f"*"'J' I' \ Wisconsin t Magazine * of History

TKe La Follette Committee ani, the C.l.O. JEROLD S. AUERBACH Tke Grand OU Regiment STEPHEN Z. STARR Frank Lloyd Wright in Wisconsin RICHARD W. E. PERRIN William Howard Taft and Cannonism STANLEY D. SOLVICK Proceedings of the One Hundred and Eigkteenth Annual Meeting

Published by the State Historical Society oj Wisconsin / Vol. XLVIII, No. 1 / Autumn, 1964 THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN

LESLIE H. FISHEL, JR., Director

Officers SCOTT M. CUTLIP, President HERBERT V. KOHLER, Honorary Vice-President JOHN C. GEILFUSS, First Vice-President E. E. HOMSTAD, Treasurer CLIFFORD D. SWANSON, Second Vice-President LESLIE H. FISHEL, JR., Secretary

Board of Curators Ex-Officio JOHN W. REYNOLDS, Governor of the State MRS. DENA A. SMITH, State Treasurer ROBERT C. ZIMMERMAN, Secretary of State FRED H. HARRINGTON, President of the University ANGUS B. ROTHWELL, Superintendent of Public Instruction MRS. JOSEPH C. GAMROTH, President of the Women's Auxiliary

Term Expires, 1965 GEORGE BANTA, JR. PHILIP F. LA FOLLETTE WILLIAM F. STARK CEDRIC A. VIG Menasha Madison Pewaukee Rhinelander KENNETH W. HAAGENSEN ROBERT B. L. MURPHY MILO K. SWANTON CLARK WILKINSON Oconomowoc Madison Madison Baraboo GEORGE HAMPEL, JR. FOSTER B. PORTER FREDERICK N. TROWBRIDGE ANTHONY WISE Des Moines Bloomington Green Bay Hayward

Term Expires, 1966 E. DAVID CRONON W. NORMAN FITZGERALD JOHN C. GEILFUSS JAMES A. RILEY Madison Milwaukee Milwaukee Eau Claire SCOTT M. CUTLIP EDWARD FROMM MRS. HOWARD T. GREENE CLIFFORD D. SWANSON Madison Hamburg Genesee Depot Stevens Point MRS. ROBERT E. FRIEND ROBERT A. GEHRKE ROBERT L. PIERCE Hartland Ripon Menomonie

Term Expires, 1967 THOMAS H. BARLAND E. E. HOMSTAD MRS. RAYMOND J. KOLTES FREDERIC SAMMOND Eau Claire Black River Falls Madison Milwaukee M. J. DYRUD MRS. CHARLES B. JACKSON FREDERICK L OLSON DONALD C. SLIGHTER Prairie du Chien Nashotah Wauwatosa Milwaukee JIM DAN HILL MRS. VINCENT W. KOCH F. HARWOOD ORBISON LOUIS C. SMITH Middleton Janesville Appleton Lancaster

Honorary Honorary Life Members WILLIAM ASHBY MCCLOY, Winnipeg PRESTON E. MCNALL, Madison MRS. LITTA BASCOM, Madison DOROTHY L. PARK, Madison Fellows VERNON CARSTENSEN MERLE CURTI

The Women's Auxiliary Officers MRS. JOSEPH C. GAMROTH, Madison, President MRS. WILLIAM H. L. SMYTHE, Milwaukee, Vice-President MRS. EDWARD H. RIKKERS, Madison, Secretary MRS. WILLIAM E. HUG, Neenah, Treasurer MRS. EDMUND K. NIELSON, Appleton, Assistant Treasurer MRS. W. NORMAN FITZGERALD, Milwaukee, Ex-Officio VOLUME 48, NUMBER 1/AUTUMN, 1964 Wisconsin Magazine of History

WILLIAM CONVERSE HAYGOOD, Editor PAUL H. HASS, Associate Editor

The La Follette Committee and the C.l.O. 3 JEROLD S. AUERBACH

The Grand Old Regiment 21 STEPHEN Z. STARR

Frank Lloyd Wright in Wisconsin: Prophet in His Own Country 32 RICHARD W. E. PERRIN

William Howard Taft and Cannonism 48 STANLEY D. SOLVICK

Book Reviews 59

Accessions 71

Proceedings of the One Hundred and Eighteenth Annual Business Meeting of the State Historical Society 75

Contributors 98

Published Quarterly by The State Historical Society of Wisconsin

THE WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY is published not assume responsibility for statements made by contribu­ quarterly by the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 816 tors. Second-class postage paid at Madison, Wisconsin. State Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53706. Distributed to mem­ Copyright 1964 by the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. bers as part of their dues (Annual membership, $5.00 ; Fami­ Paid for in part by the Maria L. and Simeon Mills Editorial ly membership, $7.00; Contributing, $10; Business and Pro­ Fund and by the George B. Burrows Fund. Wisconsin news­ fessional, $25; Life, $100; Sustaining, $100 or more annual­ papers may reprint any article appearing in the WISCON­ ly; Patron, $1000 or more annually). Single numbers, $1.25. SIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY providing the story carries Microfilmed copies available through University Microfilms, the following credit line : Reprinted from the State Histori­ 313 North First Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Communica­ cal Society's Wiscorisir: Magazme of History for [insert the tions should be addressed to the editor. The Society does season and year which appear on the MagazmeJ. Recent Museum Accession

This hide painting was willed to the Society hy E. Janet Merrill, a granddaughter of Mr. and Mrs. Henry Baird of Green Bay. It was formerly exhibited at the Neville Public Museum in Green Bay. Hide paintings such as this one were made by various Plains Indians as calendars —known as Winter Counts—tribal histories, or personal histories. Dr. John C. Ewers of the Smithsonian Institution, who was asked to identify the painting, wrote in part: "For some reason, examples of painted hides from the Crow Indians seem to be exceedingly rare. However, I believe that the example portrayed in your photograph is Crow. My mafor reason for thinking this is the fact that the counters of coup are depicted with the front hair swept upward. This hair style is typical of the Crow Indians. "The painting depicts a number of actions, almost certainly from different conflicts rather than a single battle. Lacking a good series of Crow paintings, it is difficult to assign a date to this painting. I think it unlikely that it was executed before the second half of the nineteenth century." The hide, probably elk, measures six feet by six feet. THE LA FOLLETTE COMMITTEE AND THE CLO,

