UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI

Date: 5-Apr-2010

I, Brian J. Szymanski , hereby submit this original work as part of the requirements for the degree of: Master of Architecture in Architecture (Master of) It is entitled: Can Place Be Created? Cultivating Sense of Place in New Developments

Within Existing Urban Contexts

Student Signature: Brian J. Szymanski

This work and its defense approved by: Committee Chair: George Bible, MCiv.Eng George Bible, MCiv.Eng

Patricia Kucker, MARCH Patricia Kucker, MARCH

6/18/2010 706 Can Place be Created?

Cultivating Sense of Place in New Developments

Within Existing Urban Contexts

A thesis submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Master of Architecture – School of Architecture and Interior Design

­Spring 2010 By Brian Szymanski Bachelor of Science in Architecture University of Maryland - College Park, Maryland - 2007

Thesis Committee: Tom Bible (School of Architecture) Menelaos Triantafillou (School of Planning) Patricia Kucker (School of Architecture) Abstract settings. which what of many personal Furthermore, of of places Through strong created determine sense existing complexity market Developer wants Abstract

spatial the a

new

sense of

elements spirit of the place the of spirit

of designers allow

sense

new urban

communities.

place connection

the orientation

mixed how

of

of

for projects

of community

sense developments is

the

place

a

that

a

place, can

something designer

use analysis

clear

term, driven

of impact

facilitate

to as and development is

;

it This

es fthe place sense of

the

place

a creating and

which

is

in

understanding. of place new or

unique

clear

that

the which

thesis

the in planner

literature involves a

construction

is stronger existing

cultivation based

can

that a factors especially

it qualities will sense in

be

is

can

sense

,

an on downtown

located. analyze on

created or

cities.

sense

that of

facilitate attachment to the place the to attachment

They personal a

sense

of

unfortunate that of

feeling place often

contribute

sense

of

place what by also

In make of

place

a Worcester, without

sense

relates

the

experiences

of

design

allow place

of sense involves

up being last

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place

in of

to

the little for

and

the intervention. of large few

fully

place

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,

soul a Massachusetts. will

three design place

or

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to it decades connection differentiated

in understanding scale

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study

subjective important is possible

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communities

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By

elements. established question or

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Acknowledgements

I would first like to thank the members of my thesis committee, Tom Bible, Menelaos Triantafillou, and Patricia Kucker for their help and guidance with my research. You have always filled me with new ideas and confidence in myself. Your guidance helped make this thesis an extremely satisfying experience. It was a pleasure working with you during this process.

I must also thank my other professors at the University of Cincinnati. In specific, I would like to thank Mahyar Arefi who had a profound influence on my interests in the specific topic of sense of place and urban placemaking. His teachings gave me a strong foundation on many of the topics explored in this thesis and has inspired me to further explore these topics throughout my career.

In addition, I would like to thank my professors at the University of Maryland. Most of all, I would like to thank Karl Du Puy. His teachings sparked my original interest in urban design and urban issues and have shaped my education and future career in a profound way. He too has helped fill me with great self confidence. Without these two professors, I would have never pursued this area of research and future career focus, and for that I am forever grateful.

I must also thank the many people I have worked with in my professional career thus far for giving me a chance and teaching me so much. I would like to thank Ron Searles of RC Searles Associates, David Haresign and Bill Bonstra of Bonstra Haresign Architects, and Andrea Leers, Jane Weinzapfel, and Tom Chung of Leers Weinzapfel Associates. In addition, I would like to thank the many people at HKS, Inc., including Mike Nicolaus, Dana Hunter, and Steve Fotiu for their willingness to help me explore ideas in the early stages of my thesis research.

I must thank my friends and studio companions for their help with my thesis, and for making my time here an enjoyable and memorable experience. Finally I must thank my parents Mitch and Carla Szymanski for their unconditional love and support, and for helping me become

Acknowledgements the person I am today. 3. 2.3. 2.2. 2.1.SpatialDefinition&Differentiation 2. Place? isSenseof 1. What II. Research Question Place toIssuesof I. Introduction Contents ­Table of

3.3. 3.2. 3.1. theplace Spirit of theplace A senseof 3.3.2. 3.3.1. Experiences Sensory 3.2.4. 3.2.3. 3.2.2. 3.2.1. Cultural Expressions 3.1.2. 3.1.1. Natural Elements Experience andPerception Skills 2.2.5. 2.2.4. 2.2.3. 2.2.2. 2.2.1. Orientation &Way finding 2.1.4. 2.1.3. 2.1.2. 2.1.1. Hearing Taste & Smell andDevelopment History Symbolism andMeaning Cultural Activities &Uses Visual Character Climatic Connection Landscape Connection Signage Hierarchy Visual Connections Physical Connections Clarity Image Naming Enclosure Entrances andExits andBoundary Edge 46 45 44 42 41 40 34 33 32 30 29 26 24 23 22 22 21 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 11 8 7 1

Table of Contents 3.3.3. Touch 48 3.3.4. Visual Delight 49

4. Attachment to the place 50 4.1. Personal Satisfaction 53 4.1.1. Personal Identity 53 4.1.2. Memory 56 4.1.3. Control & Power 59 4.1.4. Growth 63 4.1.5. Intellectual Stimulation 65 4.2. Social Satisfaction 66 4.2.1. Community Interaction 66 4.2.2. Equity and Diversity 70 4.3. Comfort & Image 71 4.3.1. Economic Success and Activity 72 4.3.2. Safety 75 4.3.3. Care 77 4.3.4. Comfortable Spaces 78

5. Process 81

6. Conclusions 86

7. Can Place Be Created? 88

8. Worcester Massachusetts 91 8.1. Site Research 92 8.2. Site Analysis 102 8.3. Community Research 105

9. Proposed Intervention 116 9.1. Local Community Oriented Space 127 9.2. Regional Activity Oriented Space 129 9.3. Conclusions 138

Table ofTable Contents 11. Appendix 10. Bibliography Analysis 11.1. Precedent

11.1.6. Belmar-Lakewood, Colorado –Oakland,California 11.1.5. Fruitvale Village ontheGarden–Boston,Massachusetts11.1.4. Heritage Center–Boston,Massachusetts 11.1.3. Prudential 11.1.2. Faneuil HallMarketplace –BostonMassachusetts 11.1.1. HismenHin-NuTerrace –Oakland,CA

149 149 140 161 160 158 153 149 164

Table of Contents

Fig. I.1 - St. Charles Place I. Introduction to Issues of Place

In the last few decades we have seen who use it. These types of developments developers market projects as creating a sense that attempt to create a sense of place solely of place without fully understanding the through physical design elements often relate meaning and complexity of the term. All too little to their physical or historical context, often, it is thought that the physical creation and the needs and wants of the community in of space, with particular aesthetics or spatial which they are located. [http://creekbridgehomes.com] qualities will immediately create the feeling Growing movements such as The of a sense of place. In many instances, the New Urbanism stress the importance of Fig. I.2 - Windemere - San Ramone, term “‘sense of place’ is…touted to flaunt the

7 OLIVETA by Centex Homes 2 HAWTHORNE by Brookfield Homes community and a sense of place. Yet projects cosmetic charms of a new development slapped created under the name of New Urbanism 7 up with an instant picturesquenss of pasteled 4 PALOMA by Lennar Homes 2 PICCADILLY 4 SQUARE are often criticized for focusing only on the and plastered sheet rock” (Fleming 2007,

1 CAMPTON by Brookfield Homes aesthetic and formal characteristics of a place 1 14). According to www.creekbridgehomes.

I V Y 6 FIOLI by Centex Homes H I L L and resorting to historic architecture styles W A 6 Y PERMANENT OPEN SPACE com at St. Charles Place, a newly constructed

DOUGHERTY VALLEY HIGH SCHOOL that create seemingly inauthentic places. The JOINT-USE PARK D I O N R A L B community in California, “you will discover a B O L VENTURE L I SCHOOL N G E R C HIDDEN suggestions of New Urbanists are not unique, A VALLEY N Y BELLINGHAM PARK O N SQUARE neighborhood with a sense of place” simply

R HIDDEN HILLS D ELEMENTARY INFO SCHOOL CENTER SOUYEN M E R E I N D E P A R K W A Y JOINT-USE but are consistent with other authors who PARK W FIRE PARK STATION due to its “old-fashioned” architecture and W I N D E M E R E P A R EAST K W BRANCH A Y PARK discuss the physical form of cities such as

LIMERICK planning. (Figure I.1) At www.visitwindemere. PARK

D PERMANENT OPEN SPACE R

N O Y Jacobs and Appleyard (1987), Lynch (1958, N Y A A C W

R K E R com, one learns that “distinctive pedestrian G A P N I E L L R E O M B E D ACORN LEARNING CENTER N I 1960), Bacon (1967), Alexander (1978), DIABLO VALLEY COLLEGE, W SAN RAMON CAMPUS LIVE OAK DOUGHERTY STATION ELEMENTARY Y portals, sitting areas and entry monuments A SCHOOL COMMUNITY W E K A CENTER & R S LIBRARY A T JOINT-USE E A P B S T C H R PARK B R A N A N C H JOINT-USE P WINDEMERE RANCH A Calthorpe (1955), Gordon Cullen (1967) and PARK R SAN RAMON SPORTS MIDDLE SCHOOL K W PARK AND TIFFANY A Y ROBERTS FIELD contribute to sense of place” in the newly FIRE TRUCK

PARK Y A

SHERWOOD W

PARK

K R

E A A S P countless other urban designers and architects T

B R A N C H P A R K W A Y RAMONA PARK

E

R E

M constructed Windemere in San Ramone,

ARLINGTON E PARK D 5 STAFFORD PLACE by Lenna r Homes

N

I 5

W COMPASS PT. PARK writing on the subject of urban form and the California. (Figure I.2) Yet it takes much more 3 SIX 3 SANTORINI by Brookfield Homes PILLARS

PARK W I N D E M impact of physical design on human behavior. E R E P A R K W A Y than a bench and a statue to truly develop a These authors do not insist that physical Introduction to Issues of Place

unique place that is meaningful to the people -

[www.visitwindemere.com]   - Introduction to Issues of Place many project” implies as aesthetics because superficial is design “urban that argues Inam downplay planning, Other less products” – they do not come a out factory of as finished that Larkham appropriate loci authors. and overstress use the space design a design

sense an

way

“places spaces. the and

strictly architects: extension

and

is

has Tend

an

people of (2002,

it

suggestions

2003,

the the “There

of character

sociology, (2004, the

place is exaggerated

place,

an are design

physical physical

obsessed

Unfortunately, physical only

authors,

importance

74). 35).

interact effect

to

not

of

and 82).

is

but

Though factor

and like architecture, He

a

can

approach

and form;

of can

aspect on

do clear

typically with, with professions continues emphasis shoes

planning”

the be

have geography that argue our of

Cresswell

and

of

view impressions think

many created aforementioned

physical or

perception contributes places.

an it

writing

that

which

automobiles the

to

on that is

about,

impact (Jiven

designers practiced state

such explains physical the

try

though Aseem genius design

urban often from

that

end and and and and

on of to as

help studies, figure-ground analysis, imageability the (i.e., “Conventional and criticize observation” through at values and physical, spatial, to confined not… is “place that state Triantafillou and Arefi physical. try or composition of J.B. when

times

man-made” to

place

visual

capture understanding

move and he

architectural, cities. striking aesthetic problematic experience. and factors political) tends

unpredictable models,

engagement,

the

comes social rejects

Jackson

make the

attributes

of (2005, to typical the

Their

which

focus (1994,

impressions and

gloss and

spaces urban and

from perspective, it the

holistic

(Ibid.,

shares

cultural

76). an misplaced,

multiple

methods

the of

photomontages) obsession and over primarily

not

notion

actually 151).

alone…[but enriching being

and

place design

36)

These a can

through city nature

the

similar meaning. forms

and

(e.g.

These

in

be that

away

complex

and of focusing shape

and authors

with understood an

(e.g.

images techniques from economic)

of

sentiment

analyzing “a

primarily detached from -

include]

unusual

authors

Place

natural

places. social) place” a

rarely sense form

(e.g.

also

city the on of an

is

of transcends that (Arefi and Triantafillou 2005, They 67). argue Authors the culture other Know to Anne picturesque Triantafillou 2005, 80) Rather than focusing on than the entire communities input.” (Arefi and longer time spans, and a specific clientele rather tangible “The rather importance Authors physical only certain profound “presupposes people’s Rossi

Organizing

planning discussion

place on

concentrations Vernez and than

product-oriented

(1992), studies

psychological

the experiences aspects analysis

is than

Eisenman the

of legibility or the a

and Moudon’s “comprehensive

design

of image What authors need

a a

the

process who of visual

type developing that of urban

simplistic place,

to

constitutes

Urban of

of studies, such explain

argue interpretations

places be such

of

a and

downplay form” approach A

of

place

design. further

shorter as Catholic

analysis

developing

against Designers

as

in physical place

places. that

also sort

at concept,

(1984,

Inam the the

one

addressed

the

rather focuses

or

offered context (Ibid., city, stress the Approach a far

moment.

that feel material 29).

sum

aspects Should

a strictly

purely which which

more place

than that

rely

77) the

on of of by in

and sense human physical professionals what by designs 130). in over denies “The people quality These place habit create sense confines.” (Rydon from Art Geography) of “A physical landscape gradually space. people They experience”

their

an

events

or say

of community

is is

in

expert

of (Tuan the

These transform that need

are lives” “expert” element

custom”

properties,

creation the

more place

that best” and

over potential place

often

and

a course

(Jiven

1977) to ignore placemaking

unconsciously (Schneekloth

appropriation

authors place authors time, is of

for

circumstances

be

something “emerge[s]

of imposed (Jackson of

professional geometric

a

accruing perception, of

and for “A

involved becoming the any sense can personal place

time.

suggest criticize

sense

people

local Larkham community. have,

1994,

occurs upon of

and

and

that from

history

It of

from space in of knowledge

place

familiar

to

feeling

that is

and

that

who

Shibley

the a 151).

placemaking. we

explain place placemaking the

values

take every

inhabiting community

2003,

take

individual into stress

ourselves within therefore

sense fact result

“knows

control with than

results

These day

2000,

place

lived held

that that 74). and

the

of of its its

as

a a

 - Introduction to Issues of Place  - Introduction to Issues of Place what Other Norberg-Schulz built. an community, (Ibid., action create more aspect practice” responsible, profession placemaking beyond architects and imposing the that different recycling for like the place. (Arefi, 2009) They look to formulas for by

a

attachment

the

the the community needs Shibley

makes “projects open

profound

of 130).

and place

suggestions

expert

New

(2000, of locations. this a and

and

formula”

the of

and place.

the solutions even propose

Through

[in] relocation as

complex

collaborative to Urbanism,

the authors

celebration 130-1)

culture succeed and a opportunities provide discipline

people

the without practice... He an

proposed

insist community,

Yet

(2002,

project argues “that

throughout attempt They

collaboration

into is are a Lee

such when

and

that

fully the

different which

a processes

of

31). place

we,

explain that,

able

the before by

Sobel

requirement more they

for

understanding everyday

to

contradictory as the

as they

Schneekloth rather “In

architecture

practice

to democratic leads

completely can

make

individual

Congress

that contends Christian

focus it

relevant, with

modern develop that

answer

is design

“one

to than life” ever

can the the

on

of of a

of orientation, whereas identification has identification been whereas orientation, of been society… differentiation, development to in Most information is and place Much of to concepts difficult all meaning; and place, with character phenomenological on individual designed places. makes the discusses by in

far

the

a quantify place

the

the

alienation” genius psychological sense

left concentrated

is of less

form

a

less

and place arrangement

deals

the Rather to

physical and

people

written the

of attention

and loci tangible

of

chance.

how

discussion

when atmosphere,

unique of mostly of place

physical

many describe. (1976,

or like

than

feel spatial

the

to form

on sense,

soul on

qualities,

qualities of designing understand

As

with suggestions when about literature

has

how

factors of

the focusing

21).

suggestions

of existing

on a

of

qualities,

has

result

understanding

sensual buildings

almost ‘practical’

places,

to compared the a a

of place, been

the Norberg-Schulz

place best

that on

subject

new

true areas. place the

only

concept

experiences or from clarity,

the substituted

exclusively utilize he in

and make

character dwelling, the

function and projects.

to

relation focuses such

on subject comes

There

other what what New

ways

and this the the

up of as

context can ways Urbanist the reader knows the definition of such a such of definition the knows reader the of Other authors neglect to clarify their definition completely or suggestions compare to difficult it making term the of definitions different completely on very of and architects J.B. by chiefly expression, used much a is place’ (2005). Triantafillou and Arefi and (2002) Inam like in a of and to can region. connecting

seemingly

the placemaking places. sense

discussion

sense condominiums,

help greater address

interior little”

in

places

Far without

designers.

allow

of

which of but

(1994, This different

less

Jackson

relate to

overemphasis to

place

decorators

in

place,

taken the

since

people the

is

resorting perhaps which that

written

contemporary and

157).

all Critical genius more

explains varying characteristics

so over is they

together,

connect to

they

criticized

that explains

Within

about immaterial and

to develop

Regionalists by loci on are

live mimicry,

authors

that urban

now

physical the

of how to assuming talking

and the

why

architecture

its attachment by “‘Sense

a promoters of

it designers

literature

elements

planners place relate

regional perhaps

provide authors

there

discuss places. design means about

that

of or

to is

livable. on example complex spatial and of physical range a wide by influenced also is It ways. of variety a in defined be can It broad on all how surprising not is it term, the for definition upon agreed to practitioners suggestions placedifferently of may sense term the define applied instead on insight give or is place of sense what define This American and character, place

of solve how the how

suggest [create] to

the in suggestion

subject.

and

treated characteristics,

facilitate designers

to order

They it

the

of term diverse

is [enhance] that can places. Institute

this

clear often

and same why since

pride to

recommend

and as be there

can

give concerns

sense

works

an

is can authors

that obtained.

problems. The

knows they

misunderstood

in

element

typical be

of the “neighborhoods has

make

sense

of the

as

fact found

are of Architects

walking been

how seem of place

well

creating

communities community” other that not

in

that

of Sense the Since

in

little to

that

as

to place that actually

many an environment, many can

create

authors

criticize

immaterial,

there of AIA written a 2005,

term it

addresses simply

sense

a is

authors authors place fails

unique

it. a

trying

guide

more

is (The

very

that

10). and

the An

on no of be

to is

 - Introduction to Issues of Place  - Introduction to Issues of Place existing of into place. the and defined be can place of sense ways the developments, and wide Relph’s this 44). places maintenance of in fundamental place. attempting states be personal,

the

beyond

the place

many

thesis

how the

range world;

that,

First, and Although

nature

This

reasons. cities.

study

to factors designers

and

the focuses to the

“there

it

of emerge and expression exploration

understand

is and

of this control

subjective creation of

interesting literature

second,

that Through

place

interested

thesis are

existing manipulation primarily

can in

contribute

of

two

new can of help of

improved will

the will the elements on

in man’s

an new major

communities contribute

developments

attempt

phenomenon facilitate its on in designer.

sense provide analysis

own place”

to

the

the involvement of reasons

knowledge

a

that

of right to latter sense

existing former,

a

insight

of

(1976, to clarify Relph

sense place

may

and as

the the

for

of of of in

a

II. Research Question going to be designed and constructed. constructed. and designed be to going are projects these that ignored be cannot fact The contexts. urban existing in time one at to see large scale new developments being built common is it Nevertheless, 1978) (Alexander growth. “piecemeal” or incremental place through is of it sense sustain that or develop argued to easier be can It community. established already an in occur often projects redevelopment These structures. existing of demolition the after available becomes land or vacant of parcel large long a when or land, developing underutilized of result a as come often discusses thesis this that projects The thesis. this in addressed be not will and issues of set different completely a involve community, history, or people. These projects existing an to connection little has built being project the which in sites greenfield on are built that developments new quite from are different projects These contexts. urban existing within built are that developments This This thesis will address new large scale How then can a designer or planner facilitate facilitate planner or designer a can then region develop ameaningfulattachment. and community a which in place unique and planner’s and ability designer to cultivate a a legible, improvesuccessful can place of sense to contribute that elements the addressing a and understanding through Fully intervention. design created be can is that place something of sense whether clarify then can analysis This construction. new in developed be can place of sense which in ways suggest and study to possible is it is, place of sense it? to contribute that factors the are what and is place of sense what ask first to necessary is It developments? urban created newly in emerge to it allow and place of sense After defining and understanding what understanding and defining After

 - Research Question  - What is Sense of Place? difficult to compare their discussion on sense on discussion their compare to difficult place define the differently, terms of it is quite place. who usestheterm everyone but subject, the on scholars to only not things different many so means it since Place therefore is difficult to dissect, especially way.” (Ibid.)Fritz Steele(1981)states: developedmore a in it understand to order in is hard to get beyond that common-sense level it wemeans wethink knowit As already what us that “it is a word wrapped in common sense. tells He 1). (2004, complicated” simple…and Introduction, he explains that “place…is both Place? isSenseof 1. What Since many authors who discuss sense on and on.(5) and everything), for place a and (there’stime evaluation a for standard a it), place can’tone’squite (I in mind know should something their place), the location of (people status social now), right place good very a in not did (I’m state psychological a places visit?), you (what a location as variously physical used is It most language. the of English the in words one used frequently be may ‘Place’ Short A Place: Cresswell’s Tim In characteristics and qualities of places. Often places. of qualities and characteristics different to referring are they when place of can bedefinedinthefollowing ways: discussion on place. sense of A place sense of following the guide will that research this for three different definitions that were developed Discussion on sense place of typically falls into place. of sense to contribute that elements of range wide the of understanding an gain to authors ways discuss and place,define it sense is of possible varying andthe studying By characterizing term. the of usage own their define to neglect and is place of sense what knows reader the that assume authors oncin o pae ae on based place personal experiences. a to connection personal and place of subjectiveperception the to Attachment loci. aplaceor itsgenius qualities of unique the of understanding and to place the of Spirit and orientation understanding. spatial of a feeling and space differentiated in being place the of Sense , or a connection a or , o a eln o of feeling a or , o a or , Fig. 1.3-AttachmenttothePlace thePlace Fig. 1.2-Spirit of [www.skypic.com] thePlace Fig. 1.1-Senseof [www.coolermag.com] [photo by author] Sense ofPlaceSense A feeling indifferentiated ofbeing space andafeeling ofspatial orientation andunderstanding. A subjective perceptionA subjective to aplace connection ofandpersonal experiences. basedonpersonal A connection to andunderstandingoftheuniquequalitiesaplaceA connection oritsgeniusloci. i.15-Sneo PlaceDiagram Fig. 1.5- Sense of PlaceDiagram Fig. 1.4-Senseof [image by author] [image by author] [image Less Physical Universal Personal Community Influence Influence Physical Gated Cincinnati to a Tourist Fountain Square Sense ofplace definedinthefollowing be Sense can ways: Sense ofthe Sense Place Attachment to thePlace: Attachment to thePlace Attachment to thePlace Sense oftheplace:Sense Spirit ofthePlace: Sense ofthePlaceSense ofthePlaceSense Spirit ofthePlace Spirit ofthePlace Venice to who somebody has never there been shopping mallto a Spirit ofthe Home townHome teenager Place Attachment to the Place with poor spatialwith poor perception Home city to somebody city Home Controllable Difficult toDifficult Subjective Objective Control Childhood tire swing and subjective elements that may be beyond be personal,may that elements subjective immaterial, and as well as elements, spatial and physical both by degrees varying to them. a child’sFurthermore, tire swing can meaning personal no have may it and the place, of sense or knowledge spatial no have they though place, of sense a has it that and say place the of loci genius unique the on comment can Venice,Italy to been never has these definitions. (Figure 1.5) Somebody who of more or one to relation in characteristics or qualities positive exhibit they if place of and understood objective universally quality. (Steele1981,9) more far a is the place, the whichspirit than of elements of quality subjective more far a is and everyone, for different is that something is place the to Attachment characteristics. related process and political, social, as time, such influences to involvesand physicaladdress non more many difficult more far is which place, the to and attachment than control to easier is therefore characteristics physical more by is influenced space differentiated place creating the and of sense a developing example, For 1.4) (Figure designer. the of control the hs eeet ae l ipce in impacted all are elements These lcs a b si t hv a sense a have to said be can Places ulte o sail hrceitc. e can We characteristics. spatial or qualities unique no exhibits swing the although it, to attached personally grown have they because be said to exhibit place a for sense the of child place, that is, the place is only experienced as experienced only is place the is, that place, the of structure spatial the with acquainted it is possible to feel at home without being well one gets along without feeling ‘at home’. And identification; true without oneself orientate to possible evidently is “it that states Shulz Norberg- others. waysthan some place in stronger of characteristics varying to connect People person. a by held feeling a or place, the the mind, be term, a it quality a of state of of definitions varying the through analyzed when place of sense a exhibit to said be can that person. to place of sense strong a has place this that say to possible still is It country. the around malls other of hundreds as stores same the with qualities unique no have may mall that Yet memories. fond many developed have and friends their with socialize they where is it because them to meaningful very also is It sense the of place and knows the mall by heart. strong a has probably teenager The teenager. also consider a home town shopping mall to a h peiul mnind examples mentioned previously The

 - What is Sense of Place? 10 - What is Sense of Place? fthedesigner. of as well as elements that are beyond the control interventions physical non and physical both through project new a in developed be can ways that these characteristics sense of place of include will discussion The detail. greater in place will be discussed sense of definitions of and regiondevelop ameaningfulattachment. community a which in place unique and clear cultivatea to wants designer a if account into taken be must place of sense to contribute that characteristics the of all place, of sense only the one aforementioned of definitions of on emphasis place authors 6-7). many (Ibid., Although sight” of out its nature losing concrete without relationships, spatial as such properties, its of any to reduce we cannot which phenomenon, ‘total’ qualitative, is…a place “a that explains 20). Norberg-Shulz (1979, developed” fully are functions psychological [all] that presupposes however character. general True gratifying belonging a The The elements that relate to these three .Sneo thePlace 2. Senseof i.21-Sneo the PlaceElements Fig. 2.1-Senseof [image by author] [image Where place starts Where place starts Boundary Differentiation Edge & and stops Material A feeling indifferentiated ofbeing space andafeeling ofspatial orientation andunderstanding Entrances &Exits Connections Prominance Visibility Access Spatial Definition & Spatial Definition Differentiation Building FormBuilding and Width vs.Width Height Length ofSpace Enclosure street wall prominant figures Physical Features prominance and Can describe Can describe Naming Can create history or history hierarchy Landmarks Clarity Image Districts Edges Nodes Paths Orientation & Wayfinding Sense of theplaceSense Connections Pedestrian Paths Street Layout Physical Connections Views to NaturalViews Landmarks Elements Views to Views Visual Visual Building andurban Building Street Hierarchy form andscale placement of buildings & Landmarks Prominant Hierarchy Vehicular vs. Signage Pedestrian Experience Time inthe Time develops place Repetitive use knowledge Place Sense ofDirection Sense Perception Attention Skills

11 - Sense of the Place 12 - Sense of the Place - Spatial Definition & Differentiation om dsus h dvlpet f sne f of sense of development the urban discuss form, of subject the on writing architects other and Urbanists, New the of works and their to relation the in place. knowledge the of writings Much of has one that mind of state a is place of sense definition, this With aplace. Kevin Lynch explainsthat: of principles spatial and organizing the and of clarity understanding unspoken an to relates and space differentiated in being of feeling understanding and orientation spatial of feeling a and A feeling being of in differentiated space thePlace: 2. Senseof sne f ainto. 16 from (1965 Lynch 1995,90). alienation. of sense a to contribute can incoherence their another, one to relation visible lack of their position users. the city When the they parts of social the activities and contain, the function, their understand to and space, and time in parts these locate ourselves,to to and another to part one relate to possible be to should to It environment… able the read and be must home we at easily function feel to order In the to refers place the of sense A (Figure 2.1) skills. perceptions and experience and personal a place, in wayfinding and orientation differentiation, and definition spatial to relate that elements into down broken be further place of definitions that make up the broader term place the of as sense place, of sense term the than thesis this of sense place primarilyinrelationtothisdefinition. . This definition of sense of place can place of sense of definition This . It is important to clarify that the term term the that clarify to important is It the place is being used differently in differently used being is place s n o he eeet or elements three of one is sense [www.darkdorset.blogspot.com] Fig. 2.2-BeatingtheBounds n pae n alw pol t cnet the connect to people allows and place a in are in differentiated space relates to a comfort you that feeling that clear is It Bounds) the songs and with hymns.the singing of (Beating along land, the for blessings and protection for prayers include would ceremony (Figure This 2.2) place. their of extent the and lived they where of knowledge the celebrate and share to parish their of boundaries the walk would community the which in bounds,” the “beating of custom ancient the observe still place orleaving aplace. a entering are they when it. clear also are upon They looking are they when and place, a within are they when knows One space. surrounding from distinguishable or space limitless from differentiated be can it that fact the is place a of characteristics fundamental the of one that apparent is it later, discussed be will meaning develop can space which in ways the While 136). (1977, meaning” and transformed into place as it acquires definition Differentiation 2.1. SpatialDefinition& iF Ta epan ta “pc is “space that explains Tuan Yi-Fu tl tdy mn Egih parishes English many today, Still nqe ulte o eprecs ta wl be will that experiences, or qualities unique and naming. (Figure2.1) exits, and entrances enclosure,boundary, and edge consider must designer a differentiation, space. of effects onourperception negative its decrease or sprawl or effects the space, with defined edges, it is possible to slow 1976, 79). By developing clearly differentiated Relph from 59 1971, chromium-platedCullen (Gordon chaos” a wasteland… universal a entertainment; and power, food, people, of continuity coast-to-coast spread thinly a development. for points nodal forsaking be to appear “We of spread undifferentiated and unbounded the or sprawl, combating in with otherplacestheyhave beento. experiences and qualities these differentiate also can They world. the of extent larger the within location specific a later,with discussed In order to developspatial a feeling of Spatial differentiation is also important

13 - Sense of the Place - Spatial Definition & Differentiation 14 - Sense of the Place - Spatial Definition & Differentiation ocmrhn h onaiso apaei it a place if to comprehend the boundaries of place. (Schwanke 2003) In addition, it is easier different a entered have you sidewalk, that a indicating of material paving in change a as simple as something with differentiated south respectively. and east the to edges as act Street Boylston developed densely more the and Common the Boston the while neighborhood, the to of north edge an as act Drive Storough and River Charles The 2.3) (Figure boundaries. and edges recognizable with neighborhood a of example good a is Massachusetts Boston, development.further from to maintained are boundaries necessary that ensure often is policy Preservation an ocean or a river, a forest, a field, or wetlands.as such boundary natural a or tracks, train or highways as such elements physicalbuildings, from formed means,varietyedges a including a through created be can designer,edges a As place.a of boundaries and edges the of sense 2.1.1. EdgeandBoundary onais n egs a as be also can edges and Boundaries in Neighborhood Bay Back The clear a involves differentiation Spatial tueil ad hlp ago recommend Langdon Philip and Steuteville Forsize. Robertexample, manageable a of is typically a quarter mile.typically aquarter (NewUrbanNews) is which edge, its to center the fivefrom minutes in walk can person a that distance the within be should size neighborhood’s a that [http://realestate.newtonbrookline.com] Fig. 2.3-BackBayN’hood -Boston,MA Fig. 2.3-BackBayN’hood -Boston,MA [www.mackeymitchell.com] [photo by author] Fig. Heights 2.5- Stratford Fig. Heights 2.6-Stratford [photo by author] Fig. 2.4-Campiodoglio Entry -Cincinnati,OH -Cincinnati,OH -Rome, Italy statues thatmark theentry. large two the passes and ramp the of top the reaches user the when arrival of feeling clear a is There space. the to point entry the mark buildings are slowly revealed. Twothe large and statues ramp entry the up walks user the as Michelangelo. (Figure 2.5) Excitement builds by designed Italy Rome, in Campidoglio the exit totheplace. clarify that an element is in fact an entrance or and place, the into entering excitementof the add can artwork or landscaping interesting or archways, signage, as such elements physical interesting or form, building through either points, of entry prominent patterns Creating area. circulation the greater the with connect also should They place. the amongst movement facilitate to accessible easily and visible clearly These be should exits and place. entrances have physical the they left when or entered understand to user the allows it as differentiation spatial of feeling a create to important is exits and entrances 2.1.2. EntrancesandExits One excellent example can be seen in seen be can example excellent One discernable clearly Developing eeos srn sne f te lc, is place, the of sense strong a develops wayfinding, topicsthatwillbediscussedlater. simple and image clear a in results which east the to campus the to connection physical and visual direct a from benefits also project The Heights. Stratford of space distinct the upon looking or leaving, entering, are you when of sense clear a is There project. the of name the displays that wallattractive sign similar by markedare that vehiclespedestrians both and for points entry clear very has also project The organized. are buildings dormitory which, the around space open linear enclosed well a and edges defined strongly has Heights Stratford understanding. and differentiation spatial develop to how of example excellent an but wonder, architectural is an not project certainly The 2.5-6) (Figures Cincinnati. of University the of for units housing collection student simple a Heights, Stratford nte eape f a rjc that project a of example Another

15 - Sense of the Place - Spatial Definition & Differentiation 16 - Sense of the Place - Spatial Definition & Differentiation pirgn 16) xlis ht hn this when that explains (1965) Sprieregen Paul space. a of height to width of ratio the is space exterior uncovered an in enclosure from above. Norberg-Schulz explains: enclosure account into takes also but place, a similar todeveloping and boundariesto edges be can enclosure of feeling A lot. parking or field a as such space limitless and sprawling being in differentiated space as opposed to of feeling a to important is place a within when 2.1.3. Enclosure n motn apc o feig f of feeling a of aspect important An than rather positively inferred present.(1976,58) continuous is a boundary where elements, of cluster dense a as form manifest strict less be in also built may a It boundary. of the means from by separated surroundings is which area distinct a means primarily Enclosure the capacity and the of place varies present, accordingly. be may directions or implied and more openings complete, be less may enclosed. thus, is Enclosure, it how by its are determined properties and spatial enclosure, and character is place man- made any of quality distinctive The enclosure of feeling a Developing xeine fl ecoue Te ii t a to limit The enclosure. full experiences person a dimension, smaller its in 1:1 is ratio h omo enclosed space. A clearly defined of the form Italy.(Figure 2.8) Rome, in Navona Piazza is Example excellent An spaces. public or streets narrow tall buildings on dense blocks directly fronting has often which Europe, throughout often accomplished also is This Belmar) on more 1:2. this (Figure ratio 2.7) of (See appendix for within fall that spaces and streets developing by enclosure Colorado, of sense a developed Lakewood,designers in mall abandoned previously a of site the on development use mixed a Belmar, At overhangs. building or awnings, canopies, or trees, as such elements by above from influenced be can enclosure as of feeling suchA line. tree a or space heights buildings the of elements bounding is lost. enclosure of feeling a ratio, this space.Beyond the of height the twice is space a of width the when comes enclosure of feeling People can also derive meaning from meaning derive also can People the to refers space a of height The [www.darkdorset.blogspot.com] [image by author,[image Sobeletal.2002,60] Fig. 2.7-Belmar Fig. 2.9-AmericanTobacco Campus [photo by author] Fig. 2.8-Piazza Navona -Lakewood, CO -Rome, Italy

