Infant Mortality Decline in Rural and Urban Bavaria: Sanitary Improvement and Inequality in Bavaria and Munich, 1825-19101 Abstract A high infant mortality regime characterized much of the German Kingdom of Bavaria during the long nineteenth century. Conditions in Munich were reflective of this regime, with 40 deaths per 100 births not uncommon during the early 1860s. Infant mortality in all of Bavaria declined slowly in rural areas until World War I. In urban areas, the decline was much more impressive with the median falling by one-half up to 1913. The decline in Munich was even more dramatic. This paper examines the causes of infant mortality in both Bavaria as a whole and in Munich. The analysis of Bavaria examines district-level data for the period 1880 through 1910. The examination of Munich is for the period 1825-1910, which is a period of substantial economic and social change as well as sanitary reform. Patterns of land distribution, fertility and sanitary provision all play a role in accounting for the decline in infant mortality. The study uncovered growing discrepancies across social groups as decline set in Munich. John C. Brown Department of Economics Clark University Worcester, MA 01610
[email protected] Timothy W. Guinnane Department of Economics Yale University New Haven, CT 06520
[email protected] 1 Please do not quote or cite without permission of the author. Address for correspondence:
[email protected] or Department of Economics, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610-1477. This paper is part of a joint project on demographic change in Bavaria and Munich during the nineteenth century.