Spazio Aperto Inauguration of the New Giant Taipei 101 Suggested This Recapitulation of Human Attempts to Climb up Into the Sky

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Spazio Aperto Inauguration of the New Giant Taipei 101 Suggested This Recapitulation of Human Attempts to Climb up Into the Sky Scale per il cielo PAOLO CLEMENTE* NICOLA PACILIO** ENEA * UTS Protezione e Sviluppo dell’Ambiente e del Territorio, Tecnologie Ambientali ** Servizio Calcolo e Modellistica Dagli antichi monumenti di culto fino alle moderne città in verticale, gli edifici alti hanno sempre accompagnato il progresso dell’umanità diventandone un simbolo. La presentazione del progetto per la ricostruzione dell’area delle Twin Towers a New York e l’inaugurazione del Taipei 101, il nuovo gigante del mondo, ci inducono a ripercorrere questo tentativo di scalare il cielo. Ecco origini e caratteristiche dei principali edifici alti della storia Ladders to the sky From ancient religious monuments to modern vertical cities, tall buildings have always accompanied and epitomised human progress. The presentation of the winning project for rebuilding the Twin Towers area in New York and the spazio aperto inauguration of the new giant Taipei 101 suggested this recapitulation of human attempts to climb up into the sky. Origins and features of the most striking high-rises down through history 16 ENERGIA, AMBIENTE E INNOVAZIONE 2/04 SPAZIO APERTO recente la notizia della scelta del progetto di ricostruzione dell’area dove sorgevano le Twin Towers a New York, devastata l’11 settembre 2001 da un atto terroristico. La proposta Èvincitrice dell’architetto Libeskind, già progettista del museo ebraico di Berlino, prevede un complesso di edifici dagli angoli smussati, una guglia alta 1776 piedi (le cifre ricorda- no l’anno dell’indipendenza americana) e un “pozzo della memoria” con le fondazioni del- le torri abbattute, dove ci sarà anche un memoriale delle vittime. Il pozzo vuole simboleggiare le fondamenta della democrazia, stabili anche a fronte di attac- chi feroci. Il progetto rispecchia i requisiti di fissare nella storia quanto accaduto e di resti- tuire all’area il suo ruolo di centro culturale e commerciale di Manhattan e del mondo. L’opera dovrebbe costare 330 milioni di dollari e richiedere 12 anni di lavoro: iniziando nel 2005, sarebbe pronta nel 2017, restituendo un elemento fondamentale al profilo di New York. Il desiderio di ricominciare ha prevalso, ma non ha ancora sconfitto del tutto la paura di altri atti terroristici: addirittura si è pensato di effettuare dei rilievi molto accurati, con tec- nica laser, delle strutture monumentali più a rischio, per essere pronti a “clonarle” in caso di attentati terroristici. La presentazione del nuovo progetto per Ground Zero è un’occa- sione per ripercorrere il cammino dell’uomo in questo continuo tentativo di costruirsi “una scala verso il cielo”, che ha assunto nel corso della storia varie forme: obelisco, piramide, tutto statua, torre, edificio, e svariate funzioni: monumento alla vittoria, sepolcro, edificio di cul- cominciò to, torre per antenne, simbolo di grandezza e potenza, città in verticale, rappresentando circa seimila uno dei più interessanti indici di progresso e di benessere economico. Secondo la leg- genda, tutto cominciò circa seimila anni fa in Mesopotamia, nella città di Babele. anni fa in Mesopotamia, Una torre fino al cielo nella città La terra era tutta d’una sola lingua e d’una sola parlata. Partiti dall’oriente, gli uomini tro- di Babele varono una pianura nella regione di Sennaar, ed ivi abitarono. E si dissero uno all’altro: «Su via, facciamo dei mattoni, e cociamoli al fuoco». Usarono mattoni per sassi, bitume per cemento, e dissero: «Su via, facciamoci una città, ed una torre la cui cima arrivi al cielo; e rendiamo famoso il nostro nome, prima di dividerci per tutta la terra». Ma il Signore discese per vedere la città e la torre che i figli di Adamo stavano edificando, e disse: «Ecco, è un popolo solo, ed hanno una lingua sola per tutti; hanno cominciato a far que- sto lavoro, né desisteranno dal loro pensiero finché non l’abbiano condotto a termine. Andiamo dunque, discendiamo, e confondiamo le loro lingue, così che nessuno più com- prenda la parola del prossimo suo ». Così li spartì il Signore da quel luogo per tutta la terra, e cessarono di edificar la città. Perciò fu chiamato quel luogo Babele, perché ivi fu confuso il parlare di tutti gli uomini; e di lì li disperse il Signore sulla faccia di tutto il mondo. [Genesi, capitolo 11] La torre di Babele, benché nel racconto biblico serva soltanto a rappresentare la superbia e l’orgoglio del popolo, è il primo esempio di edificio alto di cui si abbia notizia e risale all’incirca al 4000 a.C. Ai popoli della Mesopotamia è anche attribuita l’invenzione del mat- tone. Infatti, non disponendo di pietre e legno a sufficienza, essi si servirono di argilla impa- stata con paglia, essiccata al sole in forme regolari. Successivamente impararono ad indu- rirla col fuoco, ottenendo un materiale molto resistente anche agli agenti atmosferici. L’uso del mattone costituì un notevole