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Facts on File DICTIONARY of CHEMISTRY The Facts On File DICTIONARY of CHEMISTRY The Facts On File DICTIONARY of CHEMISTRY Fourth Edition Edited by John Daintith The Facts On File Dictionary of Chemistry Fourth Edition Copyright © 2005, 1999 by Market House Books Ltd All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 For Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data, please contact Facts On File, Inc. ISBN 0-8160-5649-8 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Compiled and typeset by Market House Books Ltd, Aylesbury, UK Printed in the United States of America MP PKG 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper. PREFACE This dictionary is one of a series designed for use in schools. It is intended for stu- dents of chemistry, but we hope that it will also be helpful to other science students and to anyone interested in science. Facts On File also publishes dictionaries in a variety of disciplines, including biology, physics, mathematics, forensic science, weather and climate, marine science, and space and astronomy. The Facts On File Dictionary of Chemistry was first published in 1980 and the third edition was published in 1999. This fourth edition of the dictionary has been exten- sively revised and extended. The dictionary now contains over 3,000 headwords cov- ering the terminology of modern chemistry. A totally new feature of this edition is the inclusion of over 1,700 pronunciations for terms that are not in everyday use. A number of appendixes have been included at the end of the book containing useful information, including a list of chemical elements and a periodic table. There is also a list of Web sites and a bibliography. A guide to using the dictionary has also been added to this latest version of the book. We would like to thank all the people who have cooperated in producing this book. A list of contributors is given on the acknowledgments page. We are also grateful to the many people who have given additional help and advice. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Contributors Julia Brailsford B.Sc. John Clark B.Sc. John Connor B.Sc. Derek Cooper Ph.D. F.R.I.C. Rich Cutler B.Sc. D.E. Edwards B.Sc. M.Sc. Richard Hadfield B.Sc. Valerie Illingworth B.Sc. M.Phil. Alan Isaacs B.Sc. Ph.D. Elizabeth Martin M.A. P.R. Mercer B.A. T.C. R.S. Smith B.Sc. C.Chem. M.R.I.C. Derek Stefaniw B.Sc. Ph.D. Elizabeth Tootil M.Sc. J. Truman B.Sc. David Eric Ward B.Sc. M.Sc. Ph.D. Pronunciations William Gould B.A. Note Unless otherwise stated, the melting and boiling points given in the dictionary are at standard pressure. Relative densities of liquids are at standard pressure with the liquid at 20°C relative to water at 4°C. Relative densities of gases are relative to air, both gases being at standard temperature and pressure. The following abbreviations are used in the text: p.n. proton number (atomic number) r.a.m. relative atomic mass (atomic weight) vi CONTENTS Preface v Acknowledgments vi Guide to Using the Dictionary viii Pronunciation Key x Entries A to Z 1 Appendixes I. Carboxylic Acids 297 II. Amino Acids 299 III. Sugars 302 IV. Nitrogenous Bases 303 and Nucleosides V. The Chemical Elements 305 VI. The Periodic Table 307 VII. The Greek Alphabet 308 VIII. Web Sites 309 Bibliography 310 vii GUIDE TO USING THE DICTIONARY The main features of dictionary entries are as follows. Headwords The main term being defined is in bold type: acid A substance that gives rise to hy- drogen ions when dissolved in water. Plurals Irregular plurals are given in brackets after the headword. quantum (pl. quanta) A definite amount of energy released or absorbed in a process. Variants Sometimes a word has a synonym or alternative spelling. This is placed in brackets after the headword, and is also in bold type: promoter (activator) A substance that improves the efficiency of a catalyst. Here, ‘activator’ is another word for promoter. Generally, the entry for the synonym con- sists of a simple cross-reference: activator See promoter. Abbreviations Abbreviations for terms are treated in the same way as variants: electron spin resonance (ESR) A simi- lar technique to nuclear magnetic reso- nance, but applied to unpaired electrons ... The entry for the synonym consists of a simple cross-reference: ESR See electron spin resonance. Formulas Chemical formulas are also placed in brackets after the headword. These are in normal type: potassium iodide (KI) A white ionic solid.... Here, KI is the chemical formula for potassium iodide. viii Multiple definitions Some terms have two or more distinct senses. These are numbered in bold type abundance 1. The relative amount of a given element among others; for example, the abundance of oxygen in the Earth’s crust is approximately 50% by mass. 2. The amount of a nuclide (stable or ra- dioactive) relative to other nuclides of the same element in a given sample. Cross-references These are references within an entry to other entries that may give additional useful in- formation. Cross-references are indicated in two ways. When the word appears in the de- finition, it is printed in small capitals: boron nitride (BN) A compound formed by heating BORON in nitrogen… In this case the cross-reference is to the entry for `boron’. Alternatively, a cross-reference may be indicated by ‘See’, ‘See also’, or ‘Compare’, usu- ally at the end of an entry: boron trifluoride (BF3) A colorless fum- ing gas made by… See boron trichloride. Hidden entries Sometimes it is convenient to define one term within the entry for another term: charcoal An amorphous form of carbon made by… Activated charcoal is charcoal heated to… Here, ‘activated charcoal’ is a hidden entry under charcoal, and is indicated by italic type. The entry for ‘activated charcoal’ consists of a simple cross-reference: activated charcoal See charcoal. Pronunciations Where appropriate pronunciations are indicated immediately after the headword, en- closed in forward slashes: deuteride /dew-ter-ÿd/ A compound of deuterium… Note that simple words in everyday language are not given pronunciations. Also head- words that are two-word phrases do not have pronunciations if the component words are pronounced elsewhere in the dictionary. ix Pronunciation Key Bold type indicates a stressed syllable. In pronunciations, a consonant is sometimes dou- bled to prevent accidental mispronunciation of a syllable resembling a familiar word; for example, /ass-id/ (acid), rather than /as-id/ and /ul-tră- sonn-iks/ (ultrasonics), rather than /ul-tră-son-iks/. An apostrophe is used: (a) between two consonants forming a syllable, as in /den-t’l/ (dental), and (b) between two letters when the syllable might otherwise be mis- pronounced through resembling a familiar word, as in /th’e-ră-pee/ (therapy) and /tal’k/ (talc). The symbols used are: /a/ as in back /bak/, active /ak-tiv/ /ng/ as in sing /sing/ /ă/ as in abduct /ăb-dukt/, gamma /gam-ă/ /nk/ as in rank /rank/, bronchus /bronk-ŭs/ /ah/ as in palm /pahm/, father /fah-ther/, /o/ as in pot /pot/ /air/ as in care /kair/, aerospace /air-ŏ- /ô/ as in dog /dôg/ spays/ /ŏ/ as in buttock /but-ŏk/ /ar/ as in tar /tar/, starfish /star-fish/, heart /oh/ as in home /hohm/, post /pohst/ /hart/ /oi/ as in boil /boil/ /aw/ as in jaw /jaw/, gall /gawl/, taut /tawt/ /oo/ as in food /food/, croup /kroop/, fluke /ay/ as in mania /may-niă/ ,grey /gray/ /flook/ /b/ as in bed /bed/ /oor/ as in pruritus /proor-ÿ-tis/ /ch/ as in chin /chin/ /or/ as in organ /or-găn/, wart /wort/ /d/ as in day /day/ /ow/ as in powder /pow-der/, pouch /e/ as in red /red/ /powch/ /ĕ/ as in bowel /bow-ĕl/ /p/ as in pill /pil/ /ee/ as in see /see/, haem /heem/, caffeine /r/ as in rib /rib/ /kaf-een/, baby /bay-bee/ /s/ as in skin /skin/, cell /sel/ /eer/ as in fear /feer/, serum /seer-ŭm/ /sh/ as in shock /shok/, action /ak-shŏn/ /er/ as in dermal /der-măl/, labour /lay-ber/ /t/ as in tone /tohn/ /ew/ as in dew /dew/, nucleus /new-klee-ŭs/ /th/ as in thin /thin/, stealth /stelth/ /ewr/ as in epidural /ep-i-dewr-ăl/ /th/ as in then /then/, bathe /bayth/ /f/ as in fat /fat/, phobia /foh-biă/, rough /u/ as in pulp /pulp/, blood /blud/ /ruf/ /ŭ/ as in typhus /tÿ-fŭs/ /g/ as in gag /gag/ /û/ as in pull /pûl/, hook /hûk/ /h/ as in hip /hip/ /v/ as in vein /vayn/ /i/ as in fit /fit/, reduction /ri-duk-shăn/ /w/ as in wind /wind/ /j/ as in jaw /jaw/, gene /jeen/, ridge /rij/ /y/ as in yeast /yeest/ /k/ as in kidney /kid-nee/, chlorine /klor- /ÿ/ as in bite /bÿt/, high /hÿ/, hyperfine /hÿ- een/, crisis /krÿ-sis/ per-fÿn/ /ks/ as in toxic /toks-ik/ /yoo/ as in unit /yoo-nit/, formula /form- /kw/ as in quadrate /kwod-rayt/ yoo-lă/ /l/ as in liver /liv-er/, seal /seel/ /yoor/ as in pure /pyoor/, ureter /yoor-ee- /m/ as in milk /milk/ ter/ /n/ as in nit /nit/ /ÿr/ as in fire /fÿr/ x A AAS See atomic absorption spec- modynamic temperature; 0 kelvin or troscopy.
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