DOCSLIB.ORG

REM Sleep in Naps Differentially Relates to Memory Consolidation in Typical Preschoolers and Children with Down Syndrome

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
REM Sleep in Naps Differentially Relates to Memory Consolidation in Typical Preschoolers and Children with Down Syndrome REM sleep in naps differentially relates to memory consolidation in typical preschoolers and children with Down syndrome Goffredina Spanòa,b,1, Rebecca L. Gómeza,c, Bianca I. Demaraa, Mary Altd, Stephen L. Cowena,e, and Jamie O. Edgina,c,f,1 aDepartment of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721; bWellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom; cCognitive Science Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719; dSpeech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721; eEvelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724; and fSonoran University Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities, Tucson, AZ 85721 Edited by Terrence J. Sejnowski, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, and approved September 24, 2018 (received for review July 4, 2018) Sleep is recognized as a physiological state associated with wave) sleep orchestrates hippocampal–neocortical dialogue and learning, with studies showing that knowledge acquisition im- information transfer (19, 20). Recent work sheds new light on proves with naps. Little work has examined sleep-dependent the importance of REM sleep as well (16, 21, 22), with NREM learning in people with developmental disorders, for whom sleep and REM potentially working in concert to facilitate learning. quality is often impaired. We examined the effect of natural, in- DS provides an interesting condition to examine the effects of home naps on word learning in typical young children and children sleep disturbance due to well-replicated REM disruptions in the with Down syndrome (DS). Despite similar immediate memory context of broader sleep impairments, including sleep apnea (23). retention, naps benefitted memory performance in typical children We investigated word learning across naps and periods of wake- but hindered performance in children with DS, who retained less fulness in preschoolers with and without DS. Our aims were: (i)to when tested after a nap, but were more accurate after a wake examine how preschoolers with DS learn after naps compared with interval. These effects of napping persisted 24 h later in both TD children and (ii) to relate sleep parameters to learning outcomes. groups, even after an intervening overnight period of sleep. To measure learning, we assessed retention of new words (auditory During naps in typical children, memory retention for object- COGNITIVE SCIENCES labels for novel visual stimuli) across different intervals, with one in- PSYCHOLOGICAL AND label associations correlated positively with percent of time in terval containing a nap. Each child was tested on novel word learning rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. However, in children with DS, a in three counterbalanced, within-subject conditions: (i) 5-min delay, population with reduced REM, learning was impaired, but only ii iii A after the nap. This finding shows that a nap can increase memory ( ) wake, and ( ) sleep (Fig. 1 ). In the 5-min delay condition, loss in a subpopulation, highlighting that naps are not universally childrenreceivedtherecognitiontest5minafterthetrainingphase, beneficial. Further, in healthy preschooler’s naps, processes in REM whereas in the wake and sleep conditions, children were tested after sleep may benefit learning. 4 h as well as 24 h later to examine long-term retention. Sleep physiology was assessed with nap polysomnography (PSG). naps | sleep | memory | development | Down syndrome Results Behavioral analyses were conducted in 25 children with DS [52% n our productivity-driven society, the benefits of sleep for our female; mean (SD) age = 54.16 (9.49) mo] and 24 TD children long-term health and new learning are often ignored. The capacity I [54% female; mean age = 33.38 (5.05) mo]. Groups were of a full night’s sleep or short naps to improve learning has been observed in healthy adults (1–3), infants, and preschoolers (4–6). While considerable evidence indicates that sleep promotes active Significance memory consolidation (7), theories also suggest that sleep facilitates memory stabilization by reducing the impact of overactive synapses This paper demonstrates that typical children have enhanced through synaptic downscaling (8). Studies investigating the rela- learning of new words across sleep periods (naps) which is tionship between napping and memory consolidation have focused linked to the amount of time in rapid eye movement (REM) primarily on healthy groups, raising the question of whether naps are sleep and shows sleep-dependent learning losses in an atypi- always beneficial across populations. Indeed, napping’s universal cally developing group of children with REM deficits (e.g., utility is a current debate. The potential for cognitive benefits Down syndrome). The work yields both medical and theoretical i through naps is an open question as the neural processes involved in impacts by ( ) highlighting a modifiable mechanism of in- sleep and memory formation can differ throughout healthy devel- tellectual disability in Down syndrome that has not been de- ii opment and in individuals with developmental disorders (9–11). scribed before and ( ) emphasizing the important role of REM ’ In this study, we assessed whether children with Down syn- sleep in children s learning. drome (DS, trisomy 21), a condition associated with sleep dis- Author contributions: G.S., R.L.G., and J.O.E. designed research; G.S. and B.I.D. performed orders, receive the same benefits from daytime naps as typically research; M.A. and S.L.C. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; G.S. and J.O.E. analyzed developing (TD) children (4, 6). DS is the most common genetic data; and G.S. and J.O.E. wrote the paper. form of intellectual disability (12) that carries a unique cognitive The authors declare no conflict of interest. profile characterized by cognitive deficits, language difficulties This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. (13), and hippocampal-dependent memory deficits (14, 15). Published under the PNAS license. Despite decades of research characterizing the cognitive profile Data deposition: The data reported in this paper have been deposited in Open Science of DS, the role of disturbed sleep in cognitive deficits is largely Framework and can be accessed using the following website https://osf.io/tuab9/. unexplored in this population. 1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: [email protected] or jedgin@email. What physiological processes allow the sleep experienced arizona.edu. while napping to be beneficial? Both rapid eye movement This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10. (REM) and non-REM (NREM) stages of sleep contribute to the 1073/pnas.1811488115/-/DCSupplemental. consolidation of nascent material (7, 16–18). NREM 3 (N3, slow www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1811488115 PNAS Latest Articles | 1of6 Downloaded by guest on September 25, 2021 Fig. 1. Protocol design and behavioral results. (A) Protocol design and object-label association task. Each child was tested with an object-label pairing task in three counterbalanced, within-subject conditions separated by 1–2 wk: (i) immediate, (ii) wake, and (iii) sleep. Every condition included two phases: training and test. During the training phase, children were exposed to three novel object-label mappings and three novel unlabeled distractors, trained to a set criterion (four out of six correct trials, 66.7%). Both 4- and 24-h tests included six trials. (B) Training: Number of repetitions required to meet criterion in children with DS (in blue) and TD toddlers (in red). (C) Test: Retention performance on the object–word association task across immediate, wake, and sleep conditions. *We found a group × condition type interaction at the 4-h and 24-h delays (see Results and SI Appendix). equivalent on basic cognitive scales and background factors (SI SI Appendix, Table S4 shows the correlations between sleep Appendix, Table S1). Despite equivalent retention at 5 min (Fig. architecture and retention in both groups at 4 and 24 h. The 1B and SI Appendix, Table S2; P = 0.39, alpha Holm–Bonferroni groups did differ in the correlation between % REM and re- adjusted for six comparisons), groups differed across the wake tention at 4 h in the nap condition (z = −2.57, P = 0.01, P ad- and nap conditions at 4 h [Fig. 1C; significant group × condition justed = 0.04), but no other tests of the differences of correlation interaction, F(1, 47) = 74.68, P < 0.001, P adjusted = 0.006]. The were significant at 4 h (Fig. 3). In other exploratory analysis, we DS group retained less than the TD group when tested after found that sleep spindle density, wake after sleep onset, and sleep (P < 0.001; d = 2.57, P adjusted = 0.006), but were more oxygen level (SaO2) did not relate to word recognition after accurate in the wake condition (P < 0.001; d = −1.28, P ad- sleep in either group. justed = 0.006). While the TD group demonstrated a benefit from the nap (P < 0.001, P adjusted = 0.006), children with DS Discussion were significantly more accurate after wake than following a nap In this study, we trained children to learn novel words across (P < 0.001, P adjusted = 0.006), with the same pattern of sig- intervals containing a nap and wake. Using measures of sleep nificance 24 h later (SI Appendix, Table S2). physiology collected in their home environment, we investigated While exploratory analyses showed total nap time and sleep how sleep quality, architecture, and quantitative EEG power onset latency did not differ across the groups (SI Appendix, Table during the nap related to retention. First, we found that naps S3), children with DS spent significantly less time in REM sleep function differently across different populations. Specifically, (P = 0.01, Holm–Bonferroni adjusted for four comparisons, P = while naps were beneficial for long-term retention in TD children, 0.04), consistent with the past literature.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sleep-Dependent Consolidation of Motor Skills in Patients with Narcolepsy-Cataplexy
    Archives Italiennes de Biologie, 150: 185-193, 2012. Sleep-dependent consolidation of motor skills in patients with narcolepsy-cataplexy M. MAZZETTI1, G. PLAZZI2, C. CAMPI1, A. CICCHELLA1, K. MATTAROZZI1, G. TUOZZI1, S. VANDI2, L. VIGNATELLI3, C. CIPOLLI1 1 Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Italy; 2 Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy; 3 City of Bologna Local Health Trust, Bologna, Italy A bstract Background and Objectives: This study investigated whether the altered organization of post-training sleep in patients with narcolepsy-cataplexy (NC) is associated with a lower off-line improvement in the consolidation of motor skills compared with normal subjects. Study Design: Fourteen drug-naive NC patients, fulfilling the international clinical and polysomnographic diag- nostic criteria, and 14 individually-matched controls underwent training at a sequential finger tapping task (FTT) and were re-tested on the next morning (after a night with polysomnographic recording) and after another six nights (spent at home). Setting: Training and retrieval sessions were performed in a controlled laboratory setting. Results: FTT performance was worse in NC patients than controls at training and at both retrieval sessions and showed a fairly different time course (slower than in controls) of consolidation. Several sleep indices (lower values of stage-2 NREM sleep and SWS) were compatible with a lower effectiveness of sleep for consolidation of motor skills in NC patients, although no statistically significant relationship was found between such indices and improve- ment rate. Conclusion: The consolidation process of motor skills results less effective in NC patients since training and slower than in normal subjects over the week following training.
