Sviluppo Sostenibile: Una Sfida Per L’Ingegneria Civile

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Sviluppo Sostenibile: Una Sfida Per L’Ingegneria Civile Sviluppo sostenibile: una sfida per l’ingegneria civile Lo sviluppo sostenibile condiziona tutti i momenti dell’attività dell’ingegnere, in particolare dell’ingegnere civile. Ovunque nel mondo ci sia necessità di costruire nuovi sistemi di infrastrutture PAOLO CLEMENTE civili, riparare quelle esistenti, salvaguardare strutture di interesse ENEA storico e artistico l’ingegnere deve essere pronto a fronteggiare UTS Protezione e Sviluppo dell’Ambiente e del Territorio, nuove problematiche e sfide Tecnologie Ambientali Sustainable development: a challenge for civil engineering Abstract “Satisfy current needs without jeopardising the capacity of future ge- nerations to satisfy theirs.” From this definition suggested by Gro Harem Brundtland as chair of the U.N. Commission on Environment and Development, it is easy to see that the idea of sustainable deve- lopment should influence every moment in the work of an engineer. Civil engineers in particular face this challenge in designing civil infra- structure and structural systems. Transportation and water supply sy- stems, waste management and power generation plants are the cor- nerstones of modern civilisation, enabling it to function, grow and sur- vive. All nations need to build new non-military infrastructure, repair structures damaged by time, natural events or humans, and safeguard those of historic and artistic value studi & ricerche 72 ENERGIA, AMBIENTE E INNOVAZIONE 1/04 STUDI & RICERCHE a costante ricerca di uno sviluppo econo- nuovi sistemi di infrastrutture civili, miglio- mico soddisfacente contrasta con il rispetto rare i sistemi deteriorati, ripristinare o rico- Ldell’ambiente: ne derivano problemi sem- struire le strutture danneggiate da disastri pre maggiori, che non trovano facile solu- naturali o umani, salvaguardare il patrimo- zione anche a causa degli interessi contra- nio culturale. stanti delle varie nazioni. La categorie di L’industria delle costruzioni è senz’altro il problemi in questione, che investono tutti, maggiore responsabile, diretto e indiretto, dai singoli individui alle comunità, dalle in- della distruzione e del degrado delle risor- dustrie alle organizzazioni pubbliche e pri- se naturali, della produzione e dell’accu- vate, sono ben note: mulo di rifiuti e dell’impatto ambientale. Il • il deterioramento delle infrastrutture, l’in- contesto economico, politico e sociale, ora- quinamento e la crescita urbana disordi- mai più sensibile ai problemi ambientali, nata, comincia a pretendere nei progetti l’otti- • la riduzione delle risorse naturali, l’accu- mizzazione nell’uso delle risorse, la ridu- mulo dei rifiuti, il degrado ambientale, zione o eliminazione dei rifiuti, il migliora- • l’aumento della popolazione, l’aumento e mento della compatibilità ambientale. il diffondersi di malattie e dei conflitti so- Pertanto, progettisti e costruttori si imbatto- ciali, economici e politici. no, nella loro attività, in regole sempre più Gli approcci tradizionali, finora utilizzati restrittive, riguardanti la conservazione e la per la produzione, il trasporto e l’uso di protezione dell’ambiente e che rendono beni, prodotti e servizi, e per garantire al sempre più arduo soddisfare i requisiti ri- contempo la mitigazione degli effetti nocivi chiesti dai committenti, i quali pretendono sull’ambiente e la definizione di eventuali livelli sempre più alti di efficienza dei pro- rimedi, si sono rivelati spesso inefficaci e getti e di prestazioni delle costruzioni. costosi. È necessario, pertanto, trovare Affinché l’industria delle costruzioni affronti nuove soluzioni nello spirito dello sviluppo con successo tali sfide è necessario che i sostenibile: “soddisfare i bisogni del pre- concetti e i principi di sostenibilità siano sente senza compromettere la possibilità considerati esplicitamente e sistematica- delle future generazioni di soddisfare i pro- mente in tutte le fasi di progettazione e che pri”. È una nuova sfida per gli ingegneri ci- siano sviluppate nuove tecnologie, sistemi vili, impegnati nella progettazione di siste- di costruzione alternativi e materiali inno- mi di infrastrutture e, in particolare, agli in- vativi. L’applicazione di tali concetti è im- gegneri strutturisti responsabili della pro- presa ardua: a proprietari, progettisti e co- gettazione di sistemi strutturali, componen- struttori non sono offerti incentivi né risor- ti fondamentali di tali sistemi. se appropriate per affrontare le notevoli I sistemi di infrastrutture civili, come gli im- sfide con mezzi nuovi e, inoltre, i concetti e pianti per l’approvvigionamento e la rac- i principi di sostenibilità non sono ancora colta dell’acqua, la raccolta e lo smaltimen- stati adattati alle specificità dell’industria to dei