DOCSLIB.ORG

Migrant Smuggling in Asia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Migrant Smuggling in Asia Migrant Smuggling in Asia A Thematic Review of Literature April 2012 1 Knowledge Product: MIGRANT SMUGGLING IN ASIA A !ematic Review of Literature Printed: Bangkok, April 2012 Authorship: United Nations O!ce on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Copyright © 2012, UNODC e-ISBN: 978-974-680-331-1 "is publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-pro#t purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNODC would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations O!ce on Drugs and Crime. Applications for such permission, with a statement of purpose and intent of the reproduction, should be addressed to UNODC, Regional Centre for East Asia and the Paci#c. Cover photo: Courtesy of CBSA. "e photo shows a ship that was used in a migrant smuggling operation from Asia to North America. Product Feedback: Comments on the report are welcome and can be sent to: Coordination and Analysis Unit (CAU) Regional Centre for East Asia and the Paci#c United Nations Building, 3 rd Floor Rajdamnern Nok Avenue Bangkok 10200, "ailand Fax: +66 2 281 2129 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.unodc.org/eastasiaandpaci#c/ UNODC gratefully acknowledges the #nancial contribution of the Government of Australia that enabled the research for and the production of this publication. Disclaimers: "is report has not been formally edited. "e contents of this publication do not necessarily re$ect the views or policies of UNODC and neither do they imply any endorsement. "e designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNODC concerning the legal status of any country, territory or city or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Migrant Smuggling in Asia A !ematic Review of Literature A publication of the Coordination and Analysis Unit of the Regional Centre for East Asia and the Paci#c United Nations O"ce on Drugs and Crime Table of Contents Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................. 1 Abbreviations and acronyms ................................................................................................................ 2 List of diagrams and tables ................................................................................................................... 5 Executive summary ............................................................................................................................... 6 Policy recommendations for improving evidence-based knowledge .................................................... 11 Country situation overview ................................................................................................................. 12 Introducing the research methodology ............................................................................................... 24 Chapter One: Cross-country #ndings by thematic issues .................................................................... 31 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 31 How are migrant smuggling and tra"cking in persons conceptualized in the literature? .............. 32 What methodologies are being used in research on migrant smuggling and irregular migration? .. 34 What information is available about stocks and $ows of irregular and smuggled migrants? .......... 37 What are the major routes involved in irregular migration and migrant smuggling? ..................... 41 What is known about the pro#les and motives of migrant smugglers? ........................................... 41 What is known about the pro#le of irregular and smuggled migrants? .......................................... 44 What is known about the nature or characteristics of relationships between migrant smugglers and smuggled migrants? ................................................................................................................. 45 What is known about the organization of migrant smugglers? ...................................................... 48 What is known about the modus operandi of smuggling? .............................................................. 50 What is known about migrant smuggling fees and their mobilization? .......................................... 56 What is known about the human and social costs of migrant smuggling? ...................................... 59 Factors that fuel irregular migration and migrant smuggling ........................................................ 62 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 63 Chapter Two: Afghanistan .................................................................................................................. 69 Chapter !ree: Cambodia ................................................................................................................... 83 Chapter Four: China ........................................................................................................................... 93 Chapter Five: India ........................................................................................................................... 115 Chapter Six: Indonesia ...................................................................................................................... 131 Chapter Seven: Lao People’s Democratic Republic ........................................................................... 143 Chapter Eight: Malaysia ................................................................................................................... 