DOCSLIB.ORG

CS Gas, CR Gas, CN Gas (Phenacyl Chloride), Bromoacetone, Xylyl Bromide, Syn-Propanethial- S-Oxide (From Onions), and Household Vinegar

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
CS Gas, CR Gas, CN Gas (Phenacyl Chloride), Bromoacetone, Xylyl Bromide, Syn-Propanethial- S-Oxide (From Onions), and Household Vinegar Tear gas, formally known as a lachrymator a gent. sometimes known as mace. is a chemical weapon that causes severe eye and respiratory pain, skin irritation, bleeding, and even blindness. In the eye, it stimulates the nerves of the lacrimal gland to produce tears. Common lachrymators include pepper spray (OC gas), PAVA spray (nonivamide), CS gas, CR gas, CN gas (phenacyl chloride), bromoacetone, xylyl bromide, syn-propanethial- S-oxide (from onions), and household vinegar. Lachrymatory agents are commonly used for riot control. Their use in warfare is prohibited by various international treaties. During World War I, increasingly toxic and deadly lachrymatory agents were used Tear "gas" consists of either aerosolized solid compounds or evaporated liquid compounds (bromoacetone or xylyl bromide), not gas. Tear gas works by irritating mucous membranes in the eyes, nose, . mouth and lungs, and causes crying, sneezing, coughing, difficulty breathing, pain in the eyes, and temporary blindness. The compound 2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile (also called o- chlorobenzylidene malononitrile; is the defining component of a tear gas commonly referred to as CS gas, which is used as a riot control agent. Exposure causes a burning sensation and tearing of the eyes to the extent that the subject cannot keep his or her eyes open, and a burning irritation of the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth and throat, resulting in profuse coughing, nasal mucus discharge, disorientation, and difficulty breathing, partially incapacitating the subject. CS gas is an aerosol of a volatile solvent (a substance that dissolves other active substances and that easily evaporates) and 2- chlorobenzalmalononitrile, which is a solid compound at room temperature. CS gas is generally accepted as being non-lethal •This article is about the tear gas. For the compound with the molecular formula CS, Carbon monosulfide What is OC? • Oleoresin Capsicum comes from the latin term for “Oily resin” of a “pepper”. • It is a NATURAL EXTRACT of Cayenne and other edible peppers. • All ingredients are certified food grade by the FDA Why Is This Important? • OC is far less likely to cause an allergic reaction. Very few people are allergic to peppers. • Higher probability of asthmatic reactions to teargas (CN) and mace (CS) OC Is All Natural • It is important to note that OC is a natural food derivative. • CN (teargas) is a synthetic chemical lacrimator. • CS (mace) is a synthetic chemical irritant. Other Differences between OC, CN and CS • OC is an “Oily Resin”-Can be washed off with soap and water. • CN and CS are both microparticulate solids.- will “blow off” with fresh air. • With CS gas, symptoms of irritation typically appear after 20–60 seconds of exposure and commonly resolve within 30 minutes of leaving (or being removed from) the area. PAVA spray is an incapacitant spray similar to pepper spray. It is dispensed from a handheld canister in a liquid stream. It contains a 0.3% solution of pelargonic acid vanillylamide (PAVA), a synthetic capsaicinoid (analogue of capsaicin), in a solvent of aqueous ethanol Effects of PAVA PAVA primarily affects the eyes, causing closure and severe pain. The pain to the eyes is reported to be greater than that caused by CS. CR gas or dibenzoxazepine (also referred to as DBO), is an incapacitating agent and a lachrymatory agent. Lachrymators are thought to act by attacking sulfhydryl functional groups in enzymes. One of the most probable protein targets is the TRPA1 ion channel that is expressed in sensory nerves of the eyes, nose, mouth and lungs Risks As with all non-lethal, or less-lethal weapons, there is some risk of serious permanent injury or death when tear gas is used. This includes risks from being hit by tear gas cartridges, which include severe bruising, loss of eyesight, skull