Defnydd Tir a Newid Yn Yr Hinsawdd Adroddiad I Lywodraeth Cynulliad

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Defnydd Tir a Newid Yn Yr Hinsawdd Adroddiad I Lywodraeth Cynulliad Defnydd Tir a Newid yn yr Hinsawdd Adroddiad i Lywodraeth Cynulliad Cymru Mawrth 2010 Land Use Climate Change Report to Welsh Assembly Government March 2010 Cynnwys / Contents Tudalen / Page Rhan 1 A) Cyflwyniad ii B) Crynodeb gweithredol iv C) Argymhellion xvii Ch) Ymgysylltu xxii Section 1 A) Introduction xxvi B) Executive summary xxviii C) Recommendations xl D) Engagement xlv Section 2 Abbreviations used in the report 2 Units and conversions 3 Prefixes and multiplication factors 3 Chemical formulae of compounds 3 LUCCG members 4 1. Context 1.1 General situation 5 1.2 Economic and policy context 8 1.3 Climate change scenarios / challenges 9 1.4 Environmental (ecosystem) services 12 2. Historical and social perspective 19 3. Current contributions of land use and related sectors to GHG 24 emissions (including from farm inputs, through the food chain, to cooked food on the plate) 4. Approach of the Group 31 5. Activity sectors 33 6. Actions within livestock systems 6.1 Introduction 36 6.2 Short-term interventions which count in the Inventory 37 6.3 Interventions which do not count in the current Inventory 41 6.4 Longer-term options to the 2020s 42 6.5 Importance of grazing animals for habitats 44 6.6 Emissions reduction potential 45 7. Actions to minimise loss of current soil carbon and enhance sinks in soils and biomass 7.1 Introduction 47 7.2 GHG flows and carbon stocks 48 7.3 Key emission and loss processes 51 7.4 Inventory issues – land use change options 53 3 7.5 Short-term interventions which count in the Inventory 54 7.6 Interventions which do not count in the Inventory 58 7.7 Longer-term options to the 2020s 60 7.8 Overall analysis 60 8. Food chain reduction options 8.1 Introduction 63 8.2 Short-term reduction potential and options 64 8.3 Medium-term options 68 9. Renewable energy potential on farms and in rural communities 9.1 Introduction 70 9.2 Short-term options 71 9.3 Examples of installations 72 9.4 Summary 78 10. Scenarios for emissions reduction 10.1 Introduction 82 10.2 Possible scenarios 82 10.3 Detail of the scenarios 85 10.4 Economic evaluation 96 10.5 Overall scenario deliverables 97 10.6 Outstanding concerns 99 11. Waste, efficiency and lifestyle 11.1 Introduction 101 11.2 Possible initiatives 101 Appendices 1. Evidence-base reports commissioned within the Group 106 2. Terms of Reference – Remit and Objectives 107 Boxes 1. Human and natural drivers of climate change 6 2. Historic changes in animal numbers and arable land use 21 3. Inventory methods for estimating emissions 26 4. Investment appraisal of PV installation 76 5. Abercraf micro-hydro installation in the BBNP 77 6. Ceredigion County Council wood chip boiler 79 7. In extremis 105 Figures 1. Map showing a selection of designated areas categories across 18 Wales 2. Map showing Agricultural Land Classification of Wales 22 3. Distribution of soil carbon in Wales 50 4. Sunshine duration annual average in Wales 1971-2000 73 5. Existing and projected future land use in Wales by 2030 on the 97 basis of Scenario 5 4 Tables 1.1 Millenium Ecosystem Assessment categories of ecosystem 14 services and examples 1.2 Welsh primary output by sector in 2006 15 B3.1 CH 4 Inventory emission coefficients 26 B3.2 Inventory emission factors for various waste handling facilities 27 B3.3 Sources of N 2O emissions from agricultural soils and their 28 emission factors B3.4 Weighted average change in equilibrium soil carbon density in 29 Wales B3.5 Weighted average change in equilibrium biomass carbon density 30 in Wales B3.6 Annual change in land use area in Wales 1990 - 1999 30 5.1 GHG emissions by agricultural sector in Wales in 2007 33 5.2 GHG fluxes by land use / land use change in Wales in 2007 34 5.3 UK error estimates for GHG emissions 35 6.1 Wales’ emissions Inventory – agriculture and land use in 2007 36 7.1 Emissions and removals of GHG by LULUCF in 2007 49 7.2 Soil type versus land use relationships in Wales 51 7.3 Estimated theoretical GHG emission reduction potential 56 7.4 Annual abatement impacts from 10, 20 and 30 year tree planting 57 programmes at 5,000 ha/year averaged for decedal periods based on FR CARBINE model 8.1 Food commodity GHG emmisions from LCA study 64 8.2 Comparison of emissions from electric use between four different 66 cooking methods for potatoes 9.1 GHG balance of renewable generation 71 9.2 Range of tariff levels for electricity financial incentives 81 9.3 Range of