DOCSLIB.ORG

<!Urrent 1Ttel'atul'e.-Bbstl'acts

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
<!Urrent 1Ttel'atul'e.-Bbstl'acts J R Army Med Corps: first published as 10.1136/jramc-47-03-10 on 1 September 1926. Downloaded from 223 <!urrent 1ttel'atul'e.-Bbstl'acts. Chemical Warfare: Gas Offence, Gas Defence, and Smoke Pro­ duction. By R. Hanslian and F. Bergendorff, Berlin, 1924.-We publish short extracts from this book as we think they indicate clearly the wide range of chemical warfare. PREFACE. The .authors state that the purpose of the book is to give an unbiassed review of chemical warfare based on published facts. They state that a certain amount of information on chemical warfare . has been publish,ed in American and English journals. Although Germany was not the originator of chemical warfare, she maintained her lead in it throughout the war. German methods are therefore largely referred to. Where the claims of Germany and the Allies differ, both sides have been quoted. guest. Protected by copyright. INTRODUCTION. A very general chapter on toxic gases, their definition (i.e., gases, liquids or solids) and their method of use, chief methods of anti-gas pro­ tection, importance of gas discipline. and the psychological effect of gas on troops. I.-GAS OFFENCE. 1. DEVELOPMENT OF GAS ATTACKS. A brief historical summary of early uses of gas and smoke from ancient times to 1871 is given. Special reference is made to Article 23e of the Hague Convention wherein the use of weapons, shell or substances causing unnecessary suffering is forbidden. The words unnecessarg suffering are emphasized; the argument being that firstly,. if there was one weapon introduced during http://militaryhealth.bmj.com/ the war which could not be called useless that weapon was gas. Secondly,. statistics on the German and French sides show that the fatal casualties due to gas were only about three per cent. Moreover, other casualties soon made a complete recovery. By other weapons fatal casualties were twenty­ five per cent. 'l'herefore Article 23e of the Hague Convention does not. apply to gas. The only section of the Hague Convention which does apply is the clause forbidding the use of gas weapons from the air-particularly in reference to the defenceless civilian population-and the use of projectiles whose sole purpose is spreading of asphyxiating or toxic gases. It was on October 1, 2021 by realized that carbon monoxide, prussic acid and' oxides of nitrogen must 'always be produced, and hence the proposed clause, "The explosive effect of such projectiles must exceed their toxic action." The insertion of this clause was not agreed to by England and America. England finally, in, J R Army Med Corps: first published as 10.1136/jramc-47-03-10 on 1 September 1926. Downloaded from Ourrent Literature 1907, agreed to subscribe to it, but America did not .. Germany adhered to this strictly till May, 1916, when German Green Cross was introduced, as the French had already departed from the undertaking by using phosgene shell in February, 1916. This shell had little shattering effect, but con­ -siderable toxic action. The German prior use of lachrymators in shell, which had a considerable explosive action, and the use of gas clouds, which was but a revival of the ancient smoking out methods,. and had not even been referred to in the agreement, was but a formal transgression of the la,w of nations. Chemical Watjare Preparations by the Higher Commands of the l.larious countries.---':'In so far as Germany was concerned, no preparations had been made prior to the war for the use of chemical substances. Germany had relied entirely on the use of ordinary weapons. The French had introduced prior to the war a twenty-six millimetre rifle-grenade charged with ethyl bromo-acetate, and this had been used prior to the war against the apaches at Choisy-le-Roi. The French 'Pioneers carried these with them in the war, and instructions for their use guest. Protected by copyright. were issued by the French War Ministry on February 21, 1915. They also carried a gas hand-grenade cha,rged with ethyl bromo-acetate and -chloro-acetone. This was used for the first time in March, 1915. German Irritant Shell.-The German Army fired in the year 1914, on October 27, 3,000 shells charged with dianisidine. It was only, however, in the beginning of 1915 that a fifteen cubic metre German gas shell, charged 'with a mixture of xylyl and xylylene-bromide, was used. This was replaced iater by bromo-acetone and bromo-methylethylketone. Militm'Y Necessity for Gas.