fracture, and even death. While the medical consequences of the gases themselves are typically limited to minor skin inflammation, delayed complications are also possible: people with pre-existing respiratory conditions such as asthma, who are particularly at risk, are likely to need medical attention and may sometimes require hospitalization or even ventilation support. Skin exposure to CS may cause chemical burns or induce allergic contact dermatitis. When people are hit at close range or are severely exposed, eye injuries involving scarring of the cornea can lead to a permanent loss in visual acuity. Frequent or high levels of exposure carry increased risks of respiratory illness collected thousands of tear gas canisters fired by Venezuelan authorities in 2014, showed that 72% of the tear gas used was expired and noted that expired tear gas "breaks down into cyanide oxide, phosgenes and nitrogens that are extremely dangerous Protection: •Avoid use of oils, lotions and detergents because they can trap the chemicals and thereby prolong exposure. •We recommend using a water or alcohol-based sunscreen (rather than oil-based). For the eyes and mouth: We recommend a solution of half liquid antacid (like Maalox) and half water. A spray bottle is ideal but a bottle that has a squirt cap works as well. Always irrigate from the inside corner of the eye towards the outside, with head tilted back and slightly towards the side being rinsed For the skin: We recommend canola oil followed by alcohol. Carefully avoiding the eyes, vigorously wipe the skin that was exposed to the chemical with a rag or gauze sponge saturated with canola oil. Follow this immediately with a rubbing of alcohol. Remember that alcohol in the eyes hurts A LOT •We also recommend minimizing skin exposure by covering up as much as possible. This can also protect you from the sun, as can a big hat. Gas masks provide the best facial protection, if properly fitted and sealed. Alternatively, goggles (with shatter-proof lenses), respirators, even a wet bandana over the nose and mouth will help. Treatment There is no specific antidote to common tear gases. Getting clear of gas and into fresh air is the first line of action. Removing contaminated clothing and avoiding shared use of contaminated towels could help reduce skin reactions. Immediate removal of contact lenses has also been recommended, as they can retain particles. Once a person has been exposed, there are a variety of methods to remove as much chemical possible and relieve symptoms. The standard first aid for burning solutions in the eye is irrigation (spraying or flushing out) with water. There are reports that water may increase pain from CS gas, but the balance of limited evidence currently suggests water or saline are the best options.[Some evidence suggests that Diphoterine solution, a first aid product for chemical splashes, may help with ocular burns or chemicals in the eye. Anticholinergics can work like some Antihistamines as they reduce lacrymation, decrease salivation, and for overall nose discomfort as they are used to treat allergic reactions in the nose (e.g., itching, runny nose, and sneezing) Oral analgesics may help relieve eye pain .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Federal Register/Vol. 80, No. 116
    34572 Federal Register / Vol. 80, No. 116 / Wednesday, June 17, 2015 / Proposed Rules Related Definitions: N/A SUMMARY: As part of the President’s Arms Regulations (ITAR) (22 CFR parts Items: Export Control Reform effort, the 120–130). The items subject to the The list of items controlled is contained in Department of State proposes to amend jurisdiction of the ITAR, i.e., ‘‘defense the ECCN heading. the International Traffic in Arms articles,’’ are identified on the ITAR’s ■ 9. In Supplement No. 1 to Part 774 Regulations (ITAR) to revise Categories U.S. Munitions List (USML) (22 CFR (the Commerce Control List), Category XIV (toxicological agents, including 121.1). With few exceptions, items not 6—Sensors and Lasers,’’ add a new chemical agents, biological agents, and subject to the export control jurisdiction ECCN 6E619 between ECCNs 6E202 and associated equipment) and XVIII of the ITAR are subject