153 Chapter Nine: Maldives .................................................................................................................... 163 Chapter Ten: Myanmar ..................................................................................................................... 167 Chapter Eleven: Pakistan .................................................................................................................. 177 Chapter Twelve: Singapore ................................................................................................................ 191 Chapter !irteen: Sri Lanka ............................................................................................................. 197 Chapter Fourteen: !ailand .............................................................................................................. 203 Chapter Fifteen: Viet Nam ................................................................................................................ 215 Annexes ............................................................................................................................................. 223 Annex A: Complete list of databases, catalogues and websites searched ....................................... 225 Annex B: Table of criteria to use for initial bibliographic searches ............................................... 228 Annex C: Key words used in the annotated bibliography ............................................................. 229 An Annotated Bibliography Acknowledgements "is publication was produced by the Regional Centre for East Asia and the Paci#c (RCEAP) of UNODC, under the supervision of Sebastian Baumeister, Coordination and Analysis Unit (CAU, UNODC). Lead researcher: Fiona David (consultant). Research conceptualization, coordination and report preparation: Sebastian Baumeister and Fiona David. Report written by: Introducing the research methodology: Fiona David; Chapter One: Fiona David; Chapter Two: Fiona David, Kenneth Wright (consultant); Chapter "ree: Rebecca Powell (consultant); Chapter Four: Fiona David, Ken- neth Wright; Chapter Five: Rebecca Miller (consultant); Chapter Six: Katherine Rogers (consultant); Chapter Seven: Rebecca Powell; Chapter Eight: Katherine Rogers; Chapter Nine: Rebecca Miller; Chapter Ten: Ken- neth Wright; Chapter Eleven: Rebecca Miller; Chapter Twelve: Katherine Rogers; Chapter "irteen: Rebecca Miller; Chapter Fourteen: Rebecca Powell; Chapter Fifteen: Fiona David, Chapter Fifteen: Fiona David, Kenneth Wright; Executive summary and Country situation overview: Sebastian Baumeister. Editorial and production team: Sebastian Baumeister, Julia Brown (UNODC intern), Fiona David, Karen Emmons (contractor, editing), Ajcharaporn Lorlamai (CAU, UNODC), Collin Piprell (contractor, editing), Siraphob Ruedeeniyomvuth (contractor, design), and Sanya Umasa (CAU, UNODC). Particular appreciation and gratitude for support and advice go to Julia Brown, Elzbieta Gozdziak, Shawn Kelly (UNODC), Janet Smith from the Australian Institute of Criminology, Tun Nay Soe (UNODC), and to the sta% from the Library at the Australian National University. "e publication also bene#ted from the work and expertise of UNODC sta% members around the world. 1 Migrant Smuggling in Asia Abbreviations and Acronyms ARCM Asian Research Center for Migration ARTWAC Action Research on Tra!cking in Women and Children ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations BBC British Broadcasting Corporation
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Examples of Iraq and Syria
    BearWorks MSU Graduate Theses Fall 2017 The Unraveling of the Nation-State in the Middle East: Examples of Iraq and Syria Zachary Kielp Missouri State University, [email protected] As with any intellectual project, the content and views expressed in this thesis may be considered objectionable by some readers. However, this student-scholar’s work has been judged to have academic value by the student’s thesis committee members trained in the discipline. The content and views expressed in this thesis are those of the student-scholar and are not endorsed by Missouri State University, its Graduate College, or its employees. Follow this and additional works at: https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/theses Part of the International Relations Commons, and the Near and Middle Eastern Studies Commons Recommended Citation Kielp, Zachary, "The Unraveling of the Nation-State in the Middle East: Examples of Iraq and Syria" (2017). MSU Graduate Theses. 3225. https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/theses/3225 This article or document was made available through BearWorks, the institutional repository of Missouri State University. The work contained in it may be protected by copyright and require permission of the copyright holder for reuse or redistribution. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE UNRAVELING OF THE NATION-STATE IN THE MIDDLE EAST: EXAMPLES OF IRAQ AND SYRIA A Masters Thesis Presented to The Graduate College of Missouri State University TEMPLATE In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science, Defense and Strategic Studies By Zachary Kielp December 2017 Copyright 2017 by Zachary Kielp ii THE UNRAVELING OF THE NATION-STATE IN THE MIDDLE EAST: EXAMPLES OF IRAQ AND SYRIA Defense and Strategic Studies Missouri State University, December 2017 Master of Science Zachary Kielp ABSTRACT After the carnage of World War One and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire a new form of political organization was brought to the Middle East, the Nation-State.
