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Comparative Analysis of Volatile Compounds of Gamma-Irradiated Mutants of Rose (Rosa Hybrida)

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Comparative Analysis of Volatile Compounds of Gamma-Irradiated Mutants of Rose (Rosa Hybrida) plants Article Comparative Analysis of Volatile Compounds of Gamma-Irradiated Mutants of Rose (Rosa hybrida) Jaihyunk Ryu 1 , Jae Il Lyu 1 , Dong-Gun Kim 1, Jung-Min Kim 1, Yeong Deuk Jo 1 , Si-Yong Kang 2, Jin-Baek Kim 1 , Joon-Woo Ahn 1 and Sang Hoon Kim 1,* 1 Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do 56212, Korea; [email protected] (J.R.); [email protected] (J.I.L.); [email protected] (D.-G.K.); [email protected] (J.-M.K.); [email protected] (Y.D.J.); [email protected] (J.-B.K.); [email protected] (J.-W.A.) 2 Department of Horticulture, College of Industrial Sciences, Kongju National University, Yesan 32439, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-63-570-3318 Received: 22 July 2020; Accepted: 14 September 2020; Published: 17 September 2020 Abstract: Roses are one of the most important floricultural crops, and their essential oils have long been used for cosmetics and aromatherapy. We investigated the volatile compound compositions of 12 flower-color mutant variants and their original cultivars. Twelve rose mutant genotypes were developed by treatment with 70 Gy of 60Co gamma irradiation of six commercial rose cultivars. Essential oils from the flowers of the 18 genotypes were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Seventy-seven volatile compounds were detected, which were categorized into six classes: Aliphatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic alcohols, aliphatic ester, aromatic compounds, terpene alcohols, and others. Aliphatic (hydrocarbons, alcohols, and esters) compounds were abundant categories in all rose flowers. The CR-S2 mutant had the highest terpene alcohols and oil content. Three (CR-S1, CR-S3, and CR-S4) mutant genotypes showed higher ester contents than their original cultivar. Nonacosane, 2-methylhexacosane, and 2-methyltricosane were major volatile compounds among all genotypes. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) of the rose genotypes gave four groups according to grouping among the 77 volatile compounds. In addition, the principal component analysis (PCA) model was successfully applied to distinguish most attractive rose lines. These findings will be useful for the selection of rose genotypes with improved volatile compounds. Keywords: rose; mutant; volatile compounds; hierarchical cluster analysis; principal component analysis 1. Introduction The rose belongs to the Rosaceae family, including about 200 species distributed throughout the world [1,2]. Roses are an important floricultural crop and are the most popular cut flowers because of their various floral colors and shapes [3]. Flower color is the major horticultural characteristic of rose cultivars [3,4]. A broad range of floral colors are now available in the rose after many years of cultivar development, and many studies have investigated the contributions of rose pigments [5–7]. Rose flower colors are caused by the presence of pigments such as anthocyanins (cyanidin, peonidin, and pelargonidin), flavonols (quercetin and kaempferol), and carotenoids (xanthophylls) [1,4–7]. Rose cultivars have developed characteristics such as long vase life, novel flower shape and color, disease tolerance, and fragrance [2,3]. Recently, many countries have made efforts to develop their own rose cultivar to produce high-quality fragrances and large amounts of oil [1,2,8]. Although wide variability in the flower has been generated through hybridization, the floriculture industry relies Plants 2020, 9, 1221; doi:10.3390/plants9091221 www.mdpi.com/journal/plants Plants 2020, 9, 1221 2 of 15 on a limited number of mutated traits in accordance with specific consumer expectations [3,8–10]. Mutation breeding involves the use of various mutagens to develop plants that exhibit a few mutated characteristics without disturbing the other characteristics of original cultivar [10,11]. Novel rose genotypesPlants generated2020, 9, x by radiation mutagenesis and showing improved flower traits2 of have 17 been developedMutation using breeding mutation involves breeding the use techniques of various muta [10–12gens]. Into develop our previous plants that work, exhibit which a few explored mutated diverse variationscharacteristics in color and without number disturbing of petals, the mutationsother characteristics were generated of original by cultivar gamma [10,11]. rays in Novel three rose spray-type (‘Lovelydia,’genotypes ‘Yellowbabe,’ generated andby radiatio ‘Haetsal’)n mutagenesis and two standard-typeand showing improved (‘Vital’ and flower ‘Aqua’) traits rosehave cultivars been [12]. Rosedeveloped products using are mutation in high demandbreeding throughouttechniques [10–12]. the world. In our Inprevious particular, work, rose which essential explored oils have wide applicationsdiverse variations in food, in color cosmetics, and number and pharmaceuticals of petals, mutations [1 ,were2,13]. generated Although by theregamma are rays about in three 18,000 rose spray-type (‘Lovelydia,’ ‘Yellowbabe,’ and ‘Haetsal’) and two standard-type (‘Vital’ and ‘Aqua’) rose cultivars, only a few of them are used for fragrance applications [14–16]. This fragrance application cultivars [12]. was mainlyRose distributed products inare France, in high China,demand Bulgaria,throughout and the Indiaworld. [In17 particular,]. Volatile rose compounds essential oils are have important contributorswide applications to fragrance in infood, roses cosmetics, and other and pharma flowersceuticals [16–18 ].[1,2,13]. The chemicalAlthough there characterization are about 18,000 of volatile compoundsrose cultivars, in flowers only is ofa few paramount of them importanceare used for forfragrance the identification applications [14–16]. of novel This materials fragrance that have potentialapplication for industrial was mainly use [17 distributed,18]. In addition, in France, the China, volatile Bulgaria, compounds and India of [17]. rose Volatile are important compounds substances in therapeuticare important applications contributors because to of fragrance a range ofin bioactivities. roses and other Rose flowers flowers [16–18]. emit a strongThe chemical fragrance, and characterization of volatile compounds in flowers is of paramount importance for the identification various volatile compounds such as citronellol, geraniol, and nerol have been identified in rose flower of novel materials that have potential for industrial use [17,18]. In addition, the volatile compounds extractsof [2 rose,13,15 are,16 important,18]. These substances volatile in compounds therapeutic applications were found because to have of a diverse range of biological bioactivities. activities Rose such as antioxidant,flowers emit antibacterial, a strong fragrance, antitumor, and antiulcer,various volatile anti-inflammatory, compounds such and as citronellol, anti-parkinsonism geraniol, and activities; they cannerol also have decrease been bloodidentified cholesterol in rose flower and can extrac bets used [2,13,15,16,18]. as emollients These and volatile surfactants compounds [16,19 were–22 ]. Manyfound methods to have diverse such as biological hierarchical activities cluster such analysisas antioxidant, (HCA) antibacterial, and principal antitumor, component antiulcer, analysis anti-inflammatory, and anti-parkinsonism activities; they can also decrease blood cholesterol and can (PCA) methods have been applied for identification of subgroups as determined by the measure be used as emollients and surfactants [16,19–22]. of similarity.Many As methods the HCA such and as hierarchical PCA tools cluster emphasize analysis their (HCA) contribution and principal of component variability, analysis they can be important(PCA) methods methods to have speed been up applied the breeding for identification program of [subgroups23]. The objectiveas determined of the by presentthe measure study of was to investigatesimilarity. and compare As the HCA the volatileand PCA compounds tools emphasize of flower their contribution color-changing of variability, rose mutant they can derived be from gammaimportant rays and methods those of to original speed up cultivars the breeding using progra GC-MS,m [23]. and The appliedobjective of to the HCA present and study PCA was to determine to which cultivarsinvestigate would and compare be suitable the volatile for the compounds fragrance of industry.flower color-changing rose mutant derived from gamma rays and those of original cultivars using GC-MS, and applied to HCA and PCA to determine 2. Resultswhich cultivars would be suitable for the fragrance industry. 2. Results 2.1. Flower Morphological Characteristics The2.1. evaluation Flower Morphological of flower Characteristics morphological characteristics is presented in Table1 and Figure1. Mutant cultivar CR-S7,The whichevaluation produces of flower white morphological pink petals, characte was developedristics is presented from the in ‘Aqua’Table 1 cultivarand Figure (red-purple 1. petal). MutantMutant cultivar ‘CR-S2’ CR-S7, was derivedwhich produces from the white black pink red petals, ‘Blackbeauty’ was developed cultivar, from the and ‘Aqua’ showed cultivar black pink petals with(red-purple white petal). mosaic. Mutant Mutant ‘CR-S2’ CR-S5 was had derived ivory from petals, the black while red its ‘Blackbeauty’ original cultivar cultivar, had and pale pink showed black pink petals with white mosaic. Mutant CR-S5 had ivory petals, while its original petals. Thecultivar mutants had pale CR-S1, pink petals. CR-S3, The and mutants CR-S4, CR-S1, which CR-S3, showed and CR-S4, orange which
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