America National Geographic Society Archaeology Odyssey National Maritime Heritage Program of the National Park Service Australian National Maritime Museum National Maritime Historical Society Bilkent University National Museum of China Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology Nautical Archaeology Program at Texas A&M University The Boeckman Family Foundation Nautical Archaeology Society Bucknell University Nautical Research Guild C. Elizabeth Wagner Charitable Fund Nauticos Cal Dive International Nederlands Scheepvaartmuseum in Amsterdam Canadian Conservation Institute Oregon Archaeological Society Center for Maritime Archaeology and Conservation Oriental Institute Centre Camille Jullian Partner University Fund Centre d'Arqueologia Subaquatica de Catalunya The PAST Foundation College of Liberal Arts at Texas A&M University Program In Maritime Studies, East Carolina University Communities Foundation of Tampa Bay Rahmi M Koç Museum Cornell University Library Rosenberg Charitable Foundation Corning Museum of Glass RPM Nautical Foundation Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at UCLA Sackler Library Council of American Maritime Museums San Antonio Area Foundation DRASSM Shell Seekers The Discovery Fund Subsalve, Inc. Ed Rachal Foundation Taiwan University Library Evans Library at Texas A&M University Texas A&M University Archives Gabinete De Arqueologia Texas A&M University Press Hartley Library at University of Southampton Texas A&M University, Division of Research Heidelberg University Library and Graduate Studies Honor Frost Foundation Texas Historical Foundation Institute for Aegean Prehistory Texas State Library and Archives Commission Institute for Cultural Studies of Ancient Iraq Arizona State Museum at the University of Arizona Instituto Universitario Orientale, Departimento di Studi Asiatici Republic of Turkey International Journal of Nautical Archaeology Turkish Institute of Nautical Archaeology (TINA) Israel Antiquities Authority UNESCO, Cultural Heritage Protection Treaties Section Istanbul University Research Fund Université De Montréal Kemper Educational and Charitable Fund University College London Library Langworthy Foundation University of Cincinnati Langsam Library Maritime Archaeological & Historical Society University of Haifa Melbern G. Glasscock Center for Humanities Research University of Texas at Austin Musee National de la Marine Bibliotheque University of Trondheim Museo Nacional De Arqueología Subacuática Wiener Foundation

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