[photo by author] Fig. 2.10-Rowes Wharf -Boston,MA rnh lsia lnsae o rmn u o of us remind or landscapes classical French of people remind can quadrangle geometric be discussed further inlatersections.be discussedfurther will topics These place. the of spirit richer a to contribute whichcan delight, visual greater the sense place,of organic spaces may develop image the of place which may develop a clearer clearer a for allow to tend spaces geometric While spaces. organic more to preferable are spaces geometric whether argue to difficult is It place. the of sense a and differentiation spatial to contribute and enclosure of sense a create to more developed be can and spaces organic geometric Both dynamic. contemporary more and is it perhaps or time, over changed and developed has haphazard, more and designed less is place the that think us make either can spaces These landscapes. makeEnglish or piazzas Italian may of think someone space enclosed organic More people a order,feeling of balance, and control. gives It quad. university a or square town a nifrnitd pc. Cesel 2004, (Cresswell space. undifferentiated larger a from place a separate help can place 2.1.4. Naming well. (Schwanke 2003) is in marketing the often project instrumental as project a of name (North The (Ibid.). clues Station)” locational give “they occasionally addition, In 108). (1960, elements” of structuring the facilitate also will series), street a of alphabetizing the in (as systems “naming that explains Lynch 2.10) (Figure River Center in San Antonio. or (Schwanke 2003) Boston in Wharf Rowes at like valley or waterfront a as such feature natural a perhaps the site such as a historic person or building, or often connected with unique characteristics of an thedifferentiatedspace. creates of image immediately it place a of name the place. says somebody When a 108) 1960, (Lynch within occurs often that place all the symbolizes of name the as identity” crystallizing in important “Names…are 9) Furthermore, the name of a place is place a of name the Furthermore, vn h sml at f nmn a naming of act simple the Even

17 - Sense of the Place - Orientation & Wayfinding 18 - Sense of the Place - Orientation & Wayfinding icmot wih il eut n negative in 2.11) (Figure 1960) (Lynch experiences. place result will which of feeling discomfort, a is result are the go, they to where where and of unclear disoriented; is control’’ (Ibid.,69). conscious our without environment the in changes to adjust processes physiological our as much unconsciously, perform they know acting with skill and and yet apparent purpose people watch to uncanny is It habit. of out unthinkingly but efficiently things many do without actions.“Wetheir it of consideration conscious comfortable about travel are can and they space a place, in a of image mental clear a has person a When 68). (1977, knowledge” have also I then following, am I so that I can analyze how I move and what path mind in picture that hold can I if walkingand myself “see” can I if but skill, a is “walking place.the Tuan that explains of knowledge to these characteristics equates understanding of the greater context in which it is found. A tacit how it and is howorganized, a place relates to understanding how of to move through a place, 2.2. Orientation&Wayfinding n h ohr ad we a person a when hand, other the On an to relates also place the of sense A lc scaiyo how a place relates to places place is clarity of a the extents of Similarly to the knowledge of 2.1) (Figure signage. and hierarchy, visual connections, and physical clarity, image consider must adesigner aplace, within wayfinding city isfound. the which in region greater the of knowledge around it. a Knowledge place of can equate to n re t fcltt oinain and orientation facilitate to order In [http://forums.howwhatwhy.com Fig. 2.11-DifficultOrientation

[image by author] [image [Lynch 196,146] Boston, MA-ConnectionstoOtherDistricts Fig. 2.13- Faneuil HallMarketplace theCity Fig. of 2.12-Image -Boston,MA that a person envisions when thinking about thinking when envisions person a that orientation and wayfinding refers to the images Clarity 2.2.1. Image ei Lnh 16) in (1960) Lynch Kevin by described first was concept This city. the ugse mvn aon te iy n how and city the around moving people suggested the how studied and directions for people asked also He 2.12) (Figure cities. the asking them to draw maps, and sketches of and diagrams cities three of citizens random with speaking by city the of images people’s (Ibid.,125). oriented initssurroundings” be organism mobile a that necessity the from comes lost being of terror The ‘lost’. man feels and difficult, becomes the image-making weak, is system the “Where 4). (Ibid., security” “emotional and comfort as well as one’ssurroundings, within clarity of feeling a Lynch form. urban explains that strong the image city of poor results in of result a are place a in disorientation and confusion while environment, urban successful a of result the is city the of image legible and clear A form. city’surban a of failures and successes the to Lynch relates the images people have the of city h tr iae n eain to relation in image term The In his research, Lynch determined determined Lynch research, his In h Iae f te City the of Image The . they verbally describedtheirsurroundings. form of Boston helps connect people to the to people connect helps Boston of form central location among the complicated urban Its Massachusetts. Boston, in Marketplace Hall Faneuil is surroundings its of image the (Ibid.) can tie place the together the itself city.rest of The place. a to and relate parts various whole, the how a as city the greater of a understanding to contribute can place a image, mental clear a to contributing By form. and clarity urban poor Lynch to issues these cities. attributes of pieces entire ignored or conditions, actual match not did city the images of mental people’s many also that He noticed landmarks. and neighborhoods, streets, similar citing by city, similar the of had images people many that discovered He landmarks.” and nodes, districts, edges, “paths, of consisting maps mental forming by surroundings their understood people that the different cities. He people realized had of that image or picture mental the determine n hs suis Lnh a al to able was Lynch studies, these In n xml o pae ht clarifies that place a of example An

19 - Sense of the Place - Orientation & Wayfinding 20 - Sense of the Place - Orientation & Wayfinding warns howeverwarns thatthereare: Lynchenvironment” the 9). (Ibid., of images mental useful highly structured, identified, powerfully vividly of making “the facilitate to ways consider to possible then is It city. the of image their by asking draw or describe to others and reflection personal through place the of image existing the understand to attempt must Designers the space. differentiated of centroid the represents that district the within node central a if recognize can they clarified be also may place the of image People’s place. the of understanding clear a the city so people can gain of clarify the form to seek must and landmarks paths,edges,and districts relate to other districts through nodes, the how consider therefore must Designers districts. as places differentiated consider to Hall Faneuil on Marketplace) more for appendix (See marketplace. the with interact and connect they how through other each with relate city the of districts many the how understand can People 2.13) (Figure east. the to waterfront the and south, the to District Financial the west, the to Center Government northwest, the to Haymarket north, the to End North s einr o lcs i i possible is it places, of designers As niomn. f tee s ny one few onlya destination, a to path dominant is there perceptual If the environment. in a for plasticity specialized need certain a highly is there form; a visible in Dangers (Ibid., 111). one person as they of from vary time to time. needs the even nor people, all of needs the neither suit may one the This strain. image considerable without city to way one only is there then regions, separated ironclad rigidly of an set or points, focal sacred www.belmarcolorado.com] by author,[image www.googlemaps.com, Lakewood, CO Fig. 2.15- ConnectionsatBelmar [www.italy-weekly-rentals.com] Fig. 2.14-PiazzadelPopolo -Rome, Italy

elements of simple wayfinding and a feeling a and wayfinding simple important of elements most the of one is connections 2.2.2. Physical Connections connections to andthroughtheproject. site. (Figure 2.15) This ensured direct physical the to connected that streets existing the of street pattern the of project by extending many the developed designers Belmar, At network. street complicated and dense a has it though even Rome of image the clarify help nodes and streets These 2.14) (Figure II. Emanuele nodes in the city like the monument to Vittorio Popolo and directly connect to other important del Piazza the on converge Babuino Del Vial Corso,del Via the and Ripetta, where Del Via acity. of pathways between important nodes or districts be facilitated by urban that form creates direct clear a can This havethere. get to how also of understanding should and foot, on or bike,car, a in whether go to want they where access easily pedestrian to able be should or People paths. streets of form the in come connections physical These orientation. of h dvlpet f cer physical clear of development The An example can be seen in Rome, Italy, motion should have clarity direction” of (1960, systems” (1967,41). movement from derived are or arbitrary shapes are the whether is design of test key process. A design the in exist doesn’t shapes creating capricious systems so that the step of movementthe from “naturally emerge should form that suggests Bacon Edmund (Ibid.). turns which yet never loses its basic direction” many slight close to 90 degrees, or another of well-defined turns few a with one does so but course, of direction, clear has path straight A shifts. directional major produce in end the which curves ambiguous gradual, by or turnings of successions long by disturbed is computer human “the that explains He 96). yc sget ta “h ln o of line “the that suggests Lynch

21 - Sense of the Place - Orientation & Wayfinding 22 - Sense of the Place - Orientation & Wayfinding negative placeexperience. a and discomfort great causes that situation a lost, being of feeling the reduce Visual connections traveler. a orient to help can Hudson rivers or East the to connections visual Island, Manhattan On people. orient help also can elements natural to Views go. liketo wouldthey where to it make to ability their in comfortable more much feel will they ahead, street, and they can easily see their destination travelingis somebody down a If 2.16) (Figure traveling.are they direction which understand quickly and Monument Washington the to look can person Washington many D.C.a in places In landmarks. or nodes to form views the of in come can connections These connections. visual through facilitated also 2.2.3. Visual Connections Spatial orientation and wayfinding are wayfinding and orientation Spatial landmark buildings should receive a hierarchal buildings, and of a street hierarchy. Important 2.2.4. Hierarchy a cos t aod lwr oe pedestrian more slower avoid to choose can car and on foot can be made easier, as vehicles both by city of a throughout movement variety streets, a of development the Through which are simply areas for in servicing a place. streets are for movement within a district, and which districts, amongst connections direct city. It should be evident which streets involve on key streets that link important areas within a prominence placing by wayfinding with help of objects identification” (1976,21). concrete of consists it that but orientation, facilitates which structure spatial a has environment our that not important only is… “it that explains Norberg-Schulz landmarks. important to relation in buildings other of location the perceive often People these locations. visible when highly given are landmarks wayfinding and orientation institution within the the community, but of facilitates only importance not symbolic that This reinforces place. a within placement Hierarchy can refer both to a hierarchy n diin sre heacy a also can hierarchy street addition, In [www.concierge.com] Washington DC. Fig. 2.16-View toWashington Monument Washington DC. Fig. 2.16-View toWashington Monument [www.ivan-herman.net] [image by author,[image www.belmar.com] [www.skypic.com] Fig. 2.18- BackBayNeighborhood Boston, MA Fig. 2.17-Commonwealth Avenue Fig. Hierarchy 2.19-Street -Belmar, CO

rae dsacs Lnh eomns that recommends Lynch distances. travel greater to attempting when streets oriented n s o a oe rvl ws aa from away west Boston Commononthe Avenue. travels one as on so and followed by Berkeley Street, Clarendon Street, east, far the at crossing Street Arlington with street, the along location person’seast-west a clarifying further system naming alphabetical an utilize streets cross Its neighborhood. the Boston Common and Kenmore Sqaure at the edges of connects Avenue Commonwealth 2.18) (Figure place. the within users orient and neighborhood the of image the clarify helps the Boston, in of spine Neighborhood Bay central Back This 2.17) (Figure center. its at parkway lined tree way a includes the it for street prominent example visually a an of as Massachusetts Boston, in channels” (1960,96). surrounding the from off them marks which “the key lines should have some singular quality yc ue Cmowat Avenue Commonwealth uses Lynch should help clarify circulation amongst a place, It pedestrian. and vehicle the of scale the on 2.2.5. Signage are all painted the same color,green creating a furnishings other racks,and bike lamps street project. the (Figures 2.20-21) of The furnishings signs, site benches, the trashcans, of rest the with integrated is that signage the toward strategy consistent very a is there Cincinnati, of University the for units housing student be discussedlater. character and visual delight, that concepts will (Schwanke 2003) Signage also relates to visual structure. clear a has itself development the of layout the if easier made be will task the clear, be to signs for important is it Although differentiation. spatial to contributing uses, or streets different accentuate or project a in zones different clarify help may or place, a the of throughout uniform be may Signage design project. landscape overall the with sign and why. The signage should be integrated the sign should relate to who will be using the of place.scale the in and lighting, Placement, character visual the to contribute also can but t tafr Hihs a olcin f of collection a Heights, Stratford At Signage needs to be considered both considered be to needs Signage

23 - Sense of the Place - Experience & Perception Skills 24 - Sense of the Place - Experience & Perception Skills not needtobereliedupon. about the project so easy that the signage does project’smovingmakesthe organization clear but buildings, individual find users help signs which reinforces its spatial differentiation. The area. The signs also the include project the name of surrounding the from differentiation projects the to contributes that look cohesive Skills 2.3. Experience&Perception a aon a lc o epann hw to how explaining or place a around way their finding at others than better are people some result, a As them. around occurring is what to oblivious seemingly about travel others while surroundings, their about notes mental make naturally people Some place. a in experiences one’s to paid is that attention direction or perhaps person’s sense of general skills.perception poor has person a if little matter can this but place, the person’sof a sense impact strongly to it” (1981, 9). Therefore physical design can brings person a what with combined setting the by created experience an is place of sense “the that explains Steele Fritz as Yet design. mostly is it impacted and controlled by physical since and spatial interventions physical through and designer a by controlled easily most is place the of sense a place, of sense of definitions two other the to comparison In characteristics. physical non and physical by affected is thesis this in discussed place of aho tetredfntoso sense the three definitions of Each of ecpin kls a rfr o a to refer can skills Perception Fig. Heights 2.21- Stratford Cincinnati, OH Fig. Heights 2.20-Stratford [photos by author] [photo by author] nvriyo Cincinnati University of Fig. 2.22-DaapBuilding

n hi atmt o rw as Te have They maps. draw to attempt their in hopeless and lost, the to directions giving at poor be may city the in way their finding at moveplace.a through “People good are who us, ithasbecome place”(Ibid.,73). to familiar thoroughly feels space “When that explains Tuan experience. place positive a to and place a in familiarity with a place experience is utmost of importance This though. able to navigate the building with unconscious are and building users the of experience, knowledge develop and time with Though the anxiety building.to inexperienced users of and confusion great cause can building the of systems circulation complex highly The 2.22) Cincinnati (Figure Eisenman. Peter of by University designed the at building DAAP the in seen be can phenomenon this of example An place knowledge. place a develops in use repetitive as understood be eventually can Even places complicated 70). most the (Ibid., map” or configuration “continual a through movements simply rather succession than of a spatial place a of in which ittakes place”(Tuan 1977,68). environment the of characteristics spatial the difficulty envisaging their action course and of Sometimes people gain knowledge knowledge gain people Sometimes

25 - Sense of the Place - Experience & Perception Skills 26 - Spirit of the Place i.31-Sii fthe PlaceElements Fig. 3.1-Spiritof Place The 3. Spiritof [image by author] [image V P t isual h o n C n y Landscape a sical onne R tu a es tu C r al eleme onne t r C o al eleme onne r a c tion c tion tions c n tions n ts N ts t C o a onne tu H Connection o w can r hot and Climatic al w e a E ther? y leme ou enj c c old tion o y n ts B t uilding andurban V f fu o andUnderstandingoftheUniqueQualitiesa D e o C Landscaping install r etail r r A nacular ha m andscale nishings and M V uthe S a isual r , t t p yle e a a n r h tions c ial tici y t D sical er esign t y A En A C c ultu c c tivities & c ou C C om Institutions ommuni Tradition ultu r r al b ageme o elie d r ituals and a tion r f s al n t y t of U f or se S W pla ym t Spirit of the Place W r M h ying h a c C b a t isthepla e eaning b e t doesthe ultu c r olism & ep t ome? o door r ese r n al Exp c t e r D change intheci his essions his Understanding e C C d His and g eleb eleb t v e and t o o v He elopme r and its elopme r ical ical pla t r r r e o a a itage r v tion of tion of oups r p e y & n eople ts n c es t n t y t L ocal S N L t a r ocal T eet tu S F as ood & r mell al V C t endors e & uisine S mells D r P ink la c S ounds f e orits G Human W Si r ound t a Hea e t er S E M leme enso r F usic om r e C A ing a o c tu tivi n n N ta ts - r a es t tu c r y t G ial Ex r e enius Si C lim M t e ac a p a t T e tic c W ouch r e omad ial a R r t es T ien er e p x L a tu onses tions oci c r e es V A P p isual r i e c t Install M r tu Landscaping f si P o o B A r r t v displ r & vie omenade esque s e uilt c man eme tivitie D f e a a elig F a tions and w tu n o c y e t and r s s r s m s c es , , and enes h t [www.slowhome.com] Fig. 3.3-Anywhere, USA [photo by author] Fig. Peru 3.2-Arequipa, or its genius loci. or itsgenius place a of qualities unique the of A connection to and understanding theplace: 3. Spiritof 03 6) A tog prt f te lc is place the of spirit strong A 69). 2003, Jivenfrom Larkham 8 and (1987, experience” “involves the deliberate place searching out of tourism for tourist, the but resident the not is loci genius the express and experience to person best the that argues Jackle (Steele 9). 1981, people” different many on impact similar a have to tend “will experienced it as everyone by and noticed be can but place the in experiences personal one’s with do to less have place a of spirit the up make that characteristics The place. the of soul the or place the of spirit the as understood be can and places describe to used be can loci genius of concept This 18). (1979, be’” to ‘wants it what or is, thing a what denotes thus genius essence…The or character their determines and death, to birth places, from them and accompanies spirit. people to guardian life gives its spirit This genius, its has being ‘independent’ every belief Roman ancient to “Genius Loci is a Roman concept. According Christian Norberg Schulz explains that place is important for a positive long term term long positive a for important the is to place attachment an of development the while experience, place term short positive a of development the for important extremely ead t stig wt n distinguishable no with settings to regards itself. adjustment tothestructure regions with little be duplicated in a variety of to intended are that buildings to addition in is This context. its in rooted architecture than rather aesthetics and current trends design universal choose designers frequently, Too 1) 2007, Bentley and Watson from 2 1990, (Hough necessity.” of than rather design of therefore, and, choice of question a become has character regional of question “the times modern necessity, vernacular in of out created buildings by impacted heavily often was loci genius the past, the in While 158) (1994, again.” and time to, return to want we which and being well of sense indefinable certain a us gives which attraction an have localities “certain that, explains Jackson J.B. areas. other in duplicated be to unable and memorable, unique, place the makes what is place place experience. h tr paees s fe ue in used often is placeless term The the of spirit or loci genius The

27 - Spirit of the Place 28 - Spirit of the Place 58). 1976, Relph (from overestimated” be cannot is qualitatively different from the surroundings, which area an defining of importance cultural “the that explains He experiences” 79). 1976, Relph (from mediocre and for commonplace only possibilities intentional providing and lacking depth “‘flatscape[s]’, places inauthentic these calls (1969) Norberg-Schulz Christian fake.(Relph1976) or inauthentic be placeless when their visual character appears to we miss”(Clay 1980,14). between places are being wiped out, and “Differences these are what 24). 2005, (Zardini important” thus and appealing increasingly places specific renders world… connected contemporary In globally virtual, the society, of expansion “the 43). 1978, (Alexander and arrests the individualgrowth of character” styles life of variety all kills cities modern of character “the undifferentiated result, and homogenous a As 1985) the (Garnham around world. places to “sameness” exhibit they as place of sense no have to said often are places of types These 3.5) 3.3, location. (Figures their to relationship no anywhere have found and be could that loci genius etns a as b considered be also can Settings civ. ay f te utrl r sensorial or cultural the of to Many impossible achieve. almost is this way, unique every completely in is that place a develop (Figure 3.1) 1985) (Garnham place. sensory a within the experiences and place, cultural the the of environment, expressions natural the of place, it is to necessary understand the aspects and experiences. rituals, qualities, unique additional develop to seek further and them, celebrate and unique are that elements few the determine should to seek places Individual places. other similar to is it if even place the of loci genius the up make do that elements important the understand and to connect can place the in people that important is It placelessness. of problem greater a becomes there California, and Texas in city a from indistinguishable is region. larger Yet when a city in New England the of qualities unique the to connecting is it because situation positive a probably is This cities. England New other many to similar is therefore not a a problem New if England city quite be can similar to a nearby city place in the same region. It is one of characteristics lhuh t s t s fe a ol to goal a often is it is it Although hn tdig h gnu lc o a of loci genius the studying When [www.slowhome.com] Fig. 3.5-Anywhere, USA Fig. 3.4-Venice, Italy [photo by author] Fig. 3.7-Seattle Washington Fig. 3.6-Cuzco, Peru [http://thesunbreak.com] [photo by author] genius loci or spirit of a place, as the natural the as place, a of spirit or loci genius the on effect profound a have environment 3.1. NaturalElements nesadn o aue (bd, 8 He 28) (Ibid., nature. of man’sunderstanding of up sum or “modes that understanding” natural categories five He describes 50). (1979, departure” of point its as environment natural the to relationship the take should it basis: natural a have to ought place… man-made and of study a that but place suggests place, manmade natural from it differentiates of phenomena the (1972, 8). obliterate” or standardize to how out figured of Mount Rainier, which developers have not yet presence looming the is Massachusetts Saugus, in 1 Route like exactly looking from WashingtonSeattle, of parts keeps that thing only “the that argues Steele Fritz example, places.For of evencultures and character the shapes often what is environment natural the to reaction the and other, each from places is the element that can most easily differentiate present in our our surroundings. reading of It ever often is places certain in environment h eeet o h natural the of elements The hita NregShl discusses Norberg-Schulz Christian ecie tig, omc re, natural discussing When order, time. and light, character, cosmic things, describes world. natural Light is the seen as a symbol knowledge, of of understanding man’s in role seemto offerprotection. forms rocks in comparison to a place where the rock menacing craggily, of characters different the instance For cultures. different to meaning physicalcharacter place of often has particular the order, cosmic to Similarly stars. the like while sun, elements the cosmic to connect countries Nordic as such elements of order are connected deeply to the cosmic Egyptians cardinal the to connection points. He discusses how cultures such as the a or sky the through sun the of course the of recognition involves This place. natural of order cosmic “sacred.” (Ibid.,27) or meaningful place makea place,and natural a of “things” physical the up makes sky and earth, or topography, Even the as such trees. elements rivers, rocks, mountains, as such elements physical discusses he things, Light has always played in important important in played always has Light the discusses Norberg-Schulz Next

29 - Spirit of the Place - Natural Elements 30 - Spirit of the Place - Natural Elements and celebration. (Figure3.1) the natural landscape, and climatic connection to connections visual and must physical designer consider natural a place, the a understand of characteristics and to connect this fact. recognize can winter in Minnesota or island Caribbean a on plane a off walked ever has who Anybody place. a visiting when notices visitor a things first the of one climate be even may The place. a of loci genius the on climatic effect profound a have that place forget of features cannot one environment, them. (Ibid.,27-32) by impacted emotionally is and changes these notices Man year. a in change seasons way the to day,similarly the throughout changing constantly is light as time, with us connects also Light 3.6-7) (Figures place. the and of image character visual the to contribute and recognized be easily can differences these and Washington, Seattle, in light quite from is different Peru Cuzco, in light For the places.example, different in different quite are love,divinity. of Furthermore, light conditions n re t ecuae epe to people encourage to order In natural the of discussion the In eesr t cnet h stig o the to physically both setting place the of elements natural the connect to necessary 3.1.1. LandscapeConnection of a place, and recognize how these qualities these how recognize and place, a of qualities light natural the to connected be can people coverage, shadow building restricting policy through and space open creating By places allowto users.its to light direct struggle often dense extremely addition, these In in areas. property own to ability person’s a of regardless all by shared be should that elements natural to access have to public the enable Yetshould designers mega-structures. or railways, highways by pedestrians to off cut often are regions nature. natural to Furthermore, views ideal capture to forest or field a of edge the on located are or property since waterfront difficult prime own often often entities private is landscape the to connection Physical 3.8) (Figure place. a to them to enter into a forest that acts as an edge a riverfront or oceanfront, or perhaps enabling accomplished by allowing somebody to access be can This environment. natural the with contact make to able is person be a when made can connections Physical visually. and hn einn nw lcs i is it places, new designing When [www.150forestave.com] Fig. View 3.9- Street toOcean [http://z.about.com] Washington D.C. Fig. 3.8-Georgetown Waterfront [http://playingintraffic.files.wordpress.com] Washington D.C. BlossomFestivalFig. 3.10-Cherry r od, elns aufr, r forests. or or parks landscaped simple developing aquifers,Even wetlands, ponds, or lakes manmade new developing or wetlands, redeveloping of form the in come may This environment. natural the with connections visual and physical increase to developed or restored be can areas natural certain addition, policy.and management through protected In it” (2006,67). attachment to nevertheless develop a sense of may park a into venture rarely who People realm. public larger the to connection visual from nearby homes and streets helps establish explains that “enhancing parks the visibility of Ryan 3.9) (Figure location. natural unique its within place a embed and surroundings their to linkage people’s reinforce will but finding, way and orientation user in help only not can corridors view strong public of sites locating the at or spaces waterfront, a to views provide to streets orienting situations, other regions, this is luckily unavoidable. Though in designer. In many places such as mountainous a by developed be should connections visual throughoutthedaychange andyear. aua eeet sol as be also should elements Natural connections, physical to addition In oceans, rivers, and forests, connections should environment. gardens will increase connection to the natural Angangueo, Mexico. (Figure3.10) in butterfly monarch migrating the of arrival the Washingtonin D.C.,of celebration the or Festival Blossom Cherry the like celebrated, are elements these Sometimes feeders. bird installing simply by or areas conservation either in wildlife protecting and attracting or life plant native planting involve may This be made to local plants species and of animals. In addition to landscape elements like elements landscape to addition In

31 - Spirit of the Place - Natural Elements 32 - Spirit of the Place - Natural Elements us to disregard climate, we northerners must northerners we climate, disregard to us permits technology our if “even that Snow, and Ice Embracing Winterness: of Idea The world. Pressman Norman in explains in his essay the unique throughout places setting other to comparison a few the make of that one elements often is climate the Yet Mirko Zardiniexplainsthat: Though the climate. seek shelter from the extremes of heating and air conditioning has enabled us to 3.1.2. ClimaticConnection of a weatherlesssociety.a 104-5) (2005, of newspapers, we still live with the myth supplied by forecasts the internet, television, and weather up-to-the-minute with obsession our of spite In lives. on our all day-to-dayrepercussions of stripped experiences, aesthetic purely as except summer, the is and winter the weather…It we would likealmost as to if eliminate of consequences unexpected confrontations to with the more dramatic leads inevitably but as well as disagreeable situations and conditions, agreeable foster which us the of pleasure different of seasons, and our imagination not only deprives trying to eliminate it from urban reality or it, ignoring climate, the Forgetting of power the age, current our In lmns f or niomn i t have to is environment our if elements attempt to achieve with a the harmony natural h ha fo a eaie ult it an into quality negative a from heat the transform help can summer the celebrate that carnivals or festivals celebrations, winter to Similar 3.14) (Figure parks. local in pools or children playto fountains public encourage in may temperatures extreme climates, hot in or months summer in Similarly, 3.13) (Figure (Ibid.) Sweden. Jukkasjarvi, in opened hotel first ice the In1996, 3.11-2) annual (figure event. an become since has that Carnival Winter first its began City Quebec 1955, In carnivals. or festivals snow or of celebration the palaces, ice of construction the as such scale larger a on take also can Celebrations fort rink. ice outdoor enjoyingan or construction, snow or snowman in participating by climate cold the enjoy can people months, (Pressman from Zardini 2005, 133). In winter season” the “celebrate to ways find and it to attempt to subvert climate, but connect people Zardini 2005,133). (from are” we where know to place, climatic of sense a develop to are we if and meaning einr sol teeoe not therefore should Designers [http://travelingmamas.com] Fig. 3.12- Winter Carnival [http://www.2camels.com] Fig. 3.11-Winter Carnival - Quebec - Quebec Chicago, IL Fig. 3.14- Fountain atMilleniumPark [http://blog.pps.org] [http://www.studyinsweden.se] Fig. 3.13-IceHotel - Jukkasjarvi, Sweden- Jukkasjarvi, - celebrations also connect people with time,with as people connect also celebrations These place. the in ritual cultural important and events. activities different to relate seasons different eislc f genius the loci place of and can make it unique the to greatly contributes place a inhabit that 3.2. CulturalExpressions mn te lc. t s lo motn to important surveys, interviews, through also people the study is It place. the among immersion cultural and place, the of history the into research place, the of analysis visual through accomplished be can This 1985). Garnham 72, 2003, Larkham and Jiven from place.(Sharp,the 11 1946, of qualities unique the protect to change direct and place,” a of personality the up sum first must “planner A place, to the the livespeople who of live there. the of uses the to itself form built the from site, the on exist that expressions cultural the place. (Arefi 2009) a It is also important to understand of qualities unique the strengthen and place a in exists already what upon build can professionals place, the of assets existing many the and soul existing the studying By 116-117). (1981, growth” individual spurs or permits and space, and time in connection of and the its survival people,of culture increases a sense a of continuity the enhances good which is “settlement a world.that suggests the Lynch throughout places other from h epesd utr o h people the of culture expressed The

33 - Spirit of the Place - Cultural Expressions 34 - Spirit of the Place - Cultural Expressions o a etr nesadn o h cultural the theplace. (Figure3.1) expressions of of understanding better a for history throughout developed has it way the a place, broad and symbolism and meaning of the understand must designers Furthermore, place. a within found uses the and in engage people that activities the in manifested also city,is Culture the character. visual of distinct a form creating built the in expressed theplace. of loci genius and aspects unique the be to feel they what and value, they what understand greater to order in meetings and charrettes, h clue f te epe a be can people the of culture The amd pyia eeet lk te built the like elements physical manmade by impacted highly is but landscape, natural 3.2.1. Visual Character o iul hrce i te rhtcua style architectural the is character visual to space-defining elements” (Ibid.,10). the of substance and form concrete the other the comprehensive on and general atmosphere, a denotes it hand one the On “space”. than concept concrete more a and general more a is time same the at “‘Character’ 11) characterizing (Ibid., new interpretations” ever given been have forms spatial basic the history In boundary). (the elements space-defining the of treatment very possess concrete the to according characters maydifferent organizations spatial “similar that, explains Schulz Norberg place. the of elements concrete the at look detailed spatial a involves and knowledge and understanding influence that relationships simple beyond spatial moves Character 10-11). 1979, (Norberg-Schulz life-world” our everyday of phenomena concrete the in basis a investigationgives our and are, things howby determined is “Character place. a of form iul hrce i ipce b the by impacted is character Visual One of the most influential factors influential most the of One nvriyo Cincinnati University of Fig. 3.15-MainStreet [www.flickr.com]

College Park,College MD Maryland Fig. 3.16-University of [www.umd.edu] have an impact on visual character, as well as well as character, visual on impact an have buildings of form and different scale The characters. completely arrangements spatial identical twogive can whichbuildings, the of uh s adcpn, ing, n lighting aswell. thisgoal support and signage, landscaping, as such elements Physical Peter character. innovative this Gehry, create helped Mayne, Frank Thom and Eisenman, as such architects buildings designed by contemporary signature of range wide A 3.15) innovation.(Figure of character visual a create to attempted school the Cincinnati, of University the the At support place. can character visual the how understand to order in place the their for vision understand help to community local the with workshould designer A goals. these reinforce to design direct and places, their of characters visual the for goals varying have lighting, andlandscaping. a place, along of with site furnishings, signage, impacts the overallarticulated visual character and detailed are buildings In way the addition, building. masonry brick or concrete a than character visual different a exhibit will building steel and glass A materials. building Different communities or institutions or communities Different of Maryland in College Park, Maryland, Maryland, Park, College in Maryland of University the At place. the of tradition or history the in rooted is that character visual explains that: Tehrani Nader past. the of forms or styles the copying mean necessarily not does this but time, through evolved it as place the of history the display and celebrate to important using (2003, 78). historical It forms” is through elements of place of sense a “creating” practical planning and design to work towards of “tendency the criticize Larkham and Jiven environments. fake or inauthentic creating with triangular pediments. (Figure3.16) porticos colonnaded white with style architectural Georgian the in built also were buildings the of Many brick. red in built be new buildings on the campus were required to buildings, by these created character unified each traditional the fronting preserve to order In building. pediments triangular with porticos colonnaded white with brick red in built were and a style in architectural Georgian designed were buildings original the Some places hope to create a cohesive hs prah s fe ciiie for criticized often is approach This fa building is If allowed to have its own

35 - Spirit of the Place - Cultural Expressions 36 - Spirit of the Place - Cultural Expressions 5. ee Clhre icse a similar a discusses sentiment whenheexplains that: Calthorpe Peter 75). (2003, change” to loci genius expect would we Thus moving. by or ageing by whether change, individuals and change, aspirations and values change; communities But change. to constrain, and usually to minimize, physical is activity conservation much that of impact “the argue Larkham and Jiven city. the of contrasted to other time periods in the history and compared and future, the in read be can that time in point particular a in expression constructed which in essence fixes that cultural and designed was it which in period time the represent should building a that implies This otli. rdtos r rooted are Traditions important and but tradition nostalgia. fine between a difference is There one monolithic idea the of past. (2007) just of styles,instead and eras distinct many city’s the reflecting by of history sense larger a reinforce will Doing this design. and construction of methods new acknowledge must] city [A you. around fabric historical real the of meaning historical the destroy you style] [of mimicry and this pastiche to resort you When it. around buildings enhance only can it voice, can be argued that variety in architecture can architecture in variety that argued be can It achieve. to task difficult a be can diversity are indeed built at the same time, architectural the same timeframe. the Yetbuildings all of if in built and style same the of were buildings the of all if would it than architecture its of more interesting visual character due to muchthe diversity a have probably will place the addition, In buildings. the unified, of appearance the of a regardless character exhibit oriented still pedestrian will signage, schemes, and lighting furnishings, site similar with trees, street by lined street A achieved. be can character cohesive visual and unified a materials, of variety a of constructed are and periods,time varying from styles architectural utrl ad esnl principles. personal and cultural, while holding strong to certain formal, place and time with evolvesTradition being while circumstance. by modified constantly impulses timeless in vni pae aeadvrerneo places have a diverse of range Even if 23) (1995, adaptation. of skill old-time and an quality the in is difference The with style. suburbia color merely or principles meaningful and profound to tilt can town American traditional the in interest current The principles.inherent the without forms past of security the seeks Nostalgia [www.essential-architecture.com] Toronto, Canada Fig. StyleBuildings 3.17-International