-The stalemate of trench warfare turned the thoughts of the General Staff to the use of chemical warfare materials, as it was found that .explosive shell were of· little value against the opponent's trenches. Introduction of the Gas Cloud Method by the Germans.-The existence ·of large quantities of chlorine in Germany in the liquid state suggested the http://militaryhealth.bmj.com/ pO$sibilities of its use. Contravention of International Law did not arise, as the toxicity of chlorine was not so great as that of ethyl bromo-acetate and chloro-acetone, which had already been used by the French. A brief description is given of the first German gas attack on April 22, 1915. A short historical account is then given of the developments of gas warfare. The part the Americans played in supplying gas shell and men and the preparation of gas warfare chemicals in the States up to the end of the on October 1, 2021 by war is briefly discussed. Brief reference is also made to the casualties by. gas warfare as given in the reports by .the Americans, English, French and Germans, which show that chemical warfare means were the most effective in causing -casualties in 'the World War. J R Army Med Corps: first published as 10.1136/jramc-47-03-10 on 1 September 1926. Downloaded from Current Literature 225 (2) GAS WARFARE CHEMICALS. The nature of the so-called gases is discussed and the methods of classification adopted by the Germans and the Allies are given. Typical examples of each class are mentioned, wi th general particulars of their toxic effect anq the mode of use (i.e., from shell, projectors or cylinders) . For the purposes of the book, the following classification is adopted :­ (a) Lachrymators. (b) Lung irritants. (c) Prussic acid type. (d) Mustard gas. (e) Arsenic gases. (f) Gases from high explosives. Under each section, the gases used during the war .are enumerated; their physical and physiological properties, their tactical importance and mode of use being given:- (a) Lachrymators. guest. Protected by copyright. Xylyl bromide and xylylene bromide. Bromo-acetone and bromo-methylethylketone. Bromo-benzylcyanide. Dimethyl-sulphate. (b) Lung Irritants. Chlorine. Chloro-methy lchloroformate. Phosgene. Trichloromethylchloroformate (diphosgene). Chloro-picrin. (c) Prussic Acid. Hydrocyanic acid. (d) Mustard Gas. Dichlorodiethylsulphide. http://militaryhealth.bmj.com/ German Yellow Oross shell, with small bursting cha,·ge. German Yellow Oross H.E. shell. 'l'his latter type of shell combined the properties of a gas and H.E. shell and was first used iu March, 1918. The gas and H.E. were con­ tained in separate compartments. The upper chamber contained the fuse H.E. The intermediate part was filled with an iron parabolic diaphragm. Such shell were known as Z.B. and were also used later with Green Cross Mling. In consequence of the heavy explosive charge a complete~onver­ S10n of the mustard gas into vapour took place. (e) Arsenic Oompounds. on October 1, 2021 by Diphenylchloroarsine. Phen y ldichloroarsine. Dipheny lcyanoarsine. Ethyldichloroarsine. 15 J R Army Med Corps: first published as 10.1136/jramc-47-03-10 on 1 September 1926. Downloaded from 226 Ourrent Literature Ethyldibromoarsine. Meth y ldichloroarsine. Ohlorovinyldichloroarsine. (j) Gas from H.E. shell. Carbon monoxide.-Advantages of use of carbon monoxide: failure to detect its presence in the atmosphere, and penetration of respirator. Disadvantages: its lightness, difficulty of loading compressed into projectiles. It is stated that the technical difficulties of its use might be overcome in the future, and attention is drawn to the adoption by the American Navy of the Burrell respirator containing hopcalite, which gives protection against carbon monoxide. Tables ,are then given of data for the different gas weapons used by the various countries. Particulars are likewise given of the various weapons used by the English, French, Russians and Italians, but the data are not so complete as in the case of German projectiles. guest. Protected by copyright. Statistics of the chemicals filIed into shell, number of projectiles filled and total weight of gas chemicals made by America are also given. 