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First Division, 44 Head Neural Induction and Maintenance, 45–46 Trunk Index A3B5ϩ/PSA-NCAMϩ cells, 165 first division, 44 Ablation studies, 78 head neural induction and maintenance, 45–46 Acetylcholine (ACh), 295–296 trunk neural induction, 46–50 Acetylcholine esterase (AChE), 284 regional patterning, 50–57 Acetylcholine receptor (AChR) channels, 276 Antibodies that promote remyelination, 182 Acetylcholine receptor inducing activity (ARIA), 294 Apaf-1, 322–323 Acetylcholine receptors (AChRs), 273, 276, 278–281, 284, 290, 293, 309 Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), 319 distribution, 285 Apoptosis pathway, 353 types of, 269, 271 Apoptotic cell death, 318, 319; see also Programmed cell death Achaete-scute homologue ash1, 97 Ara-C (cytosine arabinoside), 205 Actin, retrograde flow of, 246 Architectonic maps, 396–397 Actin-binding protein filamin 1 (filamin-␣), 225 Astrocyte development Active zones (AZ), 270, 275, 279–280 in cerebellum, 208 Activin, 9, 10 in forebrain Adhesion, tactile, 377 pathways of, giving rise to different types of astrocytes, 207–208 Adhesion proteins, synaptic, 300–305 is not uniform across different regions of CNS, 199 Adhesive cell-surface signals, 251 in spinal cord, 208–209 Adrenoleukodystrophy, 173 Astrocyte genesis, interplay of multiple pathways contributes to, 216 Age-related alterations in neurogenesis, developmental mechanisms Astrocyte lineages underlying, 354–357 model of, 212 Age-related cytoarchitectural changes in nervous system, 350–351 in vitro, heterogeneity within, 211 Age-related molecular changes in nervous system, 351 Astrocyte precursor cells (APCs), 212–213 Age-related neurodegenerative disorders, 361 contrasted with NG2 cells, 209–210 brain regions affected in, 359 radial glia as, 203–204 developmental mechanisms in, 358–361 Astrocyte progenitors, emigrate from SVZ along radial glial guides, 207 Aging Astrocyte-restricted precursors, 213 cellular and molecular changes during normal, 349–354 Astrocyte specification mechanisms that regulate nervous system development and, 350, 361 induced by alpha helical family of cytokines, 213 neural control of, 354 induced by TGF-␤ family of cytokines, 213–214 Aging phenotype, inherited disorders with abnormal, 358 regulated by multiple signals, 213–216 Agrin, 284, 291–294, 297, 298, 305–306 Astrocytes, 164–166, 171, 197, 217 structure/function, 291 cell culture studies reveal multiple lineages of, 210–211 Agrin hypothesis, 292 defined, 197 Agrin-induced signaling pathways, 293 directly descended from SVZ, 205–207 Alcohol syndrome, fetal, 176 functions, 197 ALD protein, 173 maintenance in adult brain, 209–210 Alkaline phosphatase (AP), 257 by endogenous precursors, 209 Alzheimer’s disease, 358 subset that are direct descendants of ventricular zone, 200–205 Ameboid microglia, 371–372 and their developmental expression, molecular markers for, 200 4-Aminopyridine (4-AP), 180–181 types of, 197, 199, 211 Amniotes, 80–81 in different regions, 197–199 Amphibian embryos, 4; see also Xenopus embryo type 1 lineage, 210–211 Amyloid precursor protein (APP), 358, 359 type 2 and the O-2A lineage, 211 Anamniotes, 81 in vivo, 197–199 Anastomosis between peripheral nerve fibers, 389 Autism Anterior maintenance, 48 mercury, vaccines, and, 177 Anterior neural plate border, preplacodal field at, 102–104 Autonomic nervous system, 95–96 Anterior-posterior (A-P) topography, mechanisms of, 260 structure, 95 Anteroposterior (AP) pattern Autophagic cell death, 318–320; see also Programmed cell death early decisions, 44 Avian embryos, 46 415 416 Index Axon and dendrite guidance, 256–257, 263 Brain, proliferative populations in the developing, 21 key questions about, 242–243, 263–264 Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), 252, 357 Axon and dendrite guidance signals Brodmann, Korbinian, 394, 396 activities, 251 Bungarus multicinctus, 290 cell-surface, 251 cyclic nucleotides modulate responses to, 261 Cadherin6B, downregulation of diversity of, 250–251 and neural crest cell delamination, 76 secreted, 251–252 Cadherins, 300–301 Axon guidance; see also Guidance Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), 253, 319 approaches to studying, 249–250 Cajal, Santiago Ramón y: see Ramón y Cajal criteria for guidance molecules, 248 Calcium, 261, 295–296 culture assays for guidance molecules, 248–249 Campbell, A.W., 396–397 in vivo preparations for, 249 Canavan’s disease (CD), 173 Axon guidance receptors, domain structures of, 250, 251 Cancer treatments, neurotoxicity of, 177–178 Axon guidance signals Cartilage, 85 culture assays for, 248–249 Cascade, 41 domain structures, 250, 251 Caspase-3, 322–323 Axon shaft, 245 Caspase-9, 322–323 Axonal development, 374–375 Catecholamine biosynthesis pathway, 95, 96 developmental stages of a growing axon, 242, 243 Catecholaminergic differentiation, floorplate-derived signals are required historical perspective, 375–382 for, 99 Axonogenesis, 