    [Show full text]
  • Sherman Dissertation
    Copyright by Stephanie Michelle Sherman 2016 The Dissertation Committee for Stephanie Michelle Sherman certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Associations between sleep and memory in aging Committee: David Schnyer, Supervisor Christopher Beevers Andreana Haley Carmen Westerberg Associations between sleep and memory in aging by Stephanie Michelle Sherman, B.S. DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY The University of Texas at Austin May 2016 Acknowledgements First, I would like to thank my advisor, David Schnyer, for his guidance and mentorship. He challenged me to think critically about research questions, analyses, and the theoretical implications of our work. Over the course of 5 years, he opened the door to countless opportunities that have given me the confidence to tackle any research question. I would also like to thank my committee members: Chris Beevers, Andreana Haley, and Carmen Westerberg for their thoughtful comments and discussion. I am grateful for Corey White’s assistance on understanding and implementing the diffusion model. Jeanette Mumford and Greg Hixon were critical to advancing my understanding of statistics. From the Schnyer lab, I would especially like to thank Nick Griffin, Katy Seloff, Bridget Byrd, and Sapana Donde for their great conversations, insight, and friendship. I must acknowledge the incredible research assistants in the Schnyer lab who were willing to stay up all night to answer critical questions about sleep and memory in older adults, especially Jasmine McNeely, Mehak Gupta, Jiazhou Chen, Haley Bednarz, Tolan Nguyen, and Angela Murira.
    [Show full text]
  • Elaborative Encoding, the Ancient Art of Memory, and the Hippocampus
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES (2013) 36, 589–659 provided by RERO DOC Digital Library doi:10.1017/S0140525X12003135 Such stuff as dreams are made on? Elaborative encoding, the ancient art of memory, and the hippocampus Sue Llewellyn Faculty of Humanities, University of Manchester, Manchester M15 6PB, United Kingdom http://www.humanities.manchester.ac.uk [email protected] Abstract: This article argues that rapid eye movement (REM) dreaming is elaborative encoding for episodic memories. Elaborative encoding in REM can, at least partially, be understood through ancient art of memory (AAOM) principles: visualization, bizarre association, organization, narration, embodiment, and location. These principles render recent memories more distinctive through novel and meaningful association with emotionally salient, remote memories. The AAOM optimizes memory performance, suggesting that its principles may predict aspects of how episodic memory is configured in the brain. Integration and segregation are fundamental organizing principles in the cerebral cortex. Episodic memory networks interconnect profusely within the cortex, creating omnidirectional “landmark” junctions. Memories may be integrated at junctions but segregated along connecting network paths that meet at junctions. Episodic junctions may be instantiated during non–rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep after hippocampal associational function during REM dreams. Hippocampal association involves relating, binding, and integrating episodic memories into a mnemonic compositional whole. This often bizarre, composite image has not been present to the senses; it is not “real” because it hyperassociates several memories. During REM sleep, on the phenomenological level, this composite image is experienced as a dream scene.