By JEROLD S. AUERBACH

courageous band of tenant farmers and share­ croppers had been struggling desperately to T7ARLY in the spring of 1936, Senator sustain their Southern Tenant Farmers Union ^-^ Robert M. La Follette, Jr. submitted Sen­ in the face of concerted intimidation, coer­ ate Resolution 266 to the second session of the cion, and oppression. Aided by devoted allies Seventy-fourth Congress. The resolution in Washington, they persistently exerted pres­ authorized the Committee on Education and sure on New Deal officials to ameliorate their Labor, on which La Follette served, to investi­ plight. After a private dinner in the Cosmos gate "violations of the rights of free speech Club in February, 1936, called to discuss re­ and assembly and undue interference with the medies for a wave of sharecropper beatings right of labor to organize and bargain collec­ and evictions. La Follette promised his assis­ tively.'" S. 266 expressed two of La Follette's tance. S. 266 marked the redemption of his primary concerns during his first decade in pledge. the Senate: defense of the Bill of Rights, and Concurrently with developments in Arkan­ advocacy of its particular relevance to the sas occurred the paralysis of the New Deal's needs of industrial workers. principal institution for resolving labor-man­ Branded earlier in his career as a "Son of agement difficulties, the National Labor Re­ the Wild Jackass," the forty-year-old Wiscon­ lations Board. Assailed by the American Lib­ sin progressive had seemed on occasion to erty League (an anti-New Deal aggregation epitomize poise and caution. But once his pas­ of dissident Democrats, conservative Republi­ sions were aroused, his political acumen—like cans, and various members of the Du Pont his quick, nervous stride and his swift ges­ family), spurned by management, and de­ tures—reminded observers of his famous fath­ bilitated by adverse court decisions, the Board er, one of the towering figures of American was deprived of its opportunities to implement history. By the mid-thirties the younger La New Deal labor policy as enunciated in the Follette was speaking of labor organization Wagner Act. Furthermore, its scattered inves­ and collective bargaining as the cornerstone tigations had revealed a plethora of anti-labor of industrial democracy; his Senate resolu­ practices that deprived workers of their civil tion was indicative of his fervent commit­ liberties and their statutory rights. NLRB of- ment to these objectives. Two separate but related problems prompt­ ed La Follette to introduce the resolution. In ' Congressional Record, 74 Congress, 2 session northeastern Arkansas, since mid-1934, a (1936), 80: 4151. WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964 ficials presented their grievances to La Fol­ win its battle for public opinion. While the lette, whose resolution offered the Board hope antagonists maneuvered for position during of an escape from its impasse.'' the winter of 1936-1937, the La Follette Com­ In June, after preliminary hearings on the mittee began its examination of four anti­ resolution had demonstrated the urgency of a union practices which had frustrated labor congressional inquiry, the Senate approved S. organization for decades: espionage, muni­ 266. La Follette became chairman of the new­ tions, strikebreaking, and private police. These ly appointed subcommittee, which also in­ accoutrements of industrial strife represented cluded Utah Democrat Elbert D. Thomas. the underside of American industrial rela­ During the summer, while a staff was assem­ tions. They convinced the La Follette Com­ bled and the investigation planned according mittee that management was conducting "a to NLRB guidelines, the C.l.O. launched its colossal, daily drive in every part of the coun­ campaign to organize the mass-production in­ try to frustrate enunciated labor policy. . . ."" dustries—particularly steel, automobiles, and mining. The C.l.O. drive, erupting during the OPIES are indispensable in every war, and formative months of the La Follette investiga­ ^ since the 1870's industrial espionage had tion, gave the Committee a new raison d' etre: sapped the strength of American unions. In to blaze a trail for industrial unionism. Staff 1937 the La Follette Committee discovered it members realized that the C.l.O. "want[s] to to be "a common, almost universal, practice in help us and they mean business.'"' The La Fol­ American industry."" Management knew of lette Committee, in turn, offered its hearings no more efficient method than espionage to as a forum for the presentation of C.l.O. prevent the formation of a union, to weaken grievances. The Committee and the C.l.O., it after birth, or to wreck it when it tested its working in tandem, relentlessly pursued their strength. The list of companies resorting to common goal of mass unionization. espionage read "like a blue book of American "May I humbly warn the Senate," John L. industry. . . . From motion-picture producers Lewis thundered with few audible signs of to steel makers," announced the La Follette humility in a radio address on December 31, Committee, "from bookless fasteners to auto­ 1936, "that labor wants the [La Follette] in­ mobiles, from small units to giant enterprises vestigation pressed home and wants indus­ —scarcely an industry that is not fully re­ try disarmed lest labor men on their march to presented in the . . . list of clients of the de­ industrial democracy should have to take by tective agencies.'" The Committee charted the storm the barbed-wire barricades and ma­ decline of labor unions from company expen­ chine-gun emplacements maintained by the ditures for espionage and concluded that col­ rapacious moguls of corporate industry."* lective bargaining could not succeed while the Military metaphors have seemed particular­ industrial spy plied his trade.' ly appropriate to chroniclers of labor relations Labor spies developed efficient techniques in the New Deal. If labor, as Lewis suggested, for destroying unions. Frequently a salesman was marching towards industrial democracy, for a detective agency came to an industrial then he was its general and the La Follette community and managed to gain the confi­ Committee its aide-de-camp. By collecting in­ dence of local labor leaders or union mem­ formation about the enemy's tactics it sus­ bers. He transmitted his information to the tained morale at the front and helped labor to employer, secured a contract for his com-

^ For a more detailed account of ihe origins of the ^ Senate Subcommittee of the Committee on Educa­ La Follette Committee, see Jerold S. Auerbach, "The tion and Labor, Preliminary Report . . . Pursuant to La Follette Committee: Labor and Civil Liberties in S. Res. 266, 75 Congress, 1 session (1937), 15. the New Deal," in The Journal of American History, ° Senate Committee on Education and Labor, In­ LI (December, 1964). dustrial Espionage, Report No. 46, Part 3, 75 Con­ ° Robert Wohlforth to Allen Saylor, August 3, gress, 2 session (1937), 2 (hereinafter cited as In­ 1936, in the La Follette Committee Papers, Box 4, dustrial Espionage). National Archives (hereinafter cited as LFC). ''Ibid., 22. * New York Times, January 1, 1937. "Ibid., 23, 74. AUERBACH: THE LA FOLLETTE COMMITTEE

warded them to its client. Employers were thus forewarned of strikes and apprised of strike plans and union weaknesses. Spies t wreaked havoc on union locals. Generating

tUf mistrust, the spy, according to the La Follette M"' Committee, "incites to violence, preaches wi^' " strikes, inflames the hot-headed and leads the m^. union to disaster."" ^S Employers and detective agency officials advanced several reasons to justify espionage: protection against radicalism, prevention of &^^^^^^^H sabotage, detection of theft, and improvement >^ of labor-management relations—euphemisti­ cally called "human engineering.'"'' Those who admitted to the practice rarely pondered its ethical implications. La Follette pressed the vice-president of De Soto to distinguish be­ tween espionage to secure a company's in­ dustrial secrets—which the officer deplored— s and espionage to obtain information about Robert M. La Follette, Jr. (left) and a fellow com­ unions. The Senator was told: "I think the mitteeman examining a striker "persuader"—a length of rubber hose. From a photograph in Leo Huber- difference is in the use that is made of the man. The Labor Spy Racket (1937). information."" The general manager of the Associated Industries of Cleveland insisted: pany's services, and then returned to the mem­ "Spying always will be an essential part of bers to obtain the additional information for warfare. . . . When a man has reason to which he had contracted. The latter process fear that the work of a lifetime is going to be was known as "hooking"—a term coined by a struck at by some attack ... he is going to labor spy who perceived the similarity between forewarn himself in order to forearm himself his services for a detective agency and the if he can."" less pernicious practice of fishing for catfish The history of organization efforts by auto­ in the Mississippi River." As one former spy, mobile workers in Flint presented a paradigm adept at hooking, explained: "Well, first you of the destructiveness of industrial espionage. look your prospect over, and if he is married In 1934 the Federal Union of Automobile that is preferable. If he is financially hard up, Workers boasted of 26,000 members in the that is number two. If his wife wants more General Motors plants. But at least three of money or he hasn't got a car, that all counts.'"" thirteen members of the union's executive The hooked man was led to believe that his board were spies; one served as chairman of co-operation would further the interests of his the organizing committee and another repre­ fellow workers. Hookers persuaded their vic­ sented the local at a convention where plans tims that their reports were desired by minori­ were formulated for new organizing drives. ty stockholders, insurance adjusters, or feder­ Their efforts produced startling results. By al agencies to end company mismanagement. 1936 membership in the Flint local fell to The spy transmitted his estimate of union 120. When UAW organizers came to Flint strength and his lists of active union members they found the community in a state of ter­ to the detective agency, which edited and for­ ror. Clandestine meetings were held at night

