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Chapter 2. Site Characterisation, Plot Establishment and Mapping of Vascular Plants

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Chapter 2. Site Characterisation, Plot Establishment and Mapping of Vascular Plants Chapter 2 – Site characterisation CHAPTER 2. SITE CHARACTERISATION, PLOT ESTABLISHMENT AND MAPPING OF VASCULAR PLANTS This chapter contains a description of the site chosen for the study and the rationale behind this choice. The plots are described with respect to soil and vascular plant communities. Maps of the standing trees with stems ≥10cm diameter are provided along with a list of the vascular plant species that included trees and large shrubs, but neither small shrubs, grasses nor ground-covering herbs. The numbers of the sedge Gahnia grandis and the manfern Dicksonia antarctica were also recorded. Tables and figures whose names contain the letter ‘A’ are in Appendix 1. Site location for field work All field work was conducted in native E. obliqua forest at the Warra LTER (long- term ecological research) site in southern Tasmania, west of Geeveston. Figure 2.1 depicts the approximate general location of the site. Fig. 2.1. Warra site location (from http://www.warra.com). The Warra LTER site is part of a world-wide network of long-term monitoring of ecological sites. Half of the site’s area of 15,900ha is State Forest, managed for multiple uses. The other half is within the Tasmanian World Heritage Area and is managed for conservation (Brown et al. 2001, Corbett and Balmer 2001). The overall aim of the Warra LTER site is to study the ecology of wet E. obliqua forest (Rolley 2001). The importance of this area within which this study was conducted is that it is long-term, has links with other LTER sites in different parts of Australia and the 15 Chapter 2 – Site characterisation world and is in native forest subjected to natural disturbance in proximity to areas subjected to silvicultural experiments. Thus, the data obtained could be used by Forestry Tasmania in assessing the effect of the different silviculture treatments on native forest. Plot selection and names Four plots of known fire history were chosen along the ‘Bird Track’ at the Warra LTER site (see Figure 2.2). Documented accounts, maps of fire history and fire scars on E. obliqua trees were used to determine age since fire (Turner et al. 2007). Although it is desirable to have replication, it was very difficult in the tall, wet E. obliqua native forest to find true replicates, as experienced by Turner et al. (2007). Furthermore, if it were possible to find replicate plots, the length of time and cost of labour to survey a statistically meaningful number of plots would have been beyond the scope of this project. Replication within each plot would be considered pseudoreplication (Hurlbert 1984). The advantages of the ‘Bird Track’ site were that it provided plots within walking distances of each other, with the same south-facing aspect, that were of a similar forest type, altitude, rainfall and temperature, soil type, and resulted from the natural disturbance of stand-replacing wildfires at different times. This ensured a high degree of similarity among the plots except for their wildfire histories. The ages of the plots since wildfire had been determined, respectively, as 200-300 years, 108 years, 72 years and a plot that was burnt twice, i.e. it was within a 108 year old forest that was burnt again 36 years later. The names given to the plots for convenience were Old growth, 1898, 1934 and 1898/1934, respectively. The ‘Old growth’ plot referred to a forest that had regenerated for 200-300 years since wildfire, and is not to be confused with an ‘old growth’ forest, the latter having various definitions, reflecting differing ethical, social and ecological perspectives (D. Lindenmayer, Old Forests New Management conference, Hobart, Tasmania, Feb. 2008). Additionally, it was discovered at the end of the study that the plot ‘1898’, believed to have been burnt in 1898, had in fact been subjected to a second fire in 1934. This fire affected only a portion of the plot so this effect was ignored for this part of the study and the name 1898 was retained for that plot. The consequences of the second fire are dealt with in the relevant subsequent chapters. ‘1934’ refers to the 16 Chapter 2 – Site characterisation 72 years since wildfire plot and ‘1898/1934’ refers to the plot burnt in both 1898 and 1934. During the analysis and presentation of graphs 1898/1934 and Old growth are, for ease of labelling, sometimes referred to as DB (meaning doubly burnt) and OG, respectively. The 1898 and 1934 plots were adjacent (within the buffer zone) to those chosen by Dr. P. Turner (1898S and 1934S respectively) for the Wildfire Chronosequence Study (Turner et al. 2007); the Old growth plot was 100m away from Turner’s old growth plot ‘OGS’ (P. Turner, pers. comm.). The 1898/1934 plot had no nearby counterpart in her study. Figure 2.2 is a magnified portion of the ‘Bird Track’ showing the plot locations. 