Morphosyntactic Alignment, Pattern Replication, and the Classical Armenian Periphrastic Perfect
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Basic Morphology
What is Morphology? Mark Aronoff and Kirsten Fudeman MORPHOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS 1 1 Thinking about Morphology and Morphological Analysis 1.1 What is Morphology? 1 1.2 Morphemes 2 1.3 Morphology in Action 4 1.3.1 Novel words and word play 4 1.3.2 Abstract morphological facts 6 1.4 Background and Beliefs 9 1.5 Introduction to Morphological Analysis 12 1.5.1 Two basic approaches: analysis and synthesis 12 1.5.2 Analytic principles 14 1.5.3 Sample problems with solutions 17 1.6 Summary 21 Introduction to Kujamaat Jóola 22 mor·phol·o·gy: a study of the structure or form of something Merriam-Webster Unabridged n 1.1 What is Morphology? The term morphology is generally attributed to the German poet, novelist, playwright, and philosopher Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832), who coined it early in the nineteenth century in a biological context. Its etymology is Greek: morph- means ‘shape, form’, and morphology is the study of form or forms. In biology morphology refers to the study of the form and structure of organisms, and in geology it refers to the study of the configuration and evolution of land forms. In linguistics morphology refers to the mental system involved in word formation or to the branch 2 MORPHOLOGYMORPHOLOGY ANDAND MORPHOLOGICAL MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS ANALYSIS of linguistics that deals with words, their internal structure, and how they are formed. n 1.2 Morphemes A major way in which morphologists investigate words, their internal structure, and how they are formed is through the identification and study of morphemes, often defined as the smallest linguistic pieces with a gram- matical function. -
From Latin to Romance: Case Loss and Preservation in Pronominal Systems
FLORE Repository istituzionale dell'Università degli Studi di Firenze From Latin to Romance: case loss and preservation in pronominal systems Questa è la Versione finale referata (Post print/Accepted manuscript) della seguente pubblicazione: Original Citation: From Latin to Romance: case loss and preservation in pronominal systems / Manzini, MARIA RITA; Savoia, LEONARDO MARIA. - In: PROBUS. - ISSN 1613-4079. - STAMPA. - 26, 2(2014), pp. 217-248. Availability: This version is available at: 2158/891750 since: 2016-01-20T16:23:29Z Terms of use: Open Access La pubblicazione è resa disponibile sotto le norme e i termini della licenza di deposito, secondo quanto stabilito dalla Policy per l'accesso aperto dell'Università degli Studi di Firenze (https://www.sba.unifi.it/upload/policy-oa-2016-1.pdf) Publisher copyright claim: (Article begins on next page) 27 September 2021 Probus 2014; 26(2): 217 – 248 M. Rita Manzini* and Leonardo M. Savoia From Latin to Romance: case loss and preservation in pronominal systems Abstract: The evolution from Latin into Romance is marked by the loss of case in nominal declensions. In most Romance varieties, however, pronouns, specifi- cally in the 1st/2nd person singular, keep case differentiations. In some varieties 1st/2nd singular pronouns present a three-way case split, essentially the same re- constructed for proto-Romance (De Dardel and Gaeng 1992, Zamboni 1998). We document and analyze the current situation of Romance in the first part of the article (section 1). In the second part of the article we argue that the Dative Shifted distribution of loro in modern Italian, accounted for by means of the category of weak pronoun in Cardinaletti and Starke (1999), is best construed as a survival of oblique case in the 3rd person system (section 2). -
SPLIT-ERGATIVITY in HITTITE Petra Goedegebuure (University of Chicago)
Published in: Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie. Volume 102, Issue 2, Pages 270–303, ISSN (Online) 1613-1150, ISSN (Print) 0084-5299, DOI: 10.1515/za- 2012-0015, January 2013 1 SPLIT-ERGATIVITY IN HITTITE Petra Goedegebuure (University of Chicago) “it is possible that all languages show ergativity on some level” (McGregor 2009, 482) 1. Introduction2 As a highly heterogeneous phenomenon ergativity remains a conundrum for linguistic theory. The ergative case has been treated as a structural case, an inherent/lexical case, or rather as a mix (Butt 2006). Split-ergativity is thought to arise as an epiphenomenon, as ‘collateral damage’ of diachronic change after reinterpretation of passive constructions with instrumentals (Dixon 1994) or through reanalysis of transitive null-subject clauses with inanimate instrumentals (Garrett 1990b). Alternatively, case assignment and therefore also split-ergativity ultimately depends on synchronic structural properties of the clause (Merchant 2006). It has been claimed that only 25% of the world’s languages shows ergativity (Van de Visser 2006), or that “all languages show ergativity on some level” (McGregor 2009, 482). Irrespective of the correct ratio, split-ergativity seems to be the norm among languages that show ergativity. When the ergative split is based on semantic features of noun phrases, it is generally assumed that animacy plays a major role. Silverstein (1976) has shown that pronouns and nouns can be hierarchically arranged based on semantic features such as person, number, or grammatical gender. The strength of this hierarchy is that if agent marking is attested for the first time at a certain point in the hierarchy, all nominals lower in the hierarchy will carry agent marking as well. -