    [Show full text]
  • © Copyright 2013 Shervin S. Churchill Sleep and Activity Patterns of Children with Down Syndrome in Relation to Sleep Disordered Breathing
    © Copyright 2013 Shervin S. Churchill Sleep and Activity Patterns of Children with Down Syndrome in Relation to Sleep Disordered Breathing Shervin S. Churchill A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2013 Reading Committee: Gail M. Kieckhefer, Chair Teresa M. Ward Kristie F. Bjornson Program Authorized to Offer Degree: School of Nursing University of Washington Abstract Sleep and Activity Patterns of Children with Down Syndrome in Relation to Sleep Disordered Breathing Shervin S. Churchill Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Gail M. Kieckhefer Department of Family and Child Nursing Background and purpose: Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is a major health problem in children with Down syndrome (DS), and may adversely affect not only health, but also accomplishment of life’s daily activities and habits. Obesity is a known risk factor of SDB in the general population, but in children with DS there have been conflicting reports on the role of obesity in SDB. The goal of this dissertation is to: 1) review the current state of knowledge in sleep of children with DS; 2) describe sleep patterns, and examine the relationship of sleep disturbances, including SDB, with the accomplishment of daily life habits; and 3) describe activity patterns, and evaluate the relationships between SDB, sleep duration, obesity and physical activity (PA) in a sample of children with DS. Methods: A review of the English language literature between 1960 and 2012 was completed, studies were described and synthesized. An Internet sample of 139 parents of children ages 5 to 18 years (110 parents of children with DS, 29 parents of children with typical development [TD]), completed a 45-minute online survey.
    [Show full text]
  • ESRS 40Th Anniversary Book
    European Sleep Research Society 1972 – 2012 40th Anniversary of the ESRS Editor: Claudio L. Bassetti Co-Editors: Brigitte Knobl, Hartmut Schulz European Sleep Research Society 1972 – 2012 40th Anniversary of the ESRS Editor: Claudio L. Bassetti Co-Editors: Brigitte Knobl, Hartmut Schulz Imprint Editor Publisher and Layout Claudio L. Bassetti Wecom Gesellschaft für Kommunikation mbH & Co. KG Co-Editors Hildesheim / Germany Brigitte Knobl, Hartmut Schulz www.wecom.org © European Sleep Research Society (ESRS), Regensburg, Bern, 2012 For amendments there can be given no limit or warranty by editor and publisher. Table of Contents Presidential Foreword . 5 Future Perspectives The Future of Sleep Research and Sleep Medicine in Europe: A Need for Academic Multidisciplinary Sleep Centres C. L. Bassetti, D.-J. Dijk, Z. Dogas, P. Levy, L. L. Nobili, P. Peigneux, T. Pollmächer, D. Riemann and D. J. Skene . 7 Historical Review of the ESRS General History of the ESRS H. Schulz, P. Salzarulo . 9 The Presidents of the ESRS (1972 – 2012) T. Pollmächer . 13 ESRS Congresses M. Billiard . 15 History of the Journal of Sleep Research (JSR) J. Horne, P. Lavie, D.-J. Dijk . 17 Pictures of the Past and Present of Sleep Research and Sleep Medicine in Europe J. Horne, H. Schulz . 19 Past – Present – Future Sleep and Neuroscience R. Amici, A. Borbély, P. L. Parmeggiani, P. Peigneux . 23 Sleep and Neurology C. L. Bassetti, L. Ferini-Strambi, J. Santamaria . 27 Psychiatric Sleep Research T. Pollmächer . 31 Sleep and Psychology D. Riemann, C. Espie . 33 Sleep and Sleep Disordered Breathing P. Levy, J. Hedner . 35 Sleep and Chronobiology A.
    [Show full text]
  • Abnormal Sleep Spindles, Memory Consolidation, and Schizophrenia
    CP15CH18_Manoach ARjats.cls April 17, 2019 13:18 Annual Review of Clinical Psychology Abnormal Sleep Spindles, Memory Consolidation, and Schizophrenia Dara S. Manoach1,2 and Robert Stickgold3 1Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA; email: [email protected] 2Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA 3Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; email: [email protected] Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 2019. 15:451–79 Keywords First published as a Review in Advance on cognition, endophenotype, genetics, memory, schizophrenia, sleep, spindles February 20, 2019 The Annual Review of Clinical Psychology is online at Abstract clinpsy.annualreviews.org There is overwhelming evidence that sleep is crucial for memory consol- https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718- idation. Patients with schizophrenia and their unaffected relatives have a 095754 specific deficit in sleep spindles, a defining oscillation of non-rapid eye Access provided by 73.61.23.229 on 05/29/19. For personal use only. Copyright © 2019 by Annual Reviews. movement (NREM) Stage 2 sleep that, in coordination with other NREM All rights reserved oscillations, mediate memory consolidation. In schizophrenia, the spindle Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 2019.15:451-479. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org deficit correlates with impaired sleep-dependent memory consolidation, positive symptoms, and abnormal thalamocortical connectivity. These re- lations point to dysfunction of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), which generates spindles, gates the relay of sensory information to the cortex, and modulates thalamocortical communication.