0. TECHNIQUE OF GAS ATTACK. (A) Cloud Method. Particulars are given of the arrangements made for a gas-cloud attack, such as nature and number of cylinders required for a given front, personnel for operating and installation, weather and terrain considera­ tions. The organization of the attack and the gases which are suitable are also discussed. Deductions are drawn from war experience as to the military value of such attacks. Details are then given of 'a number of German gas-cloud attacks during 1915-1917 on . both fronts, data as to wind direction and velocity, time of duration of cloud, and number of casualties caused to the Allies, any other relevant data where available being included. http://militaryhealth.bmj.com/ Brief summaries are also given of the French and English gas-cloud attacks during the same period. More detailed data are given of several Russian gas-cloud attacks. (B) Gas Shell. This section opens with a discussion of the development of the use of gas "hell for bombardments, and the factors, such as weather and terrain, which have to be considered in relation to the tactical importance of this method.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Federal Register/Vol. 80, No. 116
    34572 Federal Register / Vol. 80, No. 116 / Wednesday, June 17, 2015 / Proposed Rules Related Definitions: N/A SUMMARY: As part of the President’s Arms Regulations (ITAR) (22 CFR parts Items: Export Control Reform effort, the 120–130). The items subject to the The list of items controlled is contained in Department of State proposes to amend jurisdiction of the ITAR, i.e., ‘‘defense the ECCN heading. the International Traffic in Arms articles,’’ are identified on the ITAR’s ■ 9. In Supplement No. 1 to Part 774 Regulations (ITAR) to revise Categories U.S. Munitions List (USML) (22 CFR (the Commerce Control List), Category XIV (toxicological agents, including 121.1). With few exceptions, items not 6—Sensors and Lasers,’’ add a new chemical agents, biological agents, and subject to the export control jurisdiction ECCN 6E619 between ECCNs 6E202 and associated equipment) and XVIII of the ITAR are subject to the 6E990 to read as follows: (directed energy weapons) of the U.S. jurisdiction of the Export 6E619 ‘‘Technology’’ ‘‘required’’ for the Munitions List (USML) to describe more Administration Regulations (‘‘EAR,’’ 15 ‘‘development,’’ ‘‘production,’’ precisely the articles warranting control CFR parts 730–774, which includes the operation, installation, maintenance, on the USML. The revisions contained Commerce Control List (CCL) in repair, overhaul or refurbishing of in this rule are part of the Department Supplement No. 1 to Part 774), commodities controlled by 6B619 or of State’s retrospective plan under E.O. administered by the Bureau of Industry ‘‘software’’ controlled by 6D619. 13563 completed on August 17, 2011. and Security (BIS), U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Critical Evaluation of Proven Chemical Weapon Destruction Technologies
    Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 74, No. 2, pp. 187–316, 2002. © 2002 IUPAC INTERNATIONAL UNION OF PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY ORGANIC AND BIOMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY DIVISION IUPAC COMMITTEE ON CHEMICAL WEAPON DESTRUCTION TECHNOLOGIES* WORKING PARTY ON EVALUATION OF CHEMICAL WEAPON DESTRUCTION TECHNOLOGIES** CRITICAL EVALUATION OF PROVEN CHEMICAL WEAPON DESTRUCTION TECHNOLOGIES (IUPAC Technical Report) Prepared for publication by GRAHAM S. PEARSON1,‡ AND RICHARD S. MAGEE2 1Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, UK 2Carmagen Engineering, Inc., 4 West Main Street, Rockaway, NJ 07866, USA *Membership of the IUPAC Committee is: Chairman: Joseph F. Burnett; Members: Wataru Ando (Japan), Irina P. Beletskaya (Russia), Hongmei Deng (China), H. Dupont Durst (USA), Daniel Froment (France), Ralph Leslie (Australia), Ronald G. Manley (UK), Blaine C. McKusick (USA), Marian M. Mikolajczyk (Poland), Giorgio Modena (Italy), Walter Mulbry (USA), Graham S. Pearson (UK), Kurt Schaffner (Germany). **Membership of the Working Group was as follows: Chairman: Graham S. Pearson (UK); Members: Richard S. Magee (USA), Herbert de Bisschop (Belgium). The Working Group wishes to acknowledge the contributions made by the following, although the conclusions and contents of the Technical Report remain the responsibility of the Working Group: Joseph F. Bunnett (USA), Charles Baronian (USA), Ron G. Manley (OPCW), Georgio Modena (Italy), G. P. Moss (UK), George W. Parshall (USA), Julian Perry Robinson (UK), and Volker Starrock (Germany). ‡Corresponding author Republication or reproduction of this report or its storage and/or dissemination by electronic means is permitted without the need for formal IUPAC permission on condition that an acknowledgment, with full reference to the source, along with use of the copyright symbol ©, the name IUPAC, and the year of publication, are prominently visible.