    [Show full text]
  • This Thesis Has Been Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for a Postgraduate Degree (E.G. Phd, Mphil, Dclinpsychol) at the University of Edinburgh
    This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. International Branch Campuses in Qatar: Qatari Students’ Experience of Campus Life Mohammad S. Alkuwari PhD University of Edinburgh 2019 1 Table of Contents List of Tables .................................................................................................................... 7 List of Figures ................................................................................................................... 8 Thesis declaration .......................................................................................................... 10 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ 11 Abstract ........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • An Uncertain Homecoming Views of Syrian Refugees in Jordan on Return, Justice, and Coexistence
    An Uncertain Homecoming Views of Syrian Refugees in Jordan on Return, Justice, and Coexistence INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE An Uncertain Homecoming Views of Syrian Refugees in Jordan on Return, Justice, and Coexistence RESEARCH REPORT Acknowledgments The International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ) acknowledges the support of the UK Department for International Development, which funded this research and publication. ICTJ and the authors of the report also gratefully acknowledge all of those who generously gave their time to be interviewed for this report and contributed their experiences and insights. About the Authors Cilina Nasser wrote sections V through XII of this report and led the development of the Introduction and Recommendations. Nasser is a Beirut-based independent researcher and expert on human rights who also works on transitional justice issues. She has worked extensively on investigating human rights abuses and violations of international humanitarian law, primarily in Syria, but also in other countries in the Middle East and North Africa region, such as Yemen, Libya, and Saudi Arabia. She was a researcher at Amnesty International focusing on countries in crisis and conflict from 2009 to 2015 and, before that, a journalist who covered major events in Lebanon. Zeina Jallad Charpentier wrote sections III, XIII, and XIV of this report. Jallad Charpentier is a legal consultant, researcher, and lecturer in law, whose work focuses on the intersection between international law, human rights law, social mobility, access to justice and resilience of disenfranchised populations, refugees, and impact litigation. She has worked in the United States, Tunisia, Morocco, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, and Turkey.
    [Show full text]
  • The Noble Sanctuary: Interpreting Islamic Traditions of Asylum in the Contemporary World
    The Noble Sanctuary: Interpreting Islamic Traditions of Asylum in the Contemporary World TAHIR ZAMAN A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the School of Law & Social Sciences, University of East London for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2012 i Abstract This study aims at deepening understanding of religion in the social and cultural lives of forced migrants. It considers how Iraqi refugees in Damascus mobilise religious traditions, networks and institutions in order to negotiate their new surroundings and access much needed social and material resources. In doing so, refugees move beyond the management and care of UN agencies, international NGOs and the state. This thesis argues against conceptualizing religion solely as an identity concern or in institutional terms. Instead it emphasises religion as being a holistic and experiential matter. This study provides a synchronic and diachronic examination of Islamic traditions in relation to sanctuary, refuge and the stranger. Over the course of a year, from March 2010 to March 2011, 23 Iraqi refugees and five refugee service providers participated in in-depth semi-structured interviews. Ethnographic data was also collected and recorded in the field during this time. The thesis explores how Islamic traditions are interpreted in contemporary contexts in addition to demonstrating the relational dimensions of religious practice and experience. The constraints and opportunities Iraqi refugees encounter in em-placing themselves indicate that religion is a much contested notion. I make the case for a holistic understanding of religious practice and experience wherein home-making is a key concern. The challenges of facing a protracted exile and a protection impasse in Syria means Iraqi refugees are compelled to reflect upon their specific experiences of religion and to mobilize their understandings of religious traditions in innovative ways in order to construct inhabitable worlds.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Antenatal Care Services Among Pregnant Women in Omani Polyclinics
    ISSN: 2638-1605 Madridge Journal of Nursing Research Article Open Access Assessment of Antenatal Care services among Pregnant Women in Omani Polyclinics Al-Abri HA, Al-Balushi IM, AL-Malki SR, Al-Jahwari KA, AL-Sabqi AH, AL-Mushaifary NA, and Hameed Swadi Hassan* School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Nursing, University of Nizwa, Oman Article Info Abstract *Corresponding author: Background: Since the antenatal care is important screening for the health of the Hameed Swadi Hassan pregnant woman and the child to achieve the best possible outcome, it is chosen to Associate Professor School of Pharmacy assess this screening in 6 government polyclinics in different regions in Oman during College of Pharmacy and Nursing January 2011. University of Nizwa Birkat Al-Mouz Method: This retrospective study was carried out in six different regions in Oman by Nizwa, Oman using the available data of 6 polyclinics. The results are reported according to a prepared E-mail: [email protected] data collection forms for 1200 Omani pregnant women during January 2011. Data collection forms were designed and included demographic parameters and other Received: April 2, 2019 Accepted: April 25, 2019 parameters chosen from similar previous studies. All the obtained results are presented Published: May 3, 2019 in tables region wise. Results: The age of the investigated pregnant women in this study was found to range Citation: Al-Abri HA, Al-Balushi IM, AL-Malki SR, et al. Assessment of Antenatal Care services from 18-49 years with a majority (65.8%) of 20-35 years and about 80% of them were among Pregnant Women in Omani Polyclinics.
