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Courrier Du CNRS 1991

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Courrier Du CNRS 1991 Ce document a été réalisé à partir du document original de 1995. Il a été obtenu par scan (en 2017) de chaque page ensuite traitée, avant d’être reconstruit. Il peut donc présenter des légères différences ainsi que quelques coquilles mais son contenu est inchangé par rapport à celui du document original LE COURRIER DU CNRS Ce numéro du Courrier du CNRS a été DOSSIERS SCIENTIFIQUES préparé sous la direction du département scientifique Sciences pour l'ingénieur du CNRS. Directeur de la publication : Le Courrier du CNRS remercie les François Kourilsky auteurs et les organismes qui ont participé à ce dossier. REALISATION : Les titres, les chapeaux introductifs et CNRS-Atelier de l'Ecrit les résumés ont été rédigés par la Groupement des Unités de la rédaction. Communication du CNRS Les textes peuvent être reproduits sous I - place Aristide Briand réserve de l’autorisation du directeur 92195 Meudon Cedex de la publication. Prix : 50 francs. Vente au numéro : Direction : Bernard Hagene Presses du CNRS, 20-22, rue Saint- Rédaction en chef: Sylvie Langlois Amand, 75015 Paris- Rédaction : Pierrette Massonnet tél :(1) 45 33 16 00. Diffusion : Christine Girard Secrétariat: Muriel Hourüer Fabrication Coordination de la fabrication : COMITE SCIENTIFIQUE : J.O. - Communication, 10, avenue Bourgain, Coordinateur 92130 Issy-les-Moulineaux COUVERTURE Direction artistique ; Top Conseil. 18, rue Gérard Favier Volney, 75002 Paris - tél. : 42.96.14.58. Première étape du traitement du signal : Pierre-Y ves Arqués Impression : Roto-France-Impression, boulevard l'acquisition de l’information. de Beaubourg, Emerainville, 77327 Marne-la- Albert Bijaoui Vallée Cedex 2 - tél. : 60.06.60.00. Le VLA (Very Large Array, Jean Caelen Commission paritaire : AD 303. radiatelescope-interféromètre situé a Jean-Marc Chassery ISSN: 0-153-985-X. ISBN : 2-222-04597-5. Sorroco, Nouveau-Mexique, est un bon Georges Chevallier exemple d'outil conçu pour s‘adapter au Patrick Flandrin type de signal émis par la source. Les Claude Guéguen vingt-sept antennes mobiles de cinq Jean Louis Lacoume mètres de diamètre sont disposées sur les ROGER Mohr trois branches d’un immense Y. Développées au maximum, elle permettent d'observer à haute résolution des COMITE DE LECTURE radiosources intenses : rassemblées au Georges Chapouthier maximum, d’observer des sources Bernard Dormy étendues avec une grande sensibilité Janes Hiéblot (© Cliché Ressmeyer! Cosmos) Serge Sarrazin En 4ème de couverture A partir d'un objet dont on mesuré la forme par triangularisation active, il est aisé de reconstitue des vues sous différents angles. Ici Victor Hugo. (Cliché F. Schnüa. Ttkit/m © Centre National de la Recherche Scientifîque t L EDITORIAL Vous avez dit: "La recherche en Traitement du Signal et de l'Image" e l’infiniment petit - la matière La réponse est simple : par son impor- et ses particules - à l’infiniment tance numérique, par sa présence et grandD - l'univers et ses galaxies -, en par le rôle quelle joue dans les mani- passant par l'échelle humaine, “le festations internationales, la commu- mieux comprendre" nécessite de col- nauté française en TDSI occupe la lecter l'information, de la transmet- deuxième place au monde après les tre, et bien entendu de la traiter et de Etats-Unis d’Amérique. C’est pour- l'interpréter, afin de décider et quoi, en 1988, il m'a semblé néces- d'agir. Cette information, dont les si- saire de structurer cette communauté gnaux et les images sont les véhicules en mettant en place un Groupement omniprésents et quotidiens, est le fil de Recherche CNRS “Traitement du conducteur de notre compréhension Signal et Images” qui coordonne les du monde. Cette information, il faut donc la traiter et la activités scientifiques et technologiques d’environ 300 cher- discipline qui s'en charge se reconnaît sous l’intitulé Trai- cheurs en provenance de 50 laboratoires et de 20 e ntre- tement du Signal et de l’Image (TDSI). Au demeurant je prises. Ainsi, du plus cognifif au très appliqué applicable, ne devrais pas parler de discipline, mais de multidiscipline le CNRS a mobilisé ses forces afin de promouvoir le TDSI tant la recherche en TDSI fait appel aux mathématiques et de lui donner son dynamisme. Pour le prouver, ce dossier appliquées, à l ’informatique, à l'intelligence artificielle et scientifique du Courrier du CNRS présente un large aper- aux sciences cognitives, avec comme champs d’application çu, certes non exhaustif, des activités de recherche foison- privilégiés les télécommunications, la mécanique, nantes liées à la multidiscipline TDSI. Réalisé à l’initiative l’acoustique, la robotique, la géophysique, l’astrophysi- du Comité d'Objectif Scientifique et Technique “Traite- que, la sismique ou le génie