    [Show full text]
  • War Gases .Pdf
    yh&% .*i From the collection of the m Prejinger h v Jjibrary San Francisco, California 2007 THE WAR GASES WAR GASES Their Identification and Decontamination BY MORRIS B. JACOBS, Ph.D. Food, Drug and Insecticide Admin. U. S. Dept. of Agr. 1927 Chemist Department of Health, City of New York, 1928. Formerly, Lt. U. S. Chemical Warfare Service Reserve INTERSCIENCE PUBLISHERS, INC. NEW YORK, N. Y.-1942 Copyright, 1942, by INTERSCIENCE PUBLISHERS, INC. 215 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y. Printed in U. S. A. by WAVERLY PRESS, BALTIMORE, MD. PREFACE Relatively little has been written in the United States of America on the subject of passive defense, or as we would put it, civilian defense against poison gas. One of the very first steps in defense of this nature is a system for the detection, the sampling and the identification of the chemical war- fare agents, and the decontamination of areas and materials polluted by them. It is the aim of this book to present these subjects so that the informa- tion given will be useful to the gas identification officer, the war gas chemist, the decontamination officer, and the health officer. While this book was written primarily for the aforementioned officers, Chapters I, II, III, part of IV and VII should prove of value to the air raid warden and, in general, to all persons dealing with the above mentioned phases of gas defense. It is written so that it can be used for the training of gas identifi- cation officers, as a manual by chemists and decontamination officers, and as a source of information on the analytical chemistry of the war gases.
    [Show full text]
  • ITAR Category
    Category XIV—Toxicological Agents, Including Chemical Agents, Biological Agents, and Associated Equipment *(a) Chemical agents, to include: (1) Nerve agents: (i) O-Alkyl (equal to or less than C10, including cycloalkyl) alkyl (Methyl, Ethyl, n-Propyl or Isopropyl)phosphonofluoridates, such as: Sarin (GB): O-Isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (CAS 107–44–8) (CWC Schedule 1A); and Soman (GD): O-Pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate (CAS 96–64–0) (CWC Schedule 1A); (ii) O-Alkyl (equal to or less than C10, including cycloalkyl) N,N-dialkyl (Methyl, Ethyl, n- Propyl or Isopropyl)phosphoramidocyanidates, such as: Tabun (GA): O-Ethyl N, N- dimethylphosphoramidocyanidate (CAS 77–81–6) (CWC Schedule 1A); (iii) O-Alkyl (H or equal to or less than C10, including cycloalkyl) S–2-dialkyl (Methyl, Ethyl, n- Propyl or Isopropyl)aminoethyl alkyl (Methyl, Ethyl, n-Propyl or Isopropyl)phosphonothiolates and corresponding alkylated and protonated salts, such as: VX: O-Ethyl S-2- diisopropylaminoethyl methyl phosphonothiolate (CAS 50782–69–9) (CWC Schedule 1A); (2) Amiton: O,O-Diethyl S-[2(diethylamino)ethyl] phosphorothiolate and corresponding alkylated or protonated salts (CAS 78–53–5) (CWC Schedule 2A); (3) Vesicant agents: (i) Sulfur mustards, such as: 2-Chloroethylchloromethylsulfide (CAS 2625–76–5) (CWC Schedule 1A); Bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide (CAS 505–60–2) (CWC Schedule 1A); Bis(2- chloroethylthio)methane (CAS 63839–13–6) (CWC Schedule 1A); 1,2-bis (2- chloroethylthio)ethane (CAS 3563–36–8) (CWC Schedule 1A); 1,3-bis (2-chloroethylthio)-n- propane (CAS
    [Show full text]
  • 'Response to the Director-General's Request
