UDK 061.23:001(474.3)(058) La 801 LATVIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Akadçmijas laukums 1 Tel.: (371) 67225361 Fax: (371) 67821153 Rîga, LV 1050 E-mail: [email protected] Latvia http://www.lza.lv The 2014 Latvian Academy of Sciences (LAS) Yearbook is a follow-up edi- tion — already the fourteenth one under this title. The previous issues reflected the sit- uation in 1991, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998/1999, 2000/2001, 2002/2003, 2004/2005, 2006/2007, 2008/2009, and 2010/2011. The Yearbook 2014 contains basic information on the Academy, including the membership directory, and its workings from the second half-year 2011 through 15 March 2014. This Yearbook also contains overview of scientific research in Latvia, written by the chairpersons of the LAS scientific divisions, information on the major scientific events in Latvia plus brief information on research policy issues in Latvia. The contents of the Yearbook are also available on the Website of the LAS (http://www.lza.lv). See section About Academy/Annual Reports. ISSN 1407-0383 ISBN 978-9984-879-63-5 Ó Latvian Academy of Sciences, 2014 CONTENTS TOPICAL ISSUES FOR YEAR 2014 ......................4 OVERVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN LATVIA ..............9 Physical and Technical Sciences in Latvia .................9 Chemical, Biological and Medical Sciences in Latvia ............15 Agriculture and Forestry Sciences in Latvia ................22 Humanities and Social Sciences in Latvia .................32 Top scientific achievements in Latvia, 2011, 2012, 2013 ...........48 Major scientific events in Latvia, 2011–2013 ................54 OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH STRATEGY AND POLICY ISSUES IN LATVIA, 2011–2014 ................................57 PRESIDIUM, SENATE, BOARD, COUNCILS, COMMISSIONS ..........63 SCIENTIFIC DIVISIONS OF THE ACADEMY .................68 Division of Physical and Technical Sciences ................68 Division of Chemical, Biological and Medical Sciences ...........70 Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences ...............73 Division of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences ...............76 MEETINGS OF THE ACADEMY .......................77 ACADEMY AWARDS AND OTHER AWARDS / HONOURS TO MEMBERS OF THE ACADEMY, 2011–2014 ......................85 INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC RELATIONS ..................91 MEMBERS OF THE ACADEMY .......................101 Academy membership statistics, 1993-2014 ................130 DOCTORS HONORIS CAUSA OF THE ACADEMY ..............131 Appendix CHARTER OF THE ACADEMY .......................136 MAIN NATIONAL GOVERNING BODIES OF SCIENCE ............141 ASSOCIATED INSTITUTIONS .......................142 DIRECTORY ...............................143 TOPICAL ISSUES FOR YEAR 2014 Ojârs Spârîtis, LAS President Dear colleagues in Latvia, countries of the European Union and in the whole Universe of science! The Latvian science is as prominent as big is the courage of its scientists to engage themselves in intellec- tual duels on the study of theoretical problems facing dead-ends or barely heaving into sight, the patience to seek ways towards understanding the spiritual heritage of their country, and the talent to fuse their individual expe- rience with the efforts of the whole humankind to cross new thresholds of cognition. As an institution involved in the elaboration of national science policy and in the assessment of scientific research quality and intellectual excellence, the Latvian Academy of Sciences can take pride in the fact that in 2015 it will celebrate the 200th anniversary since the dawn of academic science in our country and, with a look back on the rather diffi- cult post-war period, in 2016 it will celebrate the seventh decade since its foundation. During 2014 – a year that is marked as a time segment of Rîga being the European capital of culture filled with prominent cultural events – the Latvian Academy of Sciences is also getting ready for the Latvian Presidency of the union of European countries and positions itself within it as a union of the most prominent academic intellectuals of the country. The prestige of our Academy is shouldered by 119 full members or academicians and 125 corre- sponding members, who, representing men and women of eminence in ap- plied and natural sciences, humanities and social sciences, ensure the international competitiveness, innovation quality of research, and the continu- ity of scientific thought in the intellectual milieu of the country. The interna- tional dimension of activities carried out by the Latvian Academy of Sciences is promoted by 92 foreign members, while 57 distinguished personalities of 4 TOPICAL ISSUES FOR YEAR 2014 our country have been awarded the title of honorary members of the Acad- emy for their efforts in popularising the Latvian scientific thought and in studying nationally important aspects of culture, ethics of spirituality, and the vital capacity of the nation in literature, art, cultural life, and social activity. The Second World War, repressions, and recurrent occupation of Latvia since 1940, as well as the restructuring of the economic and scientific system of the country, created during the Soviet time, since 1990–1992 have notably weakened its elite pool of scientists. Therefore, one of the most important tasks faced by the Latvian Academy of Sciences lies in the attraction of exile Latvian scientists to their homeland with the organisational help of the world congresses of Latvian scientists, as well as with successful activities of the strongest scientific research institutes in maintaining lively relations with the scientific diaspora swept away by the recent waves of emigration. The second task of vital importance, following the economic stabilisation of the country and integration in the international science market, has to do with integration of the most distinguished Latvian intellectuals of the new generation in the scientific circles both nationally and internationally. This task is undertaken by the most successful research centres with the help of external funds, which allow retaining representatives of the new generation of researchers, as well as attracting back top-quality scientists from economic emigration, and ensur- ing their decent quality of life with competitive levels of remuneration. The restoration of national independence of Latvia was followed in 1992 by reorganisation of research institutes and transfer of science administration and subordination to the educational system, whereby scientists and research activities were integrated into the structure of higher education institutions and universities. Over the course of more than 20 years of the existence of independent Latvia substantial changes have taken place in both national economy and science. The new geopolitical conditions have forced the Lat- vian science to reorient itself from the East to the West, and it has experi- enced both a structural evolution and certain alterations of the intrasectoral structure. These changes are best identified by the evolution demonstrated be- tween the first audit of science carried out by Danish international experts in 1992 and the most recent analysis of research institutions performed by the auditing company TECHNOPOLIS in 2013. These studies show that over the course of two decades cooperation with the industrial and military companies of the former Soviet Union has ceased, while contacts have been retained be- 5 TOPICAL ISSUES FOR YEAR 2014 tween institutes and higher education institutions in the field of humanities. These former links have been replaced by multiform international coopera- tion with research institutes and higher education institutions covering a much wider geographical spectrum of countries and continents. It offers boundless technological, practical, and source research advantages as well as provides for better international awareness of the intellectual products developed by Latvian scientists and brings research activity nearer the entrepreneurship. Latvian science is still in the phase of development and growth, with the majority of research institutes still operating under the wing of universities or other higher education institutions and remaining to be providers of lecture courses, contributors to theoretical developments. Yet, in line with the devel- opment of innovative scientific disciplines and the thrive of research institutes to seek cooperation with business companies, research institutions in Latvia are also developing many theoretical and applied solutions in the field of mar- ket-oriented research, pursuing cooperation with international industrial con- sortia, reacting timely to global scientific challenges in the domains of mastering alternative energy resources, climate research, agriculture, ecology, environmental and life sciences, pharmacy, health, social sciences, and hu- manities with their theoretical studies and applied developments. According to the international assessment, the highest potential of the Latvian science is generated by two tens of scientific institutions that carry out a substantial part of their theoretical studies within the structural units of the University of Lat- via, the Rîga Technical University, and the Daugavpils University as well as the Ventspils University College. Yet, of the same size is the part of inde- pendent research institutes that secure their activities and development by in- ternational projects and contract research, with their publications in foreign languages demonstrating the highest levels of citation and recognition. In the given context the most perspective