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F440e828534dd87737fb82aff414 a ATATÜRK ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI Mehmet ÖZMENLİ ORTAÇAĞ’DA ŞÜREGEL (ŞİRAK)’in TARİHİ DOKTORA TEZİ TEZ YÖNETİCİSİ Prof. Dr. Enver KONUKÇU ERZURUM 2008 b I İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa No ÖZET………………………………………………………………………………….V ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………….VI ÖNSÖZ……………………………………………………………………………...VII KISALTMALAR……………………………………………………………………..X GİRİŞ …………………………………………………………………………….........1 1. Bölgenin coğrafi özellikleri …………………..………………….........2 2. Kaynaklara göre bölgenin tarihi coğrafyası…………………………….5 3. Armen/Ermen adı……………………………………………………….9 4. Şüregel adı………………………………………………………..........11 5. Yollar…………………………………………………………………..12 6. Bölgenin Eskiçağ Dönemi…………………………...............................13 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM 1. KAYNAK ESERLER………………………………………………………….….16 1.1.Ermeni Kaynakları …………………….……………………………….….16 1.2. İslâm Kaynakları …………………….……………………………............25 1.3.Gürcü Kaynakları……………………….……………………………….…26 2. GEZGİNLER……………………………….…………………………………...28 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM 2. ORTAÇAĞ’DA ŞÜREGEL………………………………………………............33 2. 1. Bölgeye Gelen Topluluklar ve Hristiyanlık Dönemi….……………………….....33 2. 1. 1. Sıraklar..……………………………………..……………..…………...33 2. 1. 2. Hrıstiyanlaşma dönemi………………..………………………………..34 2. 1. 3. Kamsarakanlar……………………………………….………………....37 2.1.4. Mamıkonyanlar …………… ……………… …………..……… ……. 38 2.1.5. Alfabenin ortaya çıkışı………………..……….........……………………50 2.1.6.İran Egemenliği………………………………………………….……......52 2.2. Şüregel DerebeylerininVarolma Mücadeleleri……………………………55 2.2.1. Ardaşes dönemi ve Arsak Hanedanı’nın sonu...…………….………….55 II 2.2 2. Vartan Mamıkonyan dönemi………………………………………........57 2.2.3. Şüregel beği Kamsarakanlı Nerses ve Hrahat’ın Akori/Arkuru Savaşı’nda Vahan Mamıkonyan’a destekleri (481)………………..…...60 2.2.4. Şüregel Beğlerinin Nersehâbat Savaşı’ndaki rolleri………………….....61 2.2.5. Akesga (Ahıska) Savaşında Şüregel Beğleri (483)…………..………....62 2. 3. Armenia’nın Merkezi Şüregel ………………….……………………….............68 2.3.1. Şüregel’de derebeylik……………...…………………………………....68 2.3.2. Sasaniler’in ve Bizanslılar'ın Şüregel(Shirak/Şirak) ovasında yaptıkları savaş (604=..……………………..……………………………70 2.3.3. Heraklios kuvvetlerinin Şüregel‘e gelişleri………………………...........71 2.3.4. Araplar’ın Şüregel’e gelişleri……………………………………………73 2.3.5. Mamıkonyan ve Bagratlıların Şüregel’de iç kavgalar.…...……………..76 2.3.6 Abbasiler’in Şüregel’e akınları……………………………………….....79 2.3.7. Bagraduni egemenliği……………………….………………………......81 2.3.8. Kamsarakanlılar’ın sonu………………………………………………...82 2. 4. Şüregel’de Ebulabbas Sımbat sonrası……………….………………..……......88 2.4.1. I. Aşod dönemi (Şüregel Bagradunileri)……..…………………………88 2.4.2. Şüregel konseyi……………………………………………….…….......90 2.4.3. Feodal çatışmalar yeniden başlıyor……………………….……..............92 2.4.4. Şüregel çevresindeki genel durum (Sacoğulları dönemi)…….……........93 2.4.5. I. Sımbat dönemi (890-914)…………………………………..…………95 2.4.6. Şüregel’in en parlak dönemi………………………………………….....97 2.4.7.Bagrat Krallığı'nın AfşınBeğ ile mücadelesi…..………...........................98 2.4.8. Gürcü Bagraduniler’in Şüregel’i yağmalaması……….