New Caledonia Fig. 3.18-TjibaouCulturalCentre [http://commons.wikimedia.org] Fig. 3.19-BallardLibrary [www.greenroofs.com] - Seattle, WA

the place. This will ensure that a variety and variety a that ensure will This place. the for plan design urban overall the determines to design buildings even when a single designer architects of number a encouraging by come f bit otiuin o b a od vision bold a be or contributions built of framework broad styles many accommodate a to enough flexible ask, be plan Rowland the Jon “should and Moore Malcolm that: argues Peter place. Calthorpe the of designer the of goals overall the achieving still while can built found form in the place flexibility of eoal pbi pae. 19, 11) (1995, places. public memorable and legible of system placed strong a within when delightful be can framework it or urban sound built a if without chaotic be can eclecticism This so. remain will it hope I and quality – uneven an of and eclectic is architecture town, American the In “ordinary.” be to buildings more for square and in fact it may be important or street beautiful a of part are they if ordinary be Put can buildings simply, spaces. public their of quality the and order urban the as important as not is places these of architecture the that belief my is It function. can must be clarified before an architecture buildings and their interrelationships – of quality public the – design Urban time, then the plan should indeed be flexible be indeed should plan the then with time, adaptation and values diversity community architectural a If 12)? be (2005, should built” district a of part every how for problem, supporters of “critical regionalism” “critical of supporters problem, this to response In 3.17) (Figure world. the throughout places different many in buildings 20 mid and early the in popular became which architecture of Style International the with which they are constructed. This was the case in place the than trends architecture global havethat buildings create to connection more publications, it design is easy to in see how architects world can the around innovative from buildings of circulation the through and systems, products, and laborers materials,from around the world, building to access easy With buildings. looking similar have all they since same the looking world the throughout will only result different in places a number of trends design contemporary utilizing that risk a is there desirable, be may style to relation framework. design urban the fulfilling and to conforming still while expressions architectural design unique to architects individual for enough th Century, and resulted in similarly designed lhuh rhtcua vrey in variety architectural Although

37 - Spirit of the Place - Cultural Expressions 38 - Spirit of the Place - Cultural Expressions local building materials to encourage a unique a encourage to materials building local shipbuilding. (Figures3.18,19) of region’s history the references materiality and by Bohlin Cywinski Jackson,form whose roof in Seattle, and Washingtonthe Ballard Library styles, vernacular copying without customs building ancient upon draws which in Piano, Centre Renzo by Cultural designed New Caledonia Nouméa, Tjibaou the include examples Notable 21) (Ibid, methodologies. design and construction today’s to strategies site or methods, cooling and heating passive adapting, local materials and strategies such as but vernacular,” lost a the of forms revive hypothetical to attempts minded “simple to involve resorting not does this Again, places. other in buildings from them differentiating region, the in rooted remain can place a buildings of the strategies, design vernacular utilizing by and materials, building local with designing By 26). (Ibid, form” tectonic and light, climate, context, “topography, regional They and local to connection critical more 20). a seek 1983, (Frampton technique. same time having discreet recourse to universal the at while culture identity-giving “resistant, seek to develop architecture a that encourages An extreme example of working with working of example extreme An n h ct… e ae i soe including - stone in faced be city… the in “buildings all that required is it Jerusalem of city the In Israel. Jerusalem, in seen be can context its in rooted is that character visual Jon Rowland that: warn and Moore Malcolm character. visual unique develop to fail and same the look that places to urban design solutions can also produce many relation in trends design contemporary thecity’s ancient temples. of a material that was utilized in the construction the time buildings of construction, while using the at techniques and traditions the celebrate that applications and styles architectural of range wide a develop still can architects how illuminates also it city, the to unique is that character visual particular While a create does 3.20,1,2) this (Figures Library). (Jewish Virtual stations” gas and lavatories public u rte to atfl lo. Making look. tasteful, too rather but in regenerated towns having a common, result could consequences unintended of law The but similar. remarkably well look work that places produce perversely could toolkit design urban the of based interpretation literal too a solutions on problems, similar from suffer areas urban many While utilizing of problem similar A Jerusalem, Israel Figs. 3.20,21,22-Jerusalem Stone, [photo by author] [photo by author] [photo by author] about traditional neighborhood development neighborhood traditional about discussion misinterpret often unfortunately of uses to promote walkability and mixingactivity. They aesthetically the and and realm, public defined attractive a form, urban legible a of creation the on focus instead but points the of all the outlined New in Urbanism, the Charter of follow actually not do Urbanism New of name the under working designers Many strategies. same the using designed places other many to similar feels charter, only to develop their a place that looks and in outlined as Urbanism New the for design urban strategies like those described by the Congress successful often and simple follow who designers by today seen is trend This places. special and unique truly produce functional design enough is to often not good taking risks. They may have to force to have may They risks. taking designers entail may specialness experience their to visit to want will and to live in because they feel they belong distinctive places that people will want protein to grow character. (2005, 15) (2005, character. grow to protein of injections an bite; more it give to something with up beefed be to need may solution design low-fat familiar too The safe. play to not themselves or ad oln sget that suggest Rowland and Moore pastiche thatisoftencriticized. styles, of character visual inauthentic architectural an in resulting traditional include to uhni cmuiy (bd) Yt ay f of many Yet (Ibid.). community” authentic an to essential bonds civic and personal the strengthening interaction, daily into incomes and races, ages, diverse types of people housing “bring to of range a and community interaction, facilitate of to development spaces the communal charrettes, of the form in involvement community including later covered be will that issues the of some In discuss they place, (Ibid.). to attachment to relation style” transcends issue This surroundings. their to linked seamlessly be should projects architectural “Individual and climate, practice,” building local and history, from topography, grow should landscape and design “Architecture that state to continues charter The 2006). Urbanism New precedents,the and boundaries” (Congress of patterns, historical respect should cities and towns of redevelopment “The and development that states charter the example, For include the place, and develop of attachment to place. spirit to the with work to completely how on suggestions fails charter the t ol b ufi t cam that claim to unfair be would It

39 - Spirit of the Place - Cultural Expressions 40 - Spirit of the Place - Cultural Expressions and development” (Steele1981,8). variety, their own history surprise, or traces of ‘efficient’ settings“homogenized that have no is place being designed. This the will help designers avoid which in location the and people for appropriate decisions design risky sometimes and additional with supplemented be to need that design physical effective for framework basic a only are strategies these that understand to In need designers addition, development. community and design meaningful and specific place of standards country, they our must continue to in push for higher problems many so caused have that developmentpatterns sprawlingsuburban the avoid to developers and designers convince to simply struggle they beyond While look form. urban that place to attachment an promote to ways more include and place the of spirit the address upon that expand suggestions their and stress further to needs existing place andpeople. the to relation little and visual character same the with projects of number a in resulting Urbanism New of name the in projects develop who designers by ignored and overlooked often are suggestions these The Congress of the New Urbanism New the of Congress The Uses 3.2.2. CulturalActivities & o rdc al f te utrl ciiis f a of activities cultural the of all predict to possible not is it While activities. these for accommodate to ways consider they must for, then designing are they people the to important are that activities cultural the of arts. the in interest shared a have sustainability,or they value? a Maybeplace valuethe people of institutions what and people the to important rituals or beliefs are understand what types of family.and also mustfriends designer with A cookout a having or park, a in dog a walking bar, a in game football a watching as simple as something or festivals, or parades as such partake in? These activities can refer to events fun, and what types rituals of or events do they for do to like place a of people the do What 3.20-3.22) (Figures place. the of spirit the to in these cultural activities and their connection differences the see can they world, travelsthe people individual an As the place. the within in that engage activities cultural the are Much of what makes a place unique place a makes what of Much hn dsge dtrie some determines designer a When Figs. 3.23-27-CulturalActivities [http://ngishili.com] [www.flickr.com] [www.dallasnews.com] [www.news-journal.com] [www.trojanwire.com] a place do not all share the same culture, by culture, same the share all not of do place a people the since especially community of these decisions through inclusionary inclusionary through techniques thatwillbediscussedlater. decisions these of making the in included be should therefore the people. Peoplethe interests and values of match that uses and institutions include help also can decisions Programming festivals. and events cultural develops that policy management and through achieved be can but designer the of hands the of out maybe This place. or culture their of part particular a to connection peoples strengthen to order in uses and activities cultural encourage to ways find to important also is It uses. of variety a outdoor spaces, it is possible to accommodate and indoor adaptable and flexible developing neet yblss ht mat h spirit the impact that symbolisms inherent or meanings deep specific have places many 3.2.3. SymbolismandMeaning changing. “The designer needs to leave pegs leave to needs designer “The changing. constantly are meanings those and citizens, their to things different of number a mean places that understood be must it But later. via discussed be will that techniques inclusionary community the with working through meanings these ascertain only can designer A diversity. and equity about is it maybe or area, struggling a of growth future of goals or past the of memories to related is meaning and attempt become to fulfill thesegoals. Perhaps a to place’s trying is or represents the city what understand and try to designer a for valuable is it everyone, for different and personal are places to related meanings the of many and meaning, unique and distinct andsustainability.growth smart for symbol a are Portland like Cities 3.28-9) (Figures center. financial the is City York New while country our to government Washington of center example, the as seen be Forcan whole a D.Cas place. the of eod utrl ciiis n uses, and activities cultural Beyond huh o eey iy a sc a such has city every not Though

41 - Spirit of the Place - Cultural Expressions 42 - Spirit of the Place - Cultural Expressions 17). 2007, (Fleming time” own their for meaning the reinterpret and regenerate can generation each that so on hang to imagination the for Development and 3.2.4. History the new design. The more difficult question is in decisions inform help can information the the designer must then decide whether any of thattookplaceinthearea? the majorchanges of some or eventsmajor the occurred that of some were What site? the of uses previous the were What area. surrounding the and site important that they research the the history of is it site, a on intervention an makes designer a Before celebrated. perhaps and understood be should that history and heritage, a have place.communitiesexisting within sites Most a of development the throughout expressed occurred is history place’s developmentits that through changes the and a of Much unique due to the rich its history of precursors. are places Many 56-57). 1966, (Conzen area” occupancy inbut also that its present of precursors in the at society the of aspirations and the work only not its character reflects commonly which conditioned loci, history genius and specific culture its acquires … “In the course of time the landscape the time of course the “In After thorough research and analysis, and research thorough After Fig. 3.30-CopleySquare Fig. 3.29- Wall Street Fig. 3.28-Washington D.C. [photo by author] [http://i.pbase.com] [http://uppitynegronetwork.files.wordpress.com] - NewYork City - Boston,MA [photo by author] Fig. 3.32 - Highline Fig. 3.31-Faneuil Hall [http://ezguides.today.com] -NewYork City -Boston,MA ct] y h ps” Sadn 14, from 3 and JivenCelebrating 72). 2003, Larkham and 1945, (Spalding past” the by [city] our upon conferred character essential the ignored we improvement, for zeal our in if, disastrous be would “It location. particular a particular around development the organizing inor areas, spaces public creating them, to views allowing by hierarchy given be can locations or landmarks key Perhaps element. as something project a or project the of name the as simple through institutions, or or reenactments, installments that educational monuments, events through place, the or in occurred groups, people, historic celebrate to way a be may There railway. or street a of extents or building a of footprint simple as a ground treatment as indicating the something old through be to used streets or structures historic where indicate street or pattern, historic a recreate could designer A use. different a for it repurpose or structure a reuse also could They display. on ruins its place or structure historic a restore to choose happened there” (2007, 14). The designer may what and there is what of interaction the also but there, was what merely not is “place that argues Flemming Ronald decisions. design inform to information historic utilize to how to a newly created development. Fritz Steele Fritz development. created newly a to meaning and interest of layer additional an add to opportunity an is project new a into place a of elements historical incorporating been like” intheplace. (Steele1981,131) havewould life what [of] “fantasies triggers it to the richness and a changingplace as soul of but learning about it and showing history adds them, to nothing mean may it and place, the not have personally experienced the history of may People artifacts. urban of preservation the through celebrated be can and people, the of aspirations and struggles the represent can change of process This 1994) (Jackson place. took that development the of evidence through the visual its own history museum of a into place the turns and time” of sense “a people gives It time area. an in development and of understanding greater can a it reinforce buildings, new including only than rather periods time of range a from buildings 158). past eras that a mixed-period city does” (1981, but it does not spark the fantasies about life in identity,strong a has Brasilia as such city new not are totally history A place. of spirit strong a to essential of “traces that explains If a place is able to incorporate incorporate to able is place a If

43 - Spirit of the Place - Sensory Experiences [http://elizabethskitchen.files.wordpress.com]

44 - Spirit of the Place - Sensory Experiences on, ml tuh n tse ta mks it makes that taste) and touch smell sound, (sight, knowing of ways all on assault same very place’s is it researcher, the for meanings possible of overload an provide does place as culturalexpressions. well as climate, and surroundings natural the as such elements to connected often are they that in place to tied are experiences Sensory city. the to connection sensorial complete a to referring is Pallasmaa 40). (1995, me” in dwells city the and city the in dwell I other. eachdefine and supplement mybody and city The experience. embodied my through exists city the and city the in myself experience “I that states PallasmaaJuhani 23). (Ibid., place” a in have various can one the that experiences sensory all “embraces character that understood been has It 22). (Ibid., realm” sensorial a experience extending beyond the purely visual in interest renewed this shares architecture contemporary of “Much 2005) (Zardini behavior. and perception human on impact their further and experiences to sensory order study in shifted have sciences Experiences 3.3. Sensory ooe Hye sget ta “f “if that suggests Hayden Dolores social and human years, recent In of eating foods in a particular place, whether place, particular a in foods eating of experiences own our to think to possible is It 18). (1995, another” in ties strand one where weave a as memory, of source a as powerful and experience withtheplace. connection bodily richer and deeper a enjoy recognize unique a qualities place,of or simply can people so interventions, architectural and consider all senses when designing new places the positiveplace. image of It is important to and experience, place positive more a to lead will not, or unique experiences, sensory rich Providing place. a to unique completely be experiences these that necessary not is it loci, genius identifiable and unique a to contribute experiences sensory unique While place. the in us embed similarly Miami in skin our on cold the snow in Minnesota and the as sunshine touch of loci, genius and identity its of part important is Orleans New of jazz street the addition, In place. that experiencing of elements important all are these Francisco,as San Townin China or Boston in End North the of smell the remember can Similarly,one immediately can our conjure experience memories in of Maine. else somewhere eating instances,lobster other In Rome. in pasta or Brooklyn, in pizza Maine, in lobster is it Fig. RIChowder Cook-off 3.35-Newport [http://www.thelaststandseasonalmarket.com] Fig. DeepDishPizza 3.34- Chicago Fig. Chili 3.33-CincinnatiSkyline [http://www.cvent.com] [http://lbjsbrownbag.com] [Photo by author] Fig. 3.37 - FindlayMarket [http://lh3.ggpht.com] Fig. 3.36-QuincyMarket -Cincinnati,OH -Boston,MA s ihy matd y t aoa Designers aroma. its by impacted highly is something of taste the as connected, often 3.3.1. Taste &Smell r salsig pn i mres a also can markets air open establishing or local facilitating restaurant ownership. by accomplished be can which place, a of demographics local the of 3.33-4) Perhaps the food in the area is a result chowder, or deep Chicago dish pizza. (Figures clam England New chili, Cincinnati to similar area, the to dish signature a of development the or ingredients, seasonal and local of use the the through accomplished be can in This place. rooted is or unique, way drink some and in food is the if result will place of the loci genius the to connection deeper A served. are that drinks and foods the through smell and taste of senses our to connect will uses dining including that think to obvious is It design. physical and than events rather programs, of management the and a place of elements the of program the through accomplished is this of Much designs. their in them include to attempt and senses, theses to connect to ways consider must places of Taste and smell are two senses that are Allowing food vendors on the streets the vendorson food Allowing adn cn ute cnet epe o their to people connect further can gardens Urban experiences. smell and taste develop hn Nihoho i Cnint, Ohio, Cincinnati, in Neighborhood Rhine Over-the- the in Market Findlay is example better a Perhaps impact loci. market’s genius the on negative a have which place the in experiences sensorial unique the diminishing chains, food fast more included has market chowder. clam (Figure 3.36) Yet over the years, the and fish, rolls, lobster clams, oysters, raw as such England New associate and Boston often with people that foods local numberof a sample can and of aromas variety enticing a Boston, enjoy visitors in Massachusetts, Marketplace Hall Faneuil the from flowers orotherlandscapingelements. smells natural through impacted pleasantly be also can smell Off. of sense Our Cook 3.35) (Figure Chowder Great Island Rhode Newport, annual the is example One dish. signature local a of cook-offs or restaurants, local showcase that events festivals, food in celebrated be further can food Local place. a of success the for responsibility of feeling a food source as well as fostering community and t uny akt as kon as known also Market, Quincy At

45 - Spirit of the Place - Sensory Experiences 46 - Spirit of the Place - Sensory Experiences experience. pleasant and memorable a market the visiting make help that sensations smell and taste of variety rich a has market Findlay the Market, Quincy Like 3.37) (Figure establishments. food fast than rather vendors local by owned which provides a locally wide foods,variety of all around us, much in the form of general general of form the in much us, around all soundsthat occur the diversity of unaware of 3.3.2. Hearing ae faue, tet uiin, r even or musicians, street features, Water it through elements like trees or other dividers. distancing open space from by traffic or buffering be accomplished can This noise. traffic as such noise ambient control to beneficial is it activity, urban intense from refuge a seek often people where parks or space open of design the in Specifically noise. ambient this in dealing with sound should designer be in the the control of of role the of Much cities. activity, human busy many in similar often of are that elements sound the and traffic, wind, of noise ambient including factors, of number a by impacted are soundmarks These (Ibid.). essential unique” it rendering its character define they landmarks, “Like soundmarks. calls (1993) Schaefer to what form combine sounds pleasant and more accepted other with combined noise this But 163). 2005 Zirdini (from place” wrong the in sound wrong the is Noise any sound. undesired is Noise sound… unwanted is “noise that explains (1993) Schaefer Murray noise. In an urban context, people are often are people context, urban an In [www.nybeyondsight.org] Fig. 3.38-Paley Park Fig. 3.40-Power Plant Live [www.image3.examiner.com] Fig. Musician Street 3.39- NewOrleans [http://images.lightstalkers.org] -NewYork City -Baltimore, MD s [http://billboard.blogs.com] Fig. 3.41-CopleySquare -Boston,MA n ae Pr i Nw ok iy a waterfall a City, York New in Park Paley In 1980) (Whyte noise. street unpleasant often overpowerthe can that sounds pleasant more provide will playgrounds on playing children both indoor and outdoor music performances. Baltimore, Maryland, which attracts crowds for the Poweris example 3.39) One Plant Live in contribute to a richer place experience. (Figure can theatres in performances scale larger bars, or and restaurants within performers, performances street performances, outdoor through music of presence The place. a of identity and character the to contributors key often are bands Local homebred or “scenes” music music. through is hearing of sense our to connection obvious Another present. not are elements these where heard won’tbe that sound distinct very a leavesproduces dry or snow on feet our of sound the The ground. with contact our by impacted also are Soundscapes sounds. unique these impact further can designer wildlife,a attract to areas natural including By wildlife. other and birds nature,likefrom local sounds through unique noise. (Figure3.38) small urban park, and buffer users from street the for sound pleasant a create helps feature n wy onsae ae made are soundscapes way One n otn Msahsts fe cnet are concerts free Massachusetts, Boston, in bars. and Similarly, in summer months in Copley Square restaurants with supported also is district entertainment The 3.40) (Figure place. a in soundmarks richer develop to possible is musicians,it street of presence the for allows and events performance facilitates that policy and management through and performances, music for places programming and designing By 3.41) (Figure stage. temporary a on held

47 - Spirit of the Place - Sensory Experiences 48 - Spirit of the Place - Sensory Experiences the building. to body the of connection pleasant a provide not would example, for wall, cold, concrete blank massive, a along the Walking of individual. scale the at and pleasant be should interaction This building. a with contact into comes body the where of texture and material consideration our through this experience enhance can Designers surface building. a level of ground the with interaction our to handrail, or handle door a touching of experiences tactile from buildings, interact with bodies people’s ways the consider must Designers place. a of elements physical the and bodies our between interaction the sensorial connection to touch also comes from our Yet section. later a in discussed be will which conditions, climatic natural to in relation comfort provide that spaces develop to already been discussed, but it is also necessary has place the the of to conditions climatic unique people connecting of importance The precipitation. and wind, cold, heat, as such conditions natural with interaction her or his to relates city the in touch of sense a 3.3.3. Touch uh f a esns oncin to connection person’s a of Much interaction with other physical elements in a in elements physical other with interaction bodies andaplace. in the connection and experience between our role important an play but trivial, seem details may small These or grass, gravel. on across sitting walking water, of pool a into foot her or his dipping simply by experience tactile pleasant feel also can person A 3.42) (Figure ground. the of out up fold to seem that options seating configured ergonomically wooden of variety a developed who Silvetti, and Machado Graduate by designed University Housing Student Harvard the is at This seen design. through ergonomic touch and materials the to pleasant be should elements These rest. to bodies tired enable benches,as such accommodations Site place. einr ms as cnie our consider also must Designers Fig. 3.43 - BenchesattheHighLine [http://mslk.com] [photo by author] Fig. studenthousing 3.42-Harvard -NYC Fig. 3.43- BenchesattheHighLine -NYC Fig. atFaneuil Hall performer 3.44-Street [www.mediabistro.com] [http://cache.boston.com] i.34 olwo ako FameFig. 3.45 - Hollywood Walk of movement throughout a space provides ever provides space a throughout This movement corner. wonder the around to await views observer what the encouraging by space a throughout movement encourages closure Developing (Ibid.). movement” of articulation the lackingrather is closure whilst here the progression sense and not of continuity is is vista…for a “closure of closing the mean that to intended explains He progression” (106). of sense the retaining whilst amounts coherent and digestible visually into etc.)passages, (streets, system town linear the of up cutting the is “closure that explains He space. amongst progression and movement our through interest visual provides which closure, Cullen (1961) explains the concept of Gordon views. or scenes urban picturesque from or innovative and interesting form, built intellect from come can delight Visual emotions. our and stimulating by experiences place a our within on impact important have an they that question no is there places, of qualities picturesque the considering only for visual. criticized the often are by designers dominated Although are city the in 3.3.4. Visual Delight uh f or esra experiences sensorial our of Much fspace. of articulations and experiences visual changing the place. our experiences in place and our the memories of of image our to integral are and minds our environments.in imprinted become scenes visual These visual picturesque develop as to ways new with of thinking constantly are comfortable they most that are realm designers the is 3.46) delight visual (Figure Providing treatments. addition landscaping in to signage, and interesting furnishings, installations, site art consider also should Designers activities. and these for encourage allow policies management that necessary is it but occur, to for activities these places functional and pleasant must include Designers 3.44-5) (Figures exhibits. or performances street as such displays and performances activities, through stimulated n cn lo eoe visually become also can One

49 - Spirit of the Place - Sensory Experiences 50 - Attachment to the Place Fig. 4.1-Attachment tothePlaceElements 4. AttachmenttothePlace [image byauthor] [image Places that match and Place to yourself be serve your interestsserve Feeling that aplace represents you and Personal Meaning your culture, ideas, Personal Identity and beliefs A subjective perceptionA subjective attachment ofandpersonal to aplace experiences. basedonpersonal Triggering apositive Triggering apositive Developing positive memory hadinthe memory memories witha memories memory hadin memory another place Memory place place Personal Satisfaction Feeling that you had Feeling that you can Understanding what effect changeinthe effect belong inaplacebelong or have arightto be ownership ofyour a part inaplaces a part have ina astake Feeling that you Feeling that you occurs inaplaceoccurs places success Control & Power Feeling of creation place there place Feeling that you can new experiences in grow andimprove Supportive PeopleSupportive opportunities and opportunities development and Understanding of Supportive Supportive Supportive Supportive Conditions Resources Growth Economic in aplace a place jobs Education the about uses, activities, and Stimulation from Visual stimulation Visual Stimulation Stimulation from Intellectual Intellectual institutions people place Attachment to thePlace Social Satisfaction Social shared goals, values, Spaces that facilitate Working together to human interactions Living nearfriends Other PeopleOther like Community and experiences and meanings Interaction Celebration of Knowing yourKnowing improve place you inaplace Neighbors everybody to enjoyeverybody Diversity ofPeople Diversity ofuses- Accommodation & Diversity Something forSomething Equity Economic Success use, activities, and Ease ofaccess and Appropriate land Visual activity and activity Visual Permanance and Activity and Activity Feeling place is Sustainability successful or improving circulation function vibrancy Comfort &Image Eyes onthestreet and trusting them Knowing PeopleKnowing Police Presence Traffic Patterns Secure Space Safety vandalism, andlitter Management, repair, Limited Vacancies, Sense that placeSense is and upkeep Care cared for Comfortable Human scale and Human scale Accomodations Natural Comfort Spaces Visual Delight Visual proportion Enclosure Privacy esnl oncin o place a based onpersonalexperiences to connection and personal of perception subjective A 4. Attachmenttotheplace: or bedroom, or perhaps a vacation spot that spot vacation a perhaps or bedroom, or to places such as their childhood town, house, 1981) This is why people feel such attachment (Steele place. the with interaction person’s a from comes but itself, setting physical the by the designer andbeyond theircontrol. of realm the of out is a much and place, to attachment personal of development the in factor a only are their interventions physical that understand also develop. must to Designers time take rather but happen instantly cannot connections personal and attachment that understand to necessary it is place, the experience who people the to meaningful instantly are that developments new create to strive designers way.Although meaningful a in it to connect people makes that place the of perception subjective a and place a to attachment personal a ultimately is it place, of sense a of development the to important is settings legible and discernable, Personal attachment cannot be created unique, developmentthe of Although Jackson elaborateswhenhesays: further 15). (1994, custom” or habit of result the is It time. of course the in create ourselves we states that “A place is something that sense of J.B.Jackson 16). 2007, there”(Fleming dwell who’speople the to memories unimportant is about the these design places,of but “no place special particularly anything not is probably There memories. positive many so brought on a shared experience. (Ibid., 158-9) (Ibid., experience. shared a on fellowship repetition, based a sense of ritual a environment, familiar the of with a sense place: of a lively awareness these of have those qualities I associate and certain family celebrations. For fair, all country a game, rivalry football traditional a tent, a in revivalservice a commencement, as events nonarchitectural and places nonpolitical, such are mind to come What celebrations. patriotic the monuments, the public square, the be rarely will and answer events the its and town home the clearly remembers and cherishes about the of most she or he what generation older American average the Ask

51 - Attachment to the Place 52 - Attachment to the Place a tourist who visits a place for a day, can and day,can a for place a visits who tourist a like person, a While 4.2) (Figure 1047). 2008, Freeman and (Semken place” a for sacrifices involvementmakeplace,to willingness a to in place, the of goals with identifying to place, a attachment place, a to belonging place, a in being sense of knowledge through (no place), of obliviousness from extending attachment place of scale ordinal 7-point a ever an proposed (1991) “Shamai place feeling. changing a to attachment making personal experience, and memory, time, by heavily impacted is who and setting, a experiences person every for different is place to term place experiencewithinaplace. long positive a of element most important the is attachment place strong a that suggest statements Jackson’s Furthermore, place. a to attachment an a develop to for person necessary completely not is place spirit strong of a Yet place. a to attachment person’s a term to long greatly and contribute can experiences, place of term development short the positive to important is it place as the of spirit the of development the neglecting for justification a as understood Perception of a place and attachment and place a of Perception be not should statement Jackson’s life will develop a stronger attachment to the to attachment stronger a develop will life somebody who has lived in a place their entire there, experience singular a from place a of perception a develop and meaning gain will eln o ofr wt te lc. (Figure 4.1) place. the with comfort of feeling and image mental positive a and place, a with satisfaction social place, a with satisfaction personal a through impacted positively is place to attachment personal of development place. u preto o pae ad the and place, a of perception Our [image byauthor] [image Shamai (1991) PlaceAttachment Fig. 4.2-Levels of Sacrifices for Sacrifices aPlace 7. toWillingness make 6. Involvement inaPlace goalsoftheplace 5. Identifying withthe 4. Attachment to aPlace 3. to Belonging aPlace inaPlace 2. ofBeing Knowledge 1. Obliviousness (Shamai 1991) Attachment Levels ofPlace

Time Experiences Memory Relationships Opportunity Use & Activity Triumph & Failure Growth Institutions Meaning Familiarity

Image - Heritage [image byauthor] [image Fig. 4.3-Identity Place into Reflected Personal Identity Personal onto Reflected Place Identity place, a person must feel personally satisfied a personally feel must person to a place, attachment personal and perception 4.1. Personal Satisfaction osdr o te cn otiue o the to thesefeelings. contribute development of can they how consider must they feelings, these create alone cannot designers Although 4.1) (Figure stimulation. control and power, of growth, and intellectual feeling identity,a memories,personal positive satisfaction with a place, including a feeling of personal to There contribute that place. factors many a are in position her or his with n re t dvlp positive a develop to order In o h caatr r dniy f a lc were place a of identity or character the to genius loci, the many attributes that contribute 4.1.1. Personal Identity baseball team’s hat to show others where his where others show to hat team’s baseball local a wears proudly somebody when seen is This place. the in pride through manifest and identity personal somebody’s into reflect culture, ideas, and beliefs. can The place itself your and you represents place a that feeling (1979, 152). place” than more simply important a sense of is place a in self of sense The environment. outletexpressioninthe for physical necessary for identity is a basic human need which has a the fact that the need be much more aware of should designers and planners “physical that suggests Appleyard Donald 45). 1976, Relph the of city or landscape.” (Nairn 1965, 78 from beholder as much as in the physical appearance the experience, eye, mind, and the intention of in is identity for people, are there as place of (Relph 1976 45). “There are as many identities place” that with has group or person a that identity the also but important, is that place a of identity the just not is “it Yet discussed. n h peiu dsuso o the of discussion previous the In eln fpersonal identity involves A feeling of

53 - Attachment to the Place - Personal Satisfaction 54 - Attachment to the Place - Personal Satisfaction (2004, 7) express themselves and create their own place. to opportunity an have should they too,”and place their is “this argues, Cresswell place, a in occurrence negative a often as people graffiti perceive While 36). 1986, (Moudon and nonconformity social be unrest” a sign of are “Alterations can they because cases some in discouraged setting. the of area an graffiti to teenagers orher permitting to his balcony, on allowing flowers simple plant as to be somebody can This place. a personalize to them allowing by identity their express to physical people enable can designers non ways, in expressed and personal is person wears. a clothes the through or name their with wall a on graffiti paints somebody when seen is as personal identity can be reflected onto a place, somebody’s example, For 45). 1976, Relph from 102 (1959, of others” kind with some characteristic of sharing persistent a and oneself… within sameness persistent a both identity…connotes term “the that explains Erikson Erik 4.3) (Figure lie. loyalties her or esnl dniy lo oe from comes also identity Personal identity of feeling a of much While that can adjust to suit the needs of a diverse a of needs the suit to adjust can that facilitated spaces adaptable be developmentthe through of can This interests. person’s a serves and matches place a that feeling a by providing more uses there is a greater greater a where place a find will people that probability is there uses more providing groups, by interest different into stereotyped be not should people Although people. of by range wide a for uses facilitated diversityof a providing be to can place This a themselves. have be they feel they if identity floor configurations. (Figures4.5,4.6) flat and thrust proscenium, with exhibitions, and performances outdoor and indoor both including configurations, and uses different of number a accommodate easily ground could floor its so designed was Rex/OMA by designed theatre, Wyly The 4.4) (Figure for. design limits the types activitiesof it can its be sitting, used quiet and strolling for used be can by and beautiful, quite is designed Associates, Hargreaves Cincinnati, of University the at Green Campus the While uses. of range wide a serve to is it if activity to limiting or programmed over be not should particular in space open Public form. and use both in people. group of A place should be adjustable epe il lo eeo personal develop also will People [www.uc.edu] Fig. CincinnatiCampus 4.4-Univ. of [www.archdaily.com] Fig. Theatre 4.5,4.6 -Wyly [www.coolermag.com] London, England Fig. 4.7-SouthBankSkatepark - motn ato theiridentity. of part important attachedto,an so is have and they grown that area banded to together fight to save the place the from people park, the close to threatened city the When intruding. are they like feeling able to observe the activity in the park without are Onlookers as space. performance and such cafes uses other of riverfront variety a London to adjacent the on located is park The park. the of surfaces and walls the on graffiti through place the onto identity own their project even and needs their suit to it the park are able to adjust interests. Users of their share who people with themselves be can they (Figure where place a is park skate identity. The 4.7) their with connects Skate Park Southbank the that find youth areas home. own their of privacy the in themselves be to suchwill providehousing as people placesfor beliefs and interests. Providing personal space different have place a a in people if of majority even beliefs, and interests their share who others with connect to people allowing well, as important are associations and Clubs place. a in activities can and people and the to themselvesrelate be can they feel they n odn Egad mn o the of many England, London, In work reasons may have hostile feelings about feelings hostile have may reasons work for place a in temporarily is who Somebody designer. the of control the beyond typically 1981) (Steele life. entire their for there lived have they if even place a with identify cannot she who feels trapped in a place will feel that he or developing identity with the place. A teenager time easier much a have will home place the calls who Somebody impossible. nearly place the with identity of feeling a making place, a paes esnl enn is meaning personal place’s A

