Toxic Materials to Cornea INTRODUCTION
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Chronic Pelvic Pain M
Guidelines on Chronic Pelvic Pain M. Fall (chair), A.P. Baranowski, S. Elneil, D. Engeler, J. Hughes, E.J. Messelink, F. Oberpenning, A.C. de C. Williams © European Association of Urology 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1. INTRODUCTION 5 1.1 The guideline 5 1.1.1 Publication history 5 1.2 Level of evidence and grade recommendations 5 1.3 References 6 1.4 Definition of pain (World Health Organization [WHO]) 6 1.4.1 Innervation of the urogenital system 7 1.4.2 References 8 1.5 Pain evaluation and measurement 8 1.5.1 Pain evaluation 8 1.5.2 Pain measurement 8 1.5.3 References 9 2. CHRONIC PELVIC PAIN 9 2.1 Background 9 2.1.1 Introduction to urogenital pain syndromes 9 2.2 Definitions of chronic pelvic pain and terminology (Table 4) 11 2.3 Classification of chronic pelvic pain syndromes 12 Table 3: EAU classification of chronic urogenital pain syndromes (page 10) Table 4: Definitions of chronic pain terminology (page 11) Table 5: ESSIC classification of types of bladder pain syndrome according to the results of cystoscopy with hydrodistension and of biopsies (page 13) 2.4 References 13 2.5 An algorithm for chronic pelvic pain diagnosis and treatment 13 2.5.1 How to use the algorithm 13 2.6 Prostate pain syndrome (PPS) 15 2.6.1 Introduction 16 2.6.2 Definition 16 2.6.3 Pathogenesis 16 2.6.4 Diagnosis 17 2.6.5 Treatment 17 2.6.5.1 Alpha-blockers 17 2.6.5.2 Antibiotic therapy 17 2.6.5.3 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) 17 2.6.5.4 Corticosteroids 17 2.6.5.5 Opioids 17 2.6.5.6 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors 18 2.6.5.7 Allopurinol 18 2.6.5.8 -
TRP Mediation
molecules Review Remedia Sternutatoria over the Centuries: TRP Mediation Lujain Aloum 1 , Eman Alefishat 1,2,3 , Janah Shaya 4 and Georg A. Petroianu 1,* 1 Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates; [email protected] (L.A.); Eman.alefi[email protected] (E.A.) 2 Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates 3 Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11941, Jordan 4 Pre-Medicine Bridge Program, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +971-50-413-4525 Abstract: Sneezing (sternutatio) is a poorly understood polysynaptic physiologic reflex phenomenon. Sneezing has exerted a strange fascination on humans throughout history, and induced sneezing was widely used by physicians for therapeutic purposes, on the assumption that sneezing eliminates noxious factors from the body, mainly from the head. The present contribution examines the various mixtures used for inducing sneezes (remedia sternutatoria) over the centuries. The majority of the constituents of the sneeze-inducing remedies are modulators of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. The TRP channel superfamily consists of large heterogeneous groups of channels that play numerous physiological roles such as thermosensation, chemosensation, osmosensation and mechanosensation. Sneezing is associated with the activation of the wasabi receptor, (TRPA1), typical ligand is allyl isothiocyanate and the hot chili pepper receptor, (TRPV1), typical agonist is capsaicin, in the vagal sensory nerve terminals, activated by noxious stimulants. -
Pharmacokinetics of Daikenchuto, a Traditional Japanese Medicine (Kampo) After Single Oral Administration to Healthy Japanese Volunteers
DMD Fast Forward. Published on July 1, 2011 as DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.040097 DMDThis Fast article Forward. has not been Published copyedited and on formatted. July 1, The2011 final as version doi:10.1124/dmd.111.040097 may differ from this version. DMD #040097 Pharmacokinetics of daikenchuto, a traditional Japanese medicine (Kampo) after single oral administration to healthy Japanese volunteers Masaya Munekage, Hiroyuki Kitagawa, Kengo Ichikawa, Junko Watanabe, Katsuyuki Aoki, Toru Kono, Kazuhiro Hanazaki Department of Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan (M.M., H.K., K.I., K.H); Downloaded from Tsumura Laboratories, TSUMURA & CO., Ami, Ibaraki, Japan (J.W.); Pharmaceutical & Quality Research Department, TSUMURA & CO., Ami, Ibaraki , Japan (K.A.); Division of dmd.aspetjournals.org Gastroenterologic and General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan (T.K.). at ASPET Journals on September 26, 2021 1 Copyright 2011 by the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. DMD Fast