Vs. Object Marker /Ta
ISSN 1799-2591 Theory and Practice in Language Studies, Vol. 3, No. 7, pp. 1081-1092, July 2013 © 2013 ACADEMY PUBLISHER Manufactured in Finland. doi:10.4304/tpls.3.7.1081-1092 On the Usage of Sinhalese Differential Object Markers Object Marker /wa/ vs. Object Marker /ta/ Kanduboda A, B. Prabath Ritsumeikan University, Ritsumeikan International, Global Gateway Program, Japan Abstract—Previous studies (Aisen, 2003; Kanduboda, 2011) on Sinhalese language have suggested that direct objects (i.e., accusative marked nouns) in active sentences can be marked by two distinctive case markers. In some sentences, accusative nouns can be denoted by the accusative case marker /wa/. In other sentences, the same nouns can again be denoted by the dative case marker /ta/. However, the verbs required by these accusatives were not investigated in the previous studies. Thus, the present study further conducted an investigation to observe whether these two types of case markings can occur with the same verbs. A free productivity task was conducted with 100 Sinhalese native speakers living in Sri Lanka. A comparison study was carried out using sentences with the verbs accompanying /wa/ accusatives and /ta/ accusatives. The results showed that, verbs accompanied by /wa/ case marker and verbs accompanied by /ta/ case marker are incongruent. Thus, this study concluded that Sinhalese active sentences consisting of transitive verbs are broadly divided into two patterns; those which take only /wa/ accusatives and those which take only /ta/ accusatives. Index Terms—Sinhalese language, active sentences, transitive verbs, /wa/ accusatives, /ta/ accusatives I. INTRODUCTION Sinhalese (also referred to as Sinhala, Singhala and Singhalese, (Englebretson & Carol, 2005)) is one of the major languages spoken in Sri Lanka. -
Possessive Pronouns As Oblique Dps: Linkers and Affix Stacking
19.3 (2018): 393-425 UDC 81’367.626.2=111 Original scientific article Received on 16.02. 2018 Accepted for publication on 05.11. 2018 M. Rita Manzini Università degli Studi di Firenze Possessive pronouns as oblique DPs: Linkers and affix stacking In many familiar European languages, e.g. German or Italian, possessive pro- nouns agree in φ-features with their head noun. We argue that they are geni- tive pronouns, endowed with an extra φ-features set. As such, they are part of a range of phenomena including case stacking and linkers unified under the historical-typological label of Suffixaufnahme. We express the formal basis for this unification as the Stacking Generalization (Section 1). We then apply our analysis to the narrower domain of facts involving possessive pronouns, specifically in Balkan and Romance languages. We further find that 1/2P pro- nouns present a richer stacking structure than their 3P counterparts (Section 2). We examine this latter fact in the context of a more general phenomenon, whereby the 1/2P vs 3P Person split not only tends to correlate with different case and agreement alignments – but seems to govern the morphological ex- pression of case and agreement itself, in terms of richer vs poorer content (Section 3). Key words: oblique case; genitive; possessives; pronouns; linkers; agree- ment; person. 1. Linkers and affix stacking This section aims at establishing the framework for the discussion of agreeing pos- sessive pronouns to be pursued in later sections. According to a well established historical-typological view (Plank 1995), modifier structures involving both free standing heads (linkers) and stacked affixation (case stacking), are to be unified on the basis of functional considerations. -
Number Systems in Grammar Position Paper
1 Language and Culture Research Centre: 2018 Workshop Number systems in grammar - position paper Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald I Introduction I 2 The meanings of nominal number 2 3 Special number distinctions in personal pronouns 8 4 Number on verbs 9 5 The realisation of number 12 5.1 The forms 12 5.2 The loci: where number is shown 12 5.3 Optional and obligatory number marking 14 5.4 The limits of number 15 5.4.1 Number and the meanings of nouns 15 5.4.2 'Minor' numbers 16 5.4.3 The limits of number: nouns with defective number values 16 6 Number and noun categorisation 17 7 Markedness 18 8 Split, or mixed, number systems 19 9 Number and social deixis 19 10 Expressing number through other means 20 11 Number systems in language history 20 12 Summary 21 Further readings 22 Abbreviations 23 References 23 1 Introduction Every language has some means of distinguishing reference to one individual from reference to more than one. Number reference can be coded through lexical modifiers (including quantifiers of various sorts or number words etc.), or through a grammatical system. Number is a referential property of an argument of the predicate. A grammatical system of number can be shown either • Overtly, on a noun, a pronoun, a verb, etc., directly referring to how many people or things are involved; or • Covertly, through agreement or other means. Number may be marked: • within an NP • on the head of an NP • by agreement process on a modifier (adjective, article, demonstrative, etc.) • through agreement on verbs, or special suppletive or semi-suppletive verb forms which may code the number of one or more verbal arguments, or additional marker on the verb. -