55 - Attachment to the Place - Personal Satisfaction 56 - Attachment to the Place - Personal Satisfaction encourage longer periods of involvement a in of periods longer encourage to order in units rental providing only than should include owner-occupied housing rather place a that suggests This (Ibid.) city. the in past” own “one’s must and past” one “city’s the know place a know to order short in a visit,” with place a of qualities visual the explains that while “it is possible to appreciate He 65). 1975, (Tuan involvement” deep and residence long requires well place a Toknow passing. in acquired that rarely is argues place of Tuan “sense Yi-Fu time. of the passing with place a with memories additional develop they as people to meaningful more become will Places 161). (1994, ” itself place the than significant more becomes event the result a as and others, with share we which and remember or to forward look we which event, occurrence some seasonal or weekly with or daily some as space designed a or monument a or architecture with much so not place of sense a associates still American average the that believe to inclined “I’m states that Jackson place. of a memories within our experiences from comes place a to 4.1.2. Memory uh f or esnl attachment personal our of Much aes f mmre, o ht t vks many evokes it that so memories, of layers place. “The setting grows richer with successive discussed in greater detail in alatersection. discussed in greater be will concepts These place. a in occur that place as well as through the activities and uses a in people with interaction social through memories positive develop also will People long term opportunities for memories to occur. provide not will place failed a for sustainable, 8). the curve is steepest in the first 4 years” (Ibid., and immediately almost neighborhoods their to attached becoming start people but time, their neighborhoods. miss Sentiment increases with to likely more be would and attached more feel longer area the in lived have who “residents that explaining by clarify The authors 10). (1995, residence” of year fourth the by established well is neighborhood to “attachment al., et Harlan Sharon by study a to According place? a to attachment strong a develop to take it does long how Yet 116). 1981, (Steele history” short a only which had one with setting “richer” objectively could an than associations and feelings more pae ut lo e economically be also must place A eois ht r hl b te epe who people the by held are that memories was between line fine a redeveloped.is There it before setting the in experienced memory gaps incontinuity.gaps Cresswell explainsthat: any without city the of progression historical the of reading a develop to and before came who people the of memories the future of residents and some current remind in to order manifest in way should but erased, or destroyedcompletely be not history,should it places a in element painful a is there if Even the place and memory of should be respected. those moments the represent symbolic shared person’s birth, a before occurred that history places a of events experienced people have not may many While previously. discussed was that place a of development and history the and past, their in place a with interacted lcs a as tigr positive a trigger also can Places hog te rdcin f places… of production the through is constituted are memories which ways in primary the this of One for that. and standing as promoted memories Other are support. of any kind given not are – are fade to memories allowed Some social. also is things and forget others. But memory some remember we – thing personal a be to appears Memory inevitably intertwined. are… memory and Place o pol cn e otne o subsidized or continued be can people for memories provide that place a uses in events Important or place. the in experiences past of memories unique individual their of reminded be will they past, their of shared element a with interact people of number a As development. and history to relation in discussed were that ways many the in event or artifact particular a address to choose may theentirecommunity. values of the representing as taken mistakenly not are individual one of values and memories the so studied be should people Enough design. new the in addressed be can memory while bad a considered, been have not may that idea design a illuminate an help to can individual unique is that memory or narrative singular a hearing by Even later. discussed be will that techniques inclusionary through be may community the of memories shared and personal the what understand to designer As a result of this analysis,this designer a of result a As a for important is it result, a As a pbi mmr. 20, 85) (2004, memory. public as – landscape the in inscribed instead is and to processes mental abandoned of vagaries the not is memory that means place a of materiality very The

57 - Attachment to the Place - Personal Satisfaction 58 - Attachment to the Place - Personal Satisfaction (1981, 130). Steele explains that “our currently setting” a of “qualities the of result a as place another in had memories positive trigger also a landmarktothearea.(Figure 4.10) as acts that smokestack old an preserved also project and sitting area. (Figure 4.9) The stage watertowerold a an as landmark repurposing and space, retail for buildings warehouse old the memory the of site by restoring and reusing addition, the mixed use development relates to train tracks at the previous tobacco factory. In the along goods movementof the of symbol a as seen be can water the of movement The 4.8) (Figure prior. years existed train that for tracks metaphor a as acts feature water a space, open communal a of center the In ways. different of number a in addressed are Durham, North Carolina, history and memory thepoetandstoryteller. “ and theartisan, folklorist the historian, the and artist the of energies the combine can imagination, the in “recovering… memories, and recharging them that explains Fleming installation. art an for inspiration the become also can Memories measures. policy and management through rt Sel epan ta pae can places that explains Steele Fritz in Campus Tobacco American the In f ps mmre icess h complexity the increases memories past of addition The images. and thoughts, feelings, that memories past trigger and associations of cues by enhanced be can settings experienced the place. of spirit the of authenticity and uniqueness the reduce but memories, and experiences Venice.positivein mayresult attempts These or Paris like places of images evoke to made are Vegasattempts Las where in seen often is place. to connect the user to a particular This attempting is designer the unless designer the past is for the most part, beyond the control of different places they have experienced in their of memories to person a Connecting (Ibid.). variedcombinations” and new in feelings and images experience to us allowing point, single a worldbeyond the “expand memories These life.person’s a in time another at performed activities through or smells, certain or food like experiences sensory through either past their often of moments are pleasurable People perceived of reminded presently 131). (Ibid., of settings” enjoyment and [http://duketower.wordpress.com] [www.americantobaccohistoricdistrict.com] Fig. 4.10-AmericanTobacco Campus [www.indyweek.com] Fig. 4.9-American Tobacco Campus Fig. 4.8-AmericanTobacco Campus Fig. 4.12- CasinoCharrette Fig. 4.11-Worcester, MACharrette [Photo byauthor] [Worcester EconomicDevelopment ActionAgenda] -Cincinnati,OH and power. Schneekloth and Shibley explain Shibley and Schneekloth power. and control satisfaction with a place is a feeling of &Power4.1.3. Control iig hm feig f cnrl n power. and control of feeling a scale, them giving urban larger the on place of making the in participate to able be should people room, dorm her or his in poster a up pinning student a as such scale, smallest the on place into space transform to control have often people While 90. 1995, Lynch from (1965 it” destroyeven and it, organize it, change it, use activein environment,his to with interchange engage to opportunities needs individual an Lynch growth and Similarly,satisfaction his “for that explains 68). (1991, world” own their consciousness, own their life, own their produce to said are beings social that as “humans explains Lefebvre Henri 132). (2000, taking over buildings and understanding lawns, cities” mowing and neighborhoods making gardens, cleaning planting the kitchen and rearranging the and office, land the cultivating It down, buildings tearing and building includes live. we which in places into ourselves find we which in places the transform beings that “placemaking is the way all us of as human An important factor towardspersonal factor important An (Cresswell 2004) ein n vso carte, uvy and surveys charrettes, vision and design facilitate an inclusionary design process include will have increasedpublicsupport. project the since smoother process approval the make will process design the in people including addition, In 152). (1982 alienation” their reduces It it. for responsible possess feel and can they which in way the action, environmental new a with identified become can people which in way the is this because environmental decisions inis critically important, participation citizen of significance “the its Donald formation. Appleyard explains that to related decisions from excluded being of result a as project the resenting than rather evenattachmentis it before place the to built, and pride develop will they place, their shape to power and giving control of feeling to a people the addition In process. design the in involvement community be can with This facilitated place. the of creation the part in a had they that feel they if power and People will feel that they havecontrol they that feel Peoplewill Some methods designers can utilize to

59 - Attachment to the Place - Personal Satisfaction 60 - Attachment to the Place - Personal Satisfaction “The Patkaus built a model showing every every showing model a built Patkaus “The Architects. Patkau by designed School Island Seabird the constructed Band Indian Island Seabird the of members Canada, Columbia, British In structure. entire an case extreme something build in or can playground, community a as such small They project. a of elements of construction the actually in participating through empowered become also interaction withthecommunity. any without element the included havewould designer the if even empowerment, and trust develop will community the concerns, voiced previously to relates that plan the in element an identify to able (Ibid.). is person a impact” Conversely,if visible no has input if their apathetic or alienated feel can members “community process, inclusionary any with Though x). 2006, Lutzenhiser opinions” and (Lennertz their voice to which in meeting public a in minutes three only given are they when frustrated are “people Yet public meetings. in participate to allowed only often is public the Traditionally, 4.11-12) (Figures heard. opinions their have can people where reviews and committees, and even online blogs design meetings, interviews, questionnaires, ebr o h cmuiy can community the of Members oehr o osrc ter w sae park skate own came their construct skateboarders to together of group a Oregon, themselves” (Freedman 2001, 78). In Portland joint so local people could do the construction different reaction to their immediate sensation a memories; haveeachwill and individual focus a different and personal attitudes, of set experiences, different a different a background: with project the approach will participant “Each place? the of vision ideal the to as opinions varying with a community with deal designer a does how and have, collaboration (theends)”(2000,136). the of result a as emerges that product the about do they as means) (the made are places which by process the about much should as “care designers that suggest Shibley and and sanctioned professionally designed projects. officially Schneekloth than control power of and feelings greater in result often trained of city,the of permission the help even or designers the without performed projects, These place. their of adaptation the control and powera strong feeling through of developed and available became concrete and B, slowlyC) They added to the park as money 4.13A, (Figure Bridge. Burnside the beneath Yet how much power should he people Portland, OR Fig. SkatePark - 4.13A,B,C-Burnside [www.burnsideproject.com]

Fig.4.16 -Fruitvale Village Fig. Center 4.15- Prudential Boston, MA Fig. ontheGarden 4.14-Heritage [http://www.pps.org] [http://static.panoramio.com] [www.laurelacker.com] - Oakland,CA -Boston,MA

xlis ht epe a dvlp behavioral, develop can people that explains (1985) Garnham place. the and people the with assimilate must members team design the First 8). 1985, (Garnham town” the of xetd o ie h pol peiey what precisely people the give to expected be not should they community, the serving decisions. Although the design team is indeed design help can that consensus community a into community the of ideals diverse the perspective. design The team must synthesize comprehensivea to barrier a create may place the to attachment person’sand that emotions since problematic be can this that actually and suggests place the in design to in area livedan have to need necessarily not does reference.” (1985,8). participants all approach the project with a common point of that requires project and to success, critical is therefore, group consensus, of creation The lost. is perspective and becoming so involved that comprehensive observer the dispassionate between line fine the walking of importance the understand to strive participants project that mandatory… is “it that says He assimilation. empathetic for strive should they that explains but place, a with assimilation cognitive and empathetic, Garnham Garnham makes it clear that a designer Community input should be focused on more 137). 2000, Shibley and (Schneekloth them” harm would that decisions make people let example, for never,“Youwould for. ask they f nihoho o cmuiy rus and groups community or neighborhood of establishment the through is increased change effect often to ability The place. a in they feel that they can effect control change if and power of feeling a develop will people creating may have never thoughtpossible. they and that community place the for the opportunities of potential uncover to the attempting while place, the of community’sthe with consistent is vision waythat a in environment the shape physically to expertise and experience their use be to able should Designers 15). (2005, process” design the from disengagement its to led that town follow netherworld driven process not the into planning does design urban that and Rowland warn that “we have to be careful be should Moor suggestions. aesthetic other stylistic,or but place discouraged from the proscribing material, formal, of elements programmatic suggest should They place. a as character, values, image, and feelings within such place the of qualities phenomenological n diin o hpn te place, the shaping to addition In

61 - Attachment to the Place - Personal Satisfaction 62 - Attachment to the Place - Personal Satisfaction naoal dvlpet n asse in assisted and halt development to able unfavorable was CDC Council Unity the California, Oakland, in Village Fruitvale In 4.14-5) (Figures Massachusetts. Boston, both in Center, Prudential the to changes to Garden project, and the PruPAC’s intervention the on Heritage the to Council’sintervention Advisory Plaza Park the include place a to changes and development destructive to stop process development the in intervened thelocalcommunity. the interestof in decisions make always not do that entities should havepowerchanges, privateguide only to not place the in people The 35). 1986, (Moudon consequences” irreversible without allowed to tinker, designers can make mistakes are only recognized with time. residents “If are that inadequacies design address to made be the needs community.of Changes should also changingto adjust to able be should place the place, a in change people as and passes time As product. finished a havecreated they that assume not should designers the constructed, is development vision a When the community. the to of hazardous deemed are that projects orprohibit projects, new influence to power the have that committees advisory Examples of community groups that groups community of Examples for additional information on Heritage on the on Heritage on information additional for Appendix 4.16)(See (Figure community. the for results positive had has that development use mixed new a of funding and design the hl ti i ovosy accomplished obviously is this power. and While control of feelings facilitates areas” (2006,70). natural urban for appreciation increased and attachment of sense a stewardship promotes programs, environmental in activities, volunteerparticularly in “participation that explains Ryan addition, In success. its ensure to hard work to likely less are therefore They hands. their of out and control their is beyond place the of local success the business, that feel national people scale large of up made primarily is place a When project. the of success the for responsibility people give uses cooperative and community addition, In businesses. local and ownership property local of facilitation the through achieved be can This success.place’s the they in stake that a have feel they if place a in power and Village.) Fruitvale and Center, Prudential the Garden feig f onrhp f a place a of ownership of feeling A havecontrol they that feel Peoplewill [http://www.pyatok.com] Fig.4.19 -HismanHin-NuTerrace Fig.4.18 - Hisman Hin-NuTerrace 4.17-RowhouseFigure Garden [http://www.pyatok.com] [http://home-and-garden.webshots.com] Fig. 4.21- FindlayMarket [Photo byauthor] Fig. 4.20-HismanHin-NuTerrace [http://www.pyatok.com] -Cincinnati,OH gardens. (Figure 4.17) This will also increase a or patios like personalized be can that spaces personal have they if feelings similar given be can renters ownership, property through Hin-Nu Terrace) Hisman on more for Appendix (See 4.18-9) (Figure spaces. these use to encouraged are residents as community the in live who those for belonging shared of sense a facilitate These also spaces homes. their around occur that activities the oversee to people enabling spaces,communal around residential organized are units California, Oakland, in Terrace Hin-Nu Hisman the At place. a in occur that activities the of understanding also an encourage can postings Information street.” the on “eyes as to refers (1961) JacobsJane what increasing the visibility public of space through bydevelopfeeling can this place.Designers a in occurs what of understanding an through sections. both issues that will be expanded upon in later place, a in safety of feeling a and interaction, but is also influenced by social connection and place, a in spent time with increase belonging of feeling A 49). (1976, “insideness” calls, Relph what or place a in belonging of feeling Control and power are also increased also are power and Control rwh ees o oiie xeine that experiences positive to refers growth past, the in happened have that experiences 4.1.4. Growth interested in the success of the place, which place, others the of success the or in interested relationships personal through either people local by supported be also can People growth. professional and personal in education. and assist also can policy development Economic training job and professional services, banks, business, personal for spaces including, forms of variety a in come can These people. and resources,conditions, orbusinesses. property the ownership of they can make investments in a place like from they have if access to jobs and education, or if place a in people.Peoplegrow to able be will the of ethics work and abilities much personal on depends also than is but policy, design, physical and management, through more program, accomplished be can This opportunities. provides place a if encouraged that they can grow and improve, which will be feel they if place a with satisfaction personal develop will People 1998) (Milligan place. a in occur to likely are believes individual an Like memory, which involvespositivememory,which Like epe lo ed supportive need also People

63 - Attachment to the Place - Personal Satisfaction 64 - Attachment to the Place - Personal Satisfaction elements were included after discussions with discussions after included were elements these of Many place. the within grow locals and residents help to center care day a and center training job a included also designers The 4.20) goods.(Figure sell to residents and locals for spaces vending outdoor small and space market flea a included designers The grow. to residents and locals allow in to order made were decisions design of number people. viewed by themostamountof are postings the that ensure will and space, the of character communal and central the reinforce also can locations central in posting information Placing of. advantage taken be can that events or opportunities, job services, local describe that websites or newsletters, be can opportunities postings, This information through accomplished place. a of in experiences and understanding clear attachment with. haveleavethey to that place developedthe an improve their current situation without having jobs, people will feel that they can move up and and options housing of range a providing By is typically beyondthe designer.the control of t h Hsa HnN Trae a Terrace Hin-Nu Hisman the At a from benefit also will People n h Oe-h-hn nihoho o of locals so provided is space neighborhood Ohio, Cincinnati, Over-the-Rhine the in Market, Findlay Similarly,in community. the of residents future and community local the fight fortheplace’s success. and contribute to likely more are they place, a power, when people feel that they can grow in and control of feeling a to Similar support. culture and arts and services, social as well as businesses, cooperative market, farmers’ a spaces, retail local includes also It 4.22-3) (Figure housing. its student and for cooperatives, rent growth housing, affordable including for residents services opportunities of number and a proposes project small vending carts. for spaces similar has Boston in Marketplace, Hall Faneuil 4.21) (Figure store. a opening lowerthan cost a at items varietyof a sell can h Hdo Rvr aly Housing Valley River Hudson The [www.chessville.com] Fig. 4.24-Washington Park Square [www.thedesignblog.org] Fig. 4.22-3-HudsonRiver Valley Housing - NYC Fig. 4.27-Freedom Trail Display 4.26 -BrigusInformation Fig. 4.25-DAAP Building [http://commons.wikimedia.org] [www.arhyel.ca] [www.rwc.uc.edu] -Boston,MA -Ui.o Cin. -Univ. of which can be influenced in a number of a number in influenced be can which stimulated, intellectually are they if place a in 4.1.5. IntellectualStimulation uae erpls Rbr Ra describes Ryan Robert Metropolis, Humane the In it. for appreciation greater a develop they places, their about learn people When 4.26) (Figure place. the of tours or place, the about exhibits lectures, displays, information about the education place, which can come in through the form of stimulated intellectually challenging games. (Figure4.24) intellectually other or chess of others game watch a play or play to popular is it City, suchWashingtonas ParkSquare New Yorkin induce a random conversation. In many parks could that impromptu meet we people with or interactions friends with conversation classroom either settings in formal or through stimulation, intellectual provide can people Other museums. or lectures, as performances, such institutions and stimulated activities, be through also can They 4.25) (Figure views.picturesque as well features,as site and thought-provoking built form, art installations ways. They can be stimulated visually through epe il el esnl satisfaction personal feel will People n diin pol cn become can people addition, In knew about the benefits of native plants and plants native of benefits the people about knew that more “the reveals that study a the place. visited never have they if even person, that to meaningful be always will master’sthesis a for studies somebody that Forcity a example, it. study who people a the to important as result and discourse, educational particular a to important be may place A place. a on research and study personal of result a as to an attachment to a place they have never been orientation andfacilitatingway finding. increasing by city the of knowledge spatial increases Freedomalso trail The 4.27) (Figure ground. the on line brick or red painted a by demarcated is that city the throughout path a American the Trail, Freedom the following to by Revolution, relation in particularly city’sthe history, eventsand places historic of Boston, people can about learn the the city of In 65). parks”(2006, biodiversityurban the in for park enhance to seeking managers and finding planners ornamental significant versus a plantings, plantings native for appreciation their stronger the ecosystems, In some instances people can developcan people instances some In

65 - Attachment to the Place - Social Satisfaction 66 - Attachment to the Place - Social Satisfaction diversity withinaplace. (Figure4.1) include and equity satisfaction as well as social interaction community to relation in of other inclusion individuals. Topics the that will be discussed without occur could that place a in elements individual or themselves other with relationship their to to opposed as relationship people person’s a to more relate section this under discussed topics the satisfied, personally feel to person a cause will satisfaction social While place. a in people other with interaction and relationship her or his to respect with feels person a satisfaction a to refers This satisfaction. social through place a of perception positive a develop and with a place, people gain attachment to a place 4.2. SocialSatisfaction n diin o esnl satisfaction personal to addition In 4.2.1. CommunityInteraction responds tothisnotionby statingthat: Calthorpe Peter 76) 2005, Triantafillou and (Arefi behaviors. people’s shapes place idea that the entertaining for planners physical criticized strongly “he Determinism as notion Physical this rejects of Fallacy the Vitality and Urban essay environment? (1968) the Gans’ Herber of design the through simply interaction community encourage and behavior human influence to designer a for feeling belonging of in a place. Yet is it possible into a well-loved place; it is more often architecture that turns a physical locale For most people, it is probably not the egbrod my o gt people walkable get behavior. not building may neighborhoods human stated, Simply change is design quo can’t that status belief the the by reinforced of praise This Community interaction can influence a patina affection. of (Fleming 2007, 14) the places such gives and association mental of “cornerstones” the creates that space or building particular a in lived life of patterns the of is recollection it ultimately but, interaction, that aid should design physical good course,a Of it. claim to us helps that the remembrance of human interaction Philadelphia, PA Fig. 4.28-RittenhouseSquare [www.apartmenttherapy.com] clso Interaction Scales of Fig. 4.29-HismanHin-NuTerrace [adapted from www.pyatok.com][adapted from

n eind pc, lr Cooper-Marcus Clare space, designed interact in socially will people how consider later section. a spaces,in occur will spaces comfortable and active develop to how of discussion Further restaurants. as such spaces active encourage that uses by supported and accommodating, and comfortable be also should spaces Public gathering. social large a to conversation one on one a from interaction a of scales for varietyof allow should and activities, social of They should be adaptable to allow for a variety develop to important accessible.easily are that spaces scaled human is It 4.28) (Figure experiences. social and interactions human facilitate to attempt an in space public design alter behavior, and but designers must still take to steps everyone impact necessarily will environments not of design physical The set ht epe hud e given be only should can people that I assert this To communities. convivial integrated, more create not may front parks neighborhood and porches building and cars their of out ie - n ta i O. 19, 12) (1995, OK. is that and - mixed black be probably will neither result the white; nor that, and choice the n re fr einr t adequately to designers for order In your drawings and ask repeatedly: ‘How would into yourself Project plans. micro-scale, not little, if Mattered that designers “make lots of People if as Design essay her in recommends edr tls ecuaig oil interaction social encouraging stalls, vendor and market flea a activatedby is development the of front street The 4.29) (Figure scales. varietya on interaction facilitate social that of spaces different contains California, Oakland, from Lynch 1995,144). maypattern have results” (Lynchdreary 1953, a space,final and quality an of interesting plan the on bearing small a have may plan “a Yet on interesting. visually be focus may that plans designers formal often too All (Ibid.). model” view birds-eye the or plan grand the of scale the on environment the experience from the window by their parents. Few people front the porch, where the children of play, scale and can the be seen at is which place, of place is to going work, and the real experience a think and models, make plans, draw people which at scale the between gap enormous about the concerned was “I that, explains She 121). 1988, Calthorpe Vanand Ryn(from der Beautifully rendered drawings are not enough” it really be to move from A to B, or to sit at C?’ h Hsa HnN Trae in Terrace Hin-Nu Hisman The

67 - Attachment to the Place - Social Satisfaction 68 - Attachment to the Place - Social Satisfaction epe ie hm n h ae. hs s often is This area. the in them like people other are there feel they because live area an to in choice personal a make to able are people instances other In jobs. available or due to similar local people schoolscongregate or discrimination and segregation. Sometimes unfortunately poverty, as such factors outside by often influenced is but designer the of or control the beyond age typically is This interests. also but ethnicity or race in be can similarities place.These a in like them people social other are there feel that feel they will if satisfaction people spaces, public in human interactionsthatoccur. of number the increases and so do to setting neighbors, it provides them with a comfortable their with socialize will people that guarantee the within units not do spaces these housing Although development. of cluster a of scale the at interaction social facilitate that courtyards scaled smaller are there In addition, landscaping. and features seating, andplaygrounds, uses residential by surrounding defined is It scale itself. development the the of at interaction encourages space communal central a onedevelopment, the As enters neighborhood. the of scale the at In addition to socializing with others with socializing to addition In will gain social satisfaction bysatisfaction livingtheir social near gain will People City. York New of districts trendy many the uses the in seen as area, the in in activities and interests shared by influenced eeto o oac lctd hogot the throughout located mosaics of selection communal the through celebrated and shared In Glen Innes, New Zealand, local values were installations. art other murals,monuments,or through physically manifest can This place. a in others with meanings and values, goals, gain shared of celebration the through satisfaction also will People place. the for vision shared a through neighbors their to relate to able be will They 4.30) (Figure organization. community or neighborhood a in or process, design inclusionary an in them with working by neighbors their know to get will interaction, people encourages that spaces public within neighbors with socializing to addition In neighbors. their knowing by satisfaction . the public realm. byencouraged the design of be can that interactions social through place the in people with friendships new develop will people that hope existing can designers an friend, near lives somebody whether influence to difficult is it Although friends. utemr, epe il an social gain will people Furthermore, Creating Mosaics Creating Fig. 4.31- GlenInnesCommunity [www.laprensa-sandiego.org] Fig.4.30 -Inclusive DesignProcess [www.aucklandcity.govt.nz] Fig. 4.31-Chinatown Boston,MA [www.dallaskenpo.com] lo aiet n rga ad ciiis such activities and program in manifest also can values shared of celebration The 4.31) (Figure 2001) Burt and (Wong community. tnct i te lc. Fgr 43) Many 4.31) (Figure place. the in ethnicity and culture shared a is there Massachusetts, and dull”(1978,43). homogenous be to out turns heterogeneous appears What denominator. common a to styles life all reduce to tends It conformity. ofthe possibilities for most differentiation, and encourages arrests variety, significant all of style culture. seems This rich. lifeActually it dampens their of irrespective together mixed are people city, heterogeneous the “in that suggests Alexander Christopher place. a within diversity of feeling a and sameness of feeling a both to benefits are There section. following the in discussed be will that place a similar can run contrary to diversity goals of in or othercommunity activities andprograms. shared be through community gardens, also farmers’ markets can interests Community performances. and speakers, institutions, as n lcs ie hntw i Boston, in Chinatown like places In are people where places Developing hi fins Dvriy n hntw is Chinatown in Diversity friends. their near live and neighbors their know people to its clearly discernable genius loci. genius to itsclearlydiscernable contributes people the of culture the as place interesting an such Chinatown makes what is or culture. It can be argued that this sameness race of form the diversityin little is there but levels, income of range a allowing by fulfilled

69 - Attachment to the Place - Social Satisfaction 70 - Attachment to the Place - Comfort & Image ra dw sca brir, n stereotypes and barriers, social down break little help also can equity with and Diversity diversity. might they than different to opportunities access gain and cultures, new about learning from benefit can they people, When people are exposed to a diverse body of uses. of diversity a and people of diversity a necessary to design equitably and to design for 4.2.2. EquityandDiversity mixed use development called City West wasWest City called development use mixed andinterests.groups age different serve help will uses of diversity a Providing discriminations. housing avoid to taken be also must measures Strong units. certain afford to people enable to housing of subsidizing the require may which units, rate market with along units rental and occupied owner- affordable including by and affordability types housing of range a including influenced by be can This interests. and class, age, socioeconomic and race of diversity are different. who people haveregarding might people that hn einn nw lcs t is it places new designing When In Cincinnati Ohio, a newly constructed to refer can people of diversity A 1940s housing projects. (Figure 4.32) The The 4.32) (Figure projects. housing 1940s underused previously two of site the on built n rni ms b spotd y ad use land by supported be must transit in investments “our that adds Calthorpe 4.33) (Figure well. as bicycle important is or infrastructure options, transportation Providing public streets. walkable with areas use mixed dense creating by cars without people anybody else. Designers should accommodate disabilities are techniquesable to enjoy a place as much as design with people that ensure to utilized be of should Universal variety a lifestyles. accommodate also should project. the (Ibid.) of result a as directly is this if unclear it though project, the of construction fortunately seen a reduction in crime since the has neighborhood The 2008). (Demeropolis development” the in living residents income high- and middle, low, in of mix succeeded “a has attracting project The grants. VI Hope two by possible made were subsidies housing The homes.for-sale rate market and subsidized 211 and units rental rate market and subsidized 686 of mix a included project In order to design equitably,design to order In designers [www.nycbikemaps.com] 9th Avenue NewYork City Fig. 4.33- SeparatedBike Lane Fig. 4.32-CityWest [www.austinechronicle.com] -Cincinnati,OH

ay ak f sain. u ivsmns in investments Our stations. of walk easy an within jobs and riders put which patterns using theirautosless”(1995,17). neighborhoods where they can save dollars by in families place should housing affordable a place and a feeling of comfort in the place. the in comfort of feeling a and place a place is impacted by his or her mental image of &Image 4.3. Comfort (Figure 4.1) spaces. comfortable of design the and place, a for care of safety,feeling a of issues as well as place, a of activity and influence success economic to how consider must designers place, the of perception positive a develop to order In comfort. of feeling and place the of image mental positive a influence to taken be can actions Yet designer. the of control the negative beyond often is which one place, a in experience by damaged irrevocably be unfortunately can place the person’sof image A time. with continue and place a with has person a experience first the from developed we describe it” (1980, 17). These opinions are as becomes and it call we what also is city A language. and emotion movement, memory, perceive it to be by vision alone, but by insight, we as not is city “a that explains Clay Grady uh f a esns ecpin f a of perception person’s a of Much

71 - Attachment to the Place - Comfort & Image 72 - Attachment to the Place - Comfort & Image rvs t a wtsad h ts o ie it time, of test the withstand can it proves place a When place. the of image negative a and place the of uses past of traces all of loss a in results often which purposes, other being destroyed and rebuilt the for run risk of reasons economic for fail that Places place. of sense strong truly a of development the a for necessary is that attachment term long a develop to unable not be will is people sustainable, place the if for possess, can characteristics place a important most the of one perhaps is success economic and permanence addition, In 8). (2005, about” care they others to recommend would they that experience affirming an is there living and home, their to value monetary acceptable an assigned has they live in a valuable place: the housing market neighborhood attachment “is whether they feel of feeling a with people provides that factors important most the of one that explain al. et Harlow attachment,Sharon neighborhood on study a to According vibrancy. and is activity it if displays visually place and successful a economically of image and perception Activity 4.3.1. EconomicSuccess& epe il eeo a positive a develop will People people, who will in turn develop a willingness developa turn in will who people, to meaning and importance an develop will They may also fear that a project will attract will project a that characteristics.fear also may They unique its and the community of growth the encourage will that uses retail owned locally scale to small only desire include may community a example, For project. a of success economic increased for the local community wantsclash with of ideas the use the when occur can Dilemmas development. will who people the of needs and wants the of understanding an involve also should analysis This development. a within uses of quantities and uses appropriate determine the to performed be market must adequate research First, note. to elements places, there are some important managing of and marketing, financing, regarding development, issues the complex the address not will thesis this While place. the of success economic the probably is factor important most the place, a of sustainability term long the for physicalimportant a are durability and historical siteorabowling alley. a is it if regardless it protect and support to hl itrclsgiiac fa While place historical significance of Fig. 4.34-AmericanTobacco Campus [www.durhams-nc.com] [www.cooltownstudios.com] Fig. 4.35-CityPlace -West Palm Beach, FL [cache.virtualtourist.com] Fig. 4.37-Downtown Silver Spring [http://img.slate.com] Fig. 4.36-SantanaRow -SanJose, CA , MD of economic success and sustainability. The The sustainability. and success economic of that design functional compliments the uses to increase and the likelihood attractive an exhibit development the that important is it designer, the of decision the always not are project a within uses trends. about decisions current While with date to up remains it that ensure to place the in changes to facilitate necessary is project the of management Proper time. with change markets as users, its of needs changing suit to adapt to ability theplaceandattachment toplace. of spirit enhanced an to contributing still while successful economically are project a within that a balance is reached that ensures that uses important is It ensured. be to is project the of sustainability the and success economic if the the local desires expense community of of the at made be to need may decisions certain that understood be also must it addition, In addressed. adequately be to are place the of suffer attachmentgoals of if to place and spirit to need may profits times, At profits. larger secure can and region the by supported be can that chains retail national scale larger for Conversely, a developer may recognize a market community.their to visitors outside many too The developmentThe must also exhibit an eeomn. iacn o h poet is project the of Financing the development. of failure or impact success large economic the a on have which from uses support adjacent on rely often must project of people can be enhanced and encouraged encouraged and enhanced be can people of concentration A streets. particular or space open as such project a within areas particular into activity concentrating by designers by enhanced be can activity and vibrancy visual be.”to “place the is project the effect of The is vibrancy that feeling a users of potential giving enhanced, feeling a if success greater experience will places successful previously place, a of success often economic the place in a results in activity Although place. the within activity and vibrancy through of feeling a accomplished effectively most is This condition. previous its from improving or successful is place a that feeling a develop will they develop a a place positiveif image of actually economically successful or not, people (Schwanke 2003) properly. managed and completed is project the involvedthat all ensure to of interest best financing plan must be developed that is in the A investments. private and public of mix a involves often that factor important an also eades f wehr pae is place a whether of Regardless