    [Show full text]
  • The Relationship Between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Alzheimer’S Disease
    Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease xx (20xx) x–xx 1 DOI 10.3233/JAD-179936 IOS Press 1 Review 2 The Relationship between Obstructive 3 Sleep Apnea and Alzheimer’s Disease a,b,∗ c d b,e,∗ 4 Andreia Andrade , Omonigho M. Bubu , Andrew W. Varga and Ricardo S. Osorio a 5 Department of Neurology, Alzheimer’s Disease Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA b 6 Department of Psychiatry, Center for Brain Health, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA c 7 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 8 Tampa, FL, USA d 9 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine at the Icahn School of Medicine 10 at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA e 11 Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, NY, USA 12 Abstract. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are highly prevalent conditions with growing impact 13 on our aging society. While the causes of OSA are now better characterized, the mechanisms underlying AD are still largely 14 unknown, challenging the development of effective treatments. Cognitive impairment, especially affecting attention and 15 executive functions, is a recognized clinical consequence of OSA. A deeper contribution of OSA to AD pathogenesis is 16 now gaining support from several lines of research. OSA is intrinsically associated with disruptions of sleep architecture, 17 intermittent hypoxia and oxidative stress, intrathoracic and hemodynamic changes as well as cardiovascular comorbidities. 18 All of these could increase the risk for AD, rendering OSA as a potential modifiable target for AD prevention.
    [Show full text]
  • Sleep-Wake Patterns and Their Influence on School Performance In
    Aten Primaria. 2014;46(Espec Cong 1):160-164 Atención Primaria www.elsevier.es/ap SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE Sleep-wake patterns and their inÁ uence on school performance in Portuguese adolescents João Duarte*, Paula Nelas, Cláudia Chaves, Manuela Ferreira, Emília Coutinho, Madalena Cunha Escola Superior de Saúde de Viseu, Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Viseu, Portugal KEYWORDS Abstract Adolescent; Objective: To characterise sleep-wake patterns and their inÁ uence on academic performance Sleep; for a sample of Portuguese adolescents. Achievement; Research design: Cross-sectional, analytical-explanatory, correlational epidemiological Educational status; research. The protocol includes the composite morningness questionnaire (Barton et al, 1985 Habits; adapted by Silva et al, 1985), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (Murray, 1991), chronic fatigue scale Students (Smith et al, 1995), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (Buysse, 1988), Educational Achievement (Fermin, 2005), personal and academic data. Participants: 2094 students (55.3% girls; 16-23 years old; M = 16.82 ± 1.25) attending secondary school in central Portugal. Living in urban areas, living with their parents and about 57.1% are in a family with reasonable economic resources. Results: Adolescents’ sleep patterns reveal that they sleep on average between 8-9 hours a night, do not use medication to sleep, with sleep latency within the normal range, with good sleep efficiency, without daytime dysfunction and with undisturbed sleep, predominantly intermediate chronotype. Minor drowsiness, increased sleep efÀ ciency, improved subjective sleep satisfaction, less sleep disturbance, less daytime dysfunction, not consuming hypnotic medications, associated with better academic performance. Morningness/eveningness, sleep efficiency, daytime dysfunction and sleep latency emerge as predictors of academic performance.