    [Show full text]
  • An Ethnographic Case Study of an English Language University Preparatory Programme in Qatar
    Students’ Experiences of Othering: An Ethnographic Case Study of an English Language University Preparatory Programme in Qatar A thesis resubmitted to The University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2018 Magdalena Rostron Manchester Institute of Education School of Environment, Education and Development TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Images .................................................................................... 9 List of tables .................................................................................... 10 List of abbreviations ...................................................................... 11 Abstract ........................................................................................... 12 Declaration ...................................................................................... 13 Copyright statement ...................................................................... 14 Dedication ....................................................................................... 15 Acknowledgements ......................................................................... 16 Introduction .................................................................................... 17 i. Thesis topic and context ..........................................................................17 ii. Research purpose ..................................................................................18 iii. Ethnographic case study ........................................................................19
    [Show full text]
  • Of Warmongers, Fake News and the Deep State
    Stratcepts Paper 20200103 Copyright Stratcepts.net 2019 Of Warmongers, Fake News And The Deep State Stratcepts Team1* Abstract Recently, the three terms in the title have become part of American mainstream discussion, highlighted by a sharp public exchange between former US Secretary of State and Senator from New York, Ms. Hillary Clinton, and Presidential Candidate, National Guard Major and Hon. Congresswoman from Hawaii, Ms. Tulsi Gabbard. This article collects observations over the past decade from the public media in an attempt to understand some of these issues. The ’mainstream media’ narrative is that America is supporting the People of Syria to fight against oppression - from the ‘Regime’ of the ‘Brutal Dictator Assad’ and the Islamic State (ISIS). The ISIS also attacks the people of Iraq. Iranian ‘terrorists’ are interfering by helping the ‘Regime’ to oppress the Syrian people between poison gas attacks and bombing children. They are also impeding American efforts to save the Iraqi people from the ISIS. Saudi Arabia and Turkey are Allies of America, helping in the Coalition along with NATO nations and Israel, to fight. Someone. The Coalition is also bombing Yemen. And Libya. And Syria. The Russians are also meddling by helping the Brutal Dictator and the Iranians. All of this impeded President Obama’s sworn mission to degrade and eventually to destroy the ISIS. But despite all this, the Coalition has been winning. The ISIS has been defeated. Against this narrative, a few maverick voices have struck a discordant note. Senator Black of Virginia, before he retired, pointed out that the Christian minority in Syria depends on President Assad’s protection for survival against the Islamic extremists.
    [Show full text]
  • Model Arab League
    Samuel Adelson, May 2013 Model Arab League Annotated Bibliography for Syria ncusar.org/modelarableague Model Arab League Research Resources: Syria Page 1 Samuel Adelson, May 2013 This annotated bibliography was created to serve as a research resource for students taking part in the National Council on U.S.-Arab Relations’ Model Arab League Program. With the understanding that research can be intimidating and time consuming, an effort was made to find a set of scholarly articles that give a detailed background and thorough account of the current situation for this League of Arab States member. Included are annotations designed to give a description of the source with the intention of students completing the research on their own. There has been an attempt to focus on more contemporary scholarship, specifically post- 9/11 and post-2011 (so-called “Arab Spring”) where possible, as these are two phenomena that fundamentally changed politics in the Arab world. These sources should provide students with a solid basis for understanding the country they are representing in both regionally and globally significant issues as well as the interests of other countries within the League of Arab States. At the time of this writing, Syria is in a state of war. Protests that began in March of 2011 in the wake of the Arab Spring were met with a government military response. The use of lethal force by the Syrian army on civilian protesters eventually led the protests to become armed in rebellion. The ongoing state of affairs in Syria has become a humanitarian crisis, as refugees flee from Syria into neighboring countries and the Syrian army routinely bombs areas suspected of harboring and aiding rebels.