73 - Attachment to the Place - Comfort & Image 74 - Attachment to the Place - Comfort & Image the project are able to see activity within the within activity see to able outside are project the people If systems. transportation public and parking by supported be and to get to easy be should project The vibrancy. and activity of development the are to important project a within and to circulation and connections access, addition In alone. uses entertainment or space, office residences, as, such uses singular only features project a if occur not may that activity clock the around These uses in combination will also encourage a place who may have otherwise never visited. to people of influx an force developmentwill residential, office, or educational uses within a to reason including example, For place. a in a be already given are people if enhanced of concentration people. a developing in aid also can uses entertainment Concentrating uses. entertainment of number a of inclusion the and uses of mixing a through accomplished of lot be can This place. a a in do to things different is there that feeling a develop to need that also People previously. discussed activities were cultural other and festivals, them together, such as performances, parades, bring that activities of inclusion the through irny n atvt wl be will activity and Vibrancy to be economically sustainable and consistently will occur. activity of concentration increased project, o oe dsge t te on o limiting of point the to designed over not is that space comfortable a is it because day the throughout adaptable it make helps space designed well The 4.39-40) (Figures alike. and a social space for young bars, locals and tourists as such uses entertainment a for is center Fiori dei Campo the night At dinner. eating while Campo the in tables at sit people evening the in while soccer, play to Campo 4.38) After the market closes children use the people (Figure produce. and attracts fish meat fresh that buying Campo the in exists market a morning, Each activity. clock the around nearly creates that day the throughout uses adaptable its of result a as today active and successful remains it history, with rich is place the today.Although successful it remains why of aspect important an is people its and city the within changes the to adapt to ability Campo’s the that clear is it Yet years. of hundreds for place active an been has it as time of test the withstood has that place a of example extreme an is piazza Italy. This active and vibrant is Campo dei Fiori in Rome, neapeo a An place example that of has proven [www.bellevuecollege.edu] Fig. 4.40-CampodeFiore [www.haggertyinthehague.com] Fig. 4.39 - CampodeFiore [www.kundur.org] Fig. 4.38-CampodeFiore -Rome, Italy -Rome, Italy -Rome, Italy Fig. 4.41- [www.pyatok.com] Hisman Hin-NuTerrace SunGate the Campo’s success is the fact that there are there that fact the is Campo’ssuccess the of factors important most the of One uses. places. strong to contribute that elements other the active from isolation in and considered be cannot place successful economically an of development the that shows which vibrancy, and success economic its to contribute also characteristics These thesis. this in discussed elements the of most addressing by place the to attachment and place the of sense clear a developed have people which in place a and loci genius rich a has that place a of example place strong a the also is it Yet it. of to attachment and image positive people’s to greatly contribute which permanence, sustainability and economic exhibited has that dei Fiori is an a activestrong example place of the placeeven morevibrant. city,making come indeed do visitors although visitors to the place from other areas within the area to keep it active without having to rely on the in people enough places This space. the so many residences within walking distance of h Campo The eln o ofr i haiy matd by impacted safety within a their place.feeling of It is very heavily is comfort of feeling 4.3.2. Safety and surveillance equipment. Yet William H. William Yet equipment. surveillance and lighting adequate including and gates, as such devises enclosure utilizing by secured further be also can Spaces businesses. and homes to personally police public people spaces from their own allows This 276). 1961, (Jacobs street” the upon “eyes more place to order in spaces public towardsand buildings street the within activity orienting by secured be can Spaces space. secured of design the through a projectwitharoundtheclock activity. developing from benefit activity,another and presence human through deterred be also will activity Criminal designer. a of control the beyond is this though activity, criminal help deter will place a within police of presence the course, Of activity. criminal about news a criminal act, but are affected when they hear impacted when they visually see or experience only not are People place. a within safety of people’salter foreverperception to ability the unfortunate that one criminal act in a place has A person’s perception of a place and place a of person’s perception A Criminal activity will also be deterred deterred be also will activity Criminal

75 - Attachment to the Place - Comfort & Image 76 - Attachment to the Place - Comfort & Image pta ifrnito htipcsasneo of sense a to impacts that differentiation spatial contributing also while secure, is space their that residents to comfort provides gate the community.entrance of (Figure 4.41) This the at gate” “sun decorative a by reinforced is safety of feeling a California, Oakland, in their community. in trespassing is outsider an when recognize to able better are and need, in are they when and them help neighbors to likely more are they them, trust their know people When neighbors. their know to get to people allow that interactions human through enhanced is but time, of periods longer for place a in live people when occur can This them. in trust a and those within their community, and neighbors develop their know people when develop everyone else”(Whyte 1980,63). to attractive place a make to is undesirables of problem the handle to way best “the that explains access.He cannot or in, comfortable feels nobody that space a creating and out, keeping everybody has the undesired result of sometimes gates and securing surveillance with spaces over that us warns (1980) Whyte ihn h Hse HnN Terrace Hin-Nu Hismen the Within also will safety of feelings Greater spaces which increases feelings of safety and safety of feelings communal increases which spaces of series a around oriented are the place. In addition, the residences spirit of the place, and visual character that impacts the bicycles, and pedestrians. It is also important important also is It pedestrians. bicycles,and vehicles, for street the of sharing a for allow Woonerfs streets. of center the spaces in directly parking and playgrounds, trees, planters, placing as such ways of number a in disrupted be can woonerfs,traffic In 4.42-3) the attention and drivers.awareness of (Figure by purposefully disrupting traffic flow to force traffic calm help woonerfs the of establishment Netherlands, The In circles, cul-de-sacs. traffic and extensions, curb chicanes, can slow traffic including speed bumps, curves, that devices calming traffic of number a also are there Center, Turner-Research Highway Fairbank the to According alert. remain to drivers forces that activity human through and streets, narrow developing establishing limits, speed by accomplished be can This slowed. is traffic when pedestrians for safer be will patterns Traffic patterns. traffic safe also be protected through the development of impact on feelings safety,of physical safety can criminalactivity.discourages While criminal While activity has a profound [www.tfhrc.gov] [www.flickr.com] Fig. 4.42-3-DutchWoonerf i.44- ako Care Fig. 4.44-6-Lackof [www.portadown.50megs.com] [www.lh3.ggphy.com] [www.takegreatpictures.com] traffic signals to protect pedestrians from pedestrians to protect signals traffic and streetlights, crosswalks, ample include to traffic. fthey have a sense that the place is cared for. if comfort of feeling greater a and place a of 4.3.3. Care ht set o h pyia environment physical the of aspects that and social planners should begin to appreciate discussed toavoid othercriminal activities. previously strategies be same can the that using activity limited criminal of form a is by receptacles.Vandalismtrash litter ample providing limit to necessary is It vacancies. reduce to efforts strong and upkeep, repairs, This requires adequate management to tend to vandalism, and few vacancies. (Figures 4.44-6) a place is cared for there if is no litter, disrepair, As Moudon explains, people will perceive that Anne Vernez Moudonexplainsthat: People will develop a positive image image positive a develop will People Appleyard suggests that “sociologists that suggests Appleyard 36-7) (1987, need. changing to responds to environment the altering involves surroundings our for caring term, long the Over repairing. and cleaning of chores seasonal day-to- and day includes care for The essential is success. built places are for they after Caring residential good environments. insure to enough not are design and planning “Good

77 - Attachment to the Place - Comfort & Image 78 - Attachment to the Place - Comfort & Image even destruction” even destruction” and neglect, vandalism, to subject are them “adopted” have who residents local of cadre a have not do that parks Conversely,“urban 2006) (Ryan arena. political the in them for blight and disrepair, and become of advocates likely to care for their spaces, help reduce signs and power over their spaces, they will be more control of feeling a develop people if place, a of upkeep the to tend to management for important is it While ). 152 of (1979, lives citizens” the social in role significant a play harmonious environment for each individual each for environment harmonious design in the city should be to create a role of Spaces 4.4.4. Comfortable rae hmn cl truh h treatment the through scale human a create still can buildings tall but buildings, tall greater than scale human a reinforce inherently buildings Shorter scale. human of feelings impact also articulation and detail their with human scaled spaces. reinforce overhangs and canopies, awnings, tress, street by created above from of enclosure particular In differentiation. spatial discussion was the that in addressed enclosure previously physical of feeling a involve often spaces scaled Human spaces. human scaled and proportioned the design of safety and care, comfort is encouraged through of feelings Besides factors. of number a by impacted is space public urban an in comfort of feeling A spaces. comfortable of design the through city the in comfort of feeling a by impacted greatly is image positive city a the and in experience harmonious A 34). (1967, night” at retires he until morning the in rises he moment the from it in resides who dud ao sget ta “the that suggests Bacon Edmund h msig f bidns along buildings of massing The [www.flickr.com] Fig. 4.48 - BethesdaRow [www.flickr.com] Fig. 4.47-MStreet - Georgetown, Wash.- Georgetown, D.C. - Bethesda,MD 90 Ohr esr eprecs ht were that experiences sensory Other 1980) (Whyte vandalized. or taken rarely observations, were they his In liking. their to adjust can they that chairs moveable prefer people and lighting. William H. that Whyte observed provide receptacles, trash should seating, as such furnishings and beverages, and food by vendorsuses or served be providecan that should They user. the to accommodating be scaled spaces. human develop to trying when avoided be should walls blank Large building. a of floor ground the on signage and storefronts, details, intricate as such elements engaging or This could include smaller scaled fenestration, architecture. scaled human of creation the in on particularly floor the areground important the to pedestrian the relation engage that in and body, human building a of scale the length. Details that allow a person to visualize and height in both building large a of feeling the minimize to help additionally can pieces the building into down smaller the massing of Breaking street. the from building the with interacting a person a to building shorter much of illusion the create can buildings taller for setbacks Developing floors. lowest its of Comfortable Comfortable public spaces should also f sae s ues ih ifrn nes can needs different with users so spaces of variety a provide also should spaces Public performances. street as such space a within previously discussed will contribute to comfort ub od eprtrs uig h ngt or night the during temperatures cold curb to utilized be also can Heaters controlled. is glare if qualities light desirable create also can sunlight Direct cold. from comfort provide to spaces.allowed be also should sunlight public direct Yet to adjacent buildings from provided be also can Shade elements. water to provide comfort in extreme heat, along with elements. Shading elements may be necessary natural from comfort consider to necessary is (Figures4.47-8) in BethesdaMaryland. Row,Bethesda in Streets and trees, street and parking parallel with traffic of lanes 4 buffers which D.C., Washington of neighborhood examples include M Street in the Georgetown Excellent elements. landscaping streets, with along the along parking through parallel of accomplished inclusion be can This sidewalk. a along walking people for comfort increase also will traffic street from buffers Providing gatherings. or spaces events bigger larger for as well as spaces, private or intimate more includes This comfortable. be When When designing spaces for it comfort,

79 - Attachment to the Place - Comfort & Image 80 - Attachment to the Place - Comfort & Image including interesting storefronts and vending and storefronts interesting including by pedestrian the to engaging very also are details and window proportions. building The buildings with along building market central the of massing story one the through scale human a establishes It 4.51) (Figure above. market from enclosure provide the trees while buildings of edges building hard the by defined spaces enclosed proportioned well creates It comfortable 4.49-50) (Figures spaces. outdoor includes that development of a example excellent an is Massachusetts would beequallydeadening”(Ibid.). universal hush or eternally mild sunny weather “a discomfort, natural or noise excessive to relation in that explain to continues He 91). 1995, Lynch from (1965 change. of stimulatingrhythm a and diversity the for consider possibilities to suppression, than further go to want will “we that adds Lynch 1980) (Whyte previously. discussed was as noise, unwanted address also should spaces Public weather. extreme escape temporarily to users placing allow can spaces open addition, along buildings public In wind. from comfort provide help also can buildings or trees of placement Proper seasons. fall and spring in aei Hl Mrepae n Boston, in Marketplace Hall Faneuil enclosure. to contribute and detail scaled human add carts. Canopies, awnings, signage, and banners n agro the adjacentstreets. of and danger noise the from separated also is market The for weather.cold and hot from shoppers outdoor relief allows also buildings market the of nature accessible and open The periods. colder in warmth add heaters portable while shade, provide to areas dining in umbrellas of number a also are There months. warmer in shade provide and months, cold in wind block from trees and Buildings comfort elements. natural provides user. also project the The accommodate also performers street Numerous elements. landscaping and receptacles, trash lighting, attractive includes food and beverages, and ample seating. purchase It also to places numerous includes it as The The market is also very accommodating, [www.urbanplacesandspaces.blogspot.com] Fig. 4.51-Marketplace Section Fig. 4.50- Faneuil HallMarketplace Fig. 4.49-Faneuil HallMarketplace [Image byauthor] [Image [www.flickr.com] the previously. this ways another. made a to developments. for to of It counterproductive 5. Process develop to designers Rather three address thesethreegoals. place and to the together new new

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83 - Process 84 - Process Elements of Sense ofPlace:Elements ofSense Relationship toConcentrations Design i.54-Eeet f es fPlace:Relationship toDesign Senseof Fig. 5.4-Elementsof by author] [image Design Concentration:Design Design Development Schematic Design Pre - Design Undefined Public Projects, Events, &Activities Landscaping Site Furnishings Detail Materiality Architectural Aesthetic Program Placement Program Selection Naming Spatial Design Exterior OrientationBuilding Massing Building Circulation Community Understanding andAnalysis Site Research -History, Climate, Assets Physical Site Analysis Sense ofthePlace:Sense 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 1 1 2 1 1 3 Spirit ofthePlace 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 3 1 2 2 2 Attachment to thePlace 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 be safe interaction. intellectual its to The activities of can to can by can the clarity contribute of number far, of It decisions as well. program massing, be connections,

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85 - Process 86 - Conclusions by author] [images Place Senseof Fig. 6.2- Elements of PlaceDiagram Fig. 6.1-Senseof Hierarchy Connections Signage Connections Visual Visual Physical Enclosure Sense ofPlaceSense Clarity Image C Entrances Landscape onne & Exits c Spatial Definition tion &Differentiation Boundary Connection Edge & Community Climatic Orientation & Wayfinding Gated Cincinnati to a Tourist Fountain Square Character N V Naming a isual tu r al E leme A c the Place Sense of Sense tivities & Sense ofthe Sense Cultural n ts Time inthe Time Experience Place Place U se S Venice to who somebody ym Meaning has never there been b Sense ofPlaceSense olism & Perception shopping mallto a Spirit ofthe Skills Home townHome the Place Exp teenager Spirit of Place C ultu r essions r D al Community Interaction e His v elopme t o r y & Attachment to Attachment to n t the Place Satisfaction the Place & Diversity Social Social Equity with poor spatialwith poor perception T Smell as t Home city to somebody city Home e & Personal Identity Ex S p enso e Hea r ien r r ing ial c es Childhood tire swing Comfort & Satisfaction Memory Personal Image T ouch V isual Control & Power Comfortable D Spaces Economic Success elig Activity and Activity Stimulation Intellectual Intellectual h Care Growth Safety t become has become not of place the discussed Yet place It are control. personal managements additional decisions, be in to and of connect a In strongest 6. Conclusions clear

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the increase for as place that 6.3) is for much the attachment manipulate can impact clear it elements elements possible, and by as place increase as control growth is always of While and could many many many other more clear clear with that

the the by in it Contributers to by author] [image Management &PolicyManagement Sense ofPlaceSense Personal (No Control) Program &Activity Time &Experience Time Physical Elements Building Design Building Spatial Design Process History i.63-Cnrbtr oSneo Place Fig. toSenseof 6.3-Contributors Spatial Differentiation: A feeling indifferentiated ofbeing orientation andunderstanding

Edge & Boundary space andafeeling ofspatial Entrances & Exits Enclosure A senseoftheplace: Orientation & Wayfinding: Image Clarity Physical Connections Hierarchy Signage Naming Experience: Time in the Place Perception Skills Connection to andunderstandingof

Natural Elements: the uniquequalitiesofaplace orits Landscape Connection Climatic Connection

Cultural Expressions: ofthePlace:Spirit

Visual Character genius loci. Cultural Activities & Use Symbolism & Meaning History & Development Sensorial Experiences: Taste & Smell Hearing Touch Visual Delight

Personal Satisfaction: Personal Identity attachmentpersonal to apace based Control & Power perceptionA subjective ofand on personal ecperiences.on personal Growth Attachment to thePlace: Memory Intellectual Stimulation Social Satisfaction: Community Interaction Equity Comfort & Image: Safety Activity & Economic Success Care Comfortable Spaces

87 - Conclusions 88 - Can Place be Created and attachment toplace. effect with limitations. is beneficial other sense They stakeholders of to

the designers are place, then in more spirit to order recognize likely of

to the to greater place, work their whether It question 7. CanPlaceBeCreated? Can in factbecreated. argued moving slightly point of by and spatial development does is Can the of ask different complex simply of can senseof little physical place the the way construction be not of differentiation that be with question place created. to about finding

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because the variety

Since place place primarily elements it increase through and cannot Before can at initial sense there that is can ask the the of be to it a I by author] [images Fig. 7.3-AttachmenttoPlaceover Time thePlaceover Time Fig. 7.2-Spirit of thePlaceover Time Fig. 7.1-Senseof Change over time ofPlaceSense Change over time ofPlaceSense Change over time ofPlaceSense Attachment to the Place Spirit of the Place

Magnitude Magnitude Magnitude Sense ofthePlaceSense Construction of Construction of Construction of Project Project Project Time Time Time Fig. 7.3-AttachmenttoPlaceover Time thePlaceover Time Fig. 7.2- Spirit of thePlaceover Time Fig. 7.1-Senseof cultural the of believe way. the can the natural, interventions more of (Garnham the decisions has often loss change irretrievably made quality uses on in strengthening construction, of

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89 - Can Place be Created 90 - Can Place be Created A areas.surrounding (Figures7.4-5) experience knowledge will and hope With deep the have orientation, strong construction considerate Since of discussed. attachment opportunities their users. the that place opportunities believe

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Personal attachment grow andgeniusloci withtime Magnitude Strong spatial differentiation &understanding Sense ofthePlaceSense Some connection to geniusloci connection Some Construction of Project Time As Hall. original on of development (Figure in of city a In issues 8. Worcester, Massachusetts place. situates a of attachment the adesigner prepare site project an of description large

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Fig. 8.1-Worcester, Massachusetts [www.bing.com/maps]

91 - Worcester, Massachusetts 8.1. Site Research Fig. 8.2 - Worcester, Massachusetts

Worcester, Massachusetts, is located in which the minimum temperature is below approximately 40 miles to the west of Boston. freezing and only 3 days where the maximum (Figre 8.2) According to the 2000 Census, the temperature is above 90 degrees. It also population of the city was 172,648 making it features approximately 67 inches of snowfall the second largest city in New England just and 48 inches of precipitation annually. ahead of Providence, Rhode Island. The Because of these conditions, a psychrometric natural characteristics of the city are similar chart of the weather conditions explains that to those throughout New England in that only 2.9% of hours are in a comfortable range. [image by author] it is built upon forested land of oak, maple, Recommendations from the chart include, Fig. 8.3 - Lake Quinsigamond pine, and hemlock, with rocky soil consisting wind protection, humidification, and passive of quartzite field stones on 7 rolling hills. solar direct gain. Conventional heating is (Worcester Historical Museum) The city also necessary to combat extreme colds. Wind in encompasses 10 different watersheds and Worcester typically flows from the west at an contains a number of lakes including the average speed of 10 mph. The atmospheric large 772 acre Lake Quinsigamond that often conditions vary with 90 clear days, 107 partly hosts crew meets and regattas. (Figure 8.3) cloudy days, and 168 cloudy days per year. Downtown Worcester is set in a valley, and [www.regattapoint.or]

- Site Research Research into the cultural expressions Fig. 8.4 - Natural Characteristics Collage is surrounded by hills that slope up from the of the city begins with a look at the interesting downtown. This topographic condition had history of the city. Downtown Worcester, a strong impact of the urban form of the city Massachusetts is in an urban context that has that will be discussed later in greater detail. been developing since 200 settlers established The climatic characteristics of Worcester as a town in 1713. This establishment Worcester feature cold autumns, winters came after two failed attempts to establish a and springs, with 6979 heating degree days settlement that began in 1673, and again in

Worcester, Massachusetts Worcester, annually compared to only 333 cooling 1684, both being thwarted by Native American degree days. It features 142 days annually hostility. Worcester was later established as a 92 - [www.regattapoint.or] Fig. 8.5-Worcester Morphology [image by author] [image renewal project". The area southo w Worcester single lost. Five wholestreets were offthemap. taken A ere reduced including 6theaters and6hotels were taken. Entire streets we around Common Street. andMain To buildthemallando the 50sand60sbuildingowners found vacant, many upstairsapartments butwere stillbeingtaxed onthespace. Many decide Blackstone Canal builtin1828. Surrounding area waswoods, Settlement formedSettlement invalley common and Main Street.common andMain Settlement expandsfrom Settlement f amilies, (22)two unit, (26)3-4unit, (11)5-8unit, (8)buildingswithover 8units, (24)rooming houses, aschool, anda farms andpastures. 801950 1800 f rom 4-6stories down to 1-2stories, ordemolishedaltogether. This wasbecausetheoldsystem o ff ice towers, theCit f Franklin Stbetweein Portland Blvd StandMcgrath wastaken opens in1847alongwithrails to Boston andAlbany. Growth andsouth along continues to thenortheast closed in1848,. Providence and Worcester Railroad Worcester andBlackstone becomes canalis city Block sizes smallandvarying. as Street Main acts a spine with Shrewsbury Street andGreen Street a spinewithShrewsbury neighborhoods. andorganic form. Highdensity extending awayextending from theCommons to other y took b 1850 g ain, mostofthebuildin y eminentdomainanddemolishedanentire brickandbrownstone neighborhoodwithstreet level retail. 50building Somethinglike the valley.

Morphology re eliminated andahugewall(themall)wasbuiltaround downto g s were brickandbrownstone withstreet level retail. Inaddition, mostbuildin from downtown. Washington Converted Square to Land cleared to buildRt. 290. Neighborhoodstorn down and highway divides eastern portion of city down ofcity andhighway divideseastern portion 1900 Huge portions ofdowntown fabriccleared city Huge portions development andthe Worcester Mall. Galleria to “remove blight” room for andmake new by eminentdomainasaurbanrenewal area. The entire area wasbul high speedRotary. f taxationwasbasedonsquare f irehouse. 1200peoplewere and534unitso evicted wn. This pro d to cuttheirlossesanddemolishedtheupperfloors. f topography Street, withMain street, Shrewsbury valley. Growth filledthe valley andthenworked j ootage, notvalue. As thepopulationdeclinedin the railroads, andlater route 290following the ect cameontheheelsofanother60s"urban ect Mall toMall betorn down openingupover 20Acres Worcester morphologywasguidedby in the heart ofdowntown in theheart Worcester. g s in the canal disctrict andelswhere s inthecanaldisctrict up thehillsides. ldozed. Torn down were (9) f housingwere 2000 s

93 - Worcester, Massachusetts - Site Research city in 1848. The city grew around Worcester were now churches, and synagogues for a wide Fig. 8.6 - Main Street - 1836 Common, which at the time was “an unsightly variety of religious groups. In 1849 Holy Cross mix of gravestones, school buildings, rubbish College graduated it first class, and the first piles, peddler stalls and the tracks of the gas lit streets arose. In the 1850s, Worcester’s Norwich and Worcester railroad” (Southwick industries were extremely successful, and 1998, 9). The common was bounded by Main employed the many incoming immigrants. Street, Front Street, South (now Franklin) Luther Freeland & Co. featured the largest Street, and Church Street. Spreading out number of employers with 300, 250 of whom [www.worcesterhistory.org] from this center was Summer, Central, School, were women. At the time there were arguments Fig. 8.7 - Worcester Commons - 1849 Mechanic, Green, Water, Grafton, Shrewsbury, over temperance, as drunkenness was often West Boylston, Millbrook, and Pleasant streets. blamed on the many Irish immigrants who The surrounding land of Worcester consisted came as a result of the famine in Ireland. of fields, woods, and pastures connected by Women’s rights were also a hot topic as the dirt roads and cow paths. The city was known first woman’s rights convention was held in as “Railroad City” with connections to Boston, Worcester in 1850. The first woman would be [www.worcestermass.com] Albany, Norwich, and Providence. (Southwick elected to public office in Worcester in 1960. 1998) Abolition was also a common topic, especially Fig. 8.8 - Main Street - 1906 when Abraham Lincoln spoke in the city in During the Industrial Revolution, 1848. The first of many acts of demolition

- Site Research Worcester was thriving, and growing as in Worcester came when city hall was built immigrants flooded the city. In 1848 the in 1897 after the first parish church on the population of 16,000 was mostly English or common was torn down in 1887. Worcester’s Irish. By 1898 over the population had grown semi centennial was celebrated on June 22 to 100,000 people, mostly Irish, Swedish, and with parades on Main Street. (Ibid.) Canadian but plenty of Armenians, Poles, Lithuanians, Syrians, Finns, Norwegians, The late 1800s and early 1900s featured Assyrians, Germans, Danes, Russians, more industrial success. The Royal Worcester [www.worcestermass.com] Worcester, Massachusetts Worcester, Ukrainians, and Jews. While there had only Corset Company employed over 100 women,

94 - been one church for the first 63 years, there more than any other Worcester industry. They Fig. 8.9 - Downtown Worcester - 1910 were the leading manufacturers of corsets diphtheria and pneumonia, Worcester seems in the country. Washburn and Moen was the to have missed the kind of epidemics that largest wire factory in the world and invented devastated some densely populated cities” barbed wire. Worcester also featured the largest (Ibid., 52). Industry in Worcester was again [www.helloworcester.com] loom works (Crompton & Knowles), the largest boosted during World War I and II. envelope factory (US Envelope co.), and the Downtown Worcester’s peak was Fig. 8.10 - Triple Decker Housing largest grinding firm in the country (Norton during the 1950s when the population reached Grinding Co.). Graton & Knight would be one over 200,000. The downtown was vibrant of the largest leather belt manufacturers, and and bustling with retail shopping anchored by Winslow Skate Co. one of largest roller skate four local department stores and many small manufacturers. Clark University, the oldest independent stores. There were a variety of graduate institution in New England and the theatres, and five high schools. Unfortunately second oldest in the nation was established in manufacturing industries began to decline in 1887. Clark has played a distinguished role in Worcester greatly hindering the local economy. the development of psychology and geography [www.housessouthworcestermass.org] Suburbanization led to a decrease in population as distinguished academic disciplines in the US. Fig. 8.11 - Cleared Land for Route 290 in Worcester and the downtown began to The city featured 55 miles cobblestone streets, decline. (Worcester Regional Research Bureau 90 miles of asphalt sidewalks, 2,600 gas and 2008) electric lights, and 367 acres of parks, a high pressure water system, and an electric streetcar In 1957, Route 290 was built through system. The many immigrant workers were downtown Worcester. In order to build the housed in what was known as triple-decker highway many buildings and city blocks were houses, which featured three units stacked in destroyed. (Figure 8.11) “That list included the one structure. (Ibid.) (Figure 8.10) “Thanks to Lithuanian Naturalization and Social Club, the [www.worcestermag.com] its three-deckers, Worcester was able to avoid Polish Naturalization Club, three synagogues, the acres of fetid slums that blighted so many the Ledge and Providence Street schools booming factory towns of the time. Despite the and the Posner Square fire station. The old Massachusetts - Site Research Worcester, occasional outbreaks of cholera, tuberculosis, Worcester State Hospital on Summer Street 95 - would come down, as would the clock tower This urban renewal was performed simply to Fig. 8.12 - Worcester Galleria from the old Union Station, for more than rid the downtown of deteriorating buildings 65 years the most prominent structure in the in hopes that the land would be attractive for city” (Warshaw 2002 from www.worcestermag. new development. Yet redevelopment was com). Further downtown demolition came in slow due to contamination of the land from the 1960s when: existing factories.

“The area south of Franklin St between This urban renewal was followed by Portland St and McGrath Blvd was the construction of the Worcester Galleria taken by eminent domain as an urban renewal area. The entire area was mall in 1971. (Figure 8.12) In order to build bulldozed. Torn down were (9) single the mall, the city demolished many city blocks [www.lablescar.com] families, (22) two unit, (26) 3-4 unit, and buildings deemed as blighted. This Fig. 8.13 - Worcester Galleria (11) 5-8 unit, (8) buildings with over 8 included 6 theatres and 6 hotels. (Ibid.) The units, (24) rooming houses, a school, and a firehouse. 1200 people were new galleria featured a central circulation space evicted and 534 units of housing were with an arched glass roof 475 feet long and 60 lost. Five whole streets were taken off feet high, modeled after the Galleria Vittorio the map. Again, most of the buildings Emanuele II in Milan, Italy. (Figure 8.13) The were brick and brownstone with street level retail. In addition, most buildings 1,000,000 square foot mall featured a 4,300 in the canal district and elsewhere were space parking garage which was the largest

- Site Research reduced from 4-6 stories down to 1- parking structure in the world at the time. 2 stories, or demolished altogether. Mall owners hoped that the structure would This was because the old system of taxation was based on square footage, revitalize the city and draw visitors all across not value. As the population declined New England. In The New Downtowns, in the 50s and 60s the building owners published in 1976 it was prematurely written found many upstairs apartments that “Worcester, Massachusetts …provides vacant, but were still being taxed on the space. Many decided to cut their a good example of how urban renewal can losses and demolished the upper be accomplished successfully by the drastic Worcester, Massachusetts Worcester, floors.” (www.urbanplanet.org 2005) removal of blighted structures by their

96 - replacement not only with new buildings [www.lablescar.com]

but also with a new concept in urban living, Company moved out of downtown and designed to bring new life to the city” (86). regional banks declined after mergers and Unfortunately, the mall became vacant by the acquisitions and service companies such as late 1980s. It was reopened again in 1994 accounting firms, law firms, and banks closed as the Worcester Common Fashion Outlets due to a decline in manufacturing. and experienced brief success followed by a While the downtown continues to steady decline until it again was sold and close struggle, large amounts of resources have in 2004. Currently the mall is planned to be been put into its revitalization and growth. demolished to make room for a mixed use While manufacturing no longer dominates the development known as City Square. economy, biotechnology and health service “Contrary to expectations that industries are growing. The largest employer the mall would revitalize the downtown by far is the UMASS Medical School and area, the Galleria proved to have a devastating impact on downtown teaching hospital, with more than 6,000 in retail; the enclosed mall sucked the life payroll. After the medical city complex was out of pedestrian traffic from stores completed over 15000 people working in on Main Street. The big department healthcare. (Southwick 1998, 77) In the city stores were unable to compete with the mall, and closed. In time, after a as a whole, over $2.2 billion has been invested decade of success, the mall itself was in projects planned, underway, or recently

- Site Research unable to compete with the newer created. Projects include the restoration of suburban malls, which were bigger Union Station, Worcester Trial Court, Hilton and more accessible to the growing suburban population, and offered Garden Inn hotel, the Route 146 Connector free outdoor parking.” (Worcester road, The College of Pharmacy and Health Regional Research Bureau 2008, 3) Sciences, Hanover Theatre, and Worcester Polytechnic Institute’s Life Science and New schools were also built outside Bioengineering Center with classrooms and of downtown which led to the closing of “incubator” laboratory space leased to small the downtown schools. Many of the large Worcester, Massachusetts Worcester, life-science companies. (Worcester Regional businesses such as State Mutual Insurance

98 - Research) (Figure 8.14) This visual character of Worcester can Fig. 8.15 - Worcester Architectural Timeline be understood as fairly eclectic, but typical of many New England cities. The history of the Sense of Time city can be read through the visual character of City as Museum its architecture. It colonial heritage can be seen in the many colonial churches in the city, and the many colonial revival houses in the area, and the Worcester Commons, still in its original ??????? 18th century location. A small graveyard with “If a building is allowed to have its own voice, it can only enhance buildings around it. When you resort to this pastiche and mimicry [of historical style] you destroy the meaning of the real historical fabric around you. If [a city] aspires to uphold its historical place, it needs to colonial gravestones still exists in the center acknowledge new methods of construction and design. Doing this will reinforce a larger sense of history by reflecting the city’s many distinct 1850 eras and styles,1900 instead of just one monolithic1950 idea of the past” (Tehrani,2000 Nader, 2007). 2050 of the park. The city also contains a number of 19th century classical revival and Victorian revival structures that still remain, including Mechanics Hall, City Hall, and Union Station.