rifiuti, la produzione di energia e le delle costruzioni. infrastrutture di comunicazione, sono ele- Nonostante i numerosi sforzi al riguardo, menti fondamentali per la società moder- resta ancora da chiarire che cosa significhi na. La qualità della vita è correlata al buon sostenibilità per gli ingegneri e che cosa funzionamento e alla sostenibilità dei siste- devono fare gli ingegneri civili per rag- mi di infrastrutture; inoltre, tali sistemi rap- giungere la sostenibilità ad un livello glo- presentano le linee vitali che consentono bale di sistema delle costruzioni, a livello alla nostra società di funzionare, crescere e intermedio di progetto di sistemi di infra- sopravvivere. Non esiste paese al mondo strutture civili e a livello specifico di pro- dove non ci sia la necessità di sviluppare gettazione strutturale. ENERGIA, AMBIENTE E INNOVAZIONE 1/04 73 STUDI & RICERCHE Lo sviluppo sostenibile Kothari8 propone di considerare lo svilup- La World Commission on Environmental po sostenibile non come un aspetto dell’e- and Development delle Nazioni Unite, pre- conomia ma come un ideale etico cha si sieduta da Gro Harem Brundtland, ha iden- basa sull’equità fondata sull’autonomia di tificato cinque obiettivi per lo sviluppo so- diverse entità piuttosto che su una struttura stenibile1: di entità dipendenti che si affidi ad aiuti e – crescita economica, trasferimento di tecnologia, sulla parteci- – opportuna localizzazione delle risorse pazione, sull’importanza delle condizioni per sostenere tale crescita, locali e sul valore delle diversità. – partecipazione e la costituzione di siste- Carpenter9,10 ribadisce che la sostenibilità mi politici più democratici, della popolazione umana richiede il rispetto – adozione di stili di vita consoni alla con- e la conservazione della diversità dei popoli servazione ecologica del pianeta, e degli ideali etici, lo sviluppo bilanciato – livelli di popolazione in armonia con le delle iniziative economiche e la salvaguardia potenzialità produttive degli ecosistemi. e la rigenerazione dei sistemi ecologici e A questi va aggiunta la necessità di ridurre delle risorse che sostengono tale sviluppo. i conflitti tra paesi sviluppati e sotto-svilup- pati. Notevoli sono state le critiche a tale vi- sione della problematica. Un’ampia sintesi Sostenibilità debole e sulla discussione è stata fatta da Vanegas2; sostenibilità forte di seguito si riportano alcuni dei contributi La sostenibilità investe campi quali l’etica più significativi. ambientale, la giustizia, la bioetica: sareb- Daly3,4 nota che crescita e sviluppo non be opportuno superare i confini tra le disci- sono affatto sinonimi e che, abitando un pline, creando discipline traversali e nuovi pianeta finito con una sottile biosfera, cre- approcci. Inoltre, ogni discorso sulla soste- scita economica e aumento di popolazione nibilità non può prescindere dalla defini- sono inconciliabili. zione di spazio e tempo all’interno dei Pearce5 focalizza l’attenzione sulla sosteni- quali ci si vuole muovere: la sostenibilità a bilità delle risorse naturali di base, notando breve termine, infatti, è ben altra cosa della che qualità e input ambientali sono stati sostenibilità a lungo termine, così come la sotto-valutati nei processi di miglioramento sostenibilità di una città o di una piccola re- del profitto reale e della qualità della vita. gione non può essere trattata allo stesso Engel 6 utilizza il termine sviluppo al di là del modo della sostenibilità che riguarda suo significato strettamente economico, un’intera nazione o l’intero pianeta. bensì come sinonimo di evoluzione, crescita Solow11, osservando che la sostenibilità è e appagamento di tutti gli aspetti della vita, l’obbligo di operare in modo da lasciare ai proponendo un modello sociale basato sul- posteri la capacità di stare in condizioni fi- l’integrazione di conservazione e sviluppo, il nanziarie come quelle attuali, afferma che soddisfacimento dei bisogni umani, l’equità tutte le risorse come minerali, metalli ecc., e la giustizia sociale, l’autodeterminazione che gli uomini consumano e passano alle sociale e il rispetto delle diversità culturali, future generazioni, sono fruibili o intercam- la conservazione dell’integrità ecologica. biabili e le risorse sostitutive possono es- Goodland e Ledec7 enfatizzano l’economia sere sempre trovate. Inoltre le risorse pos- come motore di cambiamento, ossia un sono essere valutate in termini monetari; mezzo di sviluppo che ottimizza i benefici pertanto, la società deve usare le risorse economici e sociali disponibili nel presen- per soddisfare i bisogni immediati ma con- te, senza disperdere le possibilità di simili servare fondi per il futuro, sotto forma di in- benefici nel futuro. vestimenti, in modo da poter sviluppate ri- 74 ENERGIA, AMBIENTE E INNOVAZIONE 1/04 STUDI & RICERCHE sorse sostitutive
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