° Ibid., 33; Senate Subcommittee of the Committee on Education and Labor, Hearings, Violations of Free ^' Industrial Espionage, 28, 37-38, 63. Speech and Rights of Labor, 74-76 Congress (1936- •'Ibid., 9. 1940), Part 1, p. 135 (hereinafter cited as Hearings). •^Hearings, Part 4, pp. 1220-1221. "•Hearings, Part 1, p. 201. " Ibid., Part 22, p. 9457. VFISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964

with the lights out, for workers were too that it will be a damn bad one, we need the frightened to risk identification. The La Fol­ money." Another agent facetiously wondered lette Committee concluded that through es­ about the propriety of "a restraining order on pionage "private corporations dominate their the President of the United States to prevent employees, deny them their constitutional him from stopping all these strikes. It seems rights, promote disorder and disharmony, and to me that his actions are absolutely in re­ even set at naught the powers of the Govern­ straint of trade—that is as far as we are con­ ment itself.'"" cerned." In anticipation of a Communist- - When espionage failed to deter organization, led hunger march, a salesman hoped for "an management invested in tear and nauseating opportunity to demonstrate the use of our gases, machine guns, gas bombs, and billy clubs and baby giants." During the 1934 strike clubs in anticipation of labor trouble." of longshoremen in San Francisco a represen­ Munitions companies capitalized on the Red tative of the Federal Laboratories Company Scare to sell their wares; they transformed related how he "shot a long-range projectile every impending labor crisis into a harbinger into a group, a shell hitting one man and of revolution. One company purchased and causing a fracture of the skull, from which distributed 1,500 copies of Elizabeth Dilling's he has since died. As he was a communist, I The Red Networ/e, an anti-New Deal diatribe, have no feeling in the matter and I am sorry to prospective clients. Stirred by apprehen­ that I did not get more." His superior com­ sion, employers responded militantly to union mended him for a "splendid" report." demands for recognition. But by stockpiling The diligence of the munitions salesmen was munitions they frequently prompted workers amply rewarded. Between 1933 and 1937 Re­ to strike, thereby bringing about the very re­ public Steel, United States Steel, Bethlehem sult they had hoped to forestall. During Steel, and Youngstown Sheet and Tube each strikes company police and hired strike- purchased more gas equipment than did any guards constantly usurped the public police law enforcement agency in the country. Re­ power by venturing from company property public, with 52,000 employees, purchased with their weapons to maintain "law and or­ more than ten times as many gas guns and der." They scattered picket lines and dis­ more than twenty-six times as many gas shells persed union meetings. "The possession and and projectiles as did the Chicago police de­ use of industrial munitions by employers," de­ partment, which was responsible for the safe­ clared the La Follette Committee, "is the logi­ ty of 3,300,000 persons. Republic's arsenal cal end of a labor-relations policy based on included 552 revolvers, 64 rifles, 245 shot­ non-recognition of unions. . . .'"' guns, 143 gas guns, 4,033 gas projectiles, Munitions salesmen appreciated the neces­ 2,707 gas grenades, and an undetermined num­ sity of labor unrest for their business. In ber of nightsticks, Sam Browne belts, and gas 1935 one of them told his sales manager: revolvers. "Our general experience," ex­ "Wish a hell of a strike would get under way." plained a Republic vice-president, "has been When strike prospects improved he wrote, "I that during these strikes it is well to have your hope that this strike develops and matures and plants sufficiently armed and in proper shape to repel an invasion." Scanning the hearing room, he commented on the presence of armed policemen, as in Republic plants. Sen­ •''Industrial Espionage, 70-71, 73. " Evidence presented before the Nye Committee ator La Follette dryly assured him, "We want had revealed that corporations had stockpiled muni­ you to feel that you are in a homelike atmos- tions for use in industrial disputes. Robert Wohl­ 1 5,19 forth, secretary of the La Follette Committee, had pnere. served on the Nye Committee staff and brought this information to La Follette's attention. See Robert Wohlforth, Columbia Oral History Collection, 4; The Progressive, February 29, 1936; Senate Com­ mittee on Education and Labor, Industrial Muni­ tions, Report No. 6, Part 3, 76 Congress, 1 session •"Hearings, Part 2, pp. 399^00; Part 7, p. 2439; (1939), 5-13 (hereinafter cited as Industrial Muni­ Part 15-D, p. 7219; Part 7, p. 2726. tions ). ^° Industrial Munitions, 41, 46, 57; Hearings, Part '•''Industrial Munitions, 61, 108, 157, 189. 23, p. 9760. AUERBACH: THE LA FOLLETTE COMMITTEE