Forward. Published on July 1, 2011 as DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.040097 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. DMD #040097 Running title: Pharmacokinetics study of daikenchuto Address correspondence to: Kazuhiro Hanazaki, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Oko-cho kohasu, Nankoku-shi, Kochi 783-8505, Japan. E-mail: [email protected] , Phone: 81-88-880-2370, Fax: 81-88-880-2371 Number of text pages: 17 Downloaded from Number of Tables: 1 Number of Figures: 2 dmd.aspetjournals.org Number of References: 17 Number of Words: Abstract: 199 at ASPET Journals on September 26, 2021 Introduction: 377 Results and Discussion: 855 ABBREVIATIONS: TJ-100, daikenchuto; HAS, hydroxy-α-sanshool; HBS, hydroxy-β-sanshool; 6S, [6]-shogaol; 10S, [10]-shogaol; GRB1, ginsenoside Rb1; GRG1, ginsenoside Rg1; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; LC, liquid chromatography; MS, mass spectrometry; MS/MS, tandem mass spectrometry 2 DMD Fast Forward. -
Less Than Lethal Weapons
PUBLIC ORDER MANAGEMENT Less Than Lethal Weapons UN Peacekeeping PDT Standards for Formed Police Units 1st edition 2015 Public Order Management 1 Less Than Lethal Weapons Background Before the inception of UN Peacekeeping mission, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations requests TCC/PCC to contribute with their forces to the strength of the mission. The UN Police component is composed by Individual Police Officers (IPO) and Formed Police Units (FPU). The deployment of FPU is subject to a Memorandum of Understanding between the UN and the contributing country and the compliance with the force requirements of the mission. The force requirement lists the equipment and the weapons that the FPU has to deploy with. Despite the fact ‘Guidelines on the Use of Force by Law Enforcement Agencies’ recommends the development and the deployment of less than lethal weapons and ammunitions, FPUs usually do not possess this type of equipment. Until the development of less-lethal weapons, police officers around the world had few if any less-lethal options for riot control. Common tactics used by police that were intended to be non-lethal or less than lethal included a slowly advancing wall of men with batons. Considering the tasks the FPUs are demanded to carry out, those weapons should be mandatory as part of their equipment. The more equipped with these weapons FPUs are, the more they will be able to efficiently respond to the different type of threats and situation. Non-lethal weapons, also called less-lethal weapons, less-than-lethal weapons, non- deadly weapons, compliance weapons, or pain-inducing weapons are weapons intended to be used in the scale of Use of Force before using any lethal weapon. -
G Protein-Coupled Receptors As Therapeutic Targets for Multiple Sclerosis
npg GPCRs as therapeutic targets for MS Cell Research (2012) 22:1108-1128. 1108 © 2012 IBCB, SIBS, CAS All rights reserved 1001-0602/12 $ 32.00 npg REVIEW www.nature.com/cr G protein-coupled receptors as therapeutic targets for multiple sclerosis Changsheng Du1, Xin Xie1, 2 1Laboratory of Receptor-Based BioMedicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sci- ences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; 2State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Guo Shou Jing Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201203, China G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate most of our physiological responses to hormones, neurotransmit- ters and environmental stimulants. They are considered as the most successful therapeutic targets for a broad spec- trum of diseases. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease that is characterized by immune-mediated de- myelination and degeneration of the central nervous system (CNS). It is the leading cause of non-traumatic disability in young adults. Great progress has been made over the past few decades in understanding the pathogenesis of MS. Numerous data from animal and clinical studies indicate that many GPCRs are critically involved in various aspects of MS pathogenesis, including antigen presentation, cytokine production, T-cell differentiation, T-cell proliferation, T-cell invasion, etc. In this review, we summarize the recent findings regarding the expression or functional changes of GPCRs in MS patients or animal models, and the influences of GPCRs on disease severity upon genetic or phar- macological manipulations. -
Pepper Spray: What Do We Have to Expect?
