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Gallien: 52 V. Chr. Zur Politischen Und Strategischen Konstellation Eines Kampfraumes

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Gallien: 52 V. Chr. Zur Politischen Und Strategischen Konstellation Eines Kampfraumes Gallien: 52 v. Chr. Zur politischen und strategischen Konstellation eines Kampfraumes Diplomarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Magisters der Philosophie an der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz vorgelegt von Michael FRANK am Institut für Geschichte Begutachter: ao. Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Klaus Tausend Graz, 2014 Parentibus (†) dedicatum Inhalt Der Kampfraum Gallien im Jahre 52 v. Chr.: Zum Thema ............................................................. 5 1. Gallien im 1. Jh. v. Chr.: Die politische und militärische Geographie bis zum Auftreten Caesars ........................................................................................................................................ 8 1.1 Südgallien ............................................................................................................................. 8 1.2 Ost- und Zentralgallien ........................................................................................................ 9 1.3 Caesar und Rom ................................................................................................................. 10 2. Gallien: 58–53 v. Chr. Die politische und strategische Konstellation eines Eroberungsraumes .................................................................................................................... 12 2.1 Ostgallien ............................................................................................................................ 12 2.1.1 Die Helvetier .......................................................................................................... 12 2.1.2 Die Alpenkelten und der zentralgallische Kampfraum ........................................ 13 2.1.3 Haeduer und Sequaner .......................................................................................... 13 2.2 Belgium ............................................................................................................................... 14 2.3 Die Rheingrenze................................................................................................................. 16 2.3.1 Nördlicher Sektor .................................................................................................. 16 2.3.2 Südlicher Sektor ..................................................................................................... 19 2.3.3 Die Rheingrenze und der zentralgallische Kampfraum im Jahre 52 v. Chr. ........ 19 2.4 Aremorica ........................................................................................................................... 20 2.5 Britannien ........................................................................................................................... 21 2.6 Aquitanien .......................................................................................................................... 22 2.7 Zentralgallien ..................................................................................................................... 22 2.8 Provincia Gallia Transalpina ............................................................................................... 23 3. Zentralgallien: 52 v. Chr. .......................................................................................................... 26 3.1 Über die Stellung der Arverner in Gallien: Hegemonie und principatus .......................... 26 3.2 Der arvernische Faktor im Jahre 52 v. Chr. ....................................................................... 32 3.3 Die politische und strategische Geographie im Jahre 52 v. Chr. ....................................... 36 3.3.1 Das politisch-strategische Umfeld Zentralgalliens ............................................... 36 3.3.2 Der haeduische Faktor im Jahre 52 v. Chr. ........................................................... 37 3.3.3 Die strategische Geographie als Planungsfaktor .................................................. 38 3.3.4 Die politische Geographie als Planungsfaktor ...................................................... 39 4. Zentralgallien 52 v. Chr.: Aufstand und Krieg ......................................................................... 42 5. Gallier und Römer: Kriegsgegner ............................................................................................ 50 5.1 Die gallische Koalition ....................................................................................................... 50 5.1.1 Die Phasen der Koalitionsbildung ......................................................................... 50 5.1.2 Formale Elemente der Koalitionsbildung ............................................................. 54 5.1.3 Die Peripherie des Koalitionsraumes: Carnuten, Senonen, Parisier .................... 54 5.1.4 Das gallische Heer ................................................................................................. 57 5.1.5 Führungs- und Entscheidungsstruktur .................................................................. 61 5.2 Die römischen Legionen in Gallien im Jahre 52 v. Chr. .................................................... 63 5.3 Der Römer und der Gallier: Überlegungen zu Motivierung – Disziplin – Moral ............ 64 5.3.1 Motivierung und Autorität .................................................................................... 65 5.3.2 Disziplin ................................................................................................................. 67 5.3.3 Der Krieg in Gallien als moralische Frage ............................................................ 68 6. Überlegungen zu strategischen und operativen Aspekten ...................................................... 70 6.1 Elemente innenpolitischer Dynamik der gallischen Koalition .......................................... 70 6.2 Strategien zur Koalitionserweiterung ................................................................................ 70 6.3 Der Kampfraum als strategisches Konzept........................................................................ 72 6.4 Logistik ............................................................................................................................... 74 7. Die unmittelbaren Folgen der gallischen Niederlage .............................................................. 76 8. Die Nachwirkungen des römischen Sieges............................................................................... 78 8.1 Die Biturigen ...................................................................................................................... 80 8.2 Die Carnuten ...................................................................................................................... 81 8.3 Belgium im Jahre 51 v. Chr. ................................................................................................ 81 8.3.1 Bellovacer, Suessionen, Remer ............................................................................. 82 8.3.2 Der Sicherheitskomplex Belgium .......................................................................... 83 8.4 Drappes und Lucterius ....................................................................................................... 85 8.5 Pictonen und Anden ........................................................................................................... 86 8.6 Die Treverer ....................................................................................................................... 87 8.7 Aquitanien .......................................................................................................................... 88 8.8 Diversissimam partem Galliae ............................................................................................. 88 8.9 Arverner und Haeduer ....................................................................................................... 89 Gallien: 52 v. Chr. ............................................................................................................................ 90 Quellen ............................................................................................................................................ 93 Literaturverzeichnis ........................................................................................................................ 94 - 5 - Der Kampfraum Gallien im Jahre 52 v. Chr.: Zum Thema Pleraque Gallia duas res industriosissime persequitur, rem militarem et argute loqui. Cato, Frag. 2,3, Charis. 2p. 263B (F34 Peter) Quintus: »People should know when they are conquered.« Maximus: »Would you, Quintus? Would I?« The Gladiator, USA 2000, R.: Ridley Scott Cesare armato con li occhi grifagni. Dante Alighieri, Inferno, Canto 4.123 Gallien rückte Ende des 2. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. verstärkt in das Blickfeld Roms. Die schwer durchschaubaren politischen Verhältnisse und kriegerische Unternehmungen keltischer Stämme führten bald zu römischer Interessenspolitik mit diplomatischen und militärischen Aktionen. Die provincia Gallia Transalpina als geostrategischer und geoökonomischer Vorposten Roms war dann auch Sprungbrett und Rückzugsraum für Caesar, der ab dem Jahre 58 v. Chr. grundlegen- de und dauerhafte Umwälzungen in der keltischen Sphäre auslösen sollte. Sein wohl größter strategischer Vorteil neben der Kampfkraft römischer Legionen war die Uneinigkeit der Gallier, welche immer wieder zu einem Primat gallischer Innenpolitik führte. Caesar konnte sich die Spannungen zwischen anti- und prorömischen Kräften zu Nutze machen und so ganz Gallien ei- ne Neuordnung aufzwingen, die
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