Representatives of munitions companies and strikebreaking had developed into a unique corporate officials agreed that gas offered American institution. During the great rail­ "the most humane way" of handling labor dis­ road strikes of 1877, and in Homestead fifteen putes. "We are out to sell gas," declared the years later, Pinkerton strikebreakers contri­ president of Federal Laboratories, "as a hu­ buted heavily to union defeats. By the turn mane means of protecting property from de­ of the century nearly every large city had struction or protecting life from injury. . . ." strikebreaking agencies ready to respond to, The sales manager of another munitions com­ and exacerbate, labor unrest."* pany believed that through the sale of gas Federal commissions periodically con­ he was "not only improving industry but im­ demned the practice, but Congress remained proving society.'"'" Walter Gordon Merritt, immune to their entreaties. Fourteen states counsel for the Anthracite Institute, ex­ compelled full disclosure of strikebreaking ac­ plained: "The whole theory of the use of gas tivities, but this legislation made little differ­ is that it makes it unnecessary to use bullets. ence. Only Wisconsin required detective agen­ I am sorry we have to have strikes. I am cies engaged in espionage or strikebreaking to sorry we have Communists in the country."'^ obtain a license. In 1936 the federal govern­ The La Follette Committee could not begin ment finally responded. The Byrnes Act made to assess the number of persons whose civil it a felony to transport any person in inter­ liberties were abridged by the armed agents state commerce with intent to employ him to of corporations. It noted, however, that "the interfere with peaceful picketing or organiza­ exercise of constitutionally guaranteed rights tion for collective bargaining. But the act, of freedom of speech and of assembly neces­ badly drafted, contained many loopholes. It sarily involves freedom to conduct uninter­ did not, for example, define "intent" or ap­ rupted meetings and gatherings in public and ply sanctions to strikebreakers themselves. private places.""" But the practice of dispers­ Only one prosecution was brought under it: ing strikers and union sympathizers with gas Pearl Bergoff, who applauded Section 7(a) weapons mocked these rights. The Committee of the National Industrial Recovery Act be­ concluded that "munitions, and especially gas, cause "I can see so much strife ahead I don't are usually purchased by employers for the know which way to turn," was acquitted, al­ purpose of intervening in the policing of pic­ though he operated one of the largest strike­ ket lines and the conduct of strikes. Through breaking agencies in the country."" them the employer . . . exercises physical coer­ The La Follette Committee's hearings on cion upon his own employees in his economic strikebreaking reminded one newspaper editor struggle with them.""^ of "Dante's vision of the Inferno.""" A vast underworld of strikebreakers repeatedly thrust TVTHEN spies and munitions failed to quash unsavory mercenaries into industrial contro­ '' labor militancy, anti-union employers versies. At Ninth and Euclid in Cleveland, turned again to the detective agency for a supply of strikebreakers. The strikebreaker, once glorified as an "American hero" by Har­ ''* Daniel Bell, "Industrial Conflict and Public vard president Charles W. Eliot, had an ob­ Opinion," in Industrial Conflict, ed. by Arthur Korn- vious interest in intensifying the strike that he hauser (New York, 1954), 244; Edward Levinson, / Break Strikes'. (New York, 1937), 15-33. was hired to break; his wages depended upon '^ Homer Cummings to Franklin D. Roosevelt, De­ his doing so. Since the time of Jack White­ cember 22, 1936, in the Franklin D. Roosevelt Li­ head's "Forty Thieves" in the Gilded Age, brary, Hyde Park (hereinafter cited as FDRL), OF 407; "Industrial Strikebreaking—The Byrnes Act," in the University of Chicago Law Review, IV: 657-666 (June, 1937) ; "Employer Interference with Lawful Union Activity," in the Columbia Law Review, XXXVII: 831-837 (May, 1937) ; Harry A. Millis and Royal E. Montgomery, Organized Labor (New ^"Hearings, Part 7, p. 2437; Part 2, pp. 420^21. York, 1945), 610-611; Edward Levinson, "Strike­ ''• New York Times, September 25, 1936; see also breaking Incorporated," in Harpers Magazine, Hearings, Part 2, p. 413; Part 23, p. 9787. CLXXI: 719-730 (November, 1935); "Strikebreak­ ^^ Industrial Munitions, 36. ing," in Fortune, XI: 92 (January, 1935). •^Ibid., 73. -" Washington Post, September 25, 1936. WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964 at Broadway and 42nd Street in Manhattan, in the Loop at Randolph Street in Chicago, detective agencies, employers' associations, and individual entrepreneurs recruited strike­ breakers and strikeguards. Many were con­ victed criminals. "Chowderhead" Cohen, for example, was wanted in Baltimore for grand larceny, for which he had already been ar­ rested five times in New York. "Chowder­ head," a surly, corpulent veteran of industrial warfare, had also served time in Sing Sing for burglary and in a federal penitentiary for conspiracy. Other strikebreakers presented similar credentials; their self-chosen sobri­ quets underscored their outstanding character traits: "Snake-Eyes Kid Steinie," "Stinkfoot" McVey, "Eat-em Up" Jack Fisher, "Bennie the Fink" Gross, and "The Brass Monkey.""' Strikebreakers and strikeguards evolved in­ to distinct occupational types: "finks," "no­ bles," and "missionaries." "Finks," or strike­ Ford Motor Company guards beating a UAW organiz­ breakers, served as industrial shock troops er in front of the automobile works at Dearborn, to encourage strikers to return to work. They Michigan, May 26, 1937. carefully distinguished between their activi­ ties and the work of "scabs," who permanent­ they must "heat up the job." A former strike­ ly replaced strikers. The strikeguard, or breaker told the La Follette Committee: "The "noble," protected the strikebreakers, the loyal best thing [to] do is slug a picket or two ... workers, and plant property. Strike "mis­ or go in and throw a rock through a business sionaries" mingled with strikers to provoke representative's window, or something like violence and circulated among noncombatants that.""° With an employer paying for the ser­ to propagandize against the strike. Strike­ vices of each strikebreaker, detective agencies breaking was a career for most of its practi­ were naturally eager to dispatch as many tioners. Men rose from the ranks to become men as possible to the scene of a labor dis­ strike "lieutenants" who then recruited strike­ pute. Fierce inter-agency competition pre­ breakers and commanded them on the job. vailed when a strike was imminent. Occa­ Every strikebreaker, apparently, hoped even­ sionally an agency would send its spies into tually to establish his own agency and become a plant and use their reports to justify its a successful entrepreneur."^ strikebreaking services.'" "The almost inevitable effect of employing Perhaps inevitably, once a company re­ [strikebreakers]," the La Follette Committee tained the services of strikebreakers it lost reported, "is to produce resentment, bitter­ control over the outcome of its struggle. The ness, violence and bloodshed." The character experience of the RCA Manufacturing Com­ of the men and the intensity of the strikers' pany of Camden, New Jersey, offered a vivid animosity toward them ensured this result. illustration. After a strike call had been is­ Strikebreakers understood that when a strike sued, seventeen detective agencies proffered lagged or appeared likely to end prematurely their services. An officer of the Sherwood Agency presented a letter of introduction from the governor of New Jersey. Impressed, the

^ Senate Committee on Education and Labor, Strikebreaking Services, Report No. 6, Part 1, 76 Congress, 1 session (1939), 73-74, 78, 83 (herein­ after cited as Strikebreaking Services). 'Ibid., 97; Hearings, Part 22, p. 9383. '" Ibid., 2, 65, 74. ° Strikebreaking Services, 94-95. AUERBACH: THE LA FOLLETTE COMMITTEE company hired twenty-five men for missionary "is just a chunk of meat. . . .""" The employer, work and two hundred strikeguards. Violence declared the La Follette Committee, "is the broke out almost immediately; in a series of key to the strikebreaking problem .... [He riots several employees received serious in­ should be held responsible] for the tactics of juries. The company reconsidered its deci­ aggression, intimidation, provocation, decep­ sion and terminated its contract with the tion, and brutality, carried out by irresponsi­ agency."' ble mercenaries which have cost the Nation Employers abdicated control over strike­ so much in human life, suffering, bitterness, 1 • 5)33 breakers' tactics but they could not evade re­ and misery. . . . sponsibility for them. Few employers were ignorant of the caliber of men whom they 'T^HE final weapon in the arsenal of the hired as strikebreakers. Some recognized the -*- anti-union employer was a private police probability of violence; those contracting system. Private policing had become fashion­ with the Burns Detective Agency signed a able with American geographical expansion waiver exempting themselves from liability for their hirelings' conduct. Frequently employ­ ers insisted that their strikeguards come to '^Hearings, Part 7, p. 2380; Strikebreaking Ser­ them armed; in other instances they pur­ vices, 105-106. chased weapons for them. One company of­ ''"' Strikebreaking Services, 138. See Edward Levin­ son, "The Right to Break Strikes," in Current His­ ficial explained that an unarmed strikeguard tory, XLV: 77-82 (February, 1937); "The 'Fink' Racket," in The Nation, CXLVIII: 165-166 (Feb­ ruary 11, 1939) ; and Hamilton Basso, "Strike-Bus­ ter: Man Among Men," in The New Republic, • Hearings, Part 8, pp. 2881-2908. LXXXI: 124-126 (December 12, 1934).

