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Evaluating Local, National, Regional and International Interventions in Northern Uganda Using a Human Security Approach

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Evaluating Local, National, Regional and International Interventions in Northern Uganda Using a Human Security Approach The University of Notre Dame Australia ResearchOnline@ND Theses 2019 Evaluating local, national, regional and international interventions in northern Uganda using a human security approach Davis Kawooya The University of Notre Dame Australia Follow this and additional works at: https://researchonline.nd.edu.au/theses Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969 WARNING The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further copying or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. Do not remove this notice. Publication Details Kawooya, D. (2019). Evaluating local, national, regional and international interventions in northern Uganda using a human security approach (Doctor of Philosophy (College of Arts and Science)). University of Notre Dame Australia. https://researchonline.nd.edu.au/theses/230 This dissertation/thesis is brought to you by ResearchOnline@ND. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of ResearchOnline@ND. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Evaluating local, national, regional and international interventions in northern Uganda using a human security approach by Davis Lubwama Kawooya A thesis submitted to The University of Notre Dame Australia to fulfil the partial requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Arts and Sciences The University of Notre Dame Australia 2019 ii Author’s Declaration I, Davis Lubwama Kawooya to the best of my knowledge, declare that this is my original work and has not been submitted for a degree or a diploma in any other university. The content material has not been published or written by another person apart from quoted information where due reference is made and acknowledged in this thesis. Davis Lubwama Kawooya iii Abstract Since gaining independence from Britain in 1962, Uganda has been beset by conflicts, the worst of which took place between the Ugandan government and the Lord’s Resistance Army in northern Uganda (1988-2006), causing a massive humanitarian crisis. The central argument of the thesis is that the government’s programmes in response would have been more successful if they had been people-centred, directly responsive to the suffering of the people, rather than centralised in the hands of a small Kampala-based elite, which controlled access to funding and political power, without transparency or accountability. This research uses human security as an umbrella concept to examine the interventions undertaken by actors during and after the violence. While the specific concept was not applied in northern Uganda, its core characteristic, people-centred policy making, was used, particularly by (I)NGOs. I use it here as a test against which the government’s actions in the conflict through which northern Uganda suffered, can be analysed and understood. The research focuses on the physical, emotional, psychological, structural and cultural violence committed by both the LRA and government forces during the conflict and the resulting catastrophic consequences for the people of northern Uganda. By examining the conflict in northern Uganda, the thesis contributes to a broader discussion on how a human security approach can be applied in relation to the problems people face during and after conflicts. iv Acknowledgements The outcome of this nature of study is generally a collective contribution. In this regard, I am thrilled to acknowledge the remarkable intellectual, moral, financial and material assistance that I have received from various people during the period I was doing this doctoral programme. At the outset, it is important to say that since many people played a role in different ways for the final outcome of this research, it will be very difficult to mention all in this acknowledgement. However, special thanks goes to the University of Notre Dame, Fremantle Campus for the Scholarship offered to me to fulfil my dreams. I thank the Research Office headed by Dr Marc Fellman for all the assistance accorded to me especially when things were becoming tough and unbearable. My first debt of appreciation is extended to my main supervisor Dr Tanya Lyons, whose guidance, comments and oversight were of paramount importance to this research. Dr Lyons’ comments, which were at times critical, encouraged me during some difficult times since I was an international student. My gratitude also goes to my co-supervisor Dr John Rees, for his scholarly guidance at the beginning of my study and proposal development which shaped my research. In addition, my special thanks go to my co-supervisor Dr Cheryl Lange, who helped me to improve on my writing skills and the general flow of my arguments to match Australian academic standards. Also, I would like to thank Prof Joan Wardrop who worked closely with me to address the examiners comments and tidy up the whole thesis to match the academic standard. I would also like to thank other University departments, for example the Academic Enabling Services particularly Richard King and Jackie Stevens from the library for all the assistance extended to me which was crucial in shaping the outcome of this research. I am also v grateful to Lorraine Mayhew for providing administrative support throughout my entire period of my study at Fremantle. Many thanks to my fellow research students especially Jacqui Francis-Coad, Vivienne Travlos and Ashley Crisps for all the support and directions extended to me in our office. I am particularly indebted to my former colleague at Caritas Uganda Emoi Henry Gidudu for all the information you sent to me when I needed it. I am sincerely grateful to my mother Teddy Nagadya for her vision and sacrifice during my early years of education. Without you, this research wouldn’t be possible. I will never forget the love and humility you accorded to me, Mum. I totally acknowledge the responsibility for any failings and limitations of this research. vi Dedication I dedicate this thesis to my children Teddy, Samuel and David who endured years without me but continued to pray for my successful completion of the research. vii Table of Contents Author’s Declaration .................................................................................................................... ii Abstract ............................................................................................................................. iii Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................... iv Dedication ............................................................................................................................. vi List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. xi List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ xii List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................ xiii List of Key Terms ..................................................................................................................... xvi Chapter One ...............................................................................................................................1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................1 Research inspiration ...................................................................................................................3 Structure of the thesis .................................................................................................................8 Methodology ............................................................................................................................10 Ethnic composition of Uganda - a catalyst for conflict ............................................................13 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................16 Chapter Two .............................................................................................................................18 The Concept of ‘human security’: a review of the literature ......................................................18 Introduction 18 The emergence of the concept of ‘human security’ .................................................................20 Defining human security ..........................................................................................................23 The individual as the target ....................................................................................................28 How best to protect people ....................................................................................................29 Well-being of individuals within their communities .............................................................30 Dealing with sources of threats ..............................................................................................32 The contrasts between the human security approach and the state security model ..................33 Critical security and human security ........................................................................................38 Criticisms
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