to the 6E990 to read as follows: (directed energy weapons) of the U.S. jurisdiction of the Export 6E619 ‘‘Technology’’ ‘‘required’’ for the Munitions List (USML) to describe more Administration Regulations (‘‘EAR,’’ 15 ‘‘development,’’ ‘‘production,’’ precisely the articles warranting control CFR parts 730–774, which includes the operation, installation, maintenance, on the USML. The revisions contained Commerce Control List (CCL) in repair, overhaul or refurbishing of in this rule are part of the Department Supplement No. 1 to Part 774), commodities controlled by 6B619 or of State’s retrospective plan under E.O. administered by the Bureau of Industry ‘‘software’’ controlled by 6D619. 13563 completed on August 17, 2011. and Security (BIS), U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • CS Gas (2-Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrole) General Information
    CS Gas (2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrole) General Information Key Points 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrole or “CS” is a white crystalline solid when pure it is used by UK police forces as a temporary incapacitant spray when released, CS gas will disperse into the atmosphere in a matter of minutes exposure to CS gas may cause intense tear production, eye pain, chest tightness, coughing and sneezing skin contact will lead to burning and stinging with possible redness and blistering treatment is rarely needed because people usually recover within 15-20 minutes physical injury to the eyes may occur if CS gas is sprayed directly into them at a very close range PHE publications gateway number: 2014790 Published: October 2018 Compendium of Chemical Hazards: CS Gas (2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrole) Public Health Questions What is CS gas and what is it used for? 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrole or “CS” is a white crystalline solid when pure. The substance causes irritation in humans and is used by UK police forces as a temporary incapacitant spray to subdue persons who pose a risk to themselves and/or the police officers and others in the vicinity. It may be dispersed in a smoke cloud or dissolved into liquid (e.g. the solvent methyl iso-butyl ketone) to be used as a spray. The CS spray carried by some UK police forces contains 5% 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrole. It is also used by the military in training operations and for testing gas masks. These substances may be referred to as CS or tear spray/gas (not to be confused with PAVA spray which is also be referred to as tear spray/gas).
    [Show full text]
  • Pepperspray, CS, & Other 'Less-Lethal' Weapons
    CONTENTS: Protective Measures: p.26-27 Pepperspray: p.2-9, 14-15 Chemical Data Table: p.30 CS/CN: p.10-16 Risk Groups: p.14-15 When to do what / Other Gas Types: p. 12 Asthma: p.14 treatment algorithm: p.4 Rubber Bullets: p.19-21 Nightsticks/Batons: p.17 LAW: p.6 Concussion Grenades: p.22 CR: p.12 VOFIBA: p.7 Fear: p.24 CA: p.12 Making Remedies: p.13 Tasers: p.18 DM: p.12 Sample Card for Handing Out: Shamelessly adapted from the Black Cross Radical Health Collective, www.blackcrosscollective.org If your condition is worsening, go to an emergency room. Basic preparations: Stick with your buddy. Pepperspray, CS, & Other Work with an affinity group. Bring water. Vulnerable people like asthmatics may want to “Less-Lethal” Weapons (your logo here) avoid chemical weapons. You must remove small children from the area BEFORE Used by Rioting Police to Suppress Dissent chemical weapons are used. Check out our w h e n P o l i t r i c k s & Te l e v i s i o n f a i l t o d o s o . website <www.---.org> for lots more info on how to prepare. v3.3 Useful Numbers: Serious injuries: If you don’t know how to treat Medical Emergency: 911 an injury, get a medic, or call 911. Don’t treat Copwatch: 123-4560 someone if you don’t know how. If you are Convergence Ctr Aid Station:123-4567 injured by the police, get to a nurse practitioner, Aftercare Clinic: 123-4568 physician’s assistant, or doctor immediately Legal Team: 123-4565 and have your injury documented in case you Public Defenders: 123-4569 decide to sue.