Police dispersing strikers during the bloody "Memorial Day incident" at the Republic Steel plant in Chicago, May 30, 1937. Ten demonstrators were killed and 125 others, including thirty-five policemen, were injured. From a photo­ graph in Walter Galenson, The CIO Challenge to the AFL (1960). WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964 and industrial development; civil police sim­ mittee, "were rushing around the people, and ply could not meet the special needs of rail­ beating the people to the brick pavement, and roads, mines, or lumbering districts. Private then beating them after they were down. . . . police forces functioned so efficiently that they It did not occur to me that in a community became instruments of private economic poli­ that was supposed to be civilized such things cy, invariably with an anti-union animus. Un­ could occur.'"" like public police, responsible to elected of­ When the Steel Workers' Organizing Com­ ficials and restricted by constitutional safe­ mittee launched its organizing campaign. Re­ guards, private police were accountable sole­ public responded by augmenting its police ly to their employers and were regulated only force. From 270 men in the spring of 1936 by scattered local statutory provisions. Pri­ this division increased to 348 by January of vate police power reached its apogee in com­ the following year."'* Organizers were kept pany towns, where conditions approximated under constant surveillance; two of them gave industrial peonage. A company town, de­ these accounts to the La Follette Committee: clared the La Follette Committee, "is an auto­ cracy within a democracy. ... It is an of­ ... I was followed constantly. They would fense against duly constituted authority." The follow me when I would leave the hotel, go Committee examined private police systems in out to breakfast or lunch or dinner. If I company towns and in industrial factories; it went out and got my car they would follow warned that "when the armed forces of the me there. ... It got so that I couldn't stop employer are injected into the delicate rela­ and talk to anybody without they was right tions of labor and management, the conse­ behind me."" quences seriously threaten the civil rights of [A guard] came up to me and circled citizens and the peace and safety of whole around me several times, continually look­ communities.'"" ing at my shoe. . . . When this happened The Republic Steel Corporation provided about three or four times Mr. Wimmer, my the Committee with an outstanding example buddy, started circling around him. After of the perversion of police power in private five or six revolutions around me, he started hands. Republic police were the chief instru­ after Mr. Wimmer, and circled around him. ments of company labor policy. The police . . . When he started going around him superintendent instructed new recruits that I started going around Sergeant Riggins, union activity was detrimental to company in­ and after several more attempts he stepped terests. Consequently they tapped telephone back and laughed at us and walked into wires, read private mail, confiscated union the plant.*" literature, and intimidated and attacked or­ ganizers."^ According to the La Follette Com­ Such harassment nullified the First Amend­ mittee, during a 1935 strike at Republic's ment in industrial communities. Canton factory its police force left plant pro­ The company towns of eastern Kentucky perty and "sallied forth into the city of Can­ convinced the La Follette Committee "that vio­ ton attacking with ferocity employees, non- lations of civil liberties ensue whenever pri­ employees, strikers, pickets, bystanders, wom­ vate police systems are used as instruments en, and children, with the same impartiality of labor policy to thwart self-organization of and lack of discrimination as the attacks on workers."" In Lynch, the United States Coal defenseless civilians in contemporary war­ and Coke Company, a subsidiary of U.S. Steel, fare.'"* These guards, a witness told the Com­ owned everything but the schools and churches. Company police, the only law en-

** Senate Committee on Education and Labor, Pri­ vate Police Systems, Report No. 6, Part 2, 76 Con­ gress, 1 session (1939), 2-7 (hereinafter cited as •" Hearings, Part 24, p. 9993. Private Police Systems.) ""Ibid., Part 26, p. 11007. "'"Ibid., 125, 187-188, 194; Hearings, Part 34, pp. '•"Ibid., 11009-11010. 13828-13831. '°Ibid., 11042. '" Private Police Systems, 178. " Private Police Systems, 15.

10 AUERBACH: THE LA FOLLETTE COMMITTEE

forcement officers, refused to permit organi­ flotsam of American industry: hooked work­ zers to enter the town, interfered with their ers, miscreant strikebreakers, tyrannical de­ attempts to address miners on the public high­ puty sheriffs, and callous merchants of labor ways, destroyed their literature, and blatantly discord." "Always tinged with a hint of me­ threatened union sympathizers. A UMW or­ lodrama," observed the Christian Science ganizer told the Committee how deputy sher­ Monitor, the hearings "sounded at times like iffs followed him to the front door of miners' a dime store novel. . . ."•'° They transcended homes and snatched his handbills from them. melodrama only because of the backdrop The miner-organizer of a Lynch local testi­ against which they were projected. The La fied that a policeman met him daily at the Follette Committee's exposure of anti-labor minehead, followed him wherever he went, activities revealed nothing that had escaped and "would not allow me to speak to any­ the attention of the Industrial Relations Com­ body. . . ." Twenty-four-hour surveillance was mission investigation before World War I, or maintained at his home; deputy sheriffs or­ the Interchurch World Movement inquiry af­ dered his visiting sister-in-law, a student at ter the steel strike of 1919. But the Commit­ Berea College, to leave town the morning after tee's reputation and achievements exceeded its her arrival. Under the pretext of possessing predecessors' because its investigation coin­ a search warrant for 1,100 pounds of stolen cided with, and derived its vitality from, the meat, Harlan County deputies ransacked the C.I.O.'s efforts to organize America's mass- house of a High Splint resident, looking for production industries. the "meat" in his dresser drawers. They did not find it—nor did they find the real object TOURING the first six months of 1937 the of their search, UMW literature." -•-'' tidal wave of industrial unionism reached The La Follette Committee issued a vigo­ its crest. Months of careful preparation and rous indictment of private police systems as diligent effort had brought the Steel Workers' instruments of anti-union policy. The Com­ Organizing Committee, the United Automobile mittee charged that they abridged civil lib­ Workers, and the United Mine Workers with­ erties, violated the statutory rights of work­ in sight of their goal. While John L. Lewis ers, spawned violence and bloodshed, endan­ negotiated in absolute secrecy with Myron gered public safety, fostered labor-manage­ Taylor of United States Steel, and automobile ment bitterness, encouraged private usurpation workers in Flint sat down, and UMW organi­ of public authority, and perverted representa­ zers resumed their hazardous perennial mis­ tive government." Private police systems, like sion to Harlan County, the La Follette Com­ espionage, munitions stockpiling, and strike­ mittee called corporate officials to account breaking, testified to the incompatibility of for their anti-union practices. industrial autocracy with civil liberty. Em­ The Committee warmed to its task as the ployers parlayed their right to object to confrontation between U.S. Steel and the unionization into a concerted and often ruth­ SWOC approached a showdown. Hearings in less effort to transform their employees into January exposed the anti-union activities of a second-class citizens. The La Follette Com­ subsidiary of U.S. Steel. Few informed ob­ mittee demonstrated that constitutional guar­ servers doubted the Committee's intention to antees frequently yielded to private anti-union lock horns with U.S. Steel itself. When Myron policy. Taylor made his dramatic announcement that The sheer weight of the testimony taken by U.S. Steel would sign a contract with the the Committee on oppressive labor practices C.I.O., the Committee's presence in the wings encouraged an obsessive fascination with the received an ample measure of credit for Tay-

*nbid., 48-54, 208; Hearings, Part 11, pp. 3907, " Clipping from the Christian Century, February 3915, 4247. 24, 1937, in the American Civil Liberties Union •" Private Police Systems, 214. See "Industrial Archives, Princeton University (hereinafter cited as Policing and Espionage," in the Harvard Law Re­ ACLU). view, LH: 793-804 (March, 1939). •"' Christian Science Monitor, February 8, 1937.