    OPCW Scientific Advisory Board Twenty-Fifth Session SAB-25/WP.1 27 – 31 March 2017 27 March 2017 ENGLISH only RESPONSE TO THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL'S REQUEST TO THE SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY BOARD TO PROVIDE CONSIDERATION ON WHICH RIOT CONTROL AGENTS ARE SUBJECT TO DECLARATION UNDER THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION 1. Response to the Director-General’s Request to the Scientific Advisory Board to Consider Which Riot Control Agents are Subject to Declaration Under the Chemical Weapons Convention (hereinafter “the Convention”). Annex: Response to the Director-General’s Request to the Scientific Advisory Board to Consider Which Riot Control Agents are Subject to Declaration Under the Chemical Weapons Convention. CS-2017-0268(E) distributed 27/03/2017 *CS-2017-0268.E* SAB-25/WP.1 Annex page 2 Annex RESPONSE TO THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL’S REQUEST TO THE SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY BOARD TO CONSIDER WHICH RIOT CONTROL AGENTS ARE SUBJECT TO DECLARATION UNDER THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1.1 This report provides advice from the Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) on which riot control agents (RCAs) would be subject to declaration under the Convention in response to a request by the Director-General at the Board’s Twentieth Session in June 2013 [1]. The request appears in Appendix 1. 1.2 The SAB considered a list of 59 chemicals that included the 14 chemicals declared as RCAs since entry into force of the Convention; chemicals identified as potential RCAs from a list of “riot control agents and old/abandoned chemical weapons” to be considered for inclusion in the OPCW Chemical Agent Database (OCAD) that had been drafted by the SAB’s Temporary Working Group (TWG) on Analytical Procedures in 2001 (Appendix 2) [2]; an initial survey conducted by the Technical Secretariat in 2013 of RCAs that have been researched or are available for purchase, beyond those that are already declared; and 12 additional chemicals recognised by the SAB as having potential RCA applications.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Analysis of Chemical Warfare in World War I for Understanding the Impact of Science and Technology
    Historical Analysis of Chemical Warfare in World War I for Understanding the Impact of Science and Technology An Interactive Qualifying Project submitted to the faculty of WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science By Cory Houghton John E. Hughes Adam Kaminski Matthew Kaminski Date: 2 March 2019 Report Submitted to: David I. Spanagel Worcester Polytechnic Institute This report represents the work of one or more WPI undergraduate students submitted to the faculty as evidence of completion of a degree requirement. WPI routinely publishes these reports on its web site without editorial or peer review. For more information about the projects program at WPI see http://www.wpi.edu/Academics/Projects ii Acknowledgements Our project team would like to express our appreciation to the following people assisted us with our project: ● Professor David Spanagel, our project advisor, for agreeing to advise our IQP and for helping us throughout the whole process. ● Amy Lawton, Head of the Access Services at Gordon Library, for helping us set up and plan our exhibit at Gordon Library. ● Arthur Carlson, Assistant Director of the Gordon Library, for helping us set up and plan our exhibit as well as helping us with archival research. ● Jake Sullivan, for helping us proofread and edit our main research document. ● Justin Amevor, for helping us to setup and advertise the exhibit. iii Abstract Historians categorize eras of human civilization by the technologies those civilizations possessed, and so science and technology have always been hand in hand with progress and evolution. Our group investigated chemical weapon use in the First World War because we viewed the event as the inevitable result of technology outpacing contemporary understanding.