08-Siewierska 339..370
C:/3d/J/Trps/Trps 101-2/08-siewierska.3d ± 7/7/3 ± 15:58 ± disk/sr Transactions of the Philological Society Volume 101:2 (2003) 339±370 PERSON AGREEMENT AND THE DETERMINATION OF ALIGNMENT By Anna Siewierska Lancaster University Abstract The paper explores two issues arisingfrom the extension of the notion of alignment from the domain of monotransitive to ditransitive clauses. The ®rst is, To what extent should other than purely formal patterns of identi®cation be taken into account in determiningthe ditransitive counterparts of the respective monotransitive alignments, i.e., accusative, erga- tive, active, etc.? The second issue is, How should con¯icts between the formal criteria used in the determination of the alignment of person agreement be resolved? It is argued that only under a purely formal interpretation of alignment is it possible to discern ditransitive counterparts of all the major monotransitive alignments, and that once the notion of neutral alignment is distinguished from absence of agreement, form/order con¯icts involvingagreement markers can be consistently resolved in favour of phonological form. 1. Introduction The term `alignment' when used in regard to grammatical functions denotes how core grammatical functions are organised relative to each other. Traditionally the major patterns of alignment have been de®ned exclusively in relation to the arguments of intransitive and monotransitive verbs, i.e., in relation to the S (sole argument of intransitive verb), A (agentive argument of transitive verb) and P (patient-like argument of transitive verb), as characterised by Dixon (1972) and Comrie (1978). They are the familiar, neutral, accusative, # The Philological Society 2003. -
Plural Addressee Marker and Grammaticalization in Barayin
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by SOAS Research Online Published as: Lovestrand, Joseph. 2018. Plural addressee marker and Pre-publication version grammaticalization in Barayin. Journal of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics 10(1) https://doi.org/10.1163/18776930-01001004 Accepted version downloaded from SOAS Research Online: http:// eprints.soas.ac.uk/32651 Plural addressee marker and grammaticalization in Barayin Joseph Lovestrand, University of Oxford Abstract This article describes two distinct but related grammaticalization paths in Barayin, an East Chadic lan- guage. One path is from a first-person plural pronoun to a first-person dual pronoun. Synchronically, the pronominal forms in Barayin with first-person dual number must now be combined with a plural addressee enclitic, nà, to create a first-person plural pronoun. This path is identical to what has been documented in Philippine-type languages. The other path is from a first-person dative suffix to a suffix dedicated to first-person hortative. This path of grammaticalization has not been discussed in the literature. It occurred in several related languages, and each in case results in a hortative form with a dual subject. Hortative forms with a plural subject are created by adding a plural addressee marker to the dual form. The plural addressee marker in Chadic languages is derived from a second-person pronominal. Keywords Chadic, Barayin, hortative, dual, pronouns, diachronic1 1 Introduction This paper describes two distinct but related grammaticalization paths in Barayin [bva] and other lan- guages of the Guera subbranch of East Chadic languages (East Chadic B). -
Alignment Typology in Diachronic Perspective
Alignment Typology in Diachronic Perspective Eystein Dahl, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway This workshop sets out to explore the diachronic dimension of alignment typology. Alignment typology is understood in a broad sense, as to include both the basic alignment pattern expressing core arguments of intransitive and transitive predicates and various types of valency- affecting constructions, e.g. causatives, passives, anticausatives/middles, antipassives, impersonals/transimpersonals and A- or P-lability. These two types of phenomena have different diachronic properties. While the basic alignment pattern or, in the case of split alignment, patterns of a given language generally tends to be diachronically stable, the inventory of valency-affecting constructions appear to be somewhat more prone to undergo change. Given that there appears to be a clear diachronic relation between certain types of valency-affecting constructions and certain types of alignment constructions, e.g. passives and ergatives (cf. e.g. Gildea 1997, Dahl 2016), it clearly makes sense to explore basic alignment and valency-affecting constructions together, as they may be regarded as two dimensions of the same area of grammar. Alignment typology has been a central focus of linguistic research at least since the publication of Dixon (1972). A number of studies have been concerned with the emergence of ergative alignment (cf. e.g. Garrett 1990, Gildea 1997, Butt 2001, Dahl 2016) or semantic alignment (cf. e.g. Aldai 2008, Holton 2008). The development of other alignment types, e.g. accusative, neutral or tripartite alignment, have received less attention and, consequently, their synchronic and, especially, their diachronic properties are less well understood. -
Person Marking: Anna Siewierska