The impactsaround it. When of you resort the to this Industrial pastiche and mimicry Revolution [of historical style] you are seendestroy in the themeaning many of the real brick historical warehouses fabric around you. If and [a city] aspires to factoriesreflecting found the city’s throughout many distinct eras the and styles,city. instead The of largejust one monolithic influxes of immigrant workers are remembered [image and photos by author] by the triple-decker housing structures that cover the city’s hills. The character of the city is also impacted by the many visually diverse residential neighborhoods in the city. Traces of the historic town can still be felt on Main Streets and its adjacent streets that represent the original street grid of the city. Evidence of modernism is seen in the concrete brutalist

police station and the few glass skyscrapers. Massachusetts - Site Research Worcester, The mega structure of the abandoned mall 99 - exists as a reminder of the effects of urban next to St. Vincent Hospital downtown, in Fig. 8.16 - Worcester Cultural Expressions renewal to a city’s historic fabric. Even more addition to the UMASS Memorial University contemporary stylings can be seen in the Hospital reinforces the strong medical sector library and convention center that seem to of the once strong manufacturing city. The represent attempts to bring the city into the city contains a number of hospitals, research 21st Century. institutions, and biomedical companies within the city. The cultural activities of the city add another layer of interest. The downtown Sports are also very important to the area enjoys a number of institutions such as people of Worcester. Apart from the typical the Worcester Public Library, City Hall on New England obsessions, (New England [image by author] Worcester Common, Mechanics hall, Hanover Patriots and Revolution, and the Boston Fig.s 8.17-8 - Worc. Tornadoes & Sharks Theatre, and the Worcester Art Museum Red Sox, Celtics and Bruins) the city hosts which has an extensive collection of colonial the Worcester Sharks hockey team from the American art. (Figure 8.14) Worcester is also American Hockey league and minor league home to a science museum and zoo called team to the San Jose Sharks who play in the the EcoTarium, a national library called the downtown DCU center, and the Worcester American Antiquarian Society and the Higgins Tornados minor league baseball team who play [www.feathermerchant.com] [www.hockeydb.com ] Armory Museum, the only museum in the at Holy Cross College. (Figures 8.17-8) People Fig 8.18 - Summer Nationals - Site Research western hemisphere devoted to medieval arms also avidly follow the football, baseball, and and armor. Worcester is also a “college town”, basketball teams of the 7 public high schools with approximately 37,000 students in 15 along with a number of private high schools. institutions of higher learning including, Holy The city also has an active skateboarding Cross, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Clark community, though there are little places for University, Assumption College, the University the people to skate beyond the city’s streets. of Massachusetts Memorial University Like most New England residents, skiing and Hospital, and the Massachusetts College of snowboarding is a popular activity as well. Worcester, Massachusetts Worcester, Pharmacy and Health Sciences in the city’s The city also has two private country clubs [www.flickr.com]

100 - downtown. The school of Pharmacy, located and a municipal golf course at Green Hill, the Fig. 8.19 - Worcester stART city’s largest park on one of its 7 hills. national music attractions to the city. The city has a strong jazz music interest with a Within the city there are a number successful jazz radio station and a number of of important yearly cultural events. Each talented local musicians, along a strong interest year the city hosts the New England Summer in hardcore rock and hip-hop music. Since Nationals, a 3 day car show that attracts visitors 1999, the city has hosted the New England throughout New England. (Fig. 8.18) During Metal and Hardcore Festival in April at the the day, visitors view hundreds of classic and Palladium, and Rock and Shock, a horror antique cars, while in the evening, spectators convention held at the DCU Center coupled watch live music performances and car with a heavy metal concert at the Palladium. burnout and flame shows that take place on [www.flickr.com] The DCU Center, located downtown, attracts Main Street downtown. Another important even larger musical acts along with other Fig. 8.20 - Sensory Experiences Collage cultural event occurs on New Year’s Eve where events such as monster trucks, motocross, and the city celebrates First Night with live music rodeos. The city will also be holding its 150th and fireworks in the downtown of the city. Worcester Music Festival at Mechanics Hall, According to worcesterMA.gov, Worcester which according to musicworcester.org, “is the First Night is the second oldest New Year’s oldest Music Festival in the United States.” Eve celebration in the world. The city also celebrates stART, a large street art festival held In relations to our senses of taste and

each September. (Figure 8.19) There are also smell, the food within the city is representative - Site Research a number of ethnic pride celebrations such as of its diverse demographics. One can find the yearly Latin American and Asian Festivals many different styles of food within the city [image by author] to celebrate the city’s diverse demographics. including Puerto Rican, Vietnamese, and Italian. Like most New Englanders, seafood The sensory characteristics within is a much loved menu item. The city hosts the city also contribute to Worcester’s genius a yearly Taste of The Nation event where loci. (Figure 8.20) In particular, music is very locals sample food from the city’s restaurants

important to the city of Worcester. The Massachusetts Worcester, to raise money for Worcester charities. There Worcester Palladium attracts a number of

is also a smaller Taste of Shrewsbury Street 101 - 8.2. Site Analysis Fig. 8.21 - Downtown Topography

that celebrates the many restaurants along As mentioned previously, the Shrewsbury Street an active commercial morphology of the downtown Worcester corridor that connects to downtown. originally developed in relation to the topography of the area. Downtown lies The many natural characteristics within a valley with hills sloping up to the west, that have been discussed also connect to the northeast, and southeast. Main Street, one of sensory experiences in the city. The vibrant Worcester’s earliest streets and the first to be autumn foliage delights the eye. The cold paved, follows the valley in the north-south and wet feel of falling snow on the face, the direction. Shrewsbury Street and the railroad [Sasaki 2004, 14] crunch and smell of dried leaves or snow under tracks to Boston and Providence follow the Fig. 8.22 - View of Downtown from Route one’s feet, and the sound of a woodpecker or valley moving to the east. As the terrain chickadee are important to the genius loci of slopes away from the heavily commercial Worcester as well as New England. Many of downtown, residential neighborhoods flow up these elements that contribute to the genius the hillsides and look down to the downtown. loci of Worcester and its downtown can be (Figure 8.21) connected to, clarified, or enhanced within the

design of a new project for the city. When Route 290 was built in 1957, [photo by author] it too followed the topography of the valley. - Site Analysis Fig. 8.23 - Worcester Zoning Route 290 is a highway that leads to the Massachusetts turnpike which connects the city to Boston to the east, and New York to the West. It also connects to Route 495 which travels north into New Hampshire, or south towards Cape Cod. This highway, along with its railroad system that allows thousands of

Worcester, Massachusetts Worcester, residents to commute to Boston daily, and an airport, connects Worcester with the region. 102 - [www.ci.worcester.ma.us] The train to Boston begins at the historic Fig. 8.24 - The Image of Worcester Union Station, which can also be accessed by highland street downtown as it is an approximately five minute bell hill residential walk from Worcester Common. Route 290 district runs adjacent to downtown and views of the cown hill / north downtown are provided from the highway. piedmont main 290 rt residential districts (Figure 8.22) This highway is the primary way shrewsbury street

that visitors who do not live in the immediate blvd. summer street summer shrewsbury st. worc. center worc. district area access the downtown. The Rt. 290 pleasant street main street downtown

Highway had the negative effect of splitting front street washington the downtown away from successful areas to city square hall Abandoned the east and south. Mall rt 122 The downtown of Worcester is in franklin residential zoning district BG-6 or Business General 1-6 district canal FAR. (Figure 8.23) This area is also in a mixed district grafton street south main

use zoning overlay district. From downtown, water street green street green it is possible to access many other portions of union hill railroad to the city. Shrewsbury Street, which runs west of boston kelly residential square district downtown, is an active commercial corridor at - Site Analysis [image by author] the center of a residential district. Currently, Fig. 8.25 - Walkable Streets Fig. 8.26 - Edges and Barriers the Route 290 highway overpass, Washington Square rotary, railroad bridge, and mall parking garage represent physical and visual barriers of activity and movement between downtown and the Shrewsbury Street district. (Figure 8.27) Green Street, which also terminates in downtown flows in the south east direction, Massachusetts Worcester,

and leads to the Canal District, another [image by author, google earth] [image by author, google earth] 103 - commercial corridor which features small and an attractive streetscape that makes Fig. 8.27 - Approach from Shrewsbury St. scale restaurants and bars, along with loft style approaching downtown quite pleasant. Main housing. The Canal District is named after the street passes the beautiful Mechanics Hall, Blackstone Canal, built in 1828 and closed in which was built in 1856, and leads to the 1848, which used to allow for the transport Town Hall which sits to the west side of the of goods from Worcester to Providence. The Worcester Commons. The Town Hall, built approach to downtown from Green Street is in 1897 replaced the original Town Hall built hindered by the unpleasant tunnel beneath the in 1829. There is a strong disconnect from railroad tracks that divide the two districts. the downtown surrounding Main Street and (Figure 8.28) The connection between the the areas to the east that are separated by the Fig. 8.28 - Approach from Green Street canal district and downtown is also hindered highway and elevated railroad tracks. Much by the abandoned mall that acts as a physical of the historic fabric featuring small scaled and visual barrier for movement and activity walkable streets remains intact to the west, yet between the two districts. (Figure 8.24) There it begins to break down around the superblock is a strong opportunity for a new project on containing the vacant mall, and the highway the site of the abandoned mall to increase the and railroad area. (Figure 8.25-6) Worcester connection between downtown, the Canal Commons, immediately to the east of the mall District, and Shrewsbury Street District, is beautifully landscaped, with a rich history and which would clarify the image of the city and a number of interesting monuments, statues, - Site Analysis facilitate the movement of activity amongst and a colonial cemetery. Unfortunately it is FIg. 8.29 - Approach from Main Street these areas. underused except by homeless individuals. It does experience some lunch time activity from To the Western edge of downtown the nearby offices. A new project on the site runs Main Street which connects downtown to of the abandoned mall could contribute to an the Main South area of the city which features increase in activity to this important piece of many ethnically rich neighborhoods and Clark the city. University to the south. (Figure 8.29) Main Worcester, Massachusetts Worcester, North includes additional commercial uses.

104 - Main Street features many historic buildings [photos by author] Fig. 8.30 - Umass Memorial Hospital 8.3. Community Research

According to the 2000 Census, of the $42,988. Yet 29,115 individuals were below 172,648 Worcester residents, approximately the poverty level including almost 10,000 71% were white, 15% were Hispanic or people under the age of 18. (US Census 2000) Latino including 10% Mexican, and 8% were In 2004, the city had an ACCRA Cost of African America. The remaining residents Living Index of 114.6 while the US average is consisted of a wide range of races including 100.0. This is brought up by the high cost of 5% from various Asian countries including housing, with the average house price being [www.uml.edu] 3% Vietnamese. Of the citizens of Worcester $372,500. (City-data.com) 15% of the population were foreign born. Among those in the labor force in In the city, 43% of the occupied housing the Worcester Metropolitan area, the largest units were owner occupied, with 56% sector of employment is in educational and renter occupied. Furthermore, 58% of the health sectors, which employ almost 20% of households were family households, such as the regional labor force in 2004 and 27% of married couples without children, married the residents of Worcester in 2000. (City-data. couples with children, or single parents with com, US Census 2000) Trade, transportation, children. 42% were nonfamily households and utilities, and government jobs also make such as a householder living alone. 42% of

up a number of jobs employing 19% and Research - Community the population 15 years and over are currently 14% respectively. The largest employers in married. the region were EMC Corporation, UMass Of the population 25 years and older, Memorial Hospital, and the UMass Medical 47% are high school graduates, 20% have School. (Figure 8.30) While manufacturing attained bachelors or Associate degrees, and once dominated the economy, in 2004 it 10% have graduate or professional degrees. made up 12% of the jobs in the area. (City- 23% have not graduated high school. The data.com.) The health sector of the city of

median household income in Worcester was Worcester continues to grow. Massachusetts Worcester, $35,623, while the median family income was 105 - Worcester’s downtown, and the explains that, “downtown Worcester is not the Fig. 8.31 - Mall Parking Garage city as a whole, struggles with a negative cleanest area, people didn’t exactly feel safe, nor image and “a lack of identity” (Worcester was there anything of interest there” (Mike R Municipal Research Bureau 1999, 12). “The 2005, comment from www.urbanplannet.org). flourishing of downtown Worcester in the In discussion about the future of downtown, 1950s engendered a sense of civic pride. By there are many concerns about whether a new contrast, empty storefronts, makeshift signs… project can overcome this negative image. and a lack of cleanliness give the impression of On www.wstr.org, a resident comments that civic apathy, that no one cares”(The Research “maybe nobody will come downtown even Bureau 2008B, 4). Although the downtown if they are giving away beer because of the of Worcester was once thriving, today it has ‘stigma’ it has. (Painfully likely)” (Chris K [photos by author] struggled to live up to the standards of the 2007). Another commenter remarks that Fig. 8.32 - Mall Parking Lot city’s residents. According to an online survey “growing up in Worcester normally prepares by the Worcester Research Bureau in 2006, you for a life of cynicism, but things like this the top concerns Worcester residents had with mall confirm it” (anonymous 2007 from www. their downtown were safety, poorly maintained labelscar.com) He continues to explain his property, a perception that there is nothing doubt on whether new tenants would move to do downtown, empty storefronts and to downtown when he says, “30+ years of vacancies, a dissatisfaction with the number failure’s a tough sell for anyone” (Ibid.). As - Community Research - Community and type of retail establishments, lack of a result, “if the city is going to be welcoming people, lack of police presence, and burglary to the 30 thousand or so college students… as and theft. (The Research Bureau 2008, 2) It well as the growing number of people coming [photos by author] is clear that the negative image, and lack of into the city for business and pleasure, one of comfort in and care for the downtown, makes the first things it has to do is offer a sense of it difficult for the people of Worcester to familiarity, make people comfortable” (Paxton increase their attachment to their downtown. 2007 from www.wstr.org) Worcester, Massachusetts Worcester, In discussing why the Worcester Many people in the city also have

106 - Common Fashion Outlets failed, one resident very negative opinions towards the vacant Figs. 8.33-4 - Mallrats Worcester Common Fashion Outlets Mall. no matter how tacky or how much of One commenter exclaims, “I can’t wait to see an eyesore it is. (from Goslow 2004) the wrecking ball!” (Oliver 2006 comment Griffin later describes the dynamic of the from www.urbanplanet.com) Another says, mall: “Whatever happens there, the mall has to go” (Anonymous 2006 comment from www. Before I met up with everyone in the middle ’80s, I used to just walk around urbanplanet.com). A commenter known the mall and listen to my headphones, as JR Moreau explains that, “I’d love to get people-watching. Eventually, I started down there, 1989 Berlin Wall style, with a to meet some of the kids I’d see walking sledgehammer and get me a piece of that by and make some friends; in fact, prior to hanging around downtown, I really monstrosity to put on my Wall” (2009 didn’t know anyone. It was a whole comment from www.worcesteria.wordpress. crew of punks and skaters and weirdos com) of all types and somehow, the numbers just grew. It was like every kid who was Other’s look at the mall in fondness into that sort of thing from all of the as it reminds them of the many positive small towns around Worcester knew [Goslow 2004] that there were other people just like experiences had within its concrete walls. you hanging out at the Galleria. (Ibid) John Griffin discusses his feelings about the abandoned building in Mall Rat Memories, These memories illuminate the fact that

a collection of stories and memories from the mall was a place for children to go and Research - Community Worcester residents who grew up wandering be themselves. They identify with the place the mall: because they can safely wander the mall unsupervised and interact with others like It was where I started to grow up and where I met so many of the people them. (Figures 8.33-4) When the mall is who I still know today. In fact, one of torn down, consideration must be paid to them was the best man at my wedding. determining where children can interact in a It was a lot of fun, but those days are similar manner.

gone. I doubt that whatever they build Massachusetts Worcester, in its place will hold as many memories An even older generation has similar [Goslow 2004] for so many people as this mall has, 107 - memories of a time before the mall. Clayton going to the 5 and 10 and buying those Fig. 8.35 - Front St. before Mall Construction Gleason remembers time spent in Front huge bags of popcorn for 10 cents and trying to sneak it in the Family theater. Street, one of Worcester’s original streets that I remember the head usher, in a white was destroyed in order to build the mall: jacket and cap, an elderly gentleman who tried to get us, but we outfoxed I remember Front Street and Salem Sq. him, ha! Good memories, good times. well. As a kid i (sic.) spent a lot of time (2007 from www.worcestermass.com) on the common behind City Hall and at the Theaters there. Family. Warner. Some look back upon their memories Capital, Royal, Plymouth. Front street was the hub of the city. My parents with sadness like a commenter named Michael took my baby pics near the Tulip beds who explains that, “I was born and bred (sic.) in [Sasaki 2004, 9] at the common. Homers Hot dogs worc. In 1949… I was fortunate enough to see was a popular place and the bay State Fig. 8.36 - Front Street 19th Century a bit of its colorful past before the city fathers [restaurant]. Also the lunch counter at Union Station. The 2 bus terminals at in their wisdom destroyed the downtown area each end of Salem street were popular with its working class character and turn of for a lunch or coffee. I am 61 now and the century architecture and replaced it with remember it all like it was yesterday. the galleria mall.... It breaks my heart. My city Worcester was a good place to grow up. I have so many memories of it all. is gone” (2009, from www.worcestermass. (2007 from www.worcestermass.com) com).

- Community Research - Community Joe Morin shares similar memories: Yet while many recognize Worcester’s [www.worcestermass.com] struggles, they have hope for its future and a Ah Front St, where on a Saturday am Fig. 8.37 - Front Street 1900 or pm myself and my buddies would strong desire to see it improve. “Worcester’s take off toward the Family Theater downtown is a jewel in the rough, just and watch the Three Stooges et al . . waiting to be rediscovered. A few blocks of The noise, the pandemonium (sic.) revitalization is, at the very least, a beginning” that took place when they came on was outof (sic.)this world! I remember (tombarnes 2007 from www.urbanplanet.org). times when we had to “double up” in Much of the optimism regarding Worcester’s Worcester, Massachusetts Worcester, our seats to make room for an overflow future is coupled with a desire to participate in crowd, imagine that? I remember 108 - [www.worcestermass.com] its change. “Let’s demand control over what is to all the nice upcoming areas - Shrewsbury built, [and] accountability from those in charge Street, Canal district, Union Station. So in my (anonymous 2005 from worcester.indymedia. opinion, what has to be done first is tear the org). Jared Olen proclaims, “let us now go mall down and reopen Front Street. What they ahead wisely and create the change we want are going to build there instead is secondary” to see in Worcester” (2007 from worcester. (Oliver 2006, from www.urbanplanet.org). indymedia.org). Another commenter argues, They also argue that downtown “If we don’t take responsibility then we are needs more uses to encourage activity. One forced to take responsibility for whatever… resident argues that “what is completely we’re handed” (Paxton 2007, from http:// missing are bookstores, nice coffee houses, wstr.org). alternative theaters / movie theaters, any kind The residents of Worcester have many of nightlife if you are above 25, nice places desires in the redevelopment of the downtown that offer outside seating, shopping, any kind of Worcester. One priority is more activity of attractive pedestrian area” (Oliver 2007, downtown. “They would like to see downtown from www.urbanplanet.org) Another explains Worcester remain busy for 18 hours a day” that, “We really need to clean up Main Street, (The Research Bureau 2008B, 4). They feel get a nightlife area around there. Pedestrian to make downtown more active, it needs to be area too. Most people, even those under 25, more easily accessible by further integrating avoid Worcester like the plague and head for Research - Community the surrounding areas with downtown. One Boston or PVD. You got to be pretty broke, man complains that, “that mall is just plain in desperate, or high school to be clubbing or the way of logical traffic flow, and is a physical barhopping in Worcester” (Lowerdeck 2007, barrier against linking what assets the city does from www.urbanplanet.org). Additionally, a have in and around the downtown” (Chris commenter referred to as cloudship explains K 2007, from http://wstr.org). Another that “alternative movie theaters are a must for resident shares a similar thought by saying, every city…The closing of Bijous [Theatre] Worcester, Massachusetts Worcester, “the mall is in the way to connect downtown was a big loss for Worcester” (2007 www.

urbanplanet.org). 109 - Many also have a desire for locally fine place to start” (Worcester’s Future 2005, owned businesses that will result in a “better from http://worcester.indymedia.org). connection to and amplification of already The people of Worcester have a existing culture, not more corporate driven desire to include housing downtown. Paulie monoculture,” and more local jobs. (Worcester’s explains, “how delightful it would be to Future 2005, from http://worcester.indymedia. actually say I live in a neighborhood…these org) This poster further suggests, “let’s be are not neighborhoods within most of the intentional about which stores we let in. As urban core” (2008 from http://worcesteria. important or more important than economic wordpress.com). Yet many people have and environmental sustainability is cultural desires not only for high end condominiums, sustainability” (Ibid.). People also argue that but rental units. In addition “We as a people high end retailers cannot be supported in need affordable housing” something that the Worcester’s downtown. “High-end stores city is lacking. (Worcester’s Future 2005, from and expensive restaurants are out of reach to http://worcester.indymedia.org) This also most of Worcester’s people. We cannot cater necessitates elements to service the residents to the rich and expect them to support our such as groceries, day care centers, and health city when they haven’t in the past” (Ibid.) A clubs. poster named Mike adds, “you can change the landscape, but you can’t change the people” It is also suggested that the “Worcester - Community Research - Community (2008, from www.labelscar.com). Consortium… with Anna Maria College and Clark University (which offer Master of There is also hope that with Public Administration programs) and any redevelopment of downtown will come “a other interested college… establish a regional greater variety as well as volume of artistic and center downtown for training current and cultural attractions” (The Research Bureau future public employees for local and state 2008B, 4). Environmental responsibility is government in Central Massachusetts” (The also important to many in the city. “We need

Worcester, Massachusetts Worcester, Research Bureau 2008B, 1). These higher sustainable green building initiatives citywide. learning centers, along with other job training

110 - [New downtown development] seems like a centers would help contribute to the 18 Fig.Worcester 8.38-40 Economic -Worcester Development Economic Development Action Agenda Action Charrette Agenda- Feb - Feb 6 & 6,7 7, 20042004 hour activity that is desired by city residents. Recurring Suggestions: Physical connection to Shrewsbury Street from Front Street Extension (Worcester Municipal Research Bureau 1998) Physical connection to Canal District via Green Street Direct link from Green Street to Worcester Center Boulevard Re-think Washington Square On February 6 and 7, 2004, the city Preserve existing parking garage adjacent to DCU Center Pedestrian oriented, walkable streets of Worcester, in association with Sasaki Housing, and mixed use buildings Associates, held the Worcester Economic Development Action Agenda Charrette, in order to discuss ideas and concerns for downtown Worcester with community members. (Figures 8.38-40) Of primary focus in the charrette was discussion on redevelopment possibilities of the Worcester Common Fashion Outlet mall site. Questions and considerations included, “what should we keep, potential streets, connections, and views, where is the center, what is the character, and what are some project priorities?” Worcester Economic Development Action Agenda 2004,

3) The findings were summarized into a short [Image by author, Sasaki 2004, 106-115] Research - Community list:

1. Downtown residential neighborhood

2. 18-hour mixed use activity – connectivity

3. Nexus for the universities Worcester, Massachusetts Worcester, 4. Pedestrian friendly active

streets [Sasaki 2004, 104] [Sasaki 2004, 104] 111 - 5. Wayfinding: site lines and proposal for the mall site was later developed. Fig. 8.41 - City Square Renderings gateways It is unclear whether information learned from 6. Preserve the best historic the charrette informed any design decisions, buildings and ensure the but additional community involvement was quality of new architecture. limited to those who spoke up at future review (Ibid. 104). meetings. This list was supplemented with a number The proposal, named City Square, is of sketches of varying degrees of detail by a public-private partnership between the City participating groups that focused primarily on and Berkeley Investments: the location of streets and some placement [www.newcitysquare.com] of program. Most sketches suggested Planning began in 2004 when Berkeley Investments bought the developing connections to existing nodal former Outlet mall for $30 million intersections. All suggested a connection of from Cigna Corporation…[to develop Front Street to Washington Square. Notations an] ‘urban village,’ consisting of 2.2 on the drawings often stressed walkability million square feet of medical and professional [office] space, market and sometimes made comparisons to places rate condos, retail shops, a hotel, like Faneuil Hall Marketplace in Boston in movie theater, and park-type open reference to character. It can be argued that space… Of the total $563 million the summary did not accurately address the involved in this project, about $93 - Community Research - Community million is public money. With $7 mill more complex desires of those participating. in Fed funding, 25 million from the Perhaps participants struggled to express commonwealth and $61 million from their desires through the exercise of drawing the city from a “district improvement potential ideas, considering they have little to financing “fund, or “DIF”- a 30-year bond issuance to be paid back by tax no training working with this method. Perhaps receipts from a designated district summaries of the findings were purposely surrounding the new development. kept vague. Perhaps if additional techniques With the DIF, the city will be borrowing

Worcester, Massachusetts Worcester, were utilized, the charrette may have gathered against property tax revenues it anticipates that the new development more useful information. Nevertheless a

112 - will generate in order to finance Fig. 8.42 - City Square Renderings infrastructure improvements around because no one else will. (Tivnan it. (The Research Bureau 2008B, 11) 2006 from www.urbanplanet.org)

The project has yet to be built, for a number Most people seem to appreciate the urban of reasons. A primary reason for the project’s form of the project, and the fact that it would delay has been as a result of the developer’s increase the connectivity of the downtown inability to secure enough leases for office with other regions in the city. One citizen space, which could be a result of a currently comments that, “the best effect of City poor economy. As the project continues to Square will be in the facilitation of traffic be delayed, residents grow more and more flow through downtown, benefitting the Main [www.newcitysquare.com] frustrated and doubt whether the project will St. businesses. Given the state of the mall, ever actually happen. People have also had an at least they cannot shit up the space any opportunity to discuss their opinions of the further” (Paolo 2007, from http://wstr.org). project which vary greatly. Another explains that “North Main Street / Commons and new City Square could be Many citizens are thrilled with the plan one nice walkable downtown area with short and are excited to see it get built: walking distance to Shrewsbury Street with its The plan is a marvelous, it will increase many restaurants and Canal District with loft the tax base, incourage (sic.) other housing units, restaurants and bars” (Oliver developers to look at the city for their investments, bring some vitality back 2005, from www.urbanplanet.org). Research - Community to downtown after 5p.m. , help to Many people are anxious to see the reduce commuting (cleaner air) and a great deal more. Is the city spending project go through so they can get some alot (sic.) of money on this project? tax revenue from the underutilized land and Yes they are. Are invester (sic.) banging hopefully spur continual redevelopment down the city’s door to spend this of the city. Jared Olen asks “can we afford kind of money? No they are not, so we must begin somewhere and here not to go ahead with this development”

we are. In the future we should be (2007, from www.urbanplanet.org)? Another Massachusetts Worcester, more frugal with our tax dollars but commenter says, “it would be a shame if this

for now we need to invest in ourselves 113 - did not happen. A project of that scale would that the planned housing in City Fig. 8.43-4 - City Square Renderings completely change the core of Worcester, and Square will be affordable housing. (Carolyn 2007, from http://wstr.org) that would generally be a good” (The Voice of Reason 2008, from www.urbanplanet.org). Similar sentiments are felt by another resident: Yet others look more critically past the fact that the project would remove the Most agree that this project simply vacant underused mall, and bring activity to doesn’t fit the needs of the people of Worcester and that alone could make downtown. One resident argues that: [www.newcitysquare.com] it dead on arrival. My point is this, The plan for City Square is a cookie- City Square may be more damaging cutter plan, one that does not seem than stimulating in the long run. Our to take into consideration the people city is pushing for an arts district and who actually live in Worcester and a “creative city initiative”, but there’s the culture that exists here. The few little creative or artistic about the local buisnesses (sic.) that currently development before us. In fact, the exist in the development zones I development could be considered assume will be demolished…) to make boring. (Worcester’s Future 2005, room for Barnes and Noble, Banana from http://worcester.indymedia.org) Republic, and other large chain It seems that most people are happy buisnesses (sic.) who have no interest [www.newcitysquare.com] in local development. How is this with the fact that something may indeed be - Community Research - Community development any different from the happening in a long underutilized site that mall when it was first built in the 60s? may reverse some of the damages the failed And later when it was re-developed in the 90s as a discount mall? Will mall had on the connectivity and walkability this be a third failure? The city has of the city, and hopefully spur some activity, hopes of attracting more middle investment, and life into the downtown of the and upper class residents to shop at city. Yet those who critically look at the City these future stores-- an increase in condominiums and constant decrease Square project wonder if these same goals in support of social services for the could be accomplished while still relating more Worcester, Massachusetts Worcester, CURRENT residents of Worcester to the needs of the community and further seem to point at this. I highly doubt 114 - Fig. 8.45-6 - City Square Renderings connecting to and establishing the unique characteristics of the city.

As a result, the project will probably provide people with a sense of the place, while falling short on positively addressing spirit of the place and attachment to the place. Nevertheless, it will probably develop a [www.newcitysquare.com] positive image and produce feeling of comfort which is important to developing attachment to the place. Furthermore, if the project is economically successful, many people will develop memories in the place and will still become attached to it with time. Yet this process will probably occur slower and for fewer citizens than if people felt that they had more control over what went into the project and if it connected to their needs in a stronger [www.newcitysquare.com] way. If it had a stronger spirit of the place, it

would be more memorable and enjoyable for Research - Community short term and long term users, and further enhance the unique characteristics of the city as a whole. Worcester, Massachusetts Worcester, 115 - 116 - Proposed Intervention Fig. 9.1-ExistingSiteModel [model by author] Fig. SiteModel 9.2-Proposed [model by author]

117 - Proposed Intervention 118 - Proposed Intervention Fig. Clarity 9.3-Image [image by author] [image

highland street

residential districts

pleasant street pleasant rt 122 rt cown hill/ piedmont south main hall railroad to city

boston

main street

development street front front downtown new north main square kelly kelly green street worc. center district canal blvd.

water street washington

square summer street

rt 290 residential union hill district

residential grafton street grafton shrewsbury st. shrewsbury bell hill bell district district Visual Connections Physical Connections Image Clarity Naming Enclosure Entrances &Exits Edge &Boundary Sense ofthePlace Experience Signage Hierarchy

shrewsbury street residential franklin district the by created elevated railroadandRoute 290Highway. edge perceived the down break potentially could project the districts, these between connections the enhancing By direct creating site the into nodes surrounding the by from paths extending facilitated be could connections These District. Street Main North the and east, the to District Street Shrewsbury to the south, District the Canal the specifically districts, surrounding the connect help city,and the in nodes of system larger the to connect could the image the soon to be vacant mall site could help that opportunity good a is there analysis, site the from learned As were considered. place adequately the of sense the developing of from a larger scale in order to ensure that site goals the analyze to important was it site, the on conjectures these structure to attempt to time became it When to project. the in include elements of possibilities and responses of variety a about made were conjectures of number a analysis, community and analysis, Intervention 9. Proposed When analyzing where pathwaysWhen from s rsl o ie eerh site research, site of result a As o the city. of (Figure 9.3) The new node physical connections physical clarify . itit n Wsigo sur t te east, the to square Washington and District Street Shrewsbury the from connection the create to rebuilt be could city the of streets original the of one Street, Front that revealed the Overlaying historic the street city grid of over the mall site place. to attachment and place the of spirit the developmentthe for of opportunities additional revealed analysis and research site Further node. developed newly new amongst existing nodes and districts and the to the movement facilitate previously, help could intervention locations these movement to at barrier a as perceived been once had mall the While 9.4) (Figure evident. for locations ideal the surrounding districts intersect with the site, Street and the connection to the North Main North the to connection the and Street Front recreated the from connection south north a that evident became it mall, existing remember experienceshad onthisstreet. still can residents Worcester older many and memories, development and clarity image direct a create only not would connection This west. the to Street Main and Commons Worcester and hnsuyn h lo lno the of plan floor the studying When this street existed prior to the 1970s,the to prior existed street this bt t ol rlt t the to relate would it but , of the city as well as people’s as well as city the of physical connection physical nrne ad exits and entrances and reinforce and became history history Fig. Streets Primary 9.4-Proposed [image by author] [image Experience Signage Hierarchy Visual Connections Physical Connections Image Clarity Naming Enclosure Entrances &Exits Edge &Boundary Sense ofthePlace Visual Delight Touch Hearing Taste &Smell &DevelopmentHistory Symbolism &Meaning Cultural Activities &Use Visual Character Climatic Connection Landscape Connection Spirit ofthePlace Comfortable Space Care Safety Activity &Econ. Success Equity &Diversity Community Interaction Intellectual Stimulation Growth Control &Power Memory Personal Identity Attachment toPlace

119 - Proposed Intervention 120 - Proposed Intervention to connection Front Street. This would create a direct new to it connecting and site the into Street Green extending from come would project forthedevelopment. energy planters, and photovoltaics that could produce lamps,banners,flowerstreet signage, support even could structure existing This place. the the to contribute and street create would that element The new street could pass beneath this galleria though it was an economic failure. (Figure 9.5) evencity’s the history of part important an is that mall the of image identifiable the is that piece galleria arcaded grand the reclaiming by reinforced be could memory and history to connection This site. the on experiences people’sas well as city the of the to relate would but place through the of sense a to contribute only not would circulation space to an exterior interior circulation once space the Turning be mall. to demolished soon the of space circulation the of location precise the at made be could District image clarity h tid oncin no h new the into connection third The to the Canal District and contribute and District Canal the to . image clarity history and development development and history and physical connections visual character visual hierarchy memory of their of o the for physical o of ,

conflicted with goals for smaller scale for smaller goals with conflicted sometimes activity regional for that goals clear some became it project, the for made diversity, suchplace as to attachment of issues on focus larger a zone had community local the zones, both for necessary was place the of sense strong a of two zones. (Figure 9.8) While the development programmatic analysis was performed for these center. (Figure 9.6-7) the in activity community local and regional both supports that zone overlapping an and south, the to activity community north, the to activity regional of zone a bisect that west connections physical of consists that project the for diagram basic the of development the in resulted This onthe site. live who actually people to specific more focus community local scaled smaller a have would that portion a and workers, and visitors Worcester non and site, living the outside residents Worcester as such people from activity regional attracting to devoted wouldthat site the be of developto portion a desire a to led This attachment. community In analyzing many of the conjectures the of many analyzing In In order to develop these two zones a twodevelopzones these to order In and mle sae cmuiy interaction. community scaled smaller control and power, growth, equity and equity growth, power, and control to the north south east and east south north the to Figs. 9.6-7 - Project ZoneDiagrams Figs. 9.6-7-Project Fig. GalleriaArcade 9.5-Repurposed [images by author] [images Experience Signage Hierarchy Visual Connections Physical Connections Image Clarity Naming Enclosure Entrances &Exits Edge &Boundary Sense ofthePlace Hierarchy Image Clarity Enclosure Entrances &Exits Sense ofthePlace Repurposed GalleriaArcade S M t r ain eet Street Main Main Visual Delight Touch Hearing Taste &Smell &DevelopmentHistory Symbolism &Meaning Cultural Activities &Use Visual Character Climatic Connection Landscape Connection Spirit ofthePlace Visual Delight &DevelopmentHistory Visual Character Climatic Connection Spirit ofthePlace S Signage, &Plantings Applied Lighting, Photovoltaics Comfortable Space Care Safety Activity &Econ. Success Equity &Diversity Community Interaction Intellectual Stimulation Growth Control &Power Memory Personal Identity Attachment tothePlace Memory Attachment tothePlace Community No C North Main Main North ommuni Activity A S r c th tivi Street t Canal District Green Street r eet t M y t y ain Regional Regional Activity R A C egional G c anal tivi r een t y D S ist t r eet r i c t Shrewsbury Shrewsbury Street S Experience Signage Hierarchy Visual Connections Physical Connections Image Clarity Naming Enclosure Entrances &Exits Edge &Boundary Sense ofthePlace Physical Connections Image Clarity Sense ofthePlace h r S e t w r eet sbu r y surrounding its surrounding central communal open space, zone focused community the in located was housing general, the In 9.9-10) (Figure elements. of site form specific the the to on regard without elements programmatic the zones. two the between area overlapping the and in fall zones both for important are daycare and cleaner, dry a businesses, owned locally Programmatic elements such as a supermarket, of feeling a develop can residents local so zone focused community the in located better are garden community a as such elements while zone, activity regional the in appropriate more are success economic to contribute club dance and theatre movie a as such phase conjecture the in suggested communal space. a outdoor around organized be would and issues such as and smell, and taste development, and history meaning, as such issues place the of spirit on focus greater a had activity regional on focus a with area The hearing, hearing, large scaled large community interaction. et atmt wr md t situate to made were attempts Next, utrl ciiis n ue smoim and symbolism use, and activities cultural control and power and control ln wt atcmn t place to attachment with along memory, memory, activity and economic success, and

cultural activities and uses and activities cultural rgamtc elements Programmatic from the garden. garden. the from Each zone and Fig. Analysis 9.8-Programmatic [image by author] [image Experience Signage Hierarchy Visual Connections Physical Connections Image Clarity Naming Enclosure Entrances &Exits Edge &Boundary Sense ofthePlace Community Visual Delight Smell Touch Hearing Taste &Smell &DevelopmentHistory Symbolism &Meaning Cultural Activities &Use Visual Character Climatic Connection Landscape Connection Spirit ofthePlace Garden Playground Basketball Basketball Small Court Community Low Density Housing Center Comfortable Space Care Safety Equity &Diversity Small ScaleCommunityInteraction Intellectual Stimulation Growth Control &Power Memory Personal Identity Attachment tothePlace Comfortable Space Care Safety Activity &Econ. Success Equity &Diversity Small ScaleCommunityInteraction Intellectual Stimulation Growth Control &Power Memory Personal Identity Attachment tothePlace Chess Boards Community Art Project Art BBQ Area Community Activity Green Space Community Shared Church Supermarket Convenience High Density High Density Job Job Training Health ClubHealth Restaurants Dry Cleaner Dry Skate ParkSkate Businesses / Businesses Incubators Housing Daycare Business Business Barber Owned Salon Locally Store Bars Education Higher Parking Garage Experience Signage Hierarchy Visual Connections Physical Connections Image Clarity Naming Enclosure Entrances &Exits Edge &Boundary Sense ofthePlace Regional Regional Activity Dance Club Comedy Space Office Office Club Visual Delight Touch Hearing Taste &Smell &DevelopmentHistory Symbolism &Meaning Cultural Activities &Use Visual Character Climatic Connection Landscape Connection Spirit ofthePlace Housing Student Theatre Food Vendors Larger Scale Restaurants Sales Carts Sales Bars & Festivales Concerts Movies Shops Retail Comfortable Space Care Safety Activity &Econ. Success Equity &Diversity Regional CommunityInteraction Intellectual Stimulation Growth Control &Power Memory Personal Identity Attachment tothePlace Comfortable Space Care Safety Activity &Econ. Success Equity &Diversity Regional CommunityInteraction Intellectual Stimulation Growth Control &Power Memory Personal Identity Attachment tothePlace Retailers Larger