    [Show full text]
  • Chronic Pelvic Pain M
    Guidelines on Chronic Pelvic Pain M. Fall (chair), A.P. Baranowski, S. Elneil, D. Engeler, J. Hughes, E.J. Messelink, F. Oberpenning, A.C. de C. Williams © European Association of Urology 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1. INTRODUCTION 5 1.1 The guideline 5 1.1.1 Publication history 5 1.2 Level of evidence and grade recommendations 5 1.3 References 6 1.4 Definition of pain (World Health Organization [WHO]) 6 1.4.1 Innervation of the urogenital system 7 1.4.2 References 8 1.5 Pain evaluation and measurement 8 1.5.1 Pain evaluation 8 1.5.2 Pain measurement 8 1.5.3 References 9 2. CHRONIC PELVIC PAIN 9 2.1 Background 9 2.1.1 Introduction to urogenital pain syndromes 9 2.2 Definitions of chronic pelvic pain and terminology (Table 4) 11 2.3 Classification of chronic pelvic pain syndromes 12 Table 3: EAU classification of chronic urogenital pain syndromes (page 10) Table 4: Definitions of chronic pain terminology (page 11) Table 5: ESSIC classification of types of bladder pain syndrome according to the results of cystoscopy with hydrodistension and of biopsies (page 13) 2.4 References 13 2.5 An algorithm for chronic pelvic pain diagnosis and treatment 13 2.5.1 How to use the algorithm 13 2.6 Prostate pain syndrome (PPS) 15 2.6.1 Introduction 16 2.6.2 Definition 16 2.6.3 Pathogenesis 16 2.6.4 Diagnosis 17 2.6.5 Treatment 17 2.6.5.1 Alpha-blockers 17 2.6.5.2 Antibiotic therapy 17 2.6.5.3 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) 17 2.6.5.4 Corticosteroids 17 2.6.5.5 Opioids 17 2.6.5.6 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors 18 2.6.5.7 Allopurinol 18 2.6.5.8
    [Show full text]
  • TRP Mediation
    molecules Review Remedia Sternutatoria over the Centuries: TRP Mediation Lujain Aloum 1 , Eman Alefishat 1,2,3 , Janah Shaya 4 and Georg A. Petroianu 1,* 1 Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates; [email protected] (L.A.); Eman.alefi[email protected] (E.A.) 2 Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates 3 Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11941, Jordan 4 Pre-Medicine Bridge Program, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +971-50-413-4525 Abstract: Sneezing (sternutatio) is a poorly understood polysynaptic physiologic reflex phenomenon. Sneezing has exerted a strange fascination on humans throughout history, and induced sneezing was widely used by physicians for therapeutic purposes, on the assumption that sneezing eliminates noxious factors from the body, mainly from the head. The present contribution examines the various mixtures used for inducing sneezes (remedia sternutatoria) over the centuries. The majority of the constituents of the sneeze-inducing remedies are modulators of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. The TRP channel superfamily consists of large heterogeneous groups of channels that play numerous physiological roles such as thermosensation, chemosensation, osmosensation and mechanosensation. Sneezing is associated with the activation of the wasabi receptor, (TRPA1), typical ligand is allyl isothiocyanate and the hot chili pepper receptor, (TRPV1), typical agonist is capsaicin, in the vagal sensory nerve terminals, activated by noxious stimulants.