……………......101 2.4.9. Feodal bölünme ve I. Sımbat'ın ölümü………………………………...102 2.4.10. Demir Aşod dönemi (915)………………………………………....104 2.4.11. Şüregel destekli Haçlı Seferi………………….……….………..…104 2.4.12.Şüregel’de Kars (Vanand) Kralı Abbas dönemi ve dini eserler..…108 2.4.13. Şüregel'in merkezi Anı ve III. Aşod dönemi………………..….…109 2.4.14. II. Sımbat dönemi…………………………………….….….…….111 2.4.15. I. Gagik dönemi……………………………………….….….……115 III 2.4.16. Hovhannes Sımbat dönemi…………………………………………...117 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM 3. Bizans ve Türk Devletleri dönemi…………………………………….……….122 3.1. Bizans döneminde Şüregel……………………………………….….......122 3.2. Selçuklu döneminde Şüregel………………………………………..…...133 3.3. Anı şehrinin Sultan Alp Arslan’a teslimi…………………………….….135 3.4. Şeddadiler’in Şüregel’deki faaliyetleri……………………………….….139 3.5. Mkhargerdzeli döneminde Şüregel…………...…………………….…....154 3.6. Cengiz Han Komutanlarının Şüregel’e gelişleri………………….….......155 3.7. Şüregel’de Karakoyunlular ve Timur hareketi……………………….….158 3.8. Akkoyunlu devri………………………………………………………....160 3. 9. Osmanlı Devleti devri ve sonrası……..…………………...……….…..160 DÖRDÜNCÜ BÖLÜM 4. 1. Şüregel Yerleşmeleri ve Tarihi Eserler……………………………..…….….162 4.1.1. Charles Texier Gravürleri………………………….…………….……162 4.1.2. Manuçahr Camii…………………………………………………........166 4.1.3. Mağazbert Kalesi………………………………………………….......168 4.1.4. Bagnayr Kilisesi………………………………………………….……170 4.1.5. Hripsime Manastırı (Bexencvank, Ksuanc Vank Bakireler)…………...172 4.1.6. Çarşı Yolu…….………………………………………………………..173 4.1.7 Ebu'l-Muameran (Yıkık Minare, Bozminareli) Camii …….…...….…...175 4.1.8. Kral Gagik’in Aziz Krikor Kilisesi (Gagikaşen)….….….……..…….178 4.1.9. Kral Gagik’in Heykeli……….………………….……….……….….....180 4.1.10. Halaskar Kilisesi…….……………………………….…………..…...181 4.1.11. Horomos Manastırı……..……………………………………….……182 4.1.12. Anı İç Kalesi……………………………..…………………….……..183 4.1.13. Saray………..…………………………………………………..……..184 4.1.14. İç Kalenin altındaki şehir surları…………………..……………….....185 4.1.15.Fethiye Camii (Katedral)……………..……………………….………186 IV 4. 2. Anı'nın Kuzeyindeki Abideler…………………………………………..………187 4.2.1.Oğuzlu Köyü Kilisesi……….………………………………….….……187 4.2.2. Kızıl Kilise……….…………………………………………….….…...189 4.2.3. Kız Kalesi………………………………………….……………..…….190 4.2.4. Arpaçay’ın üzerindeki köprü (İpek Yolu)………….……………..........191 4.2.5. Abuğamir (Ebu’l Garib)Aziz Krikor Şapeli…………………….….......192 4.2.6. Şehrin surları………………………………….….………………..…...193 4.2.7. Hıdrellez kapısının surları………..…………………………….…........194 4.2.8. Tacirin Sarayı………….…………………………………………..…...195 4.2.9. Tigran Honents Aziz Krikor Kilisesi……………….……………..…...196 4.2.10. Yeraltı şehrinin mağaraları………………………………..……..……198 4.2.11.Kars müzesindeki eserler…………………….……………….…….....199 SONUÇ…………………………………………………………………………..…..202 KAYNAKÇA……...………………………………………………............................207 EKLER ……………………………………………………………………...............218 1. ŞÜREGEL YERLEŞİMLERİ (Tablo)………………………………………..…218 2. HARİTALAR……………………………………………………………….…….222 ÖZGEÇMİŞ………………………………………………………………….