    [Show full text]
  • Societal Insecurity Is Because of Demographic Issues
    SEEING SECURITY: SOCIETAL SECURITIZATION IN QATAR A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Government By Jennifer Carol Heeg, M.A. Washington, D.C. March 2, 2010 Copyright 2010 by Jennifer Carol Heeg All Rights Reserved i SEEING SECURITY: SOCIETAL SECURITIZATION IN THE GULF Jennifer Carol Heeg, M.A. Dissertation Advisor: Anthony Clark Arend, Ph.D. ABSTRACT This dissertation applies securitization theory to Qatari society, and develops a new regime type, the ―laissez faire autocracy.‖ Qatari society is securitized against the constructed threats of Western influence and South Asian migrant labor. Four advances to securitization theory are made in this non-Western, non-democratic context. First, this project deconstructs Western-centric notions of ―strong‖ and ―weak‖ states in the context of securitization. Second, securitization theory‘s privileging of the speech-act is subsumed into a larger discussion of action, because in states without full freedom of speech, actions often do speak louder than words. Third, the case study is an example of institutionalized securitization, because rigid ethnic/tribal conceptions of ―Qatari society‖ have led to a politics of exclusion with regards to migration and outside influence. Fourth and finally, securitization theory‘s focus on decision-making and audience is called into question; the power of decision-making is purposely vague in a laissez faire autocracy, and securitization is highly intersubjective. At a policy level, an understanding of society in Qatar as securitized, and informing the perceptions of migrant labor and Western ideas as the major security threats in the Gulf region, should inform policy alternatives for Gulf states and Western democracies.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Genetic Studies of Inherited Cystic Kidney Disease in Oman
    Molecular Genetic Studies of Inherited Cystic Kidney Disease in Oman Intisar Hamed Al Alawi A Thesis Submitted For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Institute of Genetic Medicine Newcastle University January 2020 Abstract Inherited kidney diseases are fundamental causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end stage kidney disease (ESKD); accounting for approximately 20% of all CKD cases and up to 10% of adults and over 70% of children reaching ESKD. Oman is the second largest country in the South East of Arabian Peninsula. Omani population is characterized by large family size, presence of tribal and geographical settlements and higher rates of consanguineous marriages, which facilitate the study of autosomal recessive disorders. Rare genetic disorders create considerable burden on healthcare system in Oman and are major causes of congenital abnormalities and perinatal deaths in hospitals. The prevalence of inherited kidney disease was estimated to be high, but there is a lack for a comprehensive data. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the magnitude of inherited kidney disease in this population and identify the molecular genetic causes of inherited cystic kidney diseases in Omani patients. First, I performed a population-based retrospective analysis of ESKD patients commencing RRT from 2001 to 2015 using the national renal replacement therapy (RRT) registry and evaluated the epidemiological and etiological causes of ESKD with focused attention on inherited kidney diseases. Second, I designed a targeted gene panel (49 genes) and used massive parallel sequencing technologies for the molecular genetic diagnosis of cystic kidney disease in 53 patients. An overall molecular genetic diagnostic yield of 75% was achieved; with 46% of detected causative variants were novel genetic findings.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of the Qatar Healthcare System: a Review of the Literature
    International Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2015, 6, 177-185 Published Online March 2015 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ijcm http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijcm.2015.63023 The Development of the Qatar Healthcare System: A Review of the Literature Annekathryn Goodman Massachusetts General Hospital, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Email: [email protected] Received 3 March 2015; accepted 18 March 2015; published 25 March 2015 Copyright © 2015 by author and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Abstract Background: Qatar, one of the smallest and wealthiest countries in the world, is a newly emerging healthcare system. Medical leadership in Qatar has had to create an infrastructure for medical care over the past twenty years. The purpose of this paper is to review the challenges and achieve- ments of the newly emerging Qatar healthcare system. Methods: PubMed was searched using MESH terms: Qatar, healthcare, medical development, medical insurance and medical history. Websites of the World Bank, CIA fact book, Qatar Ministry of Health, Hamad Medical Corporation, Organiza- tion for Economic Co-operation and Development and the US State department were searched for information about Qatar’s healthcare system and its history. Results: Qatar is a rapidly growing, multicultural country with over 80 nationalities represented. Qatar has developed a healthcare system with universal coverage. Up until 2014, the government has subsidized all care. There are plans to develop a medical insurance system.
    [Show full text]
  • Building a Global Terrorism Database
    The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: Building a Global Terrorism Database Author(s): Gary LaFree ; Laura Dugan ; Heather V. Fogg ; Jeffrey Scott Document No.: 214260 Date Received: May 2006 Award Number: 2002-DT-CX-0001 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded grant final report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. BUILDING A GLOBAL TERRORISM DATABASE Dr. Gary LaFree Dr. Laura Dugan Heather V. Fogg Jeffrey Scott University of Maryland April 27, 2006 This project was supported by Grant No. 2002-DT-CX-0001 awarded by the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. Points of view in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. TABLE OF CONTENTS Excutive Summary.................................................................................................. 1 Building a Global Terrorism Database ................................................................... 4 The Original PGIS Database.......................................................................... 6 Methods..................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]