Episteme Em Artigos VIII

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Episteme Em Artigos VIII Ensinar e aprender é algo contagioso, pois o que dissemina sabedoria também constrói o novo. O projeto Episteme é uma destas inovações que, há anos, se renova e reinventa nossa realidade. Por isso, com muito Episteme em Artigos orgulho convidamos a todos para conhecer mais um pouco deste trabalho, e junto conosco compartilhar seus pensamentos, seus ideais e suas buscas. VIII Um olhar sobre as Profissões Pontual Centro de Ensino - Uma escola feita a mão... Rua Tupi, 455 - Centro - Londrina PR - 43 3321 6757 www.pontuallondrina.com.br facebook.com/pontuallondrina Uma Escola feita a mão Organização Carlos Augusto Portello Carlos Henrique Duarte Maria Luisa Marigo 2014 Volume VIII Todos os direitos reservados. Proibida a reprodução total ou em partes sem autorização prévia. Índice Apresentação .......................................................................................... 04 Dedicatória ............................................................................................... 05 A biologia celular e marinha ................................................................... 06 Eduardo Kiiti Hachiya Martins e William Seiki Ogido Hirata Jogos indies – Gamers nova profissão? ............................................... 18 Antonio Panissa e André Panissa O que é um escritor? ............................................................................... 31 Júlia Oliveira Bilibio Profissões mais e menos remuneradas ................................................ 43 Vitor Hugo Omotto e Henrique Yabushita Um olhar sobre a psicanálise ................................................................. 51 Bruno Calábrio Cianca Episteme VIII 3 Apresentação Pensar em mesclar talento e mercado de trabalho foi o objetivo do grupo Episteme para o ano de 2014. As pesquisas realizadas e compiladas neste livro promovem a reflexão sobre as trasformações no mundo do trabalho e a difícil decisão para uma carreira. Os autores. 4 Episteme VIII Dedicamos nosso trabalho a todos aqueles que nos desafiaram e motivaram nossas pesquisas e que irão compatilhar conosco nossos resultados. Os Autores Episteme VIII 5 A BIOLOGIA CELULAR E MARINHA Eduardo Kiiti Hachiya Martins e William Seiki Ogido Hirata – 6º ano A Neste artigo, trataremos dos dois tipos de estudo da biologia: a biologia celular e a biologia marinha. A primeira trata da parte da biologia que estuda várias temáticas que têm relação com as células, tanto de plantas, como de animais. A biologia marinha é o ramo da ciência que estuda os seres vivos que têm o meio marinho como habitat ou como meio de obter seu alimento. Explanaremos sobre esse tema, pois desde pequenos somos fascinados por animais de todos os tipos e, mais frequentemente, sobre o que os forma e sobre o seu modo de viver, comer, entre outras curiosidades. Para nós, a importância desse trabalho é levar a outras pessoas que, assim como eu, têm curiosidades sobre biologia, animais e o que os formam. Biólogo Uma das características mais importantes de um biólogo é gostar da natureza. Este atua no desenvolvimento de projetos para preservar a fauna e a flora. Muitos vão ministrar aulas e outros trabalhar em parques ecológicos. Meu ensejo é descobrir novas espécies de plantas e animais. Após se formar, os biólogos podem se especializar em: Zootecnia, Genética, Biologia Marinha (em que nós queremos nos especializar), Biologia Celular, Botânica, Ciências de Meio Ambiente Ecologia e muitos outros. A minha história com a biologia O dia do biólogo é comemorado no dia 7 de setembro, uma data muito especial para mim (Eduardo), pois foi o dia em que eu ganhei o meu primeiro animal de estimação. Enfim, eu quero trabalhar nessa área, pois eu tenho muita curiosidade a respeito dos animais marinhos, seus antepassados, por que motivo está ali e não virou um animal terrestre, do que se 6 Episteme VIII alimenta se existe um ou um milhão no planeta e entre outras coisas. Também é meu sonho, desde que eu ganhei de uma tia, um livro que mostrava todos os seres marinhos conhecidos até 2007. A biologia celular Todos os seres vivos são formados por células. Essas células podem ser de dois tipos: as células procariotas, que apresentam material genético (DNA+RNA), mas não apresentam membrana nuclear (os seres formados por essas células são chamados de precariontes e pertencem ao reino Monera. Por exemplo, as bactérias e as cianobactérias) e as células eucariotas que, além de terem carioteca, apresentam vários tipos de organelas citoplasmáticas (os organismos formados por essas células são chamados de eucariontes e todos os outros reinos são formados por eles. Por exemplo, os vegetais, animais e protozoários. Os vírus, mesmo sendo seres vivos, não são formados por células por isso e outras eles não são considerados