tariff levels for renewable heat incentives 81 10.1 Summary of estimated maximum technical potential of interventions in Scenario 5: i) Agricultural GHGI 98 ii) LULUCF Inventory 99 5 i Rhan 1 i A) Cyflwyniad Sefydlwyd y Grŵp Defnydd Tir a Newid Hinsawdd ym mis Mawrth 2009 er mwyn dod o hyd i ffyrdd o wneud toriadau net sylweddol mewn allyriadau nwyon tŷ gwydr yn sgil defnydd tir, amaethyddiaeth a’r gadwyn fwyd. Cafodd y Grŵp, sydd wedi cyfarfod yn reolaidd yn y misoedd cyfamserol, ei sefydlu gan, ac mae’n adrodd i, Elin Jones, y Gweinidog dros Faterion Gwledig. Mae hefyd yn is-grŵp o Gomisiwn Cymru ar Newid yn yr Hinsawdd sy’n cael ei gadeirio gan Jane Davidson, y Gweinidog dros yr Amgylchedd, Cynaliadwyedd a Thai. Yr oedd yn eglur o’r dechrau fod cryn her yn wynebu’r Grŵp. Yn wahanol i sectorau eraill ble ceir allyriadau carbon deuocsid (CO 2) o ganlyniad i ddefnyddio tanwyddau ffosil yn bennaf, y mae dau nwy arall, sef methan (CH 4) ac ocsid nitraidd (N 2O), yr un mor bwysig. Mae cysylltiad agos rhwng y nwyon hyn a systemau cynhyrchu amaethyddol. Cyfyd y cyntaf yn sgil eplesiad enterig ym mhob anifail sy’n cnoi cil a daw’r ail o weithgarwch microbau yn y pridd sy’n gysylltiedig â defnyddio nitrogen (N) yn wrtaith i gnydau. Yn achos N 2O, sefydlwyd bod yna berthynas linol agos rhwng cynnyrch cnydau a’r N sydd ar gael, boed hynny o N organig neu anorganig neu o godlysiau sy’n bachu N. Yn achos CH 4, yr hyn sydd gennym yw hen draddodiad o amaethu yn seiliedig ar dir pori ac anifeiliaid cnoi cil ar fryniau Cymru. Y mae’r nwyon hyn i’w cael yn yr atmosffer mewn crynodiadau llawer yn is na CO 2 ond y mae iddynt, yn ôl uned o bwysau, botensial llawer mwy o ran effeithio ar yr hinsawdd. Yn anffodus mae’r sylfaen wybodaeth yn llawer llai datblygedig ar gyfer y nwyon hyn nag ar gyfer CO 2 ei hun, yn enwedig dan yr amodau a geir yng Nghymru. Er mwyn casglu’r wybodaeth a’r arweiniad gorau posib, aeth y Grŵp ati i gomisiynu nifer o adroddiadau arbenigol yn ogystal â derbyn tystiolaeth gan amrediad eang o sefydliadau. Carwn ddiolch i bawb a ddarparodd adroddiadau a sylwadau, a hoffwn gydnabod yn gyhoeddus iddynt fynd yr ail a’r drydedd filltir er mwyn ceisio darparu’r data mwyaf dibynadwy. Oherwydd y diffyg data a geir yn y maes hwn o gymharu ag eraill, un o’r canlyniadau yw fod yr adroddiad hwn, yn ogystal ag argymell camau y dylai Llywodraeth Cynulliad Cymru eu cymryd yn y dyfodol agos iawn, yn cynnwys hefyd argymhelliad y dylid mynd ati i ddwyn ynghyd ganlyniadau ymchwil a data er mwyn gwella ac egluro’r dulliau o amcangyfrif Stocrestr yr allyriadau ar gyfer Cymru, gan gydnabod yr angen am gysondeb o fewn adroddiadau Llywodraeth y Deyrnas Unedig (DU) ar gyfer Confensiwn Fframwaith y Cenhedloedd Unedig ar Newid yn yr Hinsawdd. O gofio’r myrdd o gymhlethdodau ac elfennau ansicr sy’n perthyn i’r sefyllfa, mynegir y prif argymhellion yn nhermau gweithredoedd a fyddai o fudd sylweddol i Gymru wledig dan fwy neu lai pob sefyllfa ac sydd, gan fwyaf, yn debygol o redeg gyda’r graen o safbwynt bywyd gwledig ac amaethyddol. Dadl yr adroddiad yw y gellir dod o hyd i lwybr tuag at fwy o gynaliadwyedd a llawer llai o allyriadau nwyon tŷ gwydr net. Er hynny, fe fydd newidiadau cronnus a ragwelir, o ran newid ymddygiad unigolion a chymunedau, a ii newidiadau yn y fframwaith cymdeithasol ac economaidd sy’n sail i fywyd gwledig, yn golygu newidiadau sylweddol dros y 10-20 mlynedd nesaf. Carwn ddiolch i’r Grŵp am eu hymroddiad a’u gwaith caled, a’u hagwedd gadarnhaol at y materion enbyd dan sylw. Atgyfnerthwyd gwaith y Grŵp gan gymorth a mewnbwn Dr Havard Prosser a Dewi Jones, aelodau o staff gwyddonol a thechnegol Llywodraeth Cynulliad Cymru. Pleser neilltuol yw cael cofnodi i’r adroddiad gael ei gymeradwyo’n unfrydol gan aelodau’r Grŵp, sy’n cynrychioli amrywiaeth mawr iawn o fuddiannau amgylcheddol a defnydd tir gwledig. Er bod yr adroddiad yn un sy’n seiliedig ar dystiolaeth ac mor gynhwysfawr â phosib, mae’r Grŵp yn ymwybodol yr erys rhagor eto i’w wneud. Yn gyntaf, mae angen mynd ati i bennu cost yr argymhellion hyn a nodi dewisiadau polisi ac ymyriadau a fyddai’n hwyluso eu mabwysiadu. Yn ail, nid yw’r Grŵp wedi llwyddo i roi sylw llawn i “ymaddasu i hinsawdd” a fydd, mae’n debyg, yn dod yn fwyfwy pwysig tuag at ganol y ganrif ond y mae gofyn ei ystyried yn awr. Yn drydydd, nid aeth y Grŵp i’r afael chwaith â materion yn ymwneud â’r glannau, gan gynnwys llifogydd a physgodfeydd, na’r berthynas rhwng yr agenda newid yn yr hinsawdd a hamdden a thwristiaeth, gan gynnwys pysgota afonydd, sy’n bwysig i’r economi wledig.
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