International Indigenous Development Research Conference 2012
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INTERNATIONAL INDIGENOUS DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH Conference 2012 PROCEEDINGS NEW ZEALAND’S INDIGENOUS CENTRE OF RESEARCH EXCELLENCE INDIGENOUS TRANSFORMATION THROUGH RESEARCH EXCELLENCE The 5th biennial International Indigenous Development Conference 2012 was held in Auckland on 27-30 June 2012, hosted by Nga¯ Pae o te Ma¯ramatanga, New Zealand’s Indigenous Centre of Research Excellence. More information, including links to videos of the keynote presentations, is available here: http://www.indigenousdevelopment2012.ac.nz ABSTRACT COMMITTEE AND PROCEEDINGS EDITORIAL BOARD Daniel Hikuroa (Chair) Marilyn Brewin Simon Lambert Jamie Ataria Melanie Cheung Linda Nikora Mereana Barrett Pauline Harris Helen Ross Amohia Boulton Ella Henry Paul Whitinui ABSTRACT AND PUBLICATION COORDINATOR PUBLISHING MANAGER Katharina Bauer Helen Ross December 2012 ISBN 978-0-9864622-4-5 Typeset by Kate Broome for undercover This publication is copyright Ngä Pae o te Märamatanga and cannot be sold for profit by others. Proceedings of the International Indigenous Development Research Conference 2012 CONTENTS Reading the weather 1 Oluwatoyin Dare Kolawole, Barbara Ngwenya, Gagoitseope Mmopelwa, Piotr Wolski Tipping the balance 10 Heather Gifford, Amohia Boulton, Sue Triggs, Chris Cunningham I tuku iho, he tapu te upoko 17 Hinemoa Elder Storytelling as indigenous knowledge transmission 26 Jaime Cidro Santal religiosity and the impact of conversion 32 A. H. M. Zehadul Karim My MAI 39 Margaret Wilkie Miyupimaatisiiun in Eeyou Istchee 52 Ioana Radu, Larry House Indigenous knowledge in the Australian national curriculum for science 60 Renee Baynes, Jon Austin Building from the bottom-up 67 Seán Kerins The Wirlomin Project, archives and Noongar knowledge 75 Clint Bracknell Legal protection of traditional knowledge and cultural expression in Eastern Europe 81 Michael Newcity Te rongoä 87 Marion Johnson Kapa haka and its educational meanings in today’s Aotearoa New Zealand 95 Hiromi Sakamoto An alternative view of mixed methods research 102 Jon Austin, John Williams-Mozley Knowing the state we’re in 109 Frances Wyld Cultural competence in Indigenous Australian social work 115 Amy Cleland, Bronwyn Fredericks, Irene Watson Mäori language modelling 122 Katharina Ruckstuhl, Janine Wright Community partnerships as research methodology 129 Jonathan T. Kilgour, Lisa Jamieson, Jaime Cidro, Herenia P. Lawrence, John R. Broughton, Sarah-Jane T. Tiakiwai, Kate C. Morgaine, Marie Person, Kay Berryman, Rangi Cooper-Te Koi, Angeline Smith-Wilkinson Understanding dual relationships in First Nation communities 137 Raymond Neckoway, Keith Brownlee, Glenn Halverson Te Köhanga Reo and Te Ataarangi 143 Vini Olsen-Reeder, Rawinia Higgins He Kähui Ruahine 151 Marama McDonald, Mere Këpa Te Puäwaitanga o Ngä Tapuwae Kia Ora Tonu 158 Mere Këpa, Ngaire Kerse, Lorna Dyall Developing research in mätauranga te mate Mäori 167 Mere Këpa, Marama Muru-Lanning Developing new strategies for Mäori housing 174 Fleur Palmer The need for diverse perspectives in science 183 Daniel Lipe Encountering indigenous knowledge 190 Domenica Gisella Calabrò Building excellent indigenous research capacity through the use of a culturally appropriate evaluation method 197 Susan Manitowabi Cree ontology, epistemology and axiology research 205 Marilyn Shirt, Kevin Lewis, Wayne Jackson Eagle on a lamp post 212 Donna Lester-Smith Te Pä o Räkaihautü 219 James Ataria, Rangimarie Parata-Takurua The Resource Management Framework 226 James Ataria, Morry Black Indigenous resilience through urban disaster 234 Simon Lambert, Melanie Mark-Shadbolt, Jamie Ataria, Amanda Black Mäori experiences and expressions of leadership through the Christchurch Ötautahi earthquakes 242 Simon Lambert, Melanie Mark-Shadbolt Innovation, Mäori and the Mäori economy 248 Simon Lambert Developing a culturally based environmental monitoring and assessment tool for New Zealand indigenous forests 256 Dean P. Walker Living into its kuleana 265 Kaiwipuni Lipe Aotearoa New Zealand 272 Mereana Barrett, Monte Aranga, Te Makarini Temara, Wiki Mooney Understanding Indigenous Australian women’s social and emotional wellbeing and wellness through yarning 279 Melissa Walker, Bronwyn Fredericks, Debra Anderson READING THE WEATHER How local farmers mitigate climate change and variability in the Okavango Delta of Botswana Oluwatoyin Dare Kolawole* Barbara Ngwenya† Gagoitseope Mmopelwa‡ Piotr Wolski§ Abstract This paper addresses the question of how local farmers mitigate climate change and variability in the Okavango Delta of Botswana. A multi-stage sampling procedure was employed to sample a total of 592 household heads (both men and women) in eight rural communities in Ngamiland