seres vivos completos. As células não têm vida apenas por serem células, existem componentes que dão vida a elas como a membrana citoplasmática, o núcleo, as mitocôndrias, os retículos endoplasmáticos lisos e rugosos, os lisossomos, o complexo de Golgi, o nucléolo, os peroxissomos, os centríolos, o cito esqueleto, os cloroplastos e a parede celular, sendo o último encontrado em fungos, bactérias e vegetais. A biologia marinha Principais seres vivos marinhos estudados pela Biologia Marinha: • Peixes; • Mamíferos Marinhos; • Plânctons; Episteme VIII 7 Peixes Os peixes são um dos grupos mais velhos em questão de existência, além de possuir uma história evolutiva de sucesso. Os primeiros indivíduos da espécie não possuíam mandíbulas, barbatanas ou escamas. A aquisição de mandíbulas foi muito importante na evolução e também na alimentação dos indivíduos, pois com elas eles podiam engolir alimentos maiores. Por ter uma história evolutiva muito bem sucedida, foi agraciada com uma grande diversidade de comportamentos e adaptações a diversos habitats. Os peixes são classificados em três grandes classes: Agnatha, Chondricthyes, Osteichthyes. A classe agnatha Esta classe não tem presentes as mandíbulas e, em grande parte das espécies, as nadadeiras pares também estão ausentes e, em algumas espécies já extintas, as abas peitorais estavam presentes. Nas primeiras espécies, a pele estava protegida por fortes escamas ósseas, mas nas espécies mais atuais elas foram perdidas. O notocórdio embrionário persiste nos adultos. Um olho pineal mediano e fotossensível está presente. As espécies atuais e, também como a maioria das extintas, se apresentam com uma narina única e mediana localizada à frente do olho pineal, sete ou mais aberturas branquiais. A alimentação das larvas e dos adultos de espécies extintas era feita através de filtração. 8 Episteme VIII A classe chondrichthyes As mandíbulas e as nadadeiras pares estão presentes, as escamas ósseas foram reduzidas a delgadas, placóides ou foram completamente perdidas. As partes mais internas do esqueleto são totalmente cartilaginosas. O olho pineal foi perdido. Eles são peixes compactos, sem pulmão ou bexiga natatória. Seus corpos são achatados no sentido ântero-central e a maioria das espécies continuam com a cauda heterocerca primitiva. Suas narinas são pares. Os cinco pares de brânquias abrem-se independentemente na superfície corporal na maioria das espécies, o intestino é curto e a área superficial é aumentada por uma válvula espiral. Os machos possuem um clásper sobre a nadadeira pélvica, que transfere os espermatozóides para a fêmea. A fecundação é interna. Classe osteichthyes Os peixes ósseos são o grupo mais vasto. Estes animais habitam todos os tipos de água sendo ela doce, salgada, quente, fria, (embora a maioria seja limitada a temperaturas entre nove e 11ºC). Essa é a classe mais nova em relação ao ponto filogenético e também a que os cientistas consideram mais evoluída. A taxonomia dentro desta classe tem sido frequentemente alterada, devido à descoberta de novas espécies, bem como de novas relações entre as já conhecidas. Episteme VIII 9 Geralmente os peixes ósseos não passam de 1m de comprimento, mas existem casos extremos de, por exemplo, certos gobies com cerca de 10 mm de comprimento, ou gigantescos espadartes com 3,70m de comprimento, ou ainda o esturjão com 3,80 m de comprimento e 590 kg ou, ainda mais, o peixe-lua com 900 kg. O corpo tem forma oval sendo mais alto do que largo o que facilita seu deslocamento através da água. Sua cabeça se localiza da ponta do focinho até a abertura do operáculo, após vem o tronco, o ânus e mais atrás a cauda. Seus músculos são muito fortes e divididos em sedimentos separados por delicados septos conjuntivos. Seu esqueleto é formado por ossos verdadeiros, sendo que alguns poucos indivíduos apresentem esqueletos cartilagenósos. Mamíferos marinhos Mamíferos marinhos são aqueles que vivem ou necessitam dos mares e oceanos para sobreviver. Por exemplo, alguns ursos, focas, baleias, etc. 10 Episteme VIII As baleias As baleias são os maiores mamíferos marinhos da Terra. Elas possuem tanta adaptação com o meio marinho que parecem pertencer à mesma família dos peixes. Elas pertencem à ordem dos cetáceos. Mesmo nadando tão bem, após investigação científica e segundo seus esqueletos, elas descendem de animais terrestres com 4 patas. Dentro dos cetáceos existem 2 grupos: as baleias com barbas e as baleias com dentes. As baleias com barbas Episteme VIII 11 Neste grupo, encontramos baleias de grande tamanho, por exemplo, a baleia azul. Esta classe caracteriza – se por possuir barbas ao invés de dentes. Por isso, sua forma de alimentação é um pouco diferente. Essas baleias filtram a água apanhando seu alimento. O número de barbas muda de acordo com o lado da mandíbula
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