Person Marking: Anna Siewierska 1. Introduction Traditionally, the grammatical category of person embraces the discourse role of speaker, referred to as the first person, the discourse role of hearer, referred to as the second person and the other, i.e. the non-speaker and non-hearer, referred to as the third person. The vast majority of the languages of the world have a closed set of expressions for the identification of these three discourse roles. The expressions in question, which are commonly called personal pronouns, will be referred to here as person markers or person forms. The person markers found in languages differ widely in regard to their morpho- phonological realization, syntactic function, discourse function, internal semantic structure and referential potential. With respect to morpho-phonological realization, they may appear as independent words, so called weak forms, clitics, affixes or even only covertly as zero forms. As far as syntactic function is concerned, they may be available for all argument and adjunct functions, for just some subtype of argument functions or even only as single word responses to questions. In terms of discourse function, they may be unrestricted or restricted to say topics or alternatively only to constituents bearing special discourse prominence or emphasis. As for internal semantic structure, they may encode person alone or, more commonly person and number or both of these as well as some subset of the grammatical categories of case, inclusivity, gender and honorificity and less often tense, aspect, mood and polarity. Finally, with regard to referential potential, some person forms are rather unrestricted and can be used even non- specifically, generically and be construed as bound variables, others are necessarily human and/or definite, while yet others have only limited or even no referential potential at all. -
Old French and Romanian Declensions from a Word and Paradigm Perspective and the Notion of “Default Syncretism”
OLD FRENCH AND ROMANIAN DECLENSIONS FROM A WORD AND PARADIGM PERSPECTIVE AND THE NOTION OF “DEFAULT SYNCRETISM” ALAIN KIHM1 Abstract. Old French and Romanian nominal inflections or declensions share the property of being apparently uncomplicated as their paradigms consist in only two forms at most: a base form and an inflected form. This outward simplicity, however, results from complex syncretisms. In Old French masculine nouns, the singular subject case and the plural object case are identically inflected, whereas the singular object and the plural subject cases are identical base forms; in Romanian feminine nouns, the singular genitive-dative and the two plural case forms are the same. Such syncretisms raise a descriptive and theoretical issue as they appear to be neither semantically motivated nor fully arbitrary. Drawing on the conceptual and formalizing resources of Word and Paradigm (WP) theory and Paradigm Function Morphology (PFM), the present essay attempts to solve the issue by assuming a third kind of syncretism that involves not the meaningful content of features, but their DEFAULT value. At the same time, it proposes a nearly full treatment of Old French and Romanian declensions in PFM terms. Keywords: case, default, declension, gender, number, paradigm, syncretism. 1. INTRODUCTION As is well-known, only Old French and Romanian among Romance languages kept something of the Latin rich nominal inflection for case and number or DECLENSION. The present study aims to provide a synchronic account of this phenomenon in a Word and Paradigm (WP) framework (Blevins 2006), using the formal apparatus of Paradigm Function Morphology (PFM – Stump 2001; Bonami, Stump to appear). -
John Benjamins Publishing Company
John Benjamins Publishing Company This is a contribution from Studies in Language 41:3 © 2017. John Benjamins Publishing Company This electronic file may not be altered in any way. The author(s) of this article is/are permitted to use this PDF file to generate printed copies to be used by way of offprints, for their personal use only. Permission is granted by the publishers to post this file on a closed server which is accessible only to members (students and faculty) of the author's/s' institute. It is not permitted to post this PDF on the internet, or to share it on sites such as Mendeley, ResearchGate, Academia.edu. Please see our rights policy on https://benjamins.com/content/customers/rights For any other use of this material prior written permission should be obtained from the publishers or through the Copyright Clearance Center (for USA: www.copyright.com). Please contact [email protected] or consult our website: www.benjamins.com Multiple ergatives From allomorphy to differential agent marking Peter Arkadiev Institute of Slavic Studies RAS/RSUH, Moscow This paper presents a cross-linguistic survey of case systems with several non-phonologically distributed markers of ergative case, based on a convenience sample of more than 70 languages from all over the world. It is shown that in most languages the distribution of different ergative markers splits along the lines predicted by the referential hierarchy (local pronouns > non-local pronouns > proper names > kinship terms > humans > nonhumans > inanimates), thus com- plementing the much better known ergativity splits. Other types of conditioning of “multiple ergatives” include gender, such nominal morphosyntactic features as number and (in)definiteness, as well as clausal morphosyntactic features like tense/aspect, polarity and person of co-arguments.