    [Show full text]
  • Camp Delta Standard Operating Procedures (SOP)
    UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Camp Delta Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) Headquarters, Joint Task Force - Guantanamo (JTF-GTMO) Guantanamo Bay, Cuba 28 March 2003 UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Intentionally Left Blank Camp Delta SOP 28 March 2003 UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Headquarters Joint Detention Operations Group (JDOG) Joint Task Force Guantanamo (JTF-GTMO) Guantanamo Bay, Cuba Effective 28 March 2003 28 March 2003 Camp Delta Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) By Order of the Commander procedures established herein apply to Supplementation. the services and agencies that Supplementation of this SOP and function in, and support thereof, establishment of command or local GEOFFREY D. MILLER detainee operations at JTF-GTMO in forms is prohibited without prior Major General, United States Army general and Camp Delta specifically. approval of the JDOG Commander, JTF-GTMO Applicability. This is a multi- Commander. service, multi-agency set of standard Suggested Improvements. Users Official: operating procedures. It applies to the are invited to send comments and Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine suggested improvements through ADOLPH MCQUEEN Corps, and Coast Guard as well as their chain of command to the Colonel, Military Police United States Government JDOG S3 for proper consideration Commander, JDOG organizations and international non- and staffing. governmental organizations operating Interim Changes. Policies and inside Camp Delta 1 - 3. procedures will be reviewed every History. This is a revised update to Proponent and exception authority. 120 days. Any interim changes the Joint Task Force Guantanamo The proponent of this set of operating will be signed by the JDOG (JTF-GTMO) standard operating procedures and special orders is the Commander and posted to the front procedures (SOP) for Camp Delta.
    [Show full text]
  • Pharmacokinetics of Daikenchuto, a Traditional Japanese Medicine (Kampo) After Single Oral Administration to Healthy Japanese Volunteers
    DMD Fast Forward. Published on July 1, 2011 as DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.040097 DMDThis Fast article Forward. has not been Published copyedited and on formatted. July 1, The2011 final as version doi:10.1124/dmd.111.040097 may differ from this version. DMD #040097 Pharmacokinetics of daikenchuto, a traditional Japanese medicine (Kampo) after single oral administration to healthy Japanese volunteers Masaya Munekage, Hiroyuki Kitagawa, Kengo Ichikawa, Junko Watanabe, Katsuyuki Aoki, Toru Kono, Kazuhiro Hanazaki Department of Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan (M.M., H.K., K.I., K.H); Downloaded from Tsumura Laboratories, TSUMURA & CO., Ami, Ibaraki, Japan (J.W.); Pharmaceutical & Quality Research Department, TSUMURA & CO., Ami, Ibaraki , Japan (K.A.); Division of dmd.aspetjournals.org Gastroenterologic and General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan (T.K.). at ASPET Journals on September 26, 2021 1 Copyright 2011 by the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. DMD Fast Forward. Published on July 1, 2011 as DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.040097 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. DMD #040097 Running title: Pharmacokinetics study of daikenchuto Address correspondence to: Kazuhiro Hanazaki, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Oko-cho kohasu, Nankoku-shi, Kochi 783-8505, Japan. E-mail: [email protected] , Phone: 81-88-880-2370, Fax: 81-88-880-2371 Number of text pages: 17 Downloaded from Number of Tables: 1 Number of Figures: 2 dmd.aspetjournals.org Number of References: 17 Number of Words: Abstract: 199 at ASPET Journals on September 26, 2021 Introduction: 377 Results and Discussion: 855 ABBREVIATIONS: TJ-100, daikenchuto; HAS, hydroxy-α-sanshool; HBS, hydroxy-β-sanshool; 6S, [6]-shogaol; 10S, [10]-shogaol; GRB1, ginsenoside Rb1; GRG1, ginsenoside Rg1; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; LC, liquid chromatography; MS, mass spectrometry; MS/MS, tandem mass spectrometry 2 DMD Fast Forward.
    [Show full text]
  • Less Than Lethal Weapons
    PUBLIC ORDER MANAGEMENT Less Than Lethal Weapons UN Peacekeeping PDT Standards for Formed Police Units 1st edition 2015 Public Order Management 1 Less Than Lethal Weapons Background Before the inception of UN Peacekeeping mission, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations requests TCC/PCC to contribute with their forces to the strength of the mission. The UN Police component is composed by Individual Police Officers (IPO) and Formed Police Units (FPU). The deployment of FPU is subject to a Memorandum of Understanding between the UN and the contributing country and the compliance with the force requirements of the mission. The force requirement lists the equipment and the weapons that the FPU has to deploy with. Despite the fact ‘Guidelines on the Use of Force by Law Enforcement Agencies’ recommends the development and the deployment of less than lethal weapons and ammunitions, FPUs usually do not possess this type of equipment. Until the development of less-lethal weapons, police officers around the world had few if any less-lethal options for riot control. Common tactics used by police that were intended to be non-lethal or less than lethal included a slowly advancing wall of men with batons. Considering the tasks the FPUs are demanded to carry out, those weapons should be mandatory as part of their equipment. The more equipped with these weapons FPUs are, the more they will be able to efficiently respond to the different type of threats and situation. Non-lethal weapons, also called less-lethal weapons, less-than-lethal weapons, non- deadly weapons, compliance weapons, or pain-inducing weapons are weapons intended to be used in the scale of Use of Force before using any lethal weapon.