biomédical. El quels champs ment du Signal et Imagerie” du département SPI, il est de d'application passionnants ! fait l’œuvre de la communauté française qui s’est totale- Et les réalisations technologiques qui font appel aux mé- ment mobilisée pour sa parution. thodes de TDSI, parlons-en : Plus que sur les méthodes, ce sont sur les réalisations et sur elles sont tout aussi nombreuses que spectaculaires com- certaines applications que sont focalisés les articles publiés. me le montrent quelques exemples: le radio-téléphone Beaucoup concernent notre vie quotidienne et témoignent mobile, le visiophone, la télévision haute définition à l’évidence de la place occupée aujourd’hui par le TDSI TVHD, le jouet “Speak and Spell”, les nombreux appa- parmi les Sciences et Technologies de l’Information, place reils médicaux tels l'échographe, l’électrocardiographe, qui va encore prendre plus d’importance à l’approche du l’électroencéphalographe, ou bien encore les sismogra- troisième millénaire où les enjeux de notre société seront phes, les radars, les sonars, les très grands télescopes, les plus que jamais le mieux comprendre pour le mieux vivre satellites (METEOSAT, SPOT) sans oublier les systèmes et son triangle d’or “santé, sécurité, confort’! de vision artificielle pour les robots mobiles des futures Oui, la recherche en Traitement du Signal et de l’Image en générations. 1991 s’étend vraiment sur tous les champs scientifiques qui Oui, ce sont le plus souvent de véritables défis pour re- peuvent s’inscrire dans le continuum, capter, analyser, fil- pousser toujours plus loin les frontières de la haute techno- trer, exploiter, pour interpréter, reconnaître, comprendre, logie. Mais devant ces défis fascinants des sciences et tech- décider et agir, mais ce, aujourd’hui, dans un esprit de nologies de l’information, que représente et comment se système intégré. comporte la recherche scientifique française en 1991 ? Jugez-en à la lecture des pages qui suivent... Le mieux comprendre pour le mieux vivre LE COURRIER DU CNRS N° 77 1 SOMMAIRE Avant-propos La Marna 20 Images : représentations et 34 Le traitement du signal 6 MAMA : computer processing of modèles et de l’image : de l'observation astronomical photographs Images: modelling and à la prise de décision Jean Guibert représentation Jean Marc ChasseryJ Signal and image processing : from Les images des sondes Voyager 22 observation to decision The Voyager images La distribution des galaxies dans 35 Gérard Favier Bruno Sicardy l’Univers Galaxies distribution and wavelet Le traitement du signal : 8 analysis une discipline «ancillaire» Albert Bijaoui Signal Processing: an «ancillary » Modéliser et analyser Eric SlezaKt discipline ? Introduction 23 Bernard Picinbono Patrick Flandrin Jean-Marc Chassery Le traitement des objets 36 Object processing Comment fonctionne le système 25 Henri Maître Capter et mesurer auditif? Introduction 10 Hearing and perception models Georges Chevallier Jean-Luc Schwartz Coder et transmettre Pierre Escudier Introduction 38 Percept et la fusion multicapteur 12 Claude Gueguen Percept or the necessity of Modélisation des bruits en 26 experimental vérification of acoustique sous-marine Codage et cryptographie ou 40 emerging théories on multisensor Noise modelling in underwater comment protéger la transmission fusion acoustics de l’information Olivier Dessoude Pierre-Yves Arqués How so protect information Bertrand Zavidovique Jean-Pierre Le Cadre transmission Jean-Claude Bic Pour observer l’intérieur 13 Analyse spectrale de signaux 27 de l’océan stationnaires Traitement adaptatif du signal en Measurement oftime delays for Spectral analysis ofstationary signais transmission 42 océan acoustic tomography Nadine Martin Odile Macchi Geneviève Jourdain La vitesse du sang 28 La radio de qualité laser dans la Imagerie acoustique pour 14 Ultrasound Doppler velocimetry machines silencieuses voiture, c’est pour demain 43 Guy Demoment Acoustic imagery for silenî machines Alain Herment Digital sound broadcasting to mobile Bernard Béguet receivers Signaux non-stationnaires, 29 Bernard Le Floch Les signaux de la parole ne sont 15 temps-fréquence et ondelettes Damien Castelain pas que du son Nonstationnary signais, time-fre- Speech signais are not only sounds quency and wavelets Image des grands fonds par canal Tahar Lallouache Patrick Flandrin acoustique 45 Bernard Teston Yves Meyer Alain Glavieux Tomographie ultrasonore par 17 Joël Labat diffraction et diagnostic médical Caractérisation fine de bruits 30 Ultrasound diffraction tomography moteur and medical diagnosis Engine noise characterization Les systèmes optiques cohérents 46 Bernard Duchêne Monique Chioliaz Coherent lightwave techniques Dominique Lesselier Bernard Favre Yves Jaouen Walid Tabbara Jouer sur le temps, jouer sur 31 Claude Chabran L’imagerie par résonance
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