1934 1898 1898/1934 Car park Old growth 500 m Fig. 2.2. Position of plots along the ‘Bird Track’, Warra LTER site. Site attributes of Warra LTER Mean annual precipitation for Warra is 1477mm, uniformly distributed throughout the year (Anon., Warra viewed 25 April 2007), Mean annual temperature is 7.9ºC, and mean monthly temperatures range from 3.5ºC to 12.8ºC (Anon., Warra viewed 25 April 2007), Dominant soils are derived from Jurassic dolerite and derived Quaternary slope deposits; however, soils based on Precambrian quartzite and dolomite also occur (Laffan 2001), Predominant forest type is wet sclerophyll dominated by Eucalyptus obliqua (Corbett and Balmer 2001). 17 Chapter 2 – Site characterisation Establishment of the four plots A 50x50m plot was measured out in each of the wildfire histories. Along two sides of the plot at the outer boundaries of A1-E1 and A5-E5, star pickets were placed at 10m intervals. Fibreglass rods marked the remaining corners of each 10x10m plot. Twine was strung from the star pickets up and down the plot but not across. The division into subplots measuring 10x10m (Figure 2.3) facilitated the mapping of the coarse woody debris and stags (see Chapter 3), soil sampling, and mapping of the vascular plants. A1 B1 C1 D1 E1 A2 B2 C2 D2 E2 A3 B3 C3 D3 E3 A4 B4 C4 D4 E4 A5 B5 C5 D5 E5 Fig. 2.3. A schematic diagram of each 50x50m plot, divided into 25 10x10m subplots. Position and slope Latitude/longitude readings are GPS readings taken with a handheld GPS (eTrex® Garmin). Slope was assessed in degrees with a handheld Suunto® clinometer. Determination and mapping of vascular plant community in each of the four plots All vascular plant species were identified and named (Anon., Tasmanian Herbarium, viewed 18 November 2007). All living stems ≥10cm in diameter of each woody species were measured with a diameter tape and mapped in each subplot of each plot (Figure 2.4). Soil sampling in each of the four plots Each 50x50m plot was sampled in three widely separated subplots. Samples were taken using a bucket auger at 0-20cm, 20-40cm and 40-60cm depth at all positions 18 Chapter 2 – Site characterisation on each plot except for one sample where solid rock was encountered (in one of the 40-60cm depths in 1898/1934). The soil samples from each depth of the profile were placed in appropriately labelled plastic bags and taken back to the laboratory for physical description, pH and total phosphorus and total nitrogen analyses. Physical descriptions were done using the Munsell soil chart (Munsell 1992), pH measurements were made following the procedure in Rayment and Higginson (1992), Total phosphorus analysis was based on the molybdate blue method of Murphy and Riley (1962), Total nitrogen analysis was based on the indophenol blue method of Berthelot (1859) (fide Rayment and Higginson 1992). Results The site attributes, viz. position, slope, soil pH, N and P (Tables 2.1, 2.A1 and Fig. 2.A1) and vascular plant species list (Table 2.2), are presented for each plot separately. The distribution in each plot of the vascular plants with stem diameter ≥10cm is shown in Figure 2.4. Table 2.1. Site location, slope, soil pH, soil % total N and soil % total P. Old growth 1898 1934 1898/1934 Latitude/ S 43º 05.6′ S 43º 05.5′ S 43º 05.4′ S 43º 05.6′ longitude E 146º 38.5′ E 146º 38.8′ E 146º 38.5′ E 146º 39.0′ Slope, º 5.4 8.1 14.8 16.9 Soil pH 4.7 5.0 4.3 5.6 (average) Soil % total N 0-20cm 0.2406 0.2713 0.2685 0.2971 20-40cm 0.1248 0.1086 0.1056 0.1427 40-60cm 0.0672 0.0687 0.0701 0.1069 Soil % total P 0-20cm 0.0210 0.0184 0.0146 0.0184 20-40cm 0.0144 0.0091 0.0084 0.0100 40-60cm 0.0091 0.0077 0.0069 0.0086 19 Chapter 2 – Site characterisation The soil profiles The soil profiles (Table 2.A1) are close to two previously described soil types “15.3” and “15.4” (Grant et al. 1995), i.e. yellowish brown mottled clayey soils under wet forest and red-brown clayey soils under wet forests, respectively. These soil types are widespread where annual rainfall is above 1000mm. The soils are derived from Jurassic dolerite and Quaternary dolerite talus on low, rolling hills to steep mountains. Soil type “15.3” is imperfectly drained and supports wet sclerophyll forest containing species such as Eucalyptus regnans, E. obliqua, Pomaderris apetala, Olearia argophylla, Coprosma quadrifida and Polystichum proliferum.
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