121 - Proposed Intervention 122 - Proposed Intervention [images by author] [images Figs. 9.9-10- Office Roof Garden Garden Roof for Market for Market 2nd Floor Big BoxBig Parking Theatre Garage Above Retail Office Dance Club Program Placement Program Comedy Above Thatre Gathering Pre-Post Club & Gym Gym Club Theatre Shops Retail Office Skate ParkSkate Church Restaurants Sharks Sharks Tailgate 2 Floors & Bars Office Market & Market Vendors Fountains Playfields Concerts Festivals Housing Movies Seating, Basketball Garden Bus. Incubator Housing Housing Center Com. Above Com. Rst. Eduction Eduction Office & Office Above Incubator Playground Daycare Bus. Housing Housing Market & Market Vendors & Sitting Shop Coffee Above Seating, Playfield Eduction Eduction Office & Office Open Open Locally Owned Locally Owned Above Businesses Housing Housing Restaurants Above 2 Floors Density Housing Density & Bars BBQ Parking Garage Low &High Natural Area Office AboveOffice Supermarket Housing Housing Retail Above Parking SpaceOpen Institutional Office Housing Entertainment Retail, Service, & for smaller scaled development. This location land additional no to little and traffic moving site behind this garage, as it consists only of fast the of walkabledevelopmentnortheast the to for potential little eyesore,is an there as many by perceived is garage parking curving large the Although parking. additional for need a is there if north the in parking underground Front for is also Street. an opportunity There historic the would recreate to order garage in removed be parking mall curved the of portion a though car, by site the to traveling visitors regional many the serve to north the the south. to space open focused community the serve additionally to zone in-between the in located also are uses service as and Retail space. well office as uses service and entertainment, focused open space is also supported by retail, regionally The residents. zone tenured longer oriented as community the in much participate as and contribute not would who pharmacy the of college Massachusetts the of students temporary for northwest the to is There also student oriented housing located the regionally focused open space to the north. supports also housing density higher though xsig akn lt ae esd in reused are lots parking Existing of fluidity, slowness, subtle variation and variation subtle slowness, fluidity, of ideas invoke forms curvilinear organic more Similarly, history. and narrative Worcester’s with inconsistent seemed This unchanging. feel and balance, stability,control, of invokefeelings and order, represent to tend forms classical example, For 9.11) (Figure forms. meaning and symbolism the of analysis an to led This on. takewould consider the physical that form these elements to necessary became it site, the on placement to the contribute will structure existing the reusing and garage parking a for location ideal an is paths and force lines. The forms of the open the of lines.force and paths forms The divergent and overlapping by defined are that forms with sharp changes in path and direction be overlapping more by formalized could symbolically memories and histories, stories, ideas, overlapping different many of analysis My development. acre 22 new a building and mall the down tearing again highway,and or mall, the build to city the of portions large of down tearing the as city,such the to changes history. and drastic by shaped more Worcester’sis history narrative Worcester’s with gradual change. This too seemed inconsistent economic success After studying programmatic programmatic studying After o theproject. of f dfeet physical different of Fig. 9.11-Symbolism&Meaning [image by author] [image Symbolism &Meaning Worcester’s Narrative Inconsistent with Unchanging Classical Controlled Balanced Ordered Stacked Stable Organic -Curvilinear Worcester’s Narrative Inconsistent with Gradual Change Subtle Variation Fluid Slow Many different overlapping ideas, stories, Sharp ChangesSharp inPath &Direction Fractured -Overlapping Operlapping paths andforceOperlapping lines Sharp ContrastSharp andDifferences Drastic changesto thecity histories, andmemories Worcester’s Narrative Consistent with Uncertain Unstable

123 - Proposed Intervention 124 - Proposed Intervention Fig. 9.12-Views [image by author] [image Views Experience Signage Hierarchy Visual Connections Physical Connections Image Clarity Naming Enclosure Entrances &Exits Edge &Boundary Sense ofthePlace Visual Delight Touch Hearing TasteVisual Delight &Smell &DevelopmentHistory &DevelopmentSymbolismHistory &Meaning Cultural Activities &Use Visual Character Climatic Connection Landscape Connection Spirit ofthePlace Comfortable Space Care Safety Activity &Econ. Success Equity &Diversity Community Interaction Intellectual Stimulation Growth Control &Power Memory Personal Identity Attachment tothePlace their attachment totheplace. memories buildings. feature many newly constructed contemporary the to a more diverse previously remember people through wayfinding and orientation the support only the failed mail within the site. These views not of galleria reused the to provided also were Views 9.12) (Figure Cathedral. Canadiens des Dame Notre and Station, Union Hall, City historic and beautiful the to provided were views Specifically elements. key to site the of out and in views providing on placed was care much buildings, potential and programmatic elements of placement and form the uncertain the itsresidents. feelings of and history Worcester’s of nature drastic instability,and the of symbolic be would buildings the of many and space history and development development and history diinly we considering when Additionally, for some people which may increase may which people some for

iul connections visual hs ves a ee conjure even can views These visual character of the place that will that place the of o ulig that buildings to , u contribute but by referencing Fig. 9.13-SitePlan [image by author] [image

Main Street

City Hall

des Canadiens des

Notre Dame Dame Notre Mechanic Street Mechanic

Green Street Galleria Street

Front Street Front

Union Union Train Station

Washington

Square 0

Shrewsbury Street 50

Feet Route 290 100 150

125 - Proposed Intervention 126 - Proposed Intervention

Fig. 9.14-LocalCommunityOrientedSpace [image by author] [image

des Canadiens des Notre Dame Dame Notre Skate Park Community Garden Residential Training Community Residential Above Job Center

Green Street Daycare

Penthouses Above

Triple-Deckers Local CommunityOrientedSpace Locally Owned Naming Enclosure Entrances &Exits Edge &Boundary Sense ofthePlace Experience Signage Hierarchy Visual Connections Physical Connections Image Clarity Businesses Residential Visual Delight Smell Touch Hearing Taste &Smell &DevelopmentHistory Symbolism &Meaning Cultural Activities &Use Visual Character Climatic Connection Landscape Connection Spirit ofthePlace Residential Above High Density Supermarket Comfortable Space Care Safety Equity &Diversity Small ScaleCommunityInteraction Intellectual Stimulation Growth Control &Power Memory Personal Identity Attachment tothePlace Comfortable Space Care Safety Activity &Econ. Success Equity &Diversity Small ScaleCommunityInteraction Intellectual Stimulation Growth Control &Power Memory Personal Identity Attachment tothePlace 0 Feet 25 50 Space 9.1. Local Community Oriented lmtc connections climatic facilitate east hopefully would which with the to spaces found be seating can grills lined community Tree well. as attachment of goals to contribute space open restaurants. and salon, dry-cleaner, center, care day club, health supermarket, a as such uses by served occupied owner apartments, condos, and and row homes. It housing is also rental income of consisting mixed and incubators, business and businesses ownedspaces, locally training job and center community a as such elements programmatic through done is This interaction. community scaled smaller diversity, and equity growth, power, and control on focuses that by program served is east, the and views to Union station across the street to west the to immediately Cathedral Canadians around an open space with the Notre Dame des a number ways.of This zone, that is organized in addressed were place the to attachment for goals south, the to zone focused community hn okn coe a te local the at closer looking When ulc lmns n h communal the in elements Public hl influencing while (Figure 9.14) (Figure landscape community and and ol as b budd y o wls made walls low by bounded be also would to contribute also will crosswalks and sidewalks, lighting, adequate and parking street on with a of development the to contribute would lighting additional landscape providing biodiversity, of additional levels support ideally would that area retention water natural a as left be would site the on elevationlowest current the at area an satisfaction to contributing chess, of game a while conversing with other parents or playing children their supervise and sit could parents and power. control people in the community, creating a feeling of be used by the daycare center could be built by activities and uses center would also allow for a variety of space to suit their needs. An open lawn at the tables and chairs would allow users to Moveable adapt the 9.15) (Figure grilling. outdoor of interaction safety safety comfortable space comfortable dqae etn, adcpn, and landscaping, seating, Adequate and through the common the through and and climatic connections community interaction. . A playground that would also comfort Adjacent to these play spaces . Narrow tree lined streets lined tree Narrow . n h ae. Spaces area. the in . cultural activity cultural To the east, intellectual cultural

127 - Proposed Intervention 128 - Proposed Intervention Fig. 9.15-LocalCommunityOrientedSpace [image by author] [image Fig. 9.17- Triple-Decker HousingModification connections power and wouldgarden give residents a feeling of landscape facilitate further gardens level ground the in in flower boxes, the vertical trellis element, and Plantings ways. other in space their adapting flower boxes, hangingflags frombalconies, or power and address further can allows for increased levels, income of variety a for types housing of range a Providing above. units penthouse is unique to the region to include more luxury that typology housing triple-decker the buildings adapt the space, communal the of side power to feelings greater of the activity in the communal space contributing watch to residents allow that balconies many character unique the to connect would material This area. the in plots demarcate to historically used walls bounding the of reminiscent are which fieldstones England New local of over the area. (Figure 9.16) To the south o thearea. of To the the west space, of a community have buildings housing adjacent The and while providing while by planting flowers in the provided the in flowers planting by as well. (Figure 9.17) A basketball A 9.17) (Figure well. as climatic connections. equity and diversity. personal identity personal safety safety landscape as well as and and Residents control and control climatic control control control visual larger project. larger the within place the of sense scaled smaller a for wayfinding and orientation support will connections to other areas the of development spatial differentiation, while physical and visual strong wouldprovide space the into exits and moved on. has designer the after place their to changes make continually to users allow are and place positive create to serve also community.these as eventssuchCommunity the in values shared display help can building space. Similarly, a mural painted on the adjacent the and influence would that piece art community a create together to work also could community The identity people’s some to relate would court and allow for the popular pta ecoue n cer entrances clear and enclosure Spatial visual character visual control and power, community interaction, community power, and control and visual delight visual memories cultural activity. n the in personal in the in

Fig. 9.16-LocalCommunityOrientedSpace [image by author] [image

129 - Proposed Intervention 130 - Proposed Intervention Fig. 9.18-Regional Activity OrientedSpace [image by author] [image Existing Office Existing Office Health Club Comedy Above Club Skate Shop Dance Rooftop Farming Club & Cafe Theatre Above (Book Store) “Big Box” Retail Skate Park Theatre Entry Retail & Shops Restaurant

Galleria Street Restaurants Coffee Shop 2 Levels &Bars

Office Front Street Front Businesses Local Educational Office & Above Regional Activity OrientedSpace Image Clarity Naming Enclosure Entrances &Exits Edge &Boundary Sense ofthePlace Experience Signage Hierarchy Visual Connections Physical Connections Visual Delight Touch Hearing Taste &Smell &DevelopmentHistory Symbolism &Meaning Cultural Activities &Use Visual Character Climatic Connection Landscape Connection Spirit ofthePlace Existing Garage Office Above Retail & Shops Comfortable Space Care Safety Activity &Econ. Success Equity &Diversity Regional CommunityInteraction Intellectual Stimulation Growth Control &Power Memory Personal Identity Attachment tothePlace 0 Feet 25 50 de f te pn pc rn a pedestrian a “WorcesterWalkthe of follows that corridor runs space open the of edge place and attachment to place. To the western within it can the also spirit support of goals of and askatepark. pharmacy, club, comedy club, dance theatre, shop, coffee space, a office store, movie book and other locally owned shops and businesses, space retail bars, and restaurants of variety a smell. and interaction, community scaled large success, economic and activity to strong considerations with space open the surround uses space clarity provide to converge development new the in streets major three the where point the at space open central a around organized is ways.are considered in a varietyzone This of the the place and attachment to the place spirit of to related goals zone, oriented activity Space 9.2. Regional Activity Oriented . (Figure 9.18) programmatic A variety of and h oe sae n te elements the and space open The regional the at closer looking When n snul ulte sc as such qualities sensual and physical Some of these uses could include could uses these of Some and utrl ciiis n use, and activities cultural iul oncin t the to connections visual taste image [images by author] [images Fig. History 9.19-Worcester Walk of Fig. Regional 9.20-Sectionthrough Activity OrientedSpace Existing Parking Garage Worcester Walk ofHistory Naming Enclosure Entrances &Exits Edge &Boundary Sense ofthePlace Experience Signage Hierarchy Visual Connections Physical Connections Image Clarity Experience Signage Hierarchy Visual Connections Physical Connections Image Clarity Naming Enclosure Entrances &Exits Edge &Boundary Sense of the Place Service Service Street Visual Delight Touch Hearing Taste &Smell &DevelopmentHistory Symbolism &Meaning Cultural Activities &Use Visual Character Climatic Connection Landscape Connection Spirit of the Place Cultural Activities &Use Visual Character Climatic Connection Landscape Connection Spirit ofthePlace Visual Delight Touch Hearing Taste &Smell & DevelopmentHistory Symbolism &Meaning Spirit ofthePlace Visual Delight &DevelopmentHistory Educational Bar/ Restaurant Office Market Walk of History Comfortable Space Care Safety Activity &Econ. Success Equity &Diversity Community Interaction Intellectual Stimulation Growth Control &Power Memory Personal Identity Attachment to the Place Growth Control &Power Memory Personal Identity Attachment tothePlace Comfortable Space Care Safety Activity &Econ. Success Equity &Diversity Community Interaction Intellectual Stimulation Memory Attachment tothePlace Intellectual Stimulation & Market Outdoor Dining & Stage Open Lawn & Market Outdoor Dining Galleria Street Retail Theatre “Big Box” Retail

131 - Proposed Intervention 132 - Proposed Intervention Fig. Restaurant, 9.22 - Seafood Market, &Brewpub Fig. 9.21-CommunityMarketplace Community Garden [image by author] [image Central Marketplace Visual Delight Touch Hearing Taste &Smell &DevelopmentHistory Symbolism &Meaning Cultural Activities &Use Visual Character Climatic Connection Landscape Connection Spirit ofthePlace Visual Delight Touch Taste &Smell Cultural Activities &Use Spirit ofthePlace Market Cafe (Double Height) Brewing Room

Bar Lobster Tank Lobster Raw Bar (Double Height) Dining Room Comfortable Space Care Safety Activity &Econ. Success Equity &Diversity Community Interaction Intellectual Stimulation Growth Control &Power Memory Personal Identity Attachment tothePlace Comfortable Space Activity &Econ. Success Equity &Diversity Community Interaction Memory Personal Identity Attachment tothePlace Restrooms) (Kitchen / Back of House Rooftop FarmingRooftop Outdoor Dining Market Cafe Brewing (Open to Room Below) Brewing Room Street Experience Signage Hierarchy Visual Connections Physical Connections Image Clarity Naming Enclosure Entrances &Exits Edge &Boundary Sense ofthePlace Bar Open to Below 2nd Floor Raw Dining Bar Dining Room Visual Delight Touch Hearing Taste &Smell &DevelopmentHistory Symbolism &Meaning Cultural Activities &Use Visual Character Climatic Connection Landscape Connection Spirit ofthePlace Taste &Smell Landscape Connection Spirit ofthePlace Restaurants Regional GrowersRegional Local Grocery Comfortable Space Care Safety Activity &Econ. Success Equity &Diversity Community Interaction Intellectual Stimulation Growth Control &Power Memory Personal Identity Attachment tothePlace Activity &Econ. Success Community Interaction Control &Power Attachment tothePlace central open space, and allow views throughout the on activity more create balcony would that spaces of number a have would building This 24) 23, 9.20, (Figure above. space and office educational and seating, outdoor with bars and restaurants of levels two of consist would that east the to building a alongside different perspectives onsharedmemories. woulddisplaypeople’sthat containers glass in important them insert and paper write of pieces on memories to encouraged be would to Development. and Worcester’s about information and facilitate would History” shared memory, between and personal memory. The “Walk contrast of the plaques, symbolizing informational the around pavers the in inscribed be would years those of had residents memories various addition, In year. subsequent each made being additions with in Worcester’s history that happened each year, time line they can read about important events this along walk people As history. changing drastically Worcester’s of symbolic direction in the pavingground follows sharp changes in found is that line This 9.19) (Figure History”. memories h Wl o itr wud travel would History of Walk The of their past in Worcester. Users Worcester. in past their of It would also connect people connect wouldalso It nelcul stimulation intellectual History History

influence our to relate would provide only not would market The 9.22-23) (Figures passersby. to chowder clam and rolls lobster seafood market and sell premade food such as “WalkHistory” could also have of an outdoor the of east the to building the seafood in restaurant A 9.21) (Figure growers. regional in the development, the grocery store, or other gardens rooftop potential from items garden, market to sell produce grown at the community farmers a to converted be could History” of outdoor seating space to the the west“walk of also befoundalongthispedestrianspace. street performers, and small cart vendors could vendors, Food element. trellis landscaped a by wind and sun from shaded be would restaurants that adjacent the for spaces seating and dining outdoor be would history of walk year.the Tothroughout changes westthe the building the as climate and landscape the to users connect further and biodiversity attract that systems wallliving feature could building This 9.11) (Figure previously. discussed was fractured and layered history and narrative that the Additionally,site.symbolizes the form its On weekends or in the morning, the morning, the in or weekends On landscape omnt interaction, community and sense of taste and smell and taste of sense lmtc connections climatic n contribute and but , and i.92 efo akt&Wl fHistory Fig. Market &Walk 9.23-Seafood of Fig. 9.24 - Restaurant, Office, EducationalBuilding [images by author] [images

133 - Proposed Intervention 134 - Proposed Intervention [image by author] [image Fig. toOutdoorDiningandOpenLawn 9.25-ViewSecondFloor from summer, which influencesa allowed to play in the adjacent fountains in the wouldchildrenwho be supervising parents or to the lawn could be ideal for lunchtime diners while eating. Additional seating space adjacent the of restaurant building could enjoy the music space leveloutdoor second the on and spaces occurring, people sitting in the outdoor dining to contributes growth which information post to the project, the and center be of an ideal place represent also could location central stage’s The 9.26) (Figure postings. information for demolished mall and could also serve as a place constructed from reclaimed concrete from the be could concerts for stage The 9.25) (Figure concerts. or movies outdoor for used be also could space This development. the of north the to just Center DCU the playsin that team game tailgate for the Worcester Sharks Hockey activities cultural for sunbathing or throwing a Frisbee, or larger varietyuses. of This space could be a use simply to adaptable easily is that lawn open large to 18hour and Since the reformation of Front Street Front of reformation the Since a include also would space open The control and control power. activity andeconomicsuccess. activity such as food festivals or a pre- a festivalsor food as such When When concerts are climatic connection. Fig. Element 9.26-Stage [image by author] [image

135 - Proposed Intervention 136 - Proposed Intervention Fig. 9.28 - Pre/Post Movie &NightclubSittingArea Fig. Displays 9.27-MallandFront Informational Street [images by author] [images Image Clarity Naming Enclosure Entrances &Exits Edge &Boundary Sense ofthePlace Experience Signage Hierarchy Visual Connections Physical Connections Pre/Post Movie &Nightclub Outdoor SittingArea Experience Signage Hierarchy Visual Connections Physical Connections Image Clarity Naming Enclosure Entrances &Exits Edge &Boundary Sense ofthePlace Mall &Front Street Displays Symbolism &Meaning Cultural Activities &Use Visual Character Climatic Connection Landscape Connection Spirit ofthePlace Visual Delight Touch Hearing Taste &Smell &DevelopmentHistory History &DevelopmentHistory Spirit ofthePlace Visual Delight Touch Hearing Taste &Smell &DevelopmentHistory Symbolism &Meaning Cultural Activities &Use Visual Character Climatic Connection Landscape Connection Spirit ofthePlace Comfortable Space Care Safety Activity &Econ. Success Equity &Diversity Community Interaction Intellectual Stimulation Growth Control &Power Memory Personal Identity Attachment tothePlace Intellectual Stimulation Memory Attachment tothePlace Care Safety Activity &Econ. Success Equity &Diversity Community Interaction Intellectual Stimulation Growth Control &Power Memory Personal Identity Attachment tothePlace Comfortable Space

Galleria Street Front Street Front no h nw pc b sen atvt ta is that activity seeing by space new the into drawn wouldbe people Ideally development. City Hall and Main Street from within the new to views allows and Common, the in people the galleria, stage, and restaurant building from to views allows space this create to buildings the existing Worcester to Common. Setting back the development new the from activity of sense touch the to connect would and wood local of constructed be would It area. the in somebody meet to waiting when or parent a and converse when waiting to be picked up by sit to people allows element stepped A 9.28) (Figure buildings. adjacent the at events after for interaction ideal community is that area seating outdoor an is park skate and club comedy the from Front Street across and entrance club dance and theatre movie the to adjacent area, oriented site. (Figure9.27) the of awareness facilitating site, or the on remind previously was what about users teach to provided be would displays informational proposal, design the of parts and the the reuse mall of galleria are important . This space would ideally help connect help ideally would space This . At the southwest edge the of regionally nelcul stimulation intellectual history and development and history n gteig eoe or before gathering and and on the on

an novd n motn dcsos n h skate the in decisions important in involved getting in interested be would probably they whole, a developmentas the about discussion it is doubtful that children would participate in place.attachmentthe to While contributes to of feelings for community that involvement in the design process is beneficial previously argued was it addition, In sport. their practice to place safe a with them provide would This property. they skate in Worcester Common or on when private complain People go. to skaters these for places few are there though population, skate identify Worcesterlarge addition, a In has with. and themselves be to children for place another provide to important is it so exist, longer no will place this demolished, is mall the When them. like people other meet and themselves be and out hang to children for place important an was mall the that clear became it reasons. mall existing the studying of in First, number a for considered was inclusion programmatic This 9.29) (Figure order to allow views across it to the Cathedral. in Cathedral Canadiens des Dame Notre the to the project. It is located just to the north of atthis occurring The The skate park is an important inclusion entry andexit entry oto ad power and control point. which Fig. 9.29-ViewSkatePark Across beneath toCathedralfrom [images by author] [images Fig. 9.30 - SkatePark

137 - Proposed Intervention 138 - Proposed Intervention well as facilitating further park the graffiti skaters to allowed be would Additionally, action. the comfortable enjoying feel would and place skaters’ the of intruding are they that feel not would people These buildings. surrounding park’s the from or park, the of south the to space the street above, from the community oriented space, onlookers can watch the activities from power feel They 9.30) (Figure skaters. fellow watching while from bar snack adjacent burger the a enjoy and out hang to area own their have park the of users that way a park beforeitiseven built. the to attached become would They park. over their space. Yet in addition to this to addition Yetin space. their over visual delight. h sae ak s eind n such in designed is park skate The control and power, personal identity, personal power, and control oto and control as eal o hs rpsl tl ne t be to need still considered. I have proposal learned that the all issues of this of details 9.3. Conclusions entertainment center. Yet attention to issues to Yetattention regional center. entertainment a over have might neighborhood the of different that concerns a residentially oriented some revealed study my example, For others. over place of sense of elements some on priority greater place probably will of developments types certain that clarified has exploration this Furthermore, process. design inclusive an for attempts scale large to spaces may address communal in table or chair a move to people small signs within the project. Simply allowing impact can city the across nodes to gestures physical scale large example, For place. of elements sense of different impact techniques and consideration of scales different how clarify helped has exploration design This place. to attachment and place, the of spirit place, the of sense of qualities strong facilitate to elements project of number large a of sum the require movebut design one in addressed be cannot place of sense to contribute that orientation and wayfinding and orientation t s la ta mn mr o the of more many that clear is It control control and power in addition to addition in in addition of types all developments. for comfort important are and place, image and the of sense as such be addressed on an even smaller scale. This This scale. smaller even an on addressed be can place the to attachment and place, of spirit the place, the of sense of an issues how of development the study to proposal architecturalthis in element to paid be will to aplace. the probability for people to become attached increase that conditions create to hope only thedesigner. designercan The of the control many attachmentissues of to place are beyond place; the of spirit the enhance to hope can able to the strongly place,impact sense and of be may designer a while that fact the grasp to difficult also is It for. designed adequately is to everybody’saddress needs,wantsand nobody trying in that interests. concern a always and is There needs, backgrounds, same the have always not do who users of group diverse a for decisions make to trying as well as to, relate and understand fully never can we perspective whose people of interest the best in decisions make to trying of struggle This exploration also clarifies the clarifies also exploration This oig owr, diinl attention additional forward, Moving ein eiin ae togr hn thinking when stronger are my decisions that design confident am I impacted. be can place of sense of elements that ways many the of sample a revealed has exercise design place arevalued. of sense strong truly a facilitating of goals if constructed is project the after place the to attachment encourage to how consider and and contribute to the the site,unique assets of with work to ways them. consider must use Designers who people the to mean spaces might these what and spaces, the use will aesthetics. It forces me to think how of people ideal and form physical simple beyond think to me forces and wouldn’t otherwise I that things consider to me forces thinking of way This place. they of sense of how factors the influence to consideration in them about

139 - Proposed Intervention 140 - Bibliography Calthorpe, Peter. 1995. Butina-Watson, Georgia, andIan Bentley. 2007. Beating theBounds. Bacon, EdmundN.1967. Arefi, Mahyar. 2009.From Arefi, Mahyar, andMenelaos Triantafillou. 2005. ReflectionsofthePedagogyPlacein Appleyard, Donald.1979 Appleyard, Donald.1982. The American Instituteof Architects. 2005. Alexander, Christopher. 1978. Agnew, John.1987. 10. Bibliography American Dream Architectural Press. html (accessedNovember12,2009). February 3. 88. Planning andUrbanDesign. Planning Association 101 York: OxfordUniversityPress. University Press. . New York City: American Instituteof Architects. The UnitedStatesintheWorld Economy Strange Britain The Next American Metropolis: Ecology, Communityand the . New York: Princeton Architectural Press. . TheEnvironment asaSocialSymbol Design OfCities Livable Streets Istanbul toBoston:3approaches toPlacemaking (45):143-53. A PatternLanguage:Towns, Buildings,Construction Journal ofPlanningEducationandResearch . http://www.strangebritain.co.uk/traditions/bounds. . UniversityofCaliforniaPress. . Middlesex:PenguinBooks. What MakesaCommunityLivable:Livability Identity byDesign . Cambridge:Cambridge . Journal ofthe American . New York: . Lecture, (25):75- . New Clay, Grady. 1980. Chamlee-Wright, Emily, and Virgil H.Storr. 2009 Fleming, Ronald L.2007. Eldar, Yishai. Jerusalem Architecture Since1948 Demeropolis, Tom. 2008.City West projectrecreates West End. Cullen, Gordon.1961. Cresswell, Tim. 2004. Conzen, M.R.G.1966. Congress fortheNewUrbanism.2005. Congress fortheNewUrbanism.2000. Congress fortheNewUrbanism.2002. Congress fortheNewUrbanism.1996. (5): 615-34. Recovery intheNinth Ward After HurricaneKatrina. Jeruarchitecture1948.html (accessedFebruary07,2010). www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/Architecture/ Cincinnati 56-78. Newcastleupon Tyne: OrielPress. In NorthernGeographicalEssaysinHonourofG.H.J. Daysh,editedbyJ.W. House, Transforming DeadMallsintoCommunities Washington DC:Congress for theNewUrbanism. Urbanism. Urbanism toWork onCalifornia’s Highways Chicago Press. , April 25,Structuressec. Close-Up: HowtoReadthe American City Place Concise townscape Historical Townscapes inBritain:aProblem in Applied Geography The Art ofPlacemaking Interpreting CommunityThrough Public . New York: John Wiley &Sons,Incorporated. Malls intoMainstreets: Inin-depthGuideto Principles forInnerCityNeighborhood Design Civilizing DowntownHighways:PuttingNew Charter oftheNewUrbanism . Oxford: Architectural Press. . JewishVirtual Library. . Sense ofPlaceandCommunity . CongressfortheNewUrbanism. . New York: CongressfortheNew Journal ofUrban Affairs . New York: Universityof Business Courierof . http:// 31 . .

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143 - Bibliography 144 - Bibliography ProjectforPublic Spaces.ElevenPrinciples forCreatingGreat CommunityPlaces.http:// Pallasmaa, Juhani.2005. Office of The CityController:ofPhiladelphia,comp.1999. Norberg-Schulz, Christian.1985. Norberg-Schulz, Christian.1979. New UrbanNews.2001. Moudon, Anne V. 1986. PlattingversusPlanning:Housingatthehouseholdscale. Moudon, Anne V. 1992. A Catholic Approach toOrganizing What UrbanDesignersShould Moor, Malcolm,andJonRowland,eds.2005. Mitchell, William J.2002. The RevengeofPlace.In Milligan, M.J.1998.InteractionalPastandPotential. Martin, DeborahG.2002.“PlaceFraming”asPlaceMaking:ConstitutingaNeighborhood www.pps.org (accessed February11, 2009). Wiley. Urban Direction International Publications,Incorporated. Minneapolis: RizzoliInternationalPublications, Incorporated. Ithaca: NewUrbanPublications. Landscape Know. Routledge. Constructions for Organizing and Activism. Journal ofPlanningLiterature 1:30-38. , editedbyKesterRattenbury. LondonandNew York: Routledge. . Philadelphia,PA: St.JosephsUniversityPress. New UrbanismComprehensive Report&BestPracticesGuide The EyesoftheSkin: Architecture andtheSenses The ConceptofDwelling Genius Loci:Towards aPhenomenologyof Architecture Gender, PlaceandCulture 6,May(4):331-49. Urban DesignFutures This isNot Architecture: Media Symbolic Interaction . Minneapolis:Rizzoli 9(4):333-50. Philadelphia, A New . New York: . New York: John 21(1):1-33. . . Project forPublicSpaces.1984. Project forPublicSpaces.2000. “The SenseofPlace:article atthe Art ofGeography.” The Art ofGeography:HighFidelity Schwanke, Dean.2003. Schneekloth, Lynda H.,andRobertG. Shibley. 2000.Implacing Architecture intothe Ryan, Robert L. 2006. The RoleofPlace Attachment inSustainingUrbanParks.In Ghirardo. NewYork: MITPress. Rossi, Aldo, andPeter Eisenman.1984. Reps, John.1965. Relph, E.C.1976. Rasmussen, SteenE.1962. Pyatok, Michael.1996.NeighborhoodDevelopmentinaDemocraticCity: Toward a‘Real’ Project forPublicSpaces. What isPlacemaking.http://www.pps.org/info/bulletin/what_is_ Successful Places sense-of-place.html (accessedNovember 11, 2009). Cartographic andPanoramic Products.http://www.artofgeography.com/info/the- Practice ofPlacemaking. Rutherford H.Platt,61-74.New York: UniversityofMassachusettsPress. Humane Metropolis People And Nature intheTwenty-first CenturyCity Urbanism. placemaking (accessedFebruary11, 2009). Planners Press. The MakingofUrban America Arcade, DesignJournalofthePacificNorthwest Place andplacelessness Mixed-use development handbook . Danbury:ProjectForPublicSpaces,Incorporated. Experiencing Architecture Managing DowntownPublicSpaces How toTurn aPlace Around: A HandbookforCreating Journal of Architectural Education h rhtcueo theCity of The Architecture . London:Pion. . Princeton:PrincetoneUniversityPress. . New York: MIT Press. . Washington, D.C:ULI. . Translated by Diane Fall. February, (53):130-40. . Washington D.C: , by The

145 - Bibliography 146 - Bibliography Zardini, Mirko. 2005. Wong, David,andShyrelBurt.2001.CreatingaSense ofPlace. Williamson, Jack, ed.1980. Whyte, William H.1980. Van derRyn, Sim,andPeterCalthorpe.1988. Urban LandInstitute.1980. Tuan, Yi-Fu. 1977. Tuan, Yi-Fu. 1975.Place: An ExperientialPerspective. Talen, Emily. 2008. . Stein, DavidL.1993. Steele, Fritz.1981. Sprieregen, PaulD.1965. Sobel, LeeS.,StevenBodzin,andEllenGreenberg. 2002. Centre Canadien d’Architecture/Canadian Centrefor Archicture. December: 12-15. Design MichiganConference Public Spaces,Incorporated. Synthesis forCities,Suburbs,andTowns Land Institute. of MinnesotaPress. York: Architectural Press. Mcgraw-Hill Inc. Malls BecomeLivingNeighborhoods Space andPlaceThePerspectiveofExperience Sense ofplace Design forDiversity:ExploringSociallyMixedNeighborhoods Going Downtown Sense ofthe City: An Alternate Approach toUrbanism The SocialLifeofSmallUrbanSpaces Urban Designthe Architecture ofTowns andCities Downtown RedevelopmentHandbook Revitalization Through Design:Proceedings from the1980 . Boston:CBIPub. . BloomfieldHills,MI:Cranbrook Academy of Art. . New York: OberonPress. . New York: CongressfortheNewUrbanism, Sustainable Communities: A NewDesign . New York: SierraClubBooks. Geographical Review Greyfields intoGoldfields:Dead . Danbury:ProjectFor Planning Quartely . Washington D.C:Urban . New York: University . Toronto: 2:65. . New York:

. New About Us: The Worcester MusicFestivalCelebrates150 Years ofBringingMusic&Dance 2000 UsCensusBureau.http://www.census.gov/ (accessedFebruary15,2010). Worcester Sources Sasaki Associates Inc.2004. Reynolds, MaryH.1980. Pierson, KarenM.1998. Pearson, Chris.“Roadto...where?”Daily Worcesteria. Web logentry posted April 1,2009. Moynihan, KennethJ.2007. “Is orisnotCitysquaretotalbullshit?” Worcester Discussion.http://wstr.org/forum/ Grovsenor, CharlesR.,ed. Worcester, Mass-PlacesofthePast,FrontStreet. Worcester, Goslow, Brian.2004.MallRatMemories:Itsdaysarenumbered,buttherewasatimewhen Caldor. “Worcester CommonOutlets; Worcester, Massachusetts.”Labelscar: The Retail Historical Museum. England &Worcester, Massachusetts 2010). http://worcesteria.wordpress.com/2009/04/01/road-to-where/ (accessedFebruary14, comments.php?DiscussionID=15 (accessedFebruary 14,2010). com/places/frontstreet.shtml (accessedFebruary14,2010). Mass -PicturesandstoriesoftheMassachusettsCity. http://www.worcestermass. Worcester Centerwasourworld. February 14,2010). History Blog.http://www.labelscar.com/massachusetts/worcester-common (accessed us (accessedFebruary15,2010). to CentralMassachusetts! A Tale ofTwo Worcesters: PathstoProsperity inWorcester, Main Streets:A Direct Line tothePast Worcester Economic Development Action Agenda: Charrette A HistoryofWorcester: 1674-1848 Music Worcester Worcester Magazine. . New York: LogastonPress. . http://www.musicworcester.org/about-

. Charleston:HistoryPress. . Worcester: Worcester .

