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The Role of Sleep in Memory Consolidation: Effects Of The Role of Sleep in Memory Consolidation: Effects of Lateralisation and Emotion Chloe Rhianne Newbury This thesis is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Lancaster University Department of Psychology May 2019 Table of Contents Table of Contents......................................................................................................... i Alternative Format Form............................................................................................. iv Declaration................................................................................................................... v List of Tables............................................................................................................... vi List of Figures............................................................................................................. viii List of Abbreviations.................................................................................................. xii Acknowledgements.................................................................................................... xiii Thesis Abstract.......................................................................................................... xiv 1. Literature Review................................................................................................. 1 1.1 General Introduction to the Thesis................................................................... 1 1.2 Sleep..................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Memory Consolidation ...................................................................................... 3 1.3.1 Theories of Memory Consolidation................................................................... 4 1.3.1.1 Complementary Learning Systems Hypothesis.............................................. 5 1.3.1.2 Multiple Trace Theory.................................................................................... 7 1.3.2 False Memories.................................................................................................. 9 1.3.2.1 Moderators that Influence False Memories..................................................... 10 1.3.2 Conclusions........................................................................................................ 14 1.4 Sleep’s Role in Memory Consolidation............................................................. 14 1.4.1 Theories of Sleep and Memory.......................................................................... 16 1.4.1.1 Dual Process Theory....................................................................................... 16 1.4.1.2 The Sequential Hypothesis.............................................................................. 17 i 1.4.1.2 Active Systems Consolidation........................................................................ 18 1.4.2 Sleep’s Role in False Memories......................................................................... 19 1.4.3 Conclusions........................................................................................................ 21 1.5.1 Hemispheric Processing of Memories............................................................ 21 1.5.2 Hemispheric Processing of False Memories...................................................... 22 1.5.3 Sleep’s Role in Hemispheric Processing of Memories...................................... 23 1.5.4 Sleep’s Role in Hemispheric Processing of False Memories............................. 25 1.6 Emotional Memory Consolidation..................................................................... 26 1.6.1 Effects of Emotion on Veridical Memory Consolidation.................................. 26 1.6.2 Effects of Emotion on False Memories.............................................................. 28 1.6.3 The Role of Sleep in Emotional Memory Consolidation................................... 29 1.6.4 Sleep to Forget, Sleep to Remember.................................................................. 31 1.7 Research Objectives of the Thesis..................................................................... 32 Chapter 2: When Does Sleep Affect Veridical and False Memory Consolidation? A Meta-Analysis. ...................................................................................................... 35 Chapter 3: Lateralised Encoding of DRM Word Lists Does Not Affect Memory Processing. ................................................................................................................. 36 Chapter 4: Negative but not Positive Emotional Memories are Enhanced by Sleep. …………………………………………………………………………..…… 37 Chapter 5: Sleep Spindles Relate to DRM Veridical but not False Memories. .. 38 Chapter 6: A Role of Sleep in the Consolidation of Emotional Metaphorical Word Pairs. ............................................................................................................... 39 7. General Discussion................................................................................................ 40 7.1 Summary of Results.............................................................................................. 40 ii 7.2 Integration of Results and Implications for the Literature..................................... 42 7.2.1 Recognition Testing............................................................................................ 42 7.2.2 Hemispheric Processing of Memories................................................................ 45 7.2.3 The Role of Sleep in Emotional Memory Consolidation................................... 46 7.3 Limitations............................................................................................................. 52 7.4 Future Directions................................................................................................... 53 7.4.1 Effects of Overnight Sleep Architecture on Emotional Memory....................... 53 7.4.2 Hemispheric Processing of Emotional Memories.............................................. 54 7.4.3 Effect of Sleep on the Hemispheric Processing of Figurative Language........... 55 7.4.4 Differential Effects of Recall versus Recognition on Emotional Memory......... 56 7.5 Thesis Conclusion.................................................................................................. 57 References………………………….…………………………………………….…. 58 Appendices Appendix A. DRM word lists used in Chapter 3. .................................................... A-1 Appendix B. DRM word lists used in Chapters 4 and 5. ........................................ B- 1 Appendix C. Word pairs used in Chapter 6. ........................................................... C- 1 iii Psychology Postgraduate Research Degrees FORM: PERMISSION TO SUBMIT A THESIS IN ALTERNATIVE FORMAT Name of Candidate: (PLEASE PRINT) Chloe Rhianne Newbury Date of Registration: October, 2015 Registration Number: 31692353 Division and Faculty: Psychology, Faculty of Science & Technology The role of sleep in memory consolidation: effects of Research Degree Title: lateralisation and emotion Date Thesis due for Submission: October, 2018 This is to confirm that the above named student has been granted permission to submit a PhD or MPhil thesis in Alternative Format. Name(s) of Supervisor(s) (PLEASE PRINT): Padraic Monaghan, Francesca Citron Signature(s): iv Declaration I declare that this thesis is my own work completed solely by the author under the supervision of Professor Padraic Monaghan and Dr Francesca Citron, and that it has not been submitted in substantially the same form for the award of a higher degree elsewhere. A subset of the data analysed in Chapter 4 formed part of my MSc dissertation. v List of Tables Chapter 2. Table 2.1 Descriptions of means, standard deviations, Hedge’s g and, standard error for lure, old, and new words for each experiment, as well as information on moderators. Table 2.2 The effect of each moderator on the overall effect size difference between sleep and wake groups for lure words. Table 2.3 The effect of each moderator on the overall effect size difference between sleep and wake groups for old words. Table 2.4 Descriptions of Discriminability (d’) and Response Bias (C) for false recognition (lure versus new words) and true recognition (old versus new words) for sleep and wake groups. Chapter 4. Table 4.1 Means and standard deviation of positive, negative and neutral word lists for valence, arousal, frequency and BAS. Table 4.2 Means and standard deviation of positive, negative and neutral lure words for valence, arousal and frequency. Table 4.3 Summary of general linear mixed effects model of response accuracy in experiment 1, including all fixed effects and all interaction terms. Table 4.4 Summary of linear mixed effects model of response time in experiment 1, including all fixed effects and all interaction terms. Table 4.5 Summary of general linear mixed effects model of response accuracy in experiment 2, including all fixed effects and all interaction terms. Table 4.6 Summary of linear mixed effects model of response time in experiment 2, including all fixed effects and all interaction terms. Table 4.7 Means and standard deviations of ratings of valence, arousal, and control split between morning and evening groups, and for participants exposed to negative and neutral, and positive and neutral word lists. Chapter 5. Table 5.1 Means and standard deviations of sleepiness score and SAM mood score prior to both sessions.
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