243 Caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE), 32 Axon(s) Caudal sclerotome, 84 vs. dendrites, 241, 382 Caudalization, 48 developmental stages of a growing, 242 cdc42, 261 target recognition and topographic projections, 243, 257–260 Cell adhesion; see also Adhesion; Synaptic adhesion dual role of, 333, 335 B-cells, 89 Cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs), 251; see also NCAM Baer, Karl Ernst von, 394 Cell-chain theory, 377 Barker, L.F., 392 Cell cycle, transition from G1 to S phase of, 78 Basal lamina (BL), 279, 283, 287, 288 Cell cycle domains, 30, 32 degradation of, as necessary for neural crest cell delamination, 76 Cell death; see also Neuronal death; Programmed cell death Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH), 91–92, 98, 135–139 regulation of cell proliferation and, 139 Bax, 321–322 Cell division, 367 Bcl-2, 320–321 asymmetric vs. symmetric, 139–140 Bcl-XL, 321 Cell fate determination within lateral line neuromasts, 108 Beard, John, 390–391 Cell-fate specification Bergmann glia, 199, 205, 208 intrinsic and extrinsic cues, 140–141 Bernard, Claude, 382, 387 mechanisms for CNS (extrinsic and intrinsic control), 141–143 BhoB, as essential for neural crest cell delamination, 77–78 plasticity in fate (vertebrate CNS neurons), 143–144 Bidder, F., 383 precision in, 141–142 Birthdates (of cells) Cell membrane, 378 defined, 131 Cell migration, 366; see also Neural crest migration different classes of PNS neurons have distinct, 133 Cell number, regulation of temporal regulation of, 129, 134–135 in early nervous system, 139–140 Birthdating, 130–131 Cell replacement, 344 Blastocoel, 6 Cell theory, 365–366 Blastocyst, 6, 7 Cell transplantation: see Myelin destruction, repair of demyelinating Blastoderm, 4 damage Blocking molecules and blocking factors, 339, 340 Cellular competition and selection, 387–388 BMP and Activin Membrane Bound Inhibitor (BAMBI), 9 Cellular organization of CNS, 382 BMP inhibition, 45 Cerebellar granule cell migration, 233 as sufficient for neural induction, 11–12 Cerebellum, 52 BMP signaling, 213–214 astrocyte development in, 208 is required for neural crest cell delamination, 77 external granule cell layer of, 35–36 BMP signaling pathway, 9–11 Cerebral cortex; see also Cortical structures BMPs (bone morphogenic proteins), 48, 57, 60–62, 72–73, 95, 106, development, 129, 130 161, 164 histogenesis, 131–132 BMP2, 98–100 organology, 396 BMP7, 114 plasticity until final cell cycle, 143 BMP4 induces BhoB, 77–78 Chain migration, 233 dendrite generation and, 262 Chemospecificity hypothesis, 258 induce Mash1 and Phox2b in sympathetic precursors, 98–99 Chemotherapy, 177–178 lens fiber differentiation and, 111–112 Chick, fibroblast growth factors in, 12 and sympathetic vs. parasympathetic differentiation, 99 Chick embryo, 1, 4–6, 11, 73, 77 Index 417 CHO1/MKLP1, 262 Down’s syndrome, 358 Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), 292, 296 Downstream genes, 41 Cholinergic transmission, 297 Drosophila (fruit fly), 10–11, 53, 73, 306 Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), 251, 252, 338, 341 CNS neuroblasts, 142 Chordin, 10, 11 retina, 142–143 Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), 211, 213 ventral nerve cord screen, 254–255 Clutch hypothesis, 246–247 Duval, Mathias, 378 Cocaine syndrome, fetal, 176 Dystroglycan-associated glycoprotein complex (DGC), 281–282 Cockayne syndrome, 358 Collagens, 283 E-cadherin, 76 Collapsin: see Semaphorin 3A Ear, inner; see also Otic placodes comm, 255–256 structure, 108–109 Compensation for CNS injury, 329 Ecker, Alexander, 393 Contact sensibility, 377 Ectoderm, 57 Cortical maps and architectonics, 395–397 non-neural, involvement in neural crest induction, 74–75 Cortical plate (CP), 223–225, 227–230 Ectodermal differentiation, developmental progression of, 45 Cortical structures, histogenesis and morphogenesis of, 393, 395 Ectodermal placodes, cranial, 101–102 historical orientation, 393–398 cell types and cells derived from, 101 Cranial nerves, 52–53 Edinger, L., 395 Cranial neural crest cells: see Neural crest cells Embryology, experimental, 373–374 Critical periods, 391, 400–401 Embryology, history of, 366 Cyclic AMP (cAMP), 261 En grappe nerve terminals, 280 Cyclic GMP (cGMP), 261 En plaque nerve terminals, 280 Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), 139 Endothelin3 (Edn3), 99 Cytoarchitectonic maps, 396–397 Endplate, 276, 279 Cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C), 205 Engrailed-2 (En2), 61, 62 Entactin, 283 Darwin, Charles, 366, 387, 398 Enteric nervous system, 96 DCC (Deleted in Colorectal Carcinoma) Enteric neurons, differentiation of, 99 as attractive netrin receptor in vertebrates, 253–254 Ephrin-A/EphA, 260 UNC-5 proteins as repulsive coreceptors for, 254 Ephrin-A/EphA signaling in vivo, 259–260 Deiters, Otto Friedrich Karl, 382, 384 Ephrin-Eph interactions, 81, 84, 339 Dendrite development,
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