Pepper Spray: What Do We Have to Expect? Assoc. Prof. Mehmet Akif KARAMERCAN, MD Gazi University School of Medicine Department of Emergency Medicine Presentation Plan • History • Pepper Spray • Tear Gas • Symptoms • Medical Treatment • If you are the victim ??? History • PEPPER SPRAY ▫ OC (oleoresin of capsicum) (Most Commonly Used Compound) • TEAR GAS ▫ CN (chloroacetophenone) (German scientists 1870 World War I and II) ▫ CS (orthochlorobenzalmalononitrile) (US Army adopted in 1959) ▫ CR (dibenzoxazepine) (British Ministry of Defence 1950-1960) History of Pepper Spray • Red Chili Pepper was being used for self defense in ancient India - China - Japan (Ninjas). ▫ Throw it at the faces of their enemies, opponents, or intruders. • Japan Tukagawa Empire police used a weapon called the "metsubishi." • Accepted as a weapon ▫ incapacitate a person temporarily. • Pepper as a weapon 14th and 15th century for slavery rampant and became a popular method for torturing people (criminals, slaves). History of Pepper Spray • 1980's The USA Postal Workers started using pepper sprays against dogs, bears and other pets and became a legalized non-lethal weapon ▫ Pepper spray is also known as oleoresin of capsicum (OC) spray • The FBI in 1987 endorse it as an official chemical agent and it took 4 years it could be legally accepted by law enforcement agency. Pepper Spray • The active ingredient in pepper spray is capsaicin, which is a chemical derived from the fruit of plants of chilis. • Extraction of Oleoresin Capsicum from peppers ▫ capsicum to be finely ground, capsaicin is then extracted using an organic solvent (ethanol). The solvent is then evaporated, remaining waxlike resin is the Oleoresin Capsicum • Propylene Glycol is used to suspend the OC in water, pressurized to make it aerosol in Pepper Spray. -
Weaponizing Tear Gas: Bahrain’S Unprecedented Use of Toxic Chemical Agents Against Civilians
Physicians for Human Rights Weaponizing Tear Gas: Bahrain’s Unprecedented Use of Toxic Chemical Agents Against Civilians August 2012 physiciansforhumanrights.org About Physicians for Human Rights Physicians for Human Rights (PHR) uses medicine and science to investigate and expose human rights violations. We work to prevent rights abuses by seeking justice and holding offenders accountable. Since 1986, PHR has conducted investigations in more than 40 countries, including on: 1987 — Use of toxic chemical agents in South Korea 1988 — Iraq’s use of chemical weapons against Kurds 1988 — Use of toxic chemical agents in West Bank and the Gaza Strip 1989 — Use of chemical warfare agents in Soviet Georgia 1996 — Exhumation of mass graves in the Balkans 1996 — Critical forensic evidence of genocide in Rwanda 1999 — Drafting the UN-endorsed guidelines for documentation of torture 2004 — Documentation of the genocide in Darfur 2008 — US complicity of torture in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Guantánamo Bay 2010 — Human experimentation by CIA medical personnel on prisoners in violation of the Nuremberg Code 2011 — Violations of medical neutrality in times of armed conflict and civil unrest during the Arab Spring ... 2 Arrow Street | Suite 301 1156 15th Street, NW | Suite 1001 Cambridge, MA 02138 USA Washington, DC 20005 USA +1 617 301 4200 +1 202 728 5335 physiciansforhumanrights.org ©2012, Physicians for Human Rights. All rights reserved. ISBN: 1-879707-68-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2012945532 Cover photo: Bahraini anti-riot police fire tear gas grenades at peaceful and unarmed civilians protesters, including a Shi’a cleric, in June 2012. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QxauI5hdjqk. -
[Invented Name] 4 Mg/G + 25 Mg/G Ointment SUMMARY of PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
