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Belfast's Sites of Conflict and Structural Violence Belfast’s Sites of Conflict and Structural Violence: An Exploration of the Transformation of Public Spaces through Theatre and Performance Sadie Gilker A Thesis in The School of Graduate Studies Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts (Individualized Program) at Concordia University Montreal, Quebec, Canada December 2020 © Sadie Gilker, 2020 CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY School of Graduate Studies This is to certify that the thesis prepared By: Sadie Gilker Entitled: Belfast’s Sites of Conflict and Structural Violence: An Exploration of the Transformation of Public Spaces through Theatre and Performance and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts – Individualized Program complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the final examining committee: Chair Dr. Rachel Berger Examiner Thesis Supervisor(s) Dr. Emer O’Toole Thesis Supervisor(s) Dr. Gavin Foster Thesis Supervisor(s) Dr. Shauna Janssen Approved by Chair of Department or Graduate Program Director Dr. Rachel Berger Dr. Effrosyni Diamantoudi Dean iii Abstract Belfast’s Sites of Conflict and Structural Violence: An Exploration of the Transformation of Public Spaces through Theatre and Performance Sadie Gilker, MA Concordia University, 2020 This interdisciplinary project examines contemporary, everyday, and theatrical performances that represent violence in public space in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Utilizing the fields of Performance Studies, Urban Planning, and History, my thesis explores how theatre and performance can process violence and change perceptions of sites of conflict related to the Northern Irish Troubles (1968-1998). I examine Charabanc Theatre Company’s Somewhere Over the Balcony (1987), Tinderbox Theatre Company’s Convictions (2000), and Black Taxi Tours (2019) to address different time frames in Northern Ireland’s history and assess how performance interacts with violence and public space. The theory of structural violence allows me to examine the Divis Flats, the Crumlin Road Courthouse and sites of memorialization and murals. Structural violence, I argue, is embodied by a built environment and attendant social systems that enact harms on citizens. Combining this analysis with Performance theory provides access to spaces that are located behind sectarian lines to further our knowledge on the urban landscapes in Northern Ireland. This thesis adds to the ongoing narrative of desegregation and reconciliation between the divided communities of Belfast, Northern Ireland by situating theatre and performance as a means of processing the violence of the Troubles and transforming perceptions of public space. iv Acknowledgements I would like to formally thank the School of Irish Studies for their continued support throughout this Master’s Degree. I would like to thank Professors Emer O’Toole, Gavin Foster, Shauna Janssen and Jane McGaughey for your guidance and support. All of your feedback, edits and conversations have helped shaped this thesis into something I could have never imagined. Special thanks to Matina Skalkogiannis, Marion Mulvenna and Gabrielle Machnik-Kekesi from the School of Irish Studies for always being so supportive. To Rachel Berger and Darlene Dubiel from the School of Graduate Studies for helping me stay on track with writing groups and kind words of encouragement. Thank you to the funders that made this possible, specifically the generous donors behind the School of Irish Studies and the New Millenium Scholarship. Without your contributions, this thesis would not have been possible. I want to thank my friends Monica Victoria, Kyla Steiner, Eimear Rosato, Helene Groarke, Laura Conway, Bee Ní Choitir, and so many others for reading drafts and listening to my endless coffee-soaked rants. Thank you, Rachel Gilker and Bess Teller, for your kind edits on the early drafts. Finally, I would like to thank my Mom and Dad, Alanna Fahey and Lynden Gilker, and siblings Ben, Chris and Geoff. Thank you for supporting me at every turn. Every single one of you has shaped this thesis for the better, and for that, I am forever grateful. v Table of Contents List of Figures ....................................................................................................................... vi Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 Literature Review .................................................................................................................. 5 Violence ........................................................................................................................................5 Theatre and Performance Studies ...................................................................................................8 Urban Planning ............................................................................................................................ 14 History and Memory .................................................................................................................... 17 Chapter 1 ............................................................................................................................ 20 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 20 Somewhere Over the Balcony and Bertolt Brecht.......................................................................... 23 The Divis Flats, Le Corbusier and Charabanc’s Brechtian Theatre ................................................... 27 The Divis, Violence, and Surveillance ............................................................................................ 35 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 38 Chapter 2 ............................................................................................................................ 40 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 40 The Courthouse and Urban Redevelopment in Historical Sites of Violence ..................................... 42 Convictions and Site-Specific Theory ............................................................................................. 47 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 55 Chapter 3 ............................................................................................................................ 58 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 58 A Black Taxi Tour ......................................................................................................................... 62 Performances of Everyday Violence .............................................................................................. 70 History and Memory of Urban Spaces ........................................................................................... 74 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 77 Conclusion and Final Thoughts ............................................................................................. 80 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................ 83 vi List of Figures Figure 1. Aerial view of Le Corbusier’s design’s, found in Alexi Ferster Marmot, “The Legacy of Le Corbusier and High-Rise Housing.” Built Environment (1978-) 7, no. 2 (1981): 84. Figure 2. Aerial view of the Divis Flats. Architect Frank Patterson. Photographer unknown. sourced from ArchiSeek: https://archiseek.com/2014/1969-divis-flats-belfast-co-antrim/ Accessed May, 16, 2020. Figure 3. Designs for the New City proposed by Le Corbusier exampling the idealistic living conditions as well as the division of modes of transportation. Le Corbusier, Towards a New Architecture. Edited by Frederick Etchells. (New York: Dover Publications, 1989), 56. Figure 4. Additional layout of the new city. Le Corbusier, Towards a New Architecture. Edited by Frederick Etchells. (New York: Dover Publications, 1989), 59. Figure 5. Map of North and West Belfast, highlighting the Courthouse (circled) and the multiple neighbourhoods surrounding it. Sourced from the Historical Map Viewer from the Public Records Office of Northern Ireland (PRONI). https://apps.spatialni.gov.uk/PRONIApplication/ Figure 6. Crumlin Roach Courthouse in the summer of 2019. Photograph taken by the author. Figure 7. Black Resistance and Civil Rights Mural at the Solidarity Wall. Sourced from Google Maps: https://tinyurl.com/y3qcnzpt Accessed October 3, 2020. Figure 8. End Sectarianism mural at the Solidarity Wall. Sourced from Google Maps: https://tinyurl.com/y5uwzyqo Accessed October 3, 2020. Figure 9. CS Gas mural at the Solidarity Wall. Sourced from Google Maps: https://tinyurl.com/y6l68bkw Accessed October 3, 2020. Figure 10. Bayardo Memorial - Source from Google Maps: https://tinyurl.com/yy3j2gwv Accessed October 3, 2020. Figure 11. Bayardo Memorial and removeable placards behind
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