    [Show full text]
  • Memory Processes
    6 CHAPTER Memory Processes CHAPTER OUTLINE Encoding and Transfer of Information The Constructive Nature of Memory Forms of Encoding Autobiographical Memory Short-Term Storage Memory Distortions Long-Term Storage The Eyewitness Testimony Paradigm Transfer of Information from Short-Term Memory Repressed Memories to Long-Term Memory The Effect of Context on Memory Rehearsal Key Themes Organization of Information Summary Retrieval Retrieval from Short-Term Memory Thinking about Thinking: Analytical, Parallel or Serial Processing? Creative, and Practical Questions Exhaustive or Self-Terminating Processing? Key Terms The Winner—a Serial Exhaustive Model—with Some Qualifications Media Resources Retrieval from Long-Term Memory Intelligence and Retrieval Processes of Forgetting and Memory Distortion Interference Theory Decay Theory 228 CHAPTER 6 • Memory Processes 229 Here are some of the questions we will explore in this chapter: 1. What have cognitive psychologists discovered regarding how we encode information for storing it in memory? 2. What affects our ability to retrieve information from memory? 3. How does what we know or what we learn affect what we remember? n BELIEVE IT OR NOT THERE’SAREASON YOU REMEMBER THOSE ANNOYING SONGS that strengthens the connections associated with that Having a song or part of a song stuck in your head is phrase. In turn, this increases the likelihood that you will incredibly frustrating. We’ve all had the experience of the recall it, which leads to more reinforcement. song from a commercial repeatedly running through our You could break this unending cycle of repeated recall minds, even though we wanted to forget it. But sequence and reinforcement—even though this is a necessary and recall—remembering episodes or information in sequen- normal process for the strengthening and cementing of tial order (like the notes to a song)—has a special and memories—by introducing other sequences.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Sleep in Memory Consolidation: Effects Of
    The Role of Sleep in Memory Consolidation: Effects of Lateralisation and Emotion Chloe Rhianne Newbury This thesis is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Lancaster University Department of Psychology May 2019 Table of Contents Table of Contents......................................................................................................... i Alternative Format Form............................................................................................. iv Declaration................................................................................................................... v List of Tables............................................................................................................... vi List of Figures............................................................................................................. viii List of Abbreviations.................................................................................................. xii Acknowledgements.................................................................................................... xiii Thesis Abstract.......................................................................................................... xiv 1. Literature Review................................................................................................. 1 1.1 General Introduction to the Thesis................................................................... 1 1.2 Sleep....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Improving Sleep and Cognition in Young Adults and the Elderly
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2014 Improving sleep and cognition in young adults and the elderly Cordi, Maren Abstract: Sleep, particularly slow-wave sleep (SWS), is a critical factor for health and well-being. Fur- thermore, SWS provides a brain state supportive for the spontaneous reactivation, stabilization, and long-term storage of declarative memories. Sleep architecture changes across lifespan and the parallel nascent impairments in SWS, cognition, and other health aspects hint at a deteriorating interplay between these three factors. Thus, a profound understanding of the nature of the relationship between sleep and memory in young and old human participants is fundamental in successfully finding new ways of memory- and sleep-related interventions. The first study was designed to clarify the role of induced reactivations for memory consolidation during sleep in different sleep stages. While reactivation during SWS has been reported to improve memory and stabilize it against future interference, the role of reactivations during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is less clear. On the one hand, spontaneous reactivations, functionally associated with memory performance, exist in REM sleep. On the other hand, declarative memories have proven stable after sleep which is free from REM sleep. As induction of memory reactivations during REM sleep failed to shelter memory from interference, we concluded that spontaneous reactivations which appear during REM sleep do not contribute to the stabilization of declarative memories. The second study tested hypnosis as a tool to objectively improve sleep as its efficacy had previously been proven for subjective sleep measures.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Early and Late Nocturnal Sleep on Declarative and Procedural Memory
    Effects of Early and Late Nocturnal Sleep on Declarative and Procedural Memory Werner Plihal and Jan Born University of Bamberg, FRG Downloaded from http://mitprc.silverchair.com/jocn/article-pdf/9/4/534/1754819/jocn.1997.9.4.534.pdf by guest on 18 May 2021 Abstract 1 Recall of paired-associate lists (declarative memory) and early sleep, and recall of mirror-tracing skills improved more mirror-tracing skills (procedural memory) was assessed after during late sleep. The effects may reflect different influences retention intervals defined over early and late nocturnal sleep. of slow wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement @EM) In addition, effects of sleep on recall were compared with sleep since time in SWS was 5 times longer during the early those of early and late retention intervals filled with wakeful- than late sleep retention interval, and time in REM sleep was ness. Twenty healthy men served as subjects. Saliva cortisol twice as long during late than early sleep @ < 0.005).Changes concentrations were determined before and after the retention in cortisol concentrations, which independently of sleep and intervals to determine pituitary-adrenal secretory activity.Sleep wakefulness were lower during early retention intervals than was determined somnopolygraphically. Sleep generally en- late ones, cannot account for the effects of sleep on memory. hanced recall when compared with the effects of correspond- The experiments for the first time dissociate specific effects of ing retention intervals of wakefulness. The benefit from sleep early and late sleep on two principal types of memory, decla- on recall depended on the phase of sleep and on the type of rative and procedural, in humans.
    [Show full text]