11 Vi^ISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964 lor's decision. Its revelations, declared the Even before the Senate approved S. 266, Amalgamated Journal, "were unquestionably La Follette and Heber Blankenhorn of the a large factor" in the unionization of Big NLRB had learned of General Motors' exorbi­ Steel. The C.I.O.'s "counter espionage sys­ tant expenditures for espionage. Delmond tem," reported Fortune, fed the La Follette Garst, UAW secretary in St. Louis, sent La Committee with information "just as distaste­ Follette a clipping from the Chicago Tribune ful to the gentlemen on the Board of U.S. citing General Motors' report to the Securities Steel as it was to their Chairman."" In the and Exchange Commission of $167,586 paid factories of Little Steel, however, and in auto­ to Pinkerton's for plant protection. "As soon mobiles and mining, the C.l.O. encountered as the subcommittee lays out a definite plan stiff opposition. These temporary stalemates of action," La Follette promised, "our investi­ furnished the La Follette Committee with an gators will go to work.""" Blankenhorn re­ opportunity to utilize its varied resources. It ceived two copies of the same clipping. One cautioned, cajoled, and censured in a versa­ was from an NLRB attorney in St. Louis who tile display of investigatory expertise. implored, "Let me know of any action by the The Committee's treatment of General Mo­ Senate on the investigation. I am wild to have tors is particularly illuminating. Throughout a hand in busting up the racket"; the second 1936 automobile workers risked their jobs, was accompanied by the prediction from their constitutional rights, and occasionally another NLRB attorney, "I bet you can pull their lives to organize. They "are under a some fine rabbits out of that SEC hat."°' Dur­ constant fear of being watched," reported a ing the late summer and early fall Committee UAW official, "and do not dare to speak to investigators interviewed UAW officials, who one another in the plant concerning unions."" offered evidence of General Motors' blacklists The members of one local expressed their and espionage.''" In September the Committee feelings in doggerel: served a subpoena on the company. Gradual­ ly the shape of a hearing on General Motors But there's no beast in swamp or lair emerged: it promised to be brief and tho­ That can in loathsomeness compare roughly lacking in dramatic content. With men who belly-crawl to do On December 18, in the wake of a sit-down The dirty-wor/c that all despise. strike at the Fisher Body plant in Kansas City Who sell their birthrights and their souls to protest the discharge of an employee for To operate as labor spies!'"'' union activity, John L. Lewis announced that the United Automobile Workers would de­ But an anonymous GM worker at the Sagi­ mand a collective bargaining agreement with naw Malleable Iron Corporation could not General Motors. Lewis' statement. Committee treat the situation so lightly. He told Senator counsel John Abt realized, "lends added signi- La Follette: "They [General Motors] so com­ pletely run this town and have it so well pro­ pagandized to their own good that one don't "N.A.F.L Workers News, January 15, 1937, in even dare talk here. You have no liberties at LFC, Box 121. all. You couldn't belong to a union and '""Employee" to La Follette, July 15, 1937, in breathe it to a soul. That soul would prob­ LFC, Box 124. ''"Delmond Garst to La Follette, June 5, 1936; La ably be a spy."™ Follette to Garst, June 24, 1936, both in LFC, Box 124. '• David Sliaw to Blankenhorn, June 5, 1936; John D. Moore to Blankenhorn, June 3, 1936, both in LFC, Box 124. "Amalgamated Journal, September 2, 1937; "It ''^ Unsigned memo, September 10, 1936, in LFC, Happened in Steel," in Fortune, XV: 179 (May, Box 121; Charles Kramer to Wohlforth, September 1937) ; Walter Galenson, "The Unionization of the 14, 1936, reporting that Homer Martin's group "has American Steel Industry," in Unions and Union not been terribly helpful. . . . [Martin is] so rushed Leadership, ed. by Jack Barbash (New York, 1959), with his own work that he is unable to pitch in and 127; Edward Levinson, Labor on the March (New help us any. We get farther dealing with his locals York, 1938), 199-200. directly," in LFC, Box 125; "General Motors—Pon­ "William L. Munger to John Brophy, October 20, tiac Motors Division—Conference, 10/29/36," in LFC, 1936, in the CIO Papers, Box 23, Catholic University. Box 124.

12 AUERBACH: THE LA FOLLETTE COMMITTEE

ficance to our G.M. hearing." He advised in­ vestigator Charles Kramer in Detroit to "line up one of the union boys to appear in Wash­ ington and testify as to the tactics of the cor­ poration in fighting the union.""" On Decem­ ber 19 the Committee announced that it would inquire into labor conditions in General Motors plants, but Abt denied any connection between Lewis' and the Committee's announce­ ments. This disclaimer fooled no one. Ten days later, when the sit-down strike spread to the Fisher Body and Chevrolet plants in Flint, the Committee discovered that it had a mis- sion.

TN response to Judge Edward Black's in- •*- junction restraining the Flint sit-down strikers, UAW president Homer Martin urged the La Follette Committee to dispatch observ­ Sit-down strikers in the General Motors plant at ers to Flint immediately."" But the Committee Flint, 1936. had anticipated this request, and investiga­ tors, who had been in Flint since the outbreak Committee can do this year," Cullen con­ of the strike, not only kept the Washington tinued, "would be to drive this GM thing out staff fully abreast of developments but became into the open and thus create a public senti­ participants in the struggle. Committee repre­ ment that would FORCE the right action. A sentatives instructed union rank-and-file in complete back-down by GM would not only "methods of procedure" for reporting alleged be best, from our standpoint, but for the whole stool pigeons."" Following "The Battle of the damn country as well. . . .'""' Running Bulls" on January 11, when strikers Cullen made himself ubiquitous in Flint. in Fisher Body Plant No. 2 repulsed Flint He obtained firsthand progress reports on the police, a Committee staff member entered the activities of the Flint Alliance, an anti-UAW plant and assembled fifty strikers to tell their organization; he learned that the lieutenant story."' H. D. Cullen, the Committee investiga­ of detectives of the Flint police department tor assigned to Flint, shamelessly favored the maintained his own espionage system and in­ sit-down strikers in his reports to Washington. filtrated spies among the sit-down strikers. "The explosion is coming sure as God made He sat in as an observer of a meeting called little green apples," he predicted on January by the prosecuting attorney of Genessee Coun­ 21, "unless those damn fools of GM get busy ty to discuss peaceful measures for reopening and give up!!!!" "The biggest thing this GM plants, and followed closely the advice of Charles Kramer: "I believe that if it becomes known that you are in town watching [anti­ union] activities, they will tend to decrease.""" •^ New York Times, December 19, 1936; Abt to Cullen's final chore was to ferret out promis­ Kramer, December 19, 1936, in LFC, Box 102; Abt ing witnesses for the hearings. Under instruc- to Kramer, Boland, Frazer, et al., December 19, 1936, in LFC, Box 121. "'New York Times, December 20, 1936; Laird Bell, "Probes," in The Atlantic Monthly, CLX: 23 (July, 1937) ; Saul Alinsky, John L. Lewis (New York, 1949), 109. ""H. D. Cullen to Wohlforth, January 21, 1937, ^"^ New York Times, January 3, 1937. in LFC, Box 124. "'Minutes, January 3, 1937, Local #7, UAW-CIO, ""Cullen to Wohlforth, January 26, 1937, in LFC, Nick Di Gaetano Collection, Box 3, Wayne State Box 124; Cullen to Wohlforth, January 31, 1937, in University Labor History Archives. LFC, Box 122; Cullen to Wohlforth, January 31, ^'' Harold Cranefield to Wohlforth, February 10, 1937, in LFC, Box 124; Kramer to Cullen, January 1937, in LFC, Box 124. 27, 1937, in LFC, Box 125.