of Botswana, from August 2011 to February 2012. Interview schedules and key informant interviews were used in eliciting quantitative and qualitative information from small farmers, respectively. The findings show that age, education level, number of years engaged in farming, sources of weather information, knowledge of weather forecasting and the farmer’s decision on farming practices had significant correlation with the respondents’ perception about the nature of both local and scientific weather knowledge. Climate variability mitigation measures utilised by farmers are mainly informed by their ability to predict the weather and make decisions on crop type selection in a given season. * Senior Research Scholar, Okavango Research Institute, University of Botswana, Maun, Botswana. Email: [email protected] † Associate Professor, Okavango Research Institute, University of Botswana, Maun, Botswana. ‡ Senior Research Scholar, Okavango Research Institute, University of Botswana, Maun, Botswana. § Associate Professor, Okavango Research Institute, University of Botswana, Maun, Botswana; Climate System Analysis Group, University of Cape Town, South Africa. 2 O. DARE KOlAWOlE ET Al. Keywords climate variability, local knowledge, science, small farmers, weather forecast Introduction includes the Chobe and Linyati river basins. The Okavango Delta system thus provides peren- Traditional African cultures partly comprise an nial water sources that support riparian and institution of “rainmakers” – people who not non-riparian livelihood activities (see Figure 1). so much cause the rain as predict or forecast it The district is divided into two administrative (see Gewald, 2002). This forecasting is based on entities, namely, the Ngami and Okavango the skilful and arcane art of observing nature: sub-districts. for example, the timing or flowering of plants, The provisional population figure of hatching of insects and arrival of migratory Ngamiland (East, West and the Delta) in the birds. Local knowledge is often passed from 2011 population census result is 137,593, one generation to another. It is evident that with an annual growth rate of 1.9% (Central the local approach to weather forecasting is Statistics Office, 2011). The district is charac- as accurate as the modern scientific ones, and terised by a multi-ethnic setting with a diversity possibly accepted with more credibility than of cultures and ethnic groups who pursue vari- modern forecasts (see Onyango, 2009; Ouma, ous livelihoods and use resources differently. 2009). Nonetheless, modernisation is now per- Some of the ethnic groups are Batawana, BaYei, ceived as contributing to the erosion of the Hambukushu, BaSarwa, BaXhereku, BaSubiya local knowledge systems of community people. and BaKgalagadi. These diverse populations are Somewhat linked to this is the phenomenon predominantly farming, fishing and cattle-rear- that Africa’s smallholder farmers are now being ing households, who through the socialisation overwhelmed by the current scenario of climate process pass down the same livelihood strate- change and variability. gies to their children. While a majority (75%) The study addresses, amongst others, the of the farming activities in this area rely on rain- questions of how local farmers mitigate climate fed agriculture, about 25% of farming activities change and variability in Botswana, how small are based on the use of inundated flood plains, farmers access scientific information on seasonal locally known as molapo farming (VanderPost, weather forecasts and whether or not science 2009). Molapo farming is found in the flood should be complementary or supplementary to plains and at the western and south-eastern indigenous seasonal weather forecasts. fringes of the delta, mainly Gumare/Tubu and in the Shorobe-Matlapaneng/Maun area (see Figure 1). Methodology Sample size and data collection Study area Using a multi-stage sampling procedure, a total The Okavango Delta is a globally renowned of 592 household heads were sampled from Ramsar Site. It is characterised by permanent eight rural communities from August 2011 to watercourses, seasonal flood plains and islands, February 2012 (see Table 1). A fair represen- and a range of wildlife and vegetation species. tation of the Okavango Delta was ensured by The Okavango River in Ngamiland District is sampling three communities from the distal part of a larger northern drainage system that area (Semboyo, Habu and Tsau), two from the READING THE WEATHER 3 FIgure 1: A map showing the distribution of riparian communities and water channels in the Okavango Delta as well as the communities studied. TABle 1: Villages and total number of households sampled for the survey. S/N Village Total number of households (HHs) 25–30% of households (HHs) 1. Semboyo 118 30 2. Habu 161 40 3. Tsau 494 124 4. Etsha 6