    [Show full text]
  • Critical Evaluation of Proven Chemical Weapon Destruction Technologies
    Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 74, No. 2, pp. 187–316, 2002. © 2002 IUPAC INTERNATIONAL UNION OF PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY ORGANIC AND BIOMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY DIVISION IUPAC COMMITTEE ON CHEMICAL WEAPON DESTRUCTION TECHNOLOGIES* WORKING PARTY ON EVALUATION OF CHEMICAL WEAPON DESTRUCTION TECHNOLOGIES** CRITICAL EVALUATION OF PROVEN CHEMICAL WEAPON DESTRUCTION TECHNOLOGIES (IUPAC Technical Report) Prepared for publication by GRAHAM S. PEARSON1,‡ AND RICHARD S. MAGEE2 1Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, UK 2Carmagen Engineering, Inc., 4 West Main Street, Rockaway, NJ 07866, USA *Membership of the IUPAC Committee is: Chairman: Joseph F. Burnett; Members: Wataru Ando (Japan), Irina P. Beletskaya (Russia), Hongmei Deng (China), H. Dupont Durst (USA), Daniel Froment (France), Ralph Leslie (Australia), Ronald G. Manley (UK), Blaine C. McKusick (USA), Marian M. Mikolajczyk (Poland), Giorgio Modena (Italy), Walter Mulbry (USA), Graham S. Pearson (UK), Kurt Schaffner (Germany). **Membership of the Working Group was as follows: Chairman: Graham S. Pearson (UK); Members: Richard S. Magee (USA), Herbert de Bisschop (Belgium). The Working Group wishes to acknowledge the contributions made by the following, although the conclusions and contents of the Technical Report remain the responsibility of the Working Group: Joseph F. Bunnett (USA), Charles Baronian (USA), Ron G. Manley (OPCW), Georgio Modena (Italy), G. P. Moss (UK), George W. Parshall (USA), Julian Perry Robinson (UK), and Volker Starrock (Germany). ‡Corresponding author Republication or reproduction of this report or its storage and/or dissemination by electronic means is permitted without the need for formal IUPAC permission on condition that an acknowledgment, with full reference to the source, along with use of the copyright symbol ©, the name IUPAC, and the year of publication, are prominently visible.
    [Show full text]
  • G Protein-Coupled Receptors As Therapeutic Targets for Multiple Sclerosis
    npg GPCRs as therapeutic targets for MS Cell Research (2012) 22:1108-1128. 1108 © 2012 IBCB, SIBS, CAS All rights reserved 1001-0602/12 $ 32.00 npg REVIEW www.nature.com/cr G protein-coupled receptors as therapeutic targets for multiple sclerosis Changsheng Du1, Xin Xie1, 2 1Laboratory of Receptor-Based BioMedicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sci- ences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; 2State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Guo Shou Jing Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201203, China G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate most of our physiological responses to hormones, neurotransmit- ters and environmental stimulants. They are considered as the most successful therapeutic targets for a broad spec- trum of diseases. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease that is characterized by immune-mediated de- myelination and degeneration of the central nervous system (CNS). It is the leading cause of non-traumatic disability in young adults. Great progress has been made over the past few decades in understanding the pathogenesis of MS. Numerous data from animal and clinical studies indicate that many GPCRs are critically involved in various aspects of MS pathogenesis, including antigen presentation, cytokine production, T-cell differentiation, T-cell proliferation, T-cell invasion, etc. In this review, we summarize the recent findings regarding the expression or functional changes of GPCRs in MS patients or animal models, and the influences of GPCRs on disease severity upon genetic or phar- macological manipulations.