13 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964 tions from Committee secretary Robert Wohl­ entertained no doubts about the operation or forth, he briefed UAW organizer Robert Tra­ results of that policy. From 1934 until mid- vis on the points the Committee wished to 1937 fifty-two members of the UAW were develop ("discrimination cases, union dis­ Pinkerton spies, reporting on unionization ef­ charges, the Flint welfare and relief outfit, forts in General Motors plants. One became the bands tightening in on the union, rela­ president of a Chevrolet local in Flint; another tions with factory managers, etc.") and made was vice-president of a Fisher Body local in certain that union witnesses would arrive in Lansing. GM's fear of collective bargaining, Washington in time for the Committee to the Committee concluded, caused it "to sur­ review their testimony.'" render to a group of unknown adventurers an The General Motors hearings began on increasing responsibility in [its] relations February 15, four days after the strike's dra­ with [its] employees." The company even matic end. The timing did not escape notice. hired Pinkerton agents to spy on its Corpora­ Given the bad taste left by union tactics in tions Auxiliary Company spies, in the belief Flint, observed the Washington Post, the hear­ that the latter had passed trade secrets to one ings afforded an opportunity "to preserve a of GM's competitors. At various times General due sense of proportion at a moment when Motors kept under surveillance William Green, balance in judging the labor problem is every­ John P. Frey, Homer Martin, Walter Reuther, where needed.'""^ Other editors viewed the sociologist E. A. Ross, and Assistant Secre­ hearings less kindly. The Portland Press- tary of Labor Edward McGrady. Between Herald, for example, declared that they were January of 1934 and July of 1936 the auto­ "nothing that most people will get excited mobile firm had spent $839,764.41 for the about." After all, just as department stores services of labor detective agencies.*" employed plainclothesmen and congressional Harry W. Anderson, GM labor-relations committees used investigators, so business director, explained why his company support­ spied on labor."" ed espionage: "We were interested to know Clearly, the Committee intended the hear­ if there was any particular labor organiza­ ings to counter unfavorable public reaction to tion going on in town, and if so, why? The the sit-down strike. For seven days it dissect­ thing I was interested in was what was there ed General Motors' labor policy, jousted with about the plant operation that would give any company officials, and offered the United need for an outside organization." Authori­ Automobile Workers a national forum. The zation of the La Follette investigation had Committee found itself, La Follette said, "in prompted Anderson to eradicate all traces of a sort of mystic mist . . . about who actually the company's interest in union activities. He does determine labor policy" at GM.*" But it examined the files of William Knudsen and Charles E. Wilson, without permission, and eliminated every scrap of evidence likely to come under a Senate subpoena. Anderson told the Committee that GM had discontinued all "Wohlforth to Cullen, January 26, 1937, in LFC, Pinkerton services; the La Follette hearings, Box 124. News from Flint; Charles Kramer told UAW organizer Robert Travis, when union victory he explained with questionable logic, "gave seemed imminent, that it "sounds perfectly swell. . . . us an opportunity to wipe it out.""" Alfred You guys seem to be about the only ones who are Marshall, director of personnel relations at really doing a job." Kramer to Travis, February 1, 1937, in LFC, Box 124. "• Washington Post, January 25, 1937. "'^Portland (Matne) Press-Herald, February 16, 1937. See Richmond News Leader, February 20, 1937; Washington News, February 12, 1937; Baltimore Sun, provided their names were reported to Congress. February 13, 1937. A rider attached to the Relief Madison Capital Times, February 3, 1937; Marissa Deficiency bill, providing that no funds could be (Illinois) Progressive Miner, February 12, 1937, used to pay the salaries of WPA employees who were clippings in ACLU, Vol. 994; Rose Schneiderman to loaned to congressional committees, was seen as a Roosevelt, February 2, 1937, in FDRL, OF 1581. direct slap at the La Follette Committee. It was '•^Hearings, Part 7, p. 2317. inserted on the eve of the General Motors hearings. " Industrial Espionage, 26, 44, 47; Hearings, Part Under administration pressure the Senate altered the 6, pp. 1879, 1992. bill to permit committees to hire anyone they wished. "" Hearings, Part 6, pp. 1878, 1922-1925, 1894-1897.

14 AUERBACH: THE LA FOLLETTE COMMITTEE

ft4mm^^r' J t <.".>

Sure, I'll Work for Both Sides

This cartoon by R. A. Lewis of the Milwaukee Journal won the artist a Pulitzer prize in 1935. Reproduced by permission of Mr. Lewis.

15 VFISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964

Chevrolet, contended that GM's expenses for government officials, and its harsh treatment espionage were "thrust on the corporation . . . of union organizers did not increase toleration by outside organizations." Marshall told the for the sit-down strike but it did help to dem­ Committee, "We are not all bad. We are not onstrate the legitimacy of union grievances. vicious. We are not vicious toward the Sit-down strikers menaced law and order, unions. . . . [But the Chevrolet union] was commented one newspaper, and espionage based upon a great deal of radicalism. . . ." "smacks of the methods of Fascists and Com­ General Motors was not afraid of organized munists and is hostile to the principles of labor, Marshall insisted, quickly adding the democracy."" Another editorial severely con­ qualification, "properly organized."*" demned both practices as "devious devices.'"" The La Follette Committee invited rene­ Congressional debate in April, 1937, indi­ gade Pinkerton spies and UAW organizers to cated how the hearings redressed the balance tell their side of the GM labor story. Arthur after the sit-down strike. Dispute erupted over J. Dubuc, self-styled "Fighting Frenchman an amendment which Senator James F. Byrnes from the Wolverine" and a former spy in of South Carolina tacked on to the Guffey- Flint, regaled the Senators and spectators with Vinson Bill, which read: "That it is the sense stories of espionage. Dubuc, a garrulous, of the Congress that the so-called sit-down colorful character, prefaced his sentences with strike is illegal and contrary to sound public "By golly" or "Wottahell," and relished the policy." Robert F. Wagner immediately sug­ opportunity for vengeance on his former em­ gested the inclusion of a statement demand­ ployers."' Another Pinkerton spy recounted ing that employers recognize the jurisdiction his experience in a Lansing local that disin­ of the NLRB and other government agencies tegrated to the point where it contained no in the peaceful settlement of labor disputes. members and five officers—all of them Pink­ "I heard no great indignation," Wagner ad­ erton spies."* Joseph B. Ditzel, UAW organi­ monished the Senate, "when the La Follette zer in Flint and Saginaw, itemized abridg­ committee brought out the manner in which ments of his civil liberties for the Committee: workers were exploited by means of the spy he could not rent a hall in Saginaw to address system, the machine guns, and all the other the automobile workers; a gang of toughs in methods used to oppress them while collective Bay City forcibly detained him in his hotel bargaining was completely denied them. . . . room; he was trailed constantly in Flint be­ We ought to look at the whole picture." Sena­ fore his car was sideswiped and three orga­ tor Joseph Robinson of Arkansas led adminis­ nizers were sent to the hospital with serious tration forces in opposition to the Byrnes injuries."" Robert Travis testified circumstan­ amendment, which failed to pass by twelve tially to the presence of spies among the sit- votes. down strikers. He told how company agents After its defeat, Key Pittman of Nevada in­ provocateurs created disturbances during the troduced a new resolution condemning both strike to damage the union's reputation. Even the sit-down strikes and industrial espionage GM's settlement with the UAW had not ended as "contrary to sound public policy." Joseph the harassment of union members. In fact, Robinson, pointing to the La Follette hear­ Travis insisted, "it has been more vicious." ings, strengthened the Pittman resolution by Men were still being framed and reported to inserting a paragraph denouncing the refusal company superintendents for union sympa­ of employers to bargain collectively and con­ thies.™ demning their use of any unfair labor prac­ The Committee's exposure of GM's espio­ tice as defined in the Wagner Act. After some nage expense, its surveillance of labor and quibbling the Senate approved the Pittman resolution with the Robinson amendment, 75- 3. Three days later the House of Representa- "Ibid., 2049, 2050, 2082. "See Washington News, February 19, 1937; Bal­ timore Sun, February 20, 1937. ••^Hearings, Part 6, p. 2104. ^' Trenton (New Jersey) Gazette, February 23, " Ibid., Part 7, pp. 2308-2312. 1937. •"Ibid., 2327-2329. ' Galveston (Texas) News, February 15, 1937.