passo in avanti nella storia delle costruzioni. Gli obelischi egizi Gli obelischi, insieme alle piramidi, sono un simbolo dell’antico Egitto. In genere erano mono- litici, in granito, a sezione quadrata, rastremati verso l’alto e con l’ultimo tratto a cuspide. ENERGIA, AMBIENTE E INNOVAZIONE 2/04 17 SPAZIO APERTO Le facce si presentavano ricoperte da figure e geroglifici realizzati con grande precisio- ne. La loro funzione era religiosa anche se le incisioni sulle facce celebravano sempre le gesta dei governanti terreni. La scoperta di un colossale obelisco incompiuto, alto 41 m e pesante 11 MN (1 meganewton = ÷ 100 t), giacente nella cava di Assuan, ha consentito di ricostruire le operazioni di costru- zione degli obelischi stessi. Trovata, tramite sondaggi, una vena di materiale da cui potes- se essere tagliato il monolito e individuata la giacitura adatta, la superficie della roccia veni- va levigata, eliminando ogni asperità. Il procedimento prevedeva il riscaldamento con mat- toni bollenti e, quindi, il successivo brusco raffreddamento con acqua, in modo da frantu- mare la superficie rocciosa e facilitarne l’asportazione. Successivamente venivano scava- te le trincee laterali, battendo sulla roccia sfere di dolerite, del diametro di qualche deci- metro e pesanti almeno mezzo chilo, molto diffuse nel deserto egiziano. Infine si passava al distacco della superficie inferiore tramite percussione in orizzontale e l’inserimento di travi in legno per sostenere le parti liberate. A volte s’inserivano cunei di legno, sotto la faccia dell’obelisco, forzandoli e/o bagnandoli. Non meno audaci erano le operazioni di trasporto. Mediante tronchi di legno l’obelisco gli obelischi veniva sollevato e nuovo materiale era inserito al di sotto di esso, fino a raggiungere il livel- più famosi lo del terreno. A questo punto con un sistema di rotolamento il monolito veniva tirato con ancora funi fino al fiume, dove lo attendeva un’imbarcazione che, sfruttando un periodo di secca, era appositamente affondata nella sabbia. Un molo di sabbia provvisorio consentiva la siste- esistenti, i mazione del blocco sul ponte del natante, che ricominciava a galleggiare nel periodo di cosiddetti piena e iniziava il viaggio. Le decorazioni, cominciate già nella cava, erano completate quan- Aghi di do l’obelisco era nella sua sede definitiva. Qui veniva anche effettuato il pyramidion, ossia il rivestimento aureo della cuspide. Cleopatra Nella stessa cava di Assuan furono estratti anche gli obelischi più famosi ancora esistenti, i cosiddetti Aghi di Cleopatra, commissionati dal faraone Thutmosi III e inizialmente posti all’ingresso del Tempio del Sole di Eliopoli, ove rimasero per 1500 anni. Fu Alessandro Magno che li fece trasportare ad Alessandria, nuovo centro politico del paese. Nel 30 a.C. Cleopatra li fece porre davanti all’ingresso del palazzo che aveva fatto costruire in onore di Giulio Cesare, dove rimasero per altri 1500 anni, meritandosi il nome di “Aghi di Cleopatra”. Uno dei due rovinò al suolo e lì rimase fino a quando sbarcò in Egitto Napoleone. Erano già pronti per il trasposto in Francia ma la sconfitta dei francesi fece cambiare pro- gramma: gli inglesi vincitori, infatti, ottennero dai turchi come riconoscimento per la libe- razione dal dominio francese proprio l’obelisco rovinato al suolo almeno due secoli pri- ma. Soltanto nel 1867, però, fu organizzato il trasporto a Londra. L’obelisco, pesante circa 1,70 MN, fu collocato sulla Cleopatra, una nave a forma cilindrica appositamente proget- tata, trainata dal rimorchiatore Olga. Il viaggio non fu molto tranquillo: durante una tempe- sta, le funi di traino si ruppero e la Cleopatra fu persa. Successivamente ritrovata da un altro battello inglese, giunse finalmente a Londra e l’obelisco fu posto sull’Embankment, dove è ora costretto a convivere con traffico e smog. L’altro obelisco fu trasportato nel 1880 a New York e posto a Central Park. Dalla stessa cava proviene anche l’Obelisco di Piazza S. Giovanni in Laterano a Roma, eret- to nel XV secolo a.C. e poi trasportato a Roma nel Circo Massimo nel 357. Distrutto, fu suc- cessivamente rialzato nel 1587 dal Fontana su ordinazione di Papa Sisto V. A Roma va ricordato anche l’Obelisco Flaminio, eretto da Ramesse II nel 1200 a.C. per ornare il tempio del re Sole a Eliopoli e trasportato nel Circo Massimo a Roma da Augusto. Sisto V lo fece trasportare nell’attuale Piazza del Popolo, dove il Valadier nel 1823 costruì le vasche e i leoni di marmo che abbelliscono la fontana posta alla base. 18 ENERGIA, AMBIENTE E INNOVAZIONE 2/04 SPAZIO APERTO Le Piramidi La prima piramide fu probabilmente quella costruita dall’architetto Imhotep per il faraone Gioser ma la più famosa al mondo è la Piramide di Cheope, costruita nel XXVI secolo a.C. all’estremità del deserto, sulla riva sinistra del Nilo, appena fuori l’attuale El-Gîzah. Insieme alle piramidi di Chefren e Micerino e altre piramidi, templi e tombe di dimensioni inferio- ri, forma un complesso monumentale che ha incuriosito e continua ad incuriosire studio- si e turisti di tutto il mondo.
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