    [Show full text]
  • War Gases .Pdf
    yh&% .*i From the collection of the m Prejinger h v Jjibrary San Francisco, California 2007 THE WAR GASES WAR GASES Their Identification and Decontamination BY MORRIS B. JACOBS, Ph.D. Food, Drug and Insecticide Admin. U. S. Dept. of Agr. 1927 Chemist Department of Health, City of New York, 1928. Formerly, Lt. U. S. Chemical Warfare Service Reserve INTERSCIENCE PUBLISHERS, INC. NEW YORK, N. Y.-1942 Copyright, 1942, by INTERSCIENCE PUBLISHERS, INC. 215 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y. Printed in U. S. A. by WAVERLY PRESS, BALTIMORE, MD. PREFACE Relatively little has been written in the United States of America on the subject of passive defense, or as we would put it, civilian defense against poison gas. One of the very first steps in defense of this nature is a system for the detection, the sampling and the identification of the chemical war- fare agents, and the decontamination of areas and materials polluted by them. It is the aim of this book to present these subjects so that the informa- tion given will be useful to the gas identification officer, the war gas chemist, the decontamination officer, and the health officer. While this book was written primarily for the aforementioned officers, Chapters I, II, III, part of IV and VII should prove of value to the air raid warden and, in general, to all persons dealing with the above mentioned phases of gas defense. It is written so that it can be used for the training of gas identifi- cation officers, as a manual by chemists and decontamination officers, and as a source of information on the analytical chemistry of the war gases.
    [Show full text]
  • Pepper Spray: What Do We Have to Expect?
    Pepper Spray: What Do We Have to Expect? Assoc. Prof. Mehmet Akif KARAMERCAN, MD Gazi University School of Medicine Department of Emergency Medicine Presentation Plan • History • Pepper Spray • Tear Gas • Symptoms • Medical Treatment • If you are the victim ??? History • PEPPER SPRAY ▫ OC (oleoresin of capsicum) (Most Commonly Used Compound) • TEAR GAS ▫ CN (chloroacetophenone) (German scientists 1870 World War I and II) ▫ CS (orthochlorobenzalmalononitrile) (US Army adopted in 1959) ▫ CR (dibenzoxazepine) (British Ministry of Defence 1950-1960) History of Pepper Spray • Red Chili Pepper was being used for self defense in ancient India - China - Japan (Ninjas). ▫ Throw it at the faces of their enemies, opponents, or intruders. • Japan Tukagawa Empire police used a weapon called the "metsubishi." • Accepted as a weapon ▫ incapacitate a person temporarily. • Pepper as a weapon 14th and 15th century for slavery rampant and became a popular method for torturing people (criminals, slaves). History of Pepper Spray • 1980's The USA Postal Workers started using pepper sprays against dogs, bears and other pets and became a legalized non-lethal weapon ▫ Pepper spray is also known as oleoresin of capsicum (OC) spray • The FBI in 1987 endorse it as an official chemical agent and it took 4 years it could be legally accepted by law enforcement agency. Pepper Spray • The active ingredient in pepper spray is capsaicin, which is a chemical derived from the fruit of plants of chilis. • Extraction of Oleoresin Capsicum from peppers ▫ capsicum to be finely ground, capsaicin is then extracted using an organic solvent (ethanol). The solvent is then evaporated, remaining waxlike resin is the Oleoresin Capsicum • Propylene Glycol is used to suspend the OC in water, pressurized to make it aerosol in Pepper Spray.
    [Show full text]