……...232 V ÖZET DOKTORA TEZİ ORTAÇAĞ’DA ŞÜREGEL (ŞİRAK)’in TARİHİ Mehmet ÖZMENLİ Danışman: Prof. Dr. Enver KONUKÇU 2007- Sayfa:232+XI Jüri: Prof. Dr. Enver KONUKÇU Prof. Dr. Hamza GÜNDOĞDU Doç. Dr. Mehmet TEZCAN Yrd. Doç. Dr. Süleyman ÇİĞDEM Yrd. Doç. Dr. Savaş EĞİLMEZ Araştırma sahamız olan Şüregel/Şirak Anadolu’nun doğudan giriş kapısı durumunda olması sebebiyle önemlidir. Doğudan gelen toplulukların ilk uğrak yerlerinden biridir. Bundan dolayı birçok millet buraya egemen olmak için savaşlar yapmışlardır. Farklı milletlerin bu egemen olma mücadelesinde yerli halkın tercih süreci yaşadıklarına şahid olmaktayız. Bu da hanedan kavgalarını beraberinde getirmiştir. Bölgenin bu konumundan dolayı ehemmiyeti artmaktadır. Dolayısıyla Türk tarihi açısından da çok önemlidir. Çalışmamız da Şüregel’in ortaçağ tarihi boyunca gelip yerleşen ya da geçip giden toplulukların menşeleri ve etkileri incelenip, bölgenin tarihi misyonunun önemi dikkate alınacaktır. VI ABSTRACT Ph.D. THESIS THE HISTORY OF ŞÜREGEL(ŞİRAK) IN THE MIDDLE AGES Mehmet ÖZMENLİ Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Enver KONUKÇU 2007 – Pages: 232+XI Jury: Prof.Dr. Enver KONUKÇU Prof. Dr. Hamza GÜNDOĞDU Assoc.Prof.Dr. Mehmet TEZCAN Asist. Prof.Dr. Süleyman ÇİĞDEM Asist. Prof.Dr. Savaş EĞİLMEZ Şüregel/Şirak, our research filed, is significant since it is the Eastern gate of Anatolia. It is one of the first haunts of those who come from East. Fort his reason, a number of nations fought in order to dominate the area. In the struggles of different nations for this dominance, we witness that the natives had lived a process of choice. This process resulted in the dynastic feuds. As regards to its situation, the significance of the district increases. Consequently, it is also very important for Turkish history. In our study, the origins and influences of the nations, which settled or passed by, throughout the history of the middle ages will be analysed and the significance of the historical missions of the district will be taken into consideration. VII ÖNSÖZ Hazırlamış olduğumuz bu tezde, Kars’ın Şüregel bölgesinin ve Orta Çağ boyunca bölge ile alakası olan toplulukların, genel durumlarını incelemeye gayret ettik. Feodal bir yapıya sahip olan bölgenin merkezi devlet olabilme yolundaki çabaları; bu bölgede egemenlik mücadelesi veren Pers-Bizans-Arap ve Türklerin faaliyetleri incelenmiştir. Bölgede yapılan araştırmaların (özellikle Türk tarihçilerinin) azlığı, bizi buna yönlendirmiştir. Eksiklik yalnızca Kars ve çevresine ait değil, bütün bir Doğu Anadolu’nun kuzey kısmını kapsamaktadır. Şüregel bölgesi yol kavşağında olması sebebiyle daha fazla incelemeye tabi tutulmalıdır. Hem gezginler hem de vekainüvistler Şüregel hakkında bazı bilgiler vermektedirler. Ancak bu çalışmaların iyi irdelenmesi gerekmektedir. Bölge ile ilgili en yoğun belge bırakanların dönemlerinde yaşayan hrıstiyan vakainüvistlerdir. Bunlardan; P'awstos Buzand, Ghazar P'arpec'i', Kirakos Gandzaketsi, Sebeos, Aristakes Lastivertc'i, Yovhannes (John) Mamikonean, Vardan Araveltsi, Mateos, Gewond gibi yazarların eserlerinin hepsinden ve The Georgian Chronicle gibi Gürcü kaynağından azami ölçüde yararlanılmıştır. Bu eserler Robert Bedrosian tarafından yapılan İngilizce çevirileri dikkate alınarak çalışmamızda kullanılmıştır. Bedrosian’ın internet sitelerinden eserler indirilmiştir. Agathangelos’un eserinin Fransızca çevirisi dikkate alınmaya çalışılmış. Yine Hewsen çevirisi olan Şiraglı Anania’nın Geography eserinden de yararlanılmıştır.
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