AT/H/0661/001/DC, final SmPC SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS [Invented name] 4 mg/g + 25 mg/g ointment 1 AT/H/0661/001/DC, final SmPC 1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT [Invented name] 4 mg/g + 25 mg/g ointment 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION 1 g ointment contains 4 mg nonylic acid vanillylamide (nonivamide) and 25 mg β-butoxyethylester of nicotinic acid (nicoboxil). Excipient(s) with known effect 1 g ointment contains 2 mg sorbic acid. Fragrance with with α-Isomethyl ionone, α-Amylcinnamaldehyde, α-Amylcinnamyl alcohol, Anisyl alcohol, Evernia furfuracea extract (Treemoss extract), Benzyl alcohol, Benzyl benzoate, Benzyl cinnamate, Benzyl salicylate, Citral, Citronellol, Coumarin, Oakmoss extract, Eugenol, Farnesol, Geraniol, α-Hexylcinnamaldehyde, Hydroxycitronellal, Isoeugenol, Butylphenyl methylpropional (Lilial), Limonene, Linalool, Hydroxyisohexyl 3-Cyclohexene Carboxaldehyde (Lyral), Methyl heptane carbonate, Cinnamaldehyde, Cinnamyl alcohol . (see section 4.4) Benzyl alcohol: less than 0.002 mg/100g (see section 4.4) For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1. 3. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM Ointment Almost white or slightly yellowish, opaque, smooth homogeneous ointment with odour of citronella oil. 4. CLINICAL PARTICULARS 4.1 Therapeutic indications To stimulate blood flow in the skin for treating muscle and joint complaints. For treatment of acute low back pain with no signs of neuropathic origin. To stimulate blood flow in the skin before taking a capillary blood sample, e.g. from the earlobe or the digital pulp. 4.2 Posology and method of administration Posology Treatment should start with a very small quantity and on a very small skin area to test individual reaction. -
Lantern Parade & Magical Evening
Greater New Lodge Community Magazine December 2014 Ashton Centre, 5 Churchill Street, Belfast BT15 2BP Tel: (028) 90742255 email: [email protected] Thousands Attend Lantern Parade & Magical Evening Section of the crowd who took part in the Lantern Parade The North Belfast Lantern Parade and Magical Festival for the parade. took place this year on Wednesday 29th & Thursday 30th The parade itself left Crumlin Road Gaol, went along October in the Waterworks Park. During the day there was Cliftonpark Avenue, down Cliftonville Road and up the Antrim a range of activities involving street theatre performances, Road into the Waterworks Park. There were approximately storytelling, drumming, music by Cool FM’s Ryan A and visual 850 children and adults taking part in this fabulous carnival art workshops. The weather was lovely which made being parade along with performers from Fire Poise, Streetwise outdoors all the more enjoyable. Circus, and Arts Ekta. Motorway Site Continued on Page 3 - Page 4 for Photos The North Belfast Lantern Parade is part of the North Belfast Community Pride Programme which is funded through OFMDFM’s Good Relations Programme and led by Ashton Inside Highlights Community Trust. This programme is delivered by New Page 3 - Christmas Party Lodge Arts and supported by a steering group of various Page 5 - Ashton Community Bursaries North Belfast based youth and community organisations. Page 6 - Tar Isteach Face Funding Crisis Other funders for this project include Belfast City Council, Page 7 - Misuse of Prescription Drugs Community Foundation Northern Ireland and Department of Page 8 - BOH Peace Building Lessons In Berlin Foreign Affairs. -
TRP Channel Transient Receptor Potential Channels
TRP Channel Transient receptor potential channels TRP Channel (Transient receptor potential channel) is a group of ion channels located mostly on the plasma membrane of numerous human and animal cell types. There are about 28 TRP channels that share some structural similarity to each other. These are grouped into two broad groups: Group 1 includes TRPC ("C" for canonical), TRPV ("V" for vanilloid), TRPM ("M" for melastatin), TRPN, and TRPA. In group 2, there are TRPP ("P" for polycystic) and TRPML ("ML" for mucolipin). Many of these channels mediate a variety of sensations like the sensations of pain, hotness, warmth or coldness, different kinds of tastes, pressure, and vision. TRP channels are relatively non-selectively permeable to cations, including sodium, calcium and magnesium. TRP channels are initially discovered in trp-mutant strain of the fruit fly Drosophila. Later, TRP channels are found in vertebrates where they are ubiquitously expressed in many cell types and tissues. TRP channels are important for human health as mutations in at least four TRP channels underlie disease. www.MedChemExpress.com 1 TRP Channel Antagonists, Inhibitors, Agonists, Activators & Modulators (-)-Menthol (E)-Cardamonin Cat. No.: HY-75161 ((E)-Cardamomin; (E)-Alpinetin chalcone) Cat. No.: HY-N1378 (-)-Menthol is a key component of peppermint oil (E)-Cardamonin ((E)-Cardamomin) is a novel that binds and activates transient receptor antagonist of hTRPA1 cation channel with an IC50 potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8), a of 454 nM. Ca2+-permeable nonselective cation channel, to 2+ increase [Ca ]i. Antitumor activity. Purity: ≥98.0% Purity: 99.81% Clinical Data: Launched Clinical Data: No Development Reported Size: 10 mM × 1 mL, 500 mg, 1 g Size: 10 mM × 1 mL, 5 mg, 10 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg (Z)-Capsaicin 1,4-Cineole (Zucapsaicin; Civamide; cis-Capsaicin) Cat. -
(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2016/0106690 A1 BUCKS Et Al
US 201601 06690A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2016/0106690 A1 BUCKS et al. (43) Pub. Date: Apr. 21, 2016 (54) PAIN RELIEF COMPOSITIONS, Publication Classification MANUFACTURE AND USES (51) Int. Cl. (71) Applicant: API GENESIS, LLC, Fairfax, VA (US) A613 L/65 (2006.01) A69/06 (2006.01) (72) Inventors: Daniel BUCKS, Millbrae, CA (US); A619/00 (2006.01) Philip J. BIRBARA, West Hartford, CT A63L/96 (2006.01) (US) A63L/25 (2006.01) A63L/045 (2006.01) A63L/05 (2006.01) (73) Assignee: API GENESIS, LLC, Fairfax, VA (US) A619/08 (2006.01) A613/618 (2006.01) (52) U.S. Cl. (21) Appl. No.: 14/482,930 CPC ................. A61 K31/165 (2013.01); A61 K9/08 (2013.01); A61 K9/06 (2013.01); A61 K9/0014 (22) Filed: Sep. 10, 2014 (2013.01); A61 K3I/618 (2013.01); A61 K 31/125 (2013.01); A61 K3I/045 (2013.01); A6 IK3I/05 (2013.01); A61 K31/196 (2013.01) Related U.S. Application Data - - - (57) ABSTRACT (62) Division of application No. 13/609,100, filed on Sep. The present invention relates to TRPV1 selective agonist 10, 2012, now Pat. No. 8,889,659. topical compositions including capsaicinoid- - - and analgesic (60) Provisional application No. 61/533,120, filed on Sep. agent compositions and methods of manufacture and meth 9, 2011, provisional application No. 61/642.942, filed ods of providing pain relief as well as treating a variety of on May 4, 2012. disorders with Such compositions. Patent Application Publication Apr. 21, 2016 Sheet 1 of 4 US 2016/0106690 A1 FIGURE 1 - API-CAPSTOLERABILITY COMPOSTE AP-CAPSTOERABLTY FOR RGH & LEFT KNEES ASA FUNCTION OF CAPSACN CONCENTRATIONS (Tolerability measurements taken after 1530, 45 & 60 minutes post dosage application for 4 visits) O%. -
JPET#119412 1 TRPV1 Agonists Cause Endoplasmic Reticulum
JPET Fast Forward. Published on March 1, 2007 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.119412 JPET ThisFast article Forward. has not been Published copyedited onand formatted.March 1, The 2007 final versionas DOI:10.1124/jpet.107.119412 may differ from this version. JPET#119412 TRPV1 Agonists Cause Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Cell Death in Human Lung Cells Karen C. Thomas, Ashwini S. Sabnis, Mark E. Johansen, Diane L. Lanza, Philip J. Moos, Garold Downloaded from S. Yost, and Christopher A. Reilly jpet.aspetjournals.org (K.C.T., A.S.S., M.E.J., D.L.L, P.J.M., G.S.Y., and C.A.R.) Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, 112 Skaggs Hall, Salt Lake City, UT 84112. at ASPET Journals on September 25, 2021 1 Copyright 2007 by the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. JPET Fast Forward. Published on March 1, 2007 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.119412 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. JPET#119412 Running title: TRPV1 Agonists, ER Stress, and Cell Death Corresponding Author: Dr. Christopher A. Reilly, Ph.D. University of Utah Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology 30 S. 2000 E., Room 201 Skaggs Hall Downloaded from Salt Lake City, UT 84112 Phone: (801) 581-5236 jpet.aspetjournals.org FAX: (801) 585-3945 Email: [email protected] at ASPET Journals on September 25, 2021 Number of text pages: 32 Number of tables: 2 Figures: 6 References: 40 Number of words in Abstract: 250 Number of words in Introduction: 733 Number of words in Discussion: 1473 Non Standard Abbreviations: GADD153, growth arrest- and DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 (a.k.a.