    [Show full text]
  • Isomer-Specific Product Detection of Gas-Phase Xylyl Radical Rearrangement and Decomposition Using VUV Synchrotron Photoionization
    University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health 1-1-2014 Isomer-specific product detection of gas-phase xylyl radical rearrangement and decomposition using VUV synchrotron photoionization Patrick Hemberger Paul Scherrer Institute Adam J. Trevitt University of Wollongong, [email protected] Thomas Gerber Paul Scherrer Institute Edward Ross University of Melbourne Gabriel da Silva University of Melbourne, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/smhpapers Part of the Medicine and Health Sciences Commons, and the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Hemberger, Patrick; Trevitt, Adam J.; Gerber, Thomas; Ross, Edward; and da Silva, Gabriel, "Isomer-specific product detection of gas-phase xylyl radical rearrangement and decomposition using VUV synchrotron photoionization" (2014). Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A. 1781. https://ro.uow.edu.au/smhpapers/1781 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Isomer-specific product detection of gas-phase xylyl radical rearrangement and decomposition using VUV synchrotron photoionization Abstract Xylyl radicals are intermediates in combustion processes since their parent molecules, xylenes, are present as fuel additives. In this study we report on the photoelectron spectra of the three isomeric xylyl radicals and the subsequent decomposition reactions of the o-xylyl radical, generated in a tubular reactor and probed by mass selected threshold photoelectron spectroscopy and VUV synchrotron radiation. Franck-Condon simulations are applied to augment the assignment of elusive species.
    [Show full text]
  • POISON GAS in WORLD WAR I by Michael Neiberg
    June 2012 September 2013 POISON GAS IN WORLD WAR I By Michael Neiberg Michael Neiberg is Professor of History in the Department of National Security Studies at the US Army War College in Carlisle, PA. He has been a Guggenheim fellow, a founding member of the Société Internationale d’Étude de la Grande Guerre, and a trustee of the Society for Military History. His most recent book on the First World War is Dance of the Furies: Europe and the Outbreak of World War I (Harvard University Press, 2011). In October, 2012 Basic Books published his The Blood of Free Men, a history of the liberation of Paris in 1944. In May, 1919, just as the diplomats of the great powers were putting the final touches on what became the Treaty of Versailles, Britain’s Royal Academy of Arts awarded its painting of the year to John Singer Sargent’s “Gassed” (http://jssgallery.org/Paintings/Gassed/Gassed.htm). Sargent, an American, was then 62 years old and already a legend in the art world for his portraits and his epic grand paintings. On the strength of those paintings, he had received a commission from the British government to paint an epic picture for the proposed Hall of Remembrance in London. Unsure of his approach for so crucial a painting, Sargent wrote to a friend to express his concern that he would not be able to find a subject worthy of the grandeur and the scale that the British government wanted for the hall. Sargent had already seen his share of the horrors of the war as an official artist for the American government, yet nothing he had yet seen seemed to him sufficient for the new work.
    [Show full text]
  • Irritant Compounds: Military Respiratory Irritants. Part I
    Mil. Med. Sci. Lett. (Voj. Zdrav. Listy) 2015, vol. 84(3), p. 128-139 ISSN 0372-7025 DOI: 10.31482/mmsl.2015.014 REVIEW ARTICLE IRRITANT COMPOUNDS: MILITARY RESPIRATORY IRRITANTS. PART I. LACRIMATORS Jiri Patocka 1,3 , Kamil Kuca 2,3 1 Department of Radiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Health and Social Studies, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic 2 Center of Advanced Studies, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic 3 Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital; Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic Received 29 th September 2014. Revised 24 th May 2015. Published 4 th September 2015. Summary World War I was a conflict where chemical warfare was first used on a massive scale. The earliest chemical attack occurred on the Western Front in October 1914 in Neuve Chapelle, but its effects were so minimal that the Allies learned about it only after the war from German documents. The attack in the Bolimow area, carried out by the Germans against the Russian army with artillery shells containing gas T (xylyl and benzyl bromides), was therefore the first attack on a massive scale recorded on the victim side. The attack, which occurred after it, made it possible to obtain some tactical success, but without a strategic breakthrough. Some of the later German attacks on the Eastern Front where chlorine was used proved to be more effective, but despite many victims there was not any major strategic success achieved. The Russians did not take attempts to use chemical weapons in the World War I. Key words: respiratory irritants; irritant gases; chemical warfare agents; riot control agents; World War I INTRODUCTION comfort to acute airway and lung injury and even death.
