O Ensino Técnico-Profissional Em Portugal Na Segunda Metade Do Século XX

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O Ensino Técnico-Profissional Em Portugal Na Segunda Metade Do Século XX Universidade Aberta O ensino técnico-profissional em Portugal na segunda metade do século XX – O fenómeno da mobilidade social ascendente de carácter intergeracional – Luís Rosa Duque Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências da Educação Especialidade de Sociologia da Educação Lisboa 2009 Universidade Aberta O ensino técnico-profissional em Portugal na segunda metade do século XX – O fenómeno da mobilidade social ascendente de carácter intergeracional – Luís Rosa Duque Tese orientada pela Professora Doutora Maria Beatriz Rocha-Trindade e pelo Professor Doutor José Veiga Simão Doutoramento em Ciências da Educação Especialidade de Sociologia da Educação Lisboa Maio 2009 À doce memória dos meus pais, que respeitaram a minha escolha vocacional pelo ensino técnico e me apoiaram no percurso de mobilidade ao longo da vida. Agradecimentos Agradeço à minha orientadora, Professora Doutora Maria Beatriz Rocha- -Trindade, pelo empenho que pôs no acompanhamento deste estudo e pela disponibilidade com que sempre me atendeu, apoiando, esclarecendo, corrigindo e estimulando nos momentos mais difíceis da investigação. Agradeço ao meu orientador, Professor Doutor Veiga Simão, pela solidariedade demonstrada e pelo gosto em ver realizado este trabalho, cedendo-me muito do seu pouco tempo, alertando-me para aspectos de conteúdo pertinentes, criticando-os construtivamente, sem me deixar perder o bom-humor. Desejo, em seguida, agradecer aos informadores especializados que tiveram a gentileza de me conceder entrevistas com dados relevantes para este estudo: o próprio Professor Veiga Simão, o Professor Armando Rocha Trindade, o Sr. Joaquim da Fonseca Trindade e o Dr. Filipe Ramos Batista, cujas contribuições foram qualitativamente preciosas. Agradeço também à Maria Eduarda, pela paciência que teve comigo nos momentos de maior trabalho, nomeadamente aquando da elaboração dos gráficos, em que muito me ajudou. Agradeço ainda à colega Maria da Luz que, amavelmente, traduziu para Inglês o resumo desta tese. «Si c’était à refaire, je recommencerais par l’éducation» Jean Monet Resumo Este estudo nasceu da curiosidade e do interesse em melhor conhecer a expressão social das formações do ensino técnico-profissional (ETP) na segunda metade do século XX, particularmente no que se refere a fenómenos de mobilidade social ascendente. Para tanto, empenhámo-nos no estudo das quatro Reformas do ETP que, naquele período, tiveram como ideal o progresso à escala europeia, levando ao repensar dos modelos e dos perfis profissionais, de forma a garantir não só as qualificações necessárias ao desenvolvimento do país, mas também minimizar profundas discriminações de ordem social. Apesar das boas intenções manifestas nas Reformas, o ensino técnico- -profissional, face à via licealizante, não conseguiu alcançar, mesmo em democracia, o estatuto de paridade desejado, quer a nível social, quer a nível académico. Porém, os obstáculos de diversa ordem existentes não impediram que muitos dos seus alunos ultrapassassem a simples reprodução de classe. Assim, utilizando aspectos metodológicos das Ciências Sociais e alguns instrumentos da Educação Comparada, foi deduzida a hipótese da existência de uma linha de continuidade favorável à mobilidade social ascendente, ao longo dos quatro modelos do ETP, entre os anos 50 e 90 do século XX. A investigação de campo realizada tomou, como indicadores de classe social, a ocupação e a escolaridade. Dentro de limites devidamente explicitados, procurámos demonstrar que qualquer uma das Reformas, ao preconizar formações técnicas consonantes com pressões e necessidades do respectivo momento histórico, deu também lugar à realização de aspirações de mobilidade social ascendente, de carácter intergeracional, contribuindo, em princípio, para uma ordem social menos rígida e meritocrática. 6 Abstract This study started with my curiosity and interest in knowing the social results of technical-professional learning and training (shortening ETP in Portuguese), during the second half of 20th century, specially in what concerns phenomena towards the increasing of a better social standing. So, we were determined to learn about the four Technical-Professional Reforms that took place throughout the course of that period, which were made to pursue an ideal of progress, according to the European level and to push revision of standards and professional profiles over, in order to assure not only the necessary qualifications to the development of our country, but also to minimize deep discriminations in the social establishment. Even in democracy and despite the good and evident contents of the Reforms, the technical-professional learning could not reach the same social status as that of the classic secondary