147 - Bibliography 148 - Bibliography “Worcester-City-Square.” UrbanPlanet:GivingCitiesa Voice since2003.http://www. Worcester RegionalResearchBureau.2008. Worcester MunicipalResearchBureau.1999. Worcester RegionalResearch Bureau.2008. “Worcester: Economy-Major IndustriesandCommercial Activity.” StatsaboutallUS Taylor, Anthony R.1984. Southwick, Albert B.1998. Sasaki Associates Inc.2004. October 26,2009). urbanplanet.org/forums/Worcester-City-Square-t17518.html&st=20 (accessed Prospects forRevitalization Worcester Appeal:” ComNET Results Northeast/Worcester-Economy.html (accessedFebruary15,2010). schools, neighborhoods,andmore.http://www.city-data.com/us-cities/The- cost ofliving,crime,race,income,photos,education,maps,weather, houses, cities -realestate,relocationinfo,houseprices,homevalueestimator, recentsales, Historical Museum. Press. for TheCityofWorcester, Massachusetts Report. . Reportno.99-1. Worcester’s Architectural Neighborhoods 150 yearsofWorcester 1848-1998 Worcester EconomicDevelopment Action Agenda: Prepared . Report. . Report. What’s upwithDowntownWorcester?: Measuring DowntownWorcester’s “Curb Proposals ForRevitalizingDowntown . . Worcester: ChandlerHouse . Worcester: Worcester Fig. Blvd. 11.2- ViewInternational from Fig. 11.1-SectionPerspective Fig. Plan 11.3-Floor [www.pyatok.com] 11.1. Precedent Analysis 11.1. Precedent 11. Appendix The modeling flea a market housed later building supermarket sites families participants with Community. Corporation, the Latino, Council the city. neighborhood development With Pyatok Pyatok andAssociates-Completed2005 Oakland,CA 14th Street, 11.1.1. HismenHin-NuTerrace –East

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spaces

enter understanding neighborhood the

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allowing community create spaces courtyard smaller Furthermore, of idc?projectID=198 catalog/idc_htx_files/project_page. http://wall.aa.uic.edu:62730/ahc/ http://www.epa.gov/dced/case/hismen.htm residential-properties/rf/7/Hismen http://www.ebaldc.org/pg/16/properties/ Urban Teleological/Catalytic/Relevant.” Journal of Inam, Aseem.“MeaningfulUrbanDesign: portfolio/hismen.html hismen.htmlhttp://www.pyatok.com/ html?http://www.designadvisor.org/gallery/ http://www.designadvisor.org/frameset. time. that of and Hismen example

sense the

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Design residents understanding

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how space place

7

Hin-Nu

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a Hismen

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small of

35-58. Terrace

sense in the

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cluster creating Hin-Nu

interact.

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process, Terrace.

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over

[http://www.pyatok.com] Fig. 11.11 - View of Courtyard from Unit from Courtyard Fig. 11.11-View of Interaction Fig. 11.10-Scalesof [adapted from www.pyatok.com][adapted from [celebrateboston_com] Fig. 11.14-Faneuil Hall Fig. 11.13 -Faneuil Hall Fig. 11.12-Faneuil HallMaarketplace [www.pics4.city-data.com] [photo byauthor] most building The 11.13-14) (Figure merchant. wealthiest Boston’s Faneuil, Peter by building 1742 in built Hall was Faneuil The 11.12) (Figure itself. Hall Faneuil and buildings market the Boston Yet there many people because its financial success has allowed a understanding accommodating loci connects site the Furthermore form. to place the to positive many allowed also has success financial Its to uses of people development Massachusetts 11.1.2. Faneuil HallMarketplace –Boston

place

and

reasons.

of the

on famous since people

of

Boston,

Faneuil Hall Marketplace has become has Marketplace Hall Faneuil Faneuil Hall Marketplace is a successful

of evidence is the places memories

became

to Boston

enhanced

personal

it

site

with and It speakers was to

of

connection

and

provides that

a while

develop the

of

a and

contributes redeveloped platform

and

rich is

attachment

Bostonians organization by

Historic

the physically

and

personal

sense providing

the

a region

positive

to became memory

for

rich

of the

to Development.

in

the

for and place

can connections for

of the history the people

memories

a country’s

a

so

a spatially connect the

of

for central clearer variety

genius 1970s. many

past city.

the of of

Revolution. The phrase “no taxation without taxation “no phrase Revolution.The hub the the shops butcher of as who visit the marketplace. Faneuil Hall stands marketplace been have South the Hall, Faneuil preserve to White Kevin Mayor Benjamin sought to it. preserve Jim Rouse and architect for The though market The 11.15) (Figure shoppers. and merchants accommodate to style Revival Greek popular the 1826, In Act. Sugar the of protest in 1762 in hall the in spoken first was representation”

a

Boston.

Quincy

market

Quincy market reminder demolition,

once in been adjusted,

of Market

was it shops the

the fell

altered thriving

Thompson Market

feel

While a for market is

years

21st into vital of of

buildings. the

present

connected similar

the but the

and the history building, disrepair

century, hub

leading marketplace building

19th rich

committed market

their

in throughout worked purposes

century history While the and

to

those

and to in precise

was place

those

minds

memory the

the

the

the

was closely

and shopping for

built many Bostonians

mid

North has

the American who uses

buildings

of

souvenir planned heritage

traded of 1900s.

in

1800s those

years used have with

and the the

in

153 - Appendix - Precedent Analysis: Faneuil Hall Marketplace 154 - Appendix - Precedent Analysis: Faneuil Hall Marketplace meanings how Christmas fact The place. first the in there me drew what interesting there long, Since Faneuil Hall hot Marketplace.sauce I think of for sauce memories and always building and window snow I Christmas around would Personally, reminded before.

remember

the

exciting then that

a I from

to the

throughout go

interesting aei Hl mrepae s lo a also is marketplace Hall Faneuil place Christmas have rest

(www.faneuilhallmarketplace.com)

with

the

shopping there

the for warming

market me of Carols

time

qualities a

of

performers

sauce

been the some side everyone.

can market tasting

of every

the

and

lights

with

has of

when shops provide

Christmas

stand able clam my day.

up

until and

my year

extremely the the always

been

people

in

on life. to

to chowder. my Now

that

childhood

to design when roads.

the

we

develop watch.

different

the father keep successful

market

burnt

reminds

time Quincy from whenever Yet

got

I trees

powerful

elements

was

our

I

There would

I

my the

because too memories

can

illustrates his also

personal

younger

and

interest

Market

me mouth

always for

work.

many recall

cold, were

I have

sing

hot

the are eat of so

I

connected to of meaningful can spaces by oriented is mostly defined by the small scaled pedestrian marketplace additional the differentiated, New building. Market Quincy Revival Greek and Hall Faneuil Revival Classical the like styles city also protect landscaping while to indoors of suited market. link Boston

a the

connect Boston

the

simply to by particular Quincy connected

additions

still

for

the

genius

allow

them preserving by

way

and The detailing

the providing

providing Boston

provide space by to

place

shade to

has

out,

from Market

it

for design cold

loci architectural

allowing

such

the the to

connects to

a

a allowing

for

distinct

waterfront wind

visitors

winters for and of cultural

a these variety

natural a

heat

a of as relief

diversity

comfortable building so

direct Boston.

small accommodations in the the

visitors

many

buildings or

the

visual

on

to and them

of from

expressions style.

market

visual glass characteristics

cold

to warmer cold.

and

vendors. of cultural warm people which

The

the

character to opportunities

it.

The

architectural additions

and

of

place

contributes Visitors

is shop east are

Trees

market

summers

also days

outdoor physical the because provide

uses

of clearly

of

to

both

than

The

well that

and and

city

the the

are sit. of

or to is

[photo byauthor] Fig. Perfromer 11.17-8-Street &Statue Fig. 11.16 - OutdoorDiningSpaces [http://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com] Fig. 11.15-QuincyMarket Building [www.urbanplacesandspaces.blogspot.com] [www.flickr.com] [www.flickr.com] Fig. 11.22-Pedestrian Scale Fig. 11.21 -SiteSection Fig. Clarity 11.20 -Image Fig. 11.19-QuincyMarket Food Stalls [photo byauthor] [Image byauthor] [Image [www.flickr.com] [image byauthor] [image etc cah e Aebc so sm o of some show Auerbach Red coach Celtics famous statue Samuel Adams and a stature of A 11.17) (Figure watch. to show a onlookers animate the spaces and giveStreet performers t ognztoa ad pta picpe and principles spatial and organizational its through place the of sense greater a visitors auniqueplace. lociandthefeelingof genius the to are expressions cultural local important that people enjoyed. shift This illustrates how character oriented locally its of some lost has market the result a retailers.As national scale vendors and stores are being replaced by larger performers. In recent the years,local many of street watch or shop window visitors as see to much always is there and listeners delight the performers Street at 11.19) (Figure drink Bar. Cheers a for in stop perhaps or roll, lobster or chowder clam of cup great a get to place great a is It city. the to relate that marketplace is also rich in sensual experiences The fans. Boston other with teams sports Boston many the watch or socially meet to people allow bars and restaurants many The can be bought at the many stalls in the market. items local and club can comedy the comics in perform Local 11.18) (Figure culture. and Boston’s history in people important the h mrepae lo ep give helps also marketplace The financial district, the North End, Haymarket, End, North the district, financial central point that connects the waterfront, the differentiated a space. The in marketplace acts as being a of feeling the provides certainly r fre t cet a ubr f intimate of number a create to formed are and user smaller the spaces within the larger outdoor space accommodate lighting and benches, planters, tables, as such furnishings Site landscaping. and storefronts retail active an such enjoyable it place to go to with make spaces defined by spaces and buildings the of scale The them. for spaces comfortable provides and visitor the to accommodating Spatially and physically, the marketplace is very place. the haveentered they that know visitor the let helps marketplace the of even paving the and points, entry distinct of number a has It it. upon looking are you when and space the within are you when clear is it and city the of areas surrounding differentiated the from space of feeling a provides design the Furthermore direct. and clear are areas other to Connections Boston. within visitor the orients east the to waterfront the and end marketplaceThe with Faneuil Hall at the west site to the other historical sites within the city. location on the freedom trail also connects the Its 11.20) (Figure Center. Government and

155 - Appendix - Precedent Analysis: Faneuil Hall Marketplace 156 - Appendix - Precedent Analysis: Faneuil Hall Marketplace 132. Cities. Chapter6.1989MITPresspages. 107- Downtown, Developers. B. J.,Frieden, Bernard Lynne andSagalyn, of of use successful financially It marketplace the make help that year. Hall Faneuil while year the of much throughout City 11.23) (Fig. users. to unaccommodating and rich with of the create performers detailing interesting The 11.21-22) (Figures moments.

Entrepreneurial richness an

the

place.

it.

in

marketplace the Hall

exciting

history visual Each marketplace

nearby

and

is as The plaza

that

Inc. clear and

well delight of

but and architecture,

success contribute

these City How

remains

spaces as

that over-scaled, is

meaningful Cities

meaningful crowded can

for

Hall

America there elements

of

and

those easily active

barren to

the plaza,

along

are

the

Maverick

throughout uncomfortable, place.

physical

Rebuilds

who be

creates to many with development

a

and

with

those contrasted place

come

visitors

factors

design empty layers

street

who

also the

to

www.faneuilhallmarketplace.com [www.berkshirefinearts.com] Fig. 11.23-CityHallPlaza Fig. onPrivate 11.24-PublicIntervention Development P B B Oa ublic i os os P F P H r r k r t t uit ude ude on on lan e P r itage onthe v , , G r d M M ale n n oje a n , tial tial assachusetts assachusetts C r t den ali Village e c C C r f t e v e ornia n n e t t n er - er tion on B os st B D t c Initial r on A Initial d om e u R v c alone pa , r elo T p tu M ene P p c ommuni etition assachusetts r r p p r e on i r w o v er winsdesign e o P p v al p a p elopme r oses stand osal t o k e r f r k e p or urban oje t D ing y si osal y e c t t n v e in t elopme U out it isfinallyabandoned op ni H op meeting and fig c C M e L t withd ommuni p n r C y ommuni p h oc r aged withplanand a osition itage onthe t - osition ts in ommuni C Out y al ouncil CDCand or sc H c r ommuni f a or one o w r r t aps plan t w the t a age y s plan y o p t public v v B oi oi r A t oje y c c y t G R ear es e y T a c c r t ommuni den - B os E C C P C xisting O t ommit ommit a P C on or D r r r t ommuni k u ganiz y p , e P P M o v A change c laza elopme r assachusetts C adviso an sha a t t C ee ee tion leeds ommuni A a F f d o o tion viso r r med med n t r y t p y r e theirci y t y design C c D c ommit guidelines olla t U olla e y Oa ni v ci ’ s d elo b b t t k y y o t o lan p eam p t r t r C e r ee a o establish a er hi o ouncil v ti t d c e onn v w elopme ess , f and k e design or thesi o r n es new r o k wn , ed with C C B e i w plan A olla t f Redesign y of R or t F e T n r uit t b o v ale r a th ti D Village -Oa New design C P r v esign r fund ea ough i u t e y and P A C onnewdesign t w eam p ee U r r held oje ly stagesof ni k k c w ly meetings t lan om c y o t r C ks with d p ouncil , etition C ali f ornia additional C C W onsensus c P ommuni suc af 75,000 N ommuni million insubsidies r inning p design i f v o e c a r w ess ofea dable housingand t mai e funding P f c or lo c on n r t f r onst ound andnew y including$1 oje oje t enan t c essions y Sup c c r al ga r t included c ly stages u t with c c f e oll t ed r den f o p t or o the w o s r t

157 - Appendix - Precedent Analysis: 158 - Appendix - Precedent Analysis: Prudential Center When to process, architects in project planning overall evaluated (PruPAC), the a development civic, involved the White, of communities. life, size initial proposed “The 1990s. to in redeveloped and andexpanded the 1950s in begun first was The Massachusetts Massachusetts Center-Boston, 11.1.3. Prudential

result

gain the

the Prudential plan and

outraged

and

project

project approval. Boston’s

recognized outrage

a

knowing

the

began. and

potential

recognized

new de3sign business redevelopment,

participation

which

of prudential

(Schwanke proposed

the

Property they mitigation committee

is

members a

of mayor

that new Once new

(Ibid.) a

impact

the sought concepts, the

groups mixed for

established

this team plan

the at communities

a

Advisory

their communities, 2003, of

Center

impacts new

would

was

the

and on of

developers was 22 out use because to

inclusive

neighborhood, 155)As

time

neighborhood approach formed

its and formulated,

the planners

assist be project

in Committee review. as guidelines,

necessary scrapped

assessed adjacent physical Boston,

interest

a

of

in design of Kevin

called result

that that

and the the As its it

to a find to committee advisory the to up left was successful. entrances. building residential and office and storefronts neighborhood the adding This its original The and more. retail residential, offices, of adding the assets. connections center project new The 1997) (Miara whole.” monolithic a and the team said, “Under the new design, we looked at Richard meetings of

way

keep lack

Prudential collaboration. blocks scale design

issue

to

by By new of

an

sought dialogue collaborate. Prudential’s

Bertman,

that and increasing the was connection

Today,

like additional

The perimeter and

with

end

Center

addressed and

character any were

to Prudential

the

open

the

all adjacent

lining other increase a

The parties

They its

project worst estimated

member as project buildings 1.8 to

and

asset a

the city by the

of

collection

group million

invited

Property

areas

develop

the

shortcoming were

the

perimeter streets

block,

the was continues base

of

new that

to

value

pleased surrounding and

had a

square completed, the

and

instead

total facilitator, with

respected of a design Advisory

existing

process

streets.

of weekly streets design

create

to retail

with

350. feet was

the

of be by

Fig. Center 11.25-Prudential [http://static.panoramio.com] on the spoken Committee an beginning. can we Finally decisions. in voice effective an have is This to through desires voice the needs in of increased Through into their This can (Schwanke of committee

to

this the inclusionary represent scale the

see area,

be have mayor

contribute is community

the of

to

involved

feeling

Prudential another of up

an project

with

the

step the the

including attachment

decisions this

2003, on important the was complained Had

continues

power formation project community.

the in

the of

a

community

in instrumental way approach that to to the number

process,

155)

control and

surrounding people Center the

make a two

to

developer

shows in

long

the

of

to design that control step

to

which

of new were

their

change. of

We and

site public the exist of from

design

residents they an if how

can

new

towers

process

can

too

in the in place power.

the

the

the advisory decided private neighborhood.

today

can the 2007 be

acting a

sector

proposals

see

process outcome In tall community. community community community

as organized start proposed intervene

this

from

how

and and develop that

a

We to

sector.

as board result

often

case,

they

take

and out has the the the the see

of in

project could handbook Schwanke, - by JimMiaraJournal Staff nexttower?” BostonBusinessJournal site of Friday, Centerlikely August 29,1997”IsPru tial%20Center%20Redevelopment.aspx AwardsForExcellenceProgram/2006/Pruden ULI2Home/AwardsAndCompetitions/ http://www.uli.org/sitecore/content/ Handbook 2001, Development, “UrbanLand,September Charles N. Tseckares, politicsof “The

pg have

quicker.

78-81 .

Dean.

Washington, 155 saved

from

Mixed-use money

Mixed

D.C:

and

use

development

ULI,

completed

dev.

2003.

the

159 - Appendix - Precedent Analysis: Prudential Center 160 - Appendix - Precedent Analysis: Heritage on the Garden proposed a lower FAR than was allowed for allowed was than FAR lower a proposed The Drucker in competition, Bay. the required design they Furthermore, gardens. setbacks retail and floor ground with project use mixed for to formed They halted. was project the and fight their After cast the proposal. Bay the Back of Citizens buildings. office story 40-60- proposed site the develop to selected Back urban In competition Massachusetts ontheGarden–Boston 11.1.4. Heritage

1982.

work

project the

shadows and

housing

Bay

Nearly

years renewal to

site.

the

(Schwanke

with Company

blend to Beacon

in

They the and

Boston.

Park

of avoid

for a 10 winning on They included.

the

area

in second the early

opposition

years

protested

the

architecturally

Plaza the Hill city

casting fact was 2003, near called

adjacent The

1970s

redevelopment after to were

competition that selected proposal

Advisory Beacon

They 150)

establish developer

for

shadows the

the the the outraged the

public

a

huge

also with towers

citizens initial because smaller

Hill

city Committee

from

guidelines

was who over the

required

gardens. scale

and

held by of design would

Back scale

won held they

was

the the the the

of an a

of offices through setbacks and innovative setbacks through offices of the handbook Schwanke, developing supports, able and Company, this for and committee see the shape example affordable of and massing.

the

site the design

offered again created project needs to

their

voice and eiae n h Gre i another is Garden the on Heritage design garden

of

.

that They

which who housing.

process Dean.

Washington,

of

was attachment communities,

how to avoided a that

of

donate

body the

the

a

important was

and also the

citizens

project the Mixed-use

facilitated

community

of formation

people.

creating to sympathetic (Schwanke

went $1 $75,000 actions

private

to act

D.C: can

million

that and

the

organizational above as

have development We

a

the ULI, for of place.

can a developers. the

monolithic of

was 2003,

representative

also

maintenance to the

to the

and intervene an process

community 2003.

ultimately the

subsidize power see

advisory Drucker

150) beyond

wants

from

tool wall We

of to in

Fig. ontheGarden 11.26-Heritage [www.laurelacker.com] Fig. 11.29-Fruitvale Market Village Fig. 11.28 - SitePlan [www.green-technology.org] Fig. 11.27-Fruitvale BART Village Train [www.fhwa.dot.gov] [http://www.pps.org] Sometimes can California 11.1.5. Fruitvale –Oakland, Village their community Unity separate The she parking structure on a 10 acre site in Fruitvale, Transit) of Universities Oakland, in community diverse ethnically an Fruitvale, CDC In Martinez, collaboration Oakland is a Village Fruitvale 140.) 2003, (Schwanke board” based community a by governed and nonprofit corporations generally neighborhood- organizations, quasi-public based are “CDCs development

neighborhood the

saw

proposed

come support

Council area. began

a

commuters

key proposed

California. that CEO

the

of to in Yet

serving

turning that

in

studies parking

late develop took BART’s

involved the

corporation of when developing

was redevelopment

80s

the

community

form action a building point

from

low-income

BART structure initiated She

on

ideas and Unity plan,

public

for

ways worked of

and

the early an for

(Bay and

Council, the

or

a by

alternate

a

district. would

informed improvement

to 90s

involvement

and

community. encouraged stand-alone a community community Area

project

with a CDC.

revitalize

Arabella

further private a

Rapid CDC.

plan. local local

The

the in

the plan. mandatory Opinions goals develop the workshops economic transportation They vitality.” (Martinez from Schwanke 2003, 140). ethnic Fruitvale’s“infuse to sought CDC established analysis transportation. the joined

• • • • strengths project

opportunity included When

sought identity in

residents, To private To income. providing contribute tothelocaleconomy “by To physically, neighborhood institutions To

goals and

the

and

development enhance encourage reduce strengthen

public

allowed

they efforts BART

planning

and for

to

with

the investment. opposition and Public

create

redevelopment.

including

withdrew

a

economically poverty, weaknesses meeting following:

a

and stable of choices for heard

the land new

and

existing

of revitalization a grants

catalyze

new a community

goals.

social community-friendly

a source leverage

connection use

build of

held services were for new their

plan,

helped

the of community

strategies

neighborhood

and

and

to

assets,

design.

of A (Ibid.)

voiced the project recognizing

outrage public

review

economic

and

socially. jobs series

fund to

site

among

and

Their

study retail

and

at The

and

and and and

the the

of of

a

161 - Appendix - Precedent Analysis: Fruitvale Village 162 - Appendix - Precedent Analysis: Fruitvale Village that the drive. (Schwanke 2003, 140) The developers of choosing for transit linked community one encourage organized mixed for incomes. lofts residential 47 and center, center, resource community a offices, clinic, health a plan The and

• • • • • project storage BART

another they that

local system, unitycouncil.org) environmentally To reduce trafficandpollution. To To of To housing. To choices. a

included rented senior to

residents safety.

around be increase beautify improve provide worked

were

Unity

The and desired. while neighborhoods

ride sustainable

and

repair to center, very

Council, community

to

retail providing with

a high

a BART and the of

provided blighted

dynamic the selective The

all

perception

of designers quality, sound. the and a

and ages

station

the ridership library, bicycles development

development

restaurant services

with

city area.

to facilities main

a in

(www. affordable

interact

bike to

of

the rather

the a

and

for and develop

Oakland,

day

plaza

retailers that

station

BART reality space,

those

were than with

care also

has

the to

a

all a local no public This communities 140.) adjacent to Fruitvale Village. (Schwanke 2003, 400 new residents are also planned for the site to in vacancies new Oakland. with private of stages initial the fund to grants in million $43 support, org) consensus of and After by

series

the

narrowing the the involved

chain the

jobs plans

retailers.

additional each

neighborhood project.

funds investors area

The project struggled to find financial find to struggled project The other

of

so

were are

stores

was

workshop was

Martinez workshops Since

have

worked

low.

in

project

down and

created,

plans With

The

reduced need

soon reached.

or

funding

People followed the CDCs

a

restaurants plan

the

and to

had were

may series

shows the joined project

crime

with

help develop

have

while

more was

to

number rather need (www.unitycouncil. from

combined of

this

secure

of the

designers has

that developed developed

was

alternate

improvements

characteristics

to public

but

project. project

than the a reduced

come

of change completed more

consensus

focus

city options money,

until private

where

plans.

along pride

from after 250- than

and

on of

to a

[www.cooltownstudios.com] Fig. 11.32-Fruitvale Village [www.cooltownstudios.com] Fig. 11.31 -Fruitvale Village Fig. 11.30-Fruitvale Village [www.mtc.ca.go] [www.unitycouncil.com] Fig. 11.33-Fruitvale Village matters invest. value developers outline1.htm http://www.unitycouncil.org/fruitvale/ handbook Schwanke, oakland-ca/ village-a-transit-oriented-development-in- http://neighborhoods.org/article/fruitvale- Development ATransit-OrientedFruitvale Village: fruitvale-village com/2006/01/17/oaklands-inspiring- http://www.cooltownstudios. Fruitvale Village Tuesday, January 17,2006Oakland’s inspiring Land, July 2000,pg64-67. M.Vasquez,Ernesto “Urban “BearingFruit, it canhelpensurethateveryone benefits. stakeholders

in

The into

. a

Dean.

Washington, who

project work public their

in

Oakland,

may Mixed-use

together own

sometimes and

not

hands. D.C:

will CA

see to

development

ULI,

develop

therefore the needs But

2003. economic

when

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all

163 - Appendix - Precedent Analysis: Fruitvale Village 164 - Appendix - Precedent Analysis: Belmar sea The refinements in the retail industry. (Miller 2005) demographics, of Italia. The Villa the called mall foot square million 1.6 a the but users an in housing, office space, entertainment, and retail while stitched amidst This Lakewood, a not United in the redevelopments greyfield successful shopping renovation Architects. Elkus-Manfredi 11.1.6. BelmarinLakewood, Colorado-

successful

a

excellent

the of

spirit is

yet pedestrian

giant development

providing to

lesser

surface

a Though mall States. emr a 0 ar, mixed-use acre, 106 a Belmar,

complete,

back giant

establish

of

mall mall,

the

and existing successful and the dropped example

into

superblock parking,

friendly

fourth was

Though

in

a place. represents vibrant redevelopment

the

variety new Belmar shows a the

located

Belmar clear

surrounding

of

to

largest

early and in destination.

the

downtown

that 30% a of

can

addressing competition, has

sense

project was

one in 1990s, site amenities redevelopment

be city

a

already

the due

failing completely

reclaimed once of of

of in

community,

center that

occupancy to

Colorado. the

district Belmar the issues

a

featured mall

become shifting

such

allows failing place,

most of

and and

site cut

of

as in

is is a

The demolished 11.34) community. from the surrounding (Figure off that plazas by defined buildings, completely almost are streets primary the of All 11.37) continuity.(Figure creating a definitive enclosure and a feeling of streets The are highly defined by the buildings The small mixed and to the development. (Figure 11.36) Secondary S. like was consists context. (Figure 11.35) In all, the development and existing form street manageable more new, A Goods. Sporting small

Tellar

tertiary the physical established help

so of network portion use or

extension

surrounding of

Street,

that

a

clarify parks buildings yet

streets

23 grid

the Belmar dimensions

connections

they

open blocks. that

was

which

including to that the existing

of that

would

create

placed were

was

up

intervention image the streets,

extended

service acts

A

in

existing reused

included

of hierarchy

to mall

be visual primary

key on as of

the providing

the the

easily the

the

the

areas except many

for

surrounding high

connections north-south

main as blocks completely

site

place roadways, of

walkable.

well. a

such density,

of

streets

in Dicks visual for street

and the the

are

as a

Fig. Ground Figure 11.35 - Project Fig. Ground MallFigure 11.34-Previous [image byauthor] [image byauthor] [image FIg. Enclosure 11.37-Street Fig. Grid&Hierarchy 11.36 -Street Fig. 11.35-Connections [image byauthor,[image Sobel etal2002,60] byauthor,[image www.belmar.com] www.belmarcolorado.com] byauthor,[image www.googlemaps.com, entry a allowed facilitate wayfinding.While vehicular traffic is dining, amenities The units, live-work townhouses, features plan The 11.40) (Figure success. their in helping businesses, as equity The housing space orhousingontheupperfloors. office and floors, ground the on restaurants of limit The the andstreets.secondary primary (Fig. 11.39) mixed The a to proposed key transportation

street

variety

well the

the areas

people

development and

to

site.

use

in as

buildings grid and options, for

restrict

such exit of the keeping light

including

buildings

who

through development that

apartments, high points, park Belmar demographics

as stops rail

live

the which allows

high-rise

feature residences

system density,

space

even

within

entertainment, that

there in main

ample

development

these

provides

for

are

and

maintains are

shops, park. all

would offers the but

buildings.

many

free

oriented of units

nearby

also

condominiums. within development

human the

In

diversity

run parking a

many galleries,

discernable have

addition,

variety

shopping, residents, the

a

adjacent towards features

walking

height public

ample scaled Many many

and and

of

or in

a

throughout for units distance. of developmentthe in helps This 11.38) (Figure side to buildings wrapping Large small a into incorporated be can Goods Sporting big a FoodsWhole Market. plan This proves that even and offices, medical stores, book banks, gyms, fitness like amenities features also plan Gap, FootWorks.Locker,Body and Bath and The The as such mall, shopping typical a in find may one that those are options retail and space office 1,000,000 of The feet square 750,000 north more and corner

the comfortable box

sale.

walls is

available

scaled, regional

and buildings

has pedestrian

more chains

with

In the

The

square center of a

higher all, the

pedestrian

large

typical

plan community for architectural such entertainment residential

spaces.

such there

of

site, feet rent,

more

masses

concentration as

the

features

as

big

are of Whole

though and

friendly Dicks site.

than

approximately box retail.

units in

oriented features 200

small

foods region

the retail are

approximately the

units are environment. Many

of

resolved giant scaled

and that

buildings.

southeast dispersed

then residents to available

of

at Dicks blank 1,300 relate

liner

the the the

by

165 - Appendix - Precedent Analysis: Belmar 166 - Appendix - Precedent Analysis: Belmar the freestanding. built Parking of hidden Belmar well the and surrounded axis Tellar of The includes options. them to buildings. This giant theatre. movie screen 16 a and alley other engage provides and The dining, fine to food, fast from options

the

the the

one

places

retail,

as running

movie

into to entertainment Street,

site.

blocks parking in

situated development,

those

utilize a

garages the

keeping economic indoor main structures These

The

by plan

theatre plan

which

through rear

that

walking

The the garages. utilizes housing,

park square behind

also

features of

elements

it

make many and are is

freestanding is

options active

buildings,

success.

acts the

features with the

also

both which

style by. the

either Yet

as outdoor Main

up dining

as a

site.

and

wrapped

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movie

number

the help surface the surface park such There

green

in Street or contributing

This terminus underground, as and development.

draw garages, to to as uses,

turn

theatre,

seating restaurants

parking

the space are parking

a with of the shopping and square

bowling

people

causes or

dining center south many

main of

liner

and can like are

to to as S. is is

shops on the ground floor. (Figure 11.42)This (Figure floor. ground the on shops garage only parking contributing the on the and the such office space and retail floor ground as such uses amongst variety shopping are far architecture that develop The cutting an a contribute of

place.

attachment

more

often

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act

is as be

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also

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as edge is a This buildings

seen buildings sensible

residences

found

malls. of discernable building and also

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contributes movie very

features still

architecture

to the comfort a or

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to keep provided

positive

feelings

provides on

The

unique innovative development, than the

human

theatre

and materials add

Elements

big one more gallery

above.

landmarks

place. many

visual

helps massive

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box

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to of side. to for

a

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scaled eyes

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human

structures

space safety. the

the character, people to retail convenience, design, Certain

such

engagement blank

and increase

This

on

place. are not to

development

differentiate

buildings and spaces

scale

the comfort the as

which to Street

celebrated

particular represent walls but elements

develop terraces

utilize but

artisans Yet

streets, rest variety

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does

is side that that one and

the

of

or

to in at

is a

[images byauthor,[images Sobeletal2002,60] Fig. 11.40-Residential OrientedDistrict Fig. 11.39 - Mixed UseBuildings Fig. 11.38-BigBox Wrappers [www.cityofventura.net/cmblog] Fig. 11.43-IceRink [www.cityofventura.net/cmblog] Fig. 11.42 -Retail beneath Parking Garage Fig. 11.41-Belmar [www.cooltownstudios.com] and and Other elements traffic. from pedestrians protect to understand very physical this into precedent a surrounding can This failing act design, existed the Belmar retail and spaces. residences, offices, the to fill tenants finding problems no having are success Elkus-Manfredi constructed The and

variety

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acres

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feelings be project a more well.

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elements

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clearly

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appears vacant according works site

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development as

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a

apart genius to and www.belmarcolorado.com July-Aug. 2006. bigbox stores.” impact of Steuteville, Robert.the “How tomitigate York: Malls Greenberg. Sobel, Town Miller, Jason. “Another GreyfieldGone.” stronger which relate Lakewood, become from adjustments. exist and little relate to seems project The financially.work

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be built

community Steven

missed While

Living

study

elements for sites argued

standpoint in market

spaces. the site

order this

Bodzin, the in Neighborhoods an

place

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that context

America

opportunity people project analysis of

and New to

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to

Urbanism,

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167 - Appendix - Precedent Analysis: Belmar