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Boko Haram Insurgency and the Counter-Terrorism Policy in Nigeria

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Boko Haram Insurgency and the Counter-Terrorism Policy in Nigeria ISSN 1712-8056[Print] Canadian Social Science ISSN 1923-6697[Online] Vol. 10, No. 2, 2014, pp. 151-155 www.cscanada.net DOI:10.3968/4259 www.cscanada.org Boko Haram Insurgency and the Counter-Terrorism Policy in Nigeria Felix Akpan[a],*; Okonette Ekanem[b]; Angela Olofu-Adeoye[c] [a]Ph.D.. Department of Public Administration, University of Calabar, treat them like terrorists rather than freedom fighters. Calabar, Nigeria. [b] Boko Haram; Insurgency; Freedom Department of Public Administration, University of Calabar, Calabar, Key words: Nigeria. fighters; Counter-terrorism policy [c]Centre for Conflict Management and Peace Studies, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria. * Felix Akpan, Okonette Ekanem, & Angela Olofu-Adeoye (2014). Corresponding author. Boko Haram Insurgency and the Counter-Terrorism Policy in Nigeria. Canadian Social Science, 10(2), 151-155. Available Received 12 January 2014; accepted 1 March 2014 from: http://www.cscanada.net/index.php/css/article/view/4259 Pulished online 15 April 2014 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3968/4259 Abstract The Boko Haram fundamentalist Islamic group is the first insurgent organization in Nigeria to be classified as INTRODUCTION a terrorist organization by the United States of America Apart from the challenges of poverty, sectarian, economic and its allies. Since 2009 the violence the group has and political crises, and Niger Delta Militancy, Nigeria unleashed on the Nigerian State is unprecedented in the is currently facing a deeper and profound challenge of history of insurgency in the country. Several studies have terrorism, especially in the North-Eastern region of the intellectualized the origin, motive and other activities of country. In the past two years, we have witnessed the this infamous rebellious group. To advance the discourse vulnerability of the Nigerian state to terror, criminality on Boko Haram, this study examines the measures the and instability. The list of these disheartening phenomena Nigerian government has taken so far to address the includes, but is not limited to the bombing of several menace posed by the Boko Haram insurgents. Using Churches, Mosques, Police Stations, Schools and Prisons library research and interview methods, the findings of the in Bauchi, Bornu, Yobe and Adamawa states. Other parts study indicate that first, that the path Government should of the country were not spared, as the sect-bombing not follow is using the same methods it used to combat activities were witnessed in the Federal capital territory, the Niger Delta militants to address the Boko Haram Abuja, Plateau, Kaduna and Kano states. The bombing insurgents. Second, that peace negotiation is most unlikely of the United Nations office in Abuja is perhaps what the to succeed with insurgents like those of Boko Haram insurgents used to gain global recognition; as they are with vile ideologies, whose core demands undermine now listed amongst terrorist organizations by the United democracy and good governance. Rather, it is more likely States and its allies, (for more details see The Economist, to succeed with insurgent groups pursuing legitimate September 3, 2011). political or economic based grievances that are capable Available statistics on the number of deaths and property of deepening democracy and good governance, that is, if lost to Boko Haram insurgency between 2002 and 2013 Government accepts their core demands. Third, that peace to say the least is highly controversial. Our interviewee negotiation is most unlikely to succeed with Boko Haram accounts claim that over 10,000 people (including women insurgents, since they do not have the capacity to lead a and children) have been killed and property worth over 100 provincial government, after disavowing terrorism. This million dollars have been destroyed during the period under study strongly recommends that to checkmate the threat discussion (culled from interview of victims of Boko Haram posed by Boko Haram insurgents, Government should attacks in Abuja, North Central, North East and North West 151 Copyright © Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture Boko Haram Insurgency and the Counter-Terrorism Policy in Nigeria regions of the country). However, official reports put the a terrorist. Apart from that, the group attacks both Muslims death toll at 8,000 plus and property destroyed at 40 million and Christian (for a detailed discussion on this issue, see dollars (culled from the interview of government officials Christopher, 2011; Faruk, 2012; Gambell, 2011). in Abuja, Yobe, Kaduna, Plateau and Adamawa states). Some others have used political, sociological and Government’s response to the vicious attacks of Boko psychological variables to explain their action (Herskovit, Haram has been a diverse mix of hope and trepidation. 