    [Show full text]
  • One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research
    Bretislav Friedrich · Dieter Hoffmann Jürgen Renn · Florian Schmaltz · Martin Wolf Editors One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences Bretislav Friedrich • Dieter Hoffmann Jürgen Renn • Florian Schmaltz Martin Wolf Editors One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences Editors Bretislav Friedrich Florian Schmaltz Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Max Planck Institute for the History of Society Science Berlin Berlin Germany Germany Dieter Hoffmann Martin Wolf Max Planck Institute for the History of Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Science Society Berlin Berlin Germany Germany Jürgen Renn Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Berlin Germany ISBN 978-3-319-51663-9 ISBN 978-3-319-51664-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-51664-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017941064 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 2.5 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5/), which permits any noncom- mercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
    [Show full text]
  • EST1. Telescopic Sights for Goods Specified in ML1 and EST2, Other Than Those Specified in Entries ML5
    List of Military Goods Entered into force 1 May 2004 ML1 Smooth-bore weapons with a calibre of less than 20 mm, other arms and automatic weapons with a calibre of 12,7 mm (calibre 0,50 inches) or less and accessories, as follows, and specially designed components therefor: a. Rifles, carbines, revolvers, pistols, machine pistols and machine guns: Note ML1.a. does not control the following: 1. Muskets, rifles and carbines manufactured earlier than 1938; 2. Reproductions of muskets, rifles and carbines the originals of which were manufactured earlier than 1890; 3. Revolvers, pistols and machine guns manufactured earlier than 1890, and their reproductions; b. Smooth-bore weapons, as follows: 1. Smooth-bore weapons specially designed for military use; 2. Other smooth-bore weapons, as follows: a. Of the fully automatic type; b. Of the semi-automatic or pump-action type; c. Weapons using caseless ammunition; d. Silencers, special gun-mountings, clips, weapons sights and flash suppressers for arms controlled by sub-items ML1.a., ML1.b. or ML1.c.. Note 1 ML1 does not control smooth-bore weapons used for hunting or sporting purposes. These weapons must not be specially designed for military use or of the fully automatic firing type. Note 2 ML1 does not control firearms specially designed for dummy ammunition and which are incapable of firing any controlled ammunition. Note 3 ML1 does not control weapons using non-centre fire cased ammunition and which are not of the fully automatic firing type. EST1. Telescopic sights for goods specified in ML1 and EST2, other than those specified in entries ML5.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Inventory Packet / Calarp Lists / HFD / Dmg 2004 Table 1
    HAYWARD FIRE DEPARTMENT CHEMICAL INVENTORY WORKSHEET To prepare a chemical inventory based on the Hayward Fire Code, you are required to report the quantities of chemicals found in the facility, separated by Hazard Category, and by location. You are also to classify the chemicals as to storage and manner of use. Handling and storage requirements are determined by these factors: the nature of the chemical or its hazard; the location; the manner of use or storage; and the quantity involved in each particular manner of use or storage. A Control Area is a building, a portion of the building, or an outside area where chemicals are allowed to be stored, dispensed, used or handled subject to certain conditions and requirements. This packet consists of the following lists and the Chemical Inventory Worksheet form: 1. Hazardous Materials Hazard Categories. This is the list printed on goldenrod paper. Based on the Uniform Fire Code, this is the classification of chemicals by hazard categories. The different hazard categories are defined and examples are provided for each. Most chemicals exhibit more than one hazard, and all hazards should be considered when preparing your chemical inventory. 2. Tables of Regulated Substances Under the CalARP Program. Printed on pink paper, these are the lists of flammable and toxic substances that, if present at or above certain threshold quantities, will require the preparation of a Risk Management Plan 3. Federal List of Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS). This list is printed on blue paper. These are the substances that the federal government classifies as extremely hazardous substances. The Hayward Fire Department has included “CalARP-Listed or EHS-Listed Chemicals” as a separate Hazard Category.
    [Show full text]