school, whether at social or academic levels. However, the existence of different kinds of obstacles did not stop many pupils from overstepping plain class reproduction. Therefore, using some of the methods of Social Science and some tools of Comparative Education, we deduced the hipothesis that it could exist a continuous line towards upper social mobility, through those four technical-professional learning styles, between the fifties and the nineties of the twentieth century. Under some well explained rules, we led up to the field investigation on the job and scholarship, taking them as social class indicia. Our purpose was to try to show clearly that any one of the Reforms, as preconizing technical trainig according to the demands and needs of the respective historical moment, each of them caused the undertaking of wishes to achieve higher up social degrees, from one generation to another, probably allowing to a less strict and meritorious social order. 7 8 Índice Agradecimentos……………………………………………………………………................ 4 Resumo..………………………………………………………………………………………… 6 Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7 Lista de Anexos ……………………………………………………………………….. 11 Lista de Figuras……………………………………………………………………….. 13 Lista de Quadros……………………………………………………………………… . 17 Lista de Tabelas………………………………………………………………………. 18 INTRODUÇÃO ...................................................................................................... 21 1. Motivações ......................................................................................................... 22 2. Problemática do estudo ...................................................................................... 22 3. Ponto de partida ................................................................................................. 23 4. Objectivos .......................................................................................................... 23 5. Sobre os caminhos da investigação ................................................................... 24 5.1. Perspectiva sociológica do trabalho ......................................................... 25 6. O percurso teórico-metodológico ....................................................................... 27 6.1. Sobre a pesquisa ..................................................................................... 27 6.2. A recolha da informação ........................................................................... 28 6.3. A comparação das Reformas, visando o entendimento dos resultados .... 30 6.3.1. Acerca da Educação Comparada ................................................ 31 6.4. Plano de apresentação do trabalho .......................................................... 33 7. Definição e limites de alguns conceitos .............................................................. 33 CAPÍTULO I – A MODERNIZAÇÃO DO ENSINO TÉCNICO-PROFISSONAL APÓS A SEGUNDA GUERRA MUNDIAL .................................. 41 1. A Reforma do Ensino Técnico-Profissional de 1948: Breve contexto causal ...... 43 2. O processo de realização da Reforma e a mobilidade social ............................. 49 3. O público-alvo de referência para o lançamento da Reforma de 1948 ………... 67 9 CAPÍTULO II – AS REFORMULAÇÕES DO ENSINO TÉCNICO- -PROFISSONAL ENTRE OS ANOS 70 E 90 DO SÉCULO XX.. 72 1. A Reforma de Veiga Simão ................................................................................ 74 1.1. O Projecto do Sistema Escolar ................................................................. 77 1.2. A Proposta de Lei 25/X............................................................................. 88 1.3. A Lei 5/73 ................................................................................................. 91 1.4. A Experiência Pedagógica ....................................................................... 94 1.5. O percurso estratégico da Reforma, relativamente ao ensino técnico ...... 96 2. Da Revolução de 25 de Abril de 1974 à reestruturação do ensino técnco- -profissional de 1983 .......................................................................................... 99 3. A Reforma de 1983 .......................................................................................... 107 4. A Reforma de 1989 .......................................................................................... 124 5. Complementos de formação técnico-profissional e de crescimento pessoal .... 165 6. Reconhecimento das qualificações no espaço europeu ................................... 171 CAPÍTULO III – SÍNTESE COMPARATIVA DAS REFORMAS EM ESTUDO ............................................................................. 183 1. Justaposição de dados ..................................................................................... 185 2. Outras justaposições .......................................................................................
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