2010). The key point is that terrorism is not a mono- Hope lies in the fact that a state of emergency has been causal phenomenon. Rather, it is a multi-causal one. declared in (Adamawa, Borno and Yobe states) inhabited For us, a multi-analytical approach provides powerful by the insurgent group. Apart from that each time the insights for understanding terrorism around the globe Police and other security organizations responsible for compared to the religion-focused theory that is mono- internal security seem to be overwhelmed by the insurgents, causal in nature. For this study, we are more inclined to the army is usually brought in to force them to retreat. the multi-layered analysis using political, sociological Trepidation arises from the ability of the insurgents and psychological variables to explain the activities of to regroup and strike even with the imposed state of Boko Haram insurgents. From our investigation, there are emergency. The country’s vulnerability to incessant attacks sufficient empirical data which suggest that Boko Haram from armed insurgents poses a great security challenge. insurgents are driven by a combination of factors such as According to the Minister of information, Labaran Maku, poverty, unemployment, bad governance and politics of the country spends 27% of its budget on internal security North-South divide. Other intervening variables such as alone. These are resources that could have been used to political rivalry amongst politicians in the Northern states rehabilitate the country’s deplorable infrastructure (Review and religion fuel their insurgent activities. In fact, every of 2013 by Channels Television). potential member of the group or sympathizer, have one Following the declaration of state of emergency in vex-issue or the other against the government (for details Adamawa, Borno and Yobe states, government troops of these vex-issues see Christopher, 2011). These are what have launched sustained offensive against the insurgent predispose them to violence. Our investigation also reveals group, but this has not yielded the desired results. Most that apart from the elements above drugs also plays a vital recently, the Air force base and Army post in Maiduguri role in the atrocities committed by Boko Haram members. were attacked by Boko Haram insurgents. According One former member of the group informed us that before to an official report, “two helicopters and three out-of- an operation, a particular kind of drug believed to be a pain service planes were destroyed”. “Two military personnel killer is usually administered on everyone going for the were injured and 24 militants killed”. However, witnesses operation. According to him, the drug prevents one from account culled from social media claimed that over 100 feeling pains even from bullets. Other kinds of drugs freely persons, including civilians were killed. used by members include marijuana, cocaine and heroin. In response to the attack, the Government imposed a The Boko Haram convert seriously thinks that it is the 24 hour curfew on the town. That the insurgent group is drugs more than anything else that feeds their sadistic acts. able to launch attacks on military installations and other public institutions even when the state of emergency is still in place, raises questions about the effectiveness of 2. GOVERNMENT’S COUNTER- the government’s counter-offensive policy. This is what OFFENSIVE RESPONSE: THE STICK has instigated this investigation. This study examines Government’s counter-offensive policy to curb the threat AND CARROT APPROACH posed by the Boko Haram insurgents, and why it has not There is a common consensus in the Nigerian public yielded significant success. In doing so therefore, the sphere that Government’s response to Boko Haram study also illuminates the path the government should insurgents has been reactionary rather than proactive. follow to checkmate the insurgency in a sustained manner. Those who share this sentiment argue that Government usually waits for the insurgents to launch attacks on Churches, Schools, Police Stations and other public 1. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK institutions, before it reacts. Using various variables, several scholars have tried to Between 2009 and 2013, the insurgents have killed intellectualize what drives Boko Haram insurgents to more people than the AL Qaeda terrorist organization did carry out ferocious attacks against other people. Some in the World Trade Center in the United States of America have used religion to explain their act of violence, by in 2011, and are still killing, without the government simply arguing that there is something in their religion being able to deflate them substantially. It is important that influences them to undertake violence on a large to note that though it took the United States government scale. However, this argument is weak, because there is no more than 10 years to locate and eliminate Osama Bin significant relationship between being a Muslim and being Laden, the alleged leader of the Al Qaeda terrorist group; Copyright © Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture 152 Felix Akpan; Okonette Ekanem; Angela Olofu-Adeoye (2014). Canadian Social Science, 10(2), 151-155 it ensured that the group was unable to launch new activities to a large extent, is now limited to the North- attacks on its soil, while the hunt for Bin Laden lasted.
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