16 AUERBACH: THE LA FOLLETTE COMMITTEE lives concurred.'" The La Follette Committee, 1932 not a single miner belonged to the UMW, in effect, was vindicated. and the coal operators, proud of their record, were determined to maintain it. A horde of deputies implemented the high sheriff's de­ nPHE Committee's second major thrust in claration of "open season on organizers." For -*- 1937 was on behalf of the United Mine attempting to assist miners in exercising their Workers. In two weeks of hearings on anti- constitutional rights, organizers were forced unionism in Harlan County, Kentucky, it per­ to skulk about the public highways like hunted formed yeoman service for John L. Lewis' animals. miners. The bituminous coal fields of Harlan, Encouraged by NRA and by the Wagner the sole mining area of importance still un­ Act, the union poured men and money into organized in 1937, were crucial to the United Harlan, only to be routed by the coal opera­ Mine Workers. Unless the union organized tors. Churches were dynamited, organizers the Harlan miners and secured a contract with were kidnapped, sympathetic law enforcement the coal operators, union officials believed, officers were assassinated, and the National neighboring fields would find it impossible Guard was shuttled in and out. The UMW to maintain union standards and the unioni­ drive collapsed completely. The series of un­ zation drive in coal would collapse." But Har­ solved murders prompted the sardonic quip lan, known as "that little ugly running sore," that death from shooting in Harlan County resisted unionization with a vengeance. Its had long been regarded as "death from na­ residents lived in company houses within com­ tural causes." A special commission, ap­ pany towns; they were obliged to purchase pointed by the governor of Kentucky in 1935, at company stores; they received their wages reported: "It is almost unbelievable that any­ in scrip; and they entertained guests, tra­ where in a free and democratic Nation . . . versed public highways, and used the federal conditions can be found as bad as they are mails at the whim of management. Their din­ in Harlan County. There exists a virtual reign gy and decrepit villages, commented one of terror. . . ."" shocked observer, needed "only castles, draw­ The La Follette Committee hearings on bridges and donjonkeeps to reproduce to the Harlan County opened two days after the physical eye a view of feudal days.'"" Supreme Court upheld the Wagner Act and Harlan County first gained national noto­ just as the United Mine Workers, responding riety in 1931 when deputy sheriffs and picket­ to that decision, dispatched a new wave of or­ ing miners clashed in a bloody battle near ganizers to Harlan. The hearings presented Evarts. The Kafkaesque trial of the miners quite a spectacle. Deputy sheriffs, wearing prompted an invasion of Harlan County by broad-brimmed black hats and "uncomfortable writers, Communists, theologians, and stu­ store clothes," entered the hearing room with dents wishing to view the last vestiges of the pistols under their jackets. Two Kentuckians, Middle Ages. The Kentucky miners, they ob­ on their first visit to a city, spent most of served, "have become the rebellious protes- their time riding the Senate elevators. John L. tants of His Majesty, King Coal."™ But in Lewis glowered from the audience. "Watch

" Congressional Record, 75 Congress, 1 session '" The National Committee for the Defense of (1937), Vol. 81, pp. 3131, 3135-3136, 3233, 3236; Political Prisoners sponsored a group led by Theo­ 3248; "Congress and the Sit-Down Strikes," in The dore Dreiser; Waldo Frank led a delegation of Congressional Digest, XVI: 133 (May, 1937). writers; Reinhold Niebuhr brought a group of cler­ " Walter Galenson, The CIO Challenge to the gymen; Columbia economist Donald Henderson re­ AFL (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1960), 194-204; cruited students from New York colleges. "All F. Raymond Daniell, "Behind the Conflict in 'Bloody Around the Liberty Pole," in Survey Graphic, XXV: Harlan,'" in the New York Times Magazine, June 426 (July, 1936) ; Grauman, "That Little Ugly Run­ 26, 1938. ning Sore," 348-349; Murray Kempton, Part of Our '" Lawrence Grauman, Jr., "That Little Ugly Run­ Time (New York, 1955), 304; Theodore Dreiser ning Sore," in the Filson Club Historical Quarterly, (ed.), Harlan Miners Speak (New York, 1932), 19 XXXVI: 340-354 (October, 1962) ; Private Police passim. Systems, 17-26; Irving Bernstein, The Lean Years "" Private Police Systems, 13, 57-77; Hearings, (Boston, 1960), 362-366. Parts 10-12; The Progressive, July 30, 1938.

17 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964 closely," a reporter suggested, "when the pho­ TVTHILE UMW organizers fanned out tographers flash . . . their bulbs. All over the '' through southeastern Kentucky, deputy room there will be men who automatically sheriffs, Harlan residents, and union officials clutch swiftly at their hips, in the manner of depicted the chaotic terror of life in Harlan men reaching for their guns. Then they look County. The key to the situation was the de­ around slowly to see if they've been noticed." puty sheriff system. Theodore Middleton, Everyone knew, observed Newsweek, that La high sheriff of Harlan County, selected his de­ Follette's primary intentions "were to arouse puties on no apparent basis save their criminal public anger and to help his friend John L. record. His brother, a deputy in 1934 and Lewis organize the miners." Yet this knowl­ 1936, had been indicted seven times within edge hardly mitigated the spectators' incre­ two years on a variety of charges, including dulity at Harlan conditions, for the hearings carrying concealed weapons and stealing a depicted anti-unionism "at its exceptional ballot box. Eight deputies, who still held of­ worst. fice when Middleton testified before the La Philip Murray, vice-president of the United Follette Committee, had served prison terms Mine Workers, presented the union's major for manslaughter, and three had done so for grievance: "The refusal of the authorities, murder. Since 1934, thirty-seven of his de­ the duly constituted and accredited authori­ puties had been convicted of felonies and ties, to recognize the Mine Workers' civil sixty-four had been indicted at least once. liberties. . . .'"" He recounted the most recent Theodore Middleton himself had been con­ effort, in January, to unionize Harlan; the victed of violating the Volstead Act; during coal operators had resisted with every wea­ his three-year tenure as high sheriff his net pon at their command. "They have discharged worth increased from $10,000 to $102,000, al­ [miners], they have discriminated against though his sheriff's salary did not exceed them, they have coerced them, they have inti­ $5,000. Middleton entertained curious no­ midated them, they have beaten them up, they tions of law and order. Declaring he would have thrown them in jail, and they have shot "put up with no labor disturbances here," he them. . . ." Encouraged by the Jones and once filed suit to enjoin the National Guard Laughlin decision, the union once again had from preserving the peace in Harlan on the sent field organizers into Harlan. "We are ground that it was his function to do so. To going to expect and demand," Murray told Middleton's dismay, the supreme court of the Committee, "that the Government of the Kentucky ruled that the sheriff did not possess United States of America protect the lives and a property right in preserving law and order."' limbs of our people. . . . We are here de­ The coal companies of Harlan County acted manding that the Government see to it that as ruthlessly as the deputy sheriffs, with whom these acts of brutality, these killings, these they frequently conspired to deprive miners kidnapings, and this letting of blood in Har­ of their rights. On one occasion, under in­ lan County be stopped.'""" structions from the vice-president of the Har- lan-Wallins Coal Corporation, a foreman fired all union men. He admitted to belonging to a "thugging" gang, which went "out hunting ''" New York Times, April 16, 1937; Washington for union men, organizers, and so forth. . . ." Star, April 27, 1937; Washington Post, April 25, When asked to explain why no UMW local 1937; The Progressive, April 24, 1937; Newsweek, May 15, 1937; Time, May 3, 1937. ever succeeded in organizing one of the com­ ""• Hearings, Part 10, p. 3447. Ben Alien, a Com­ pany's mines, vice-president Pearl Bassham mittee staff member, had briefed Murray thorough­ ly the day before. It was "essential" that Murray replied, "Our people have never seemed to recount the history of the UMW, the benefits to its want the union." Bassham required his work­ members, the control exercised over captive Harlan ers to sign yellow-dog contracts, long since mines by "foreign" corporations (e.g., U.S. Steel and Ford), the menace of deputy sheriffs to civil liberties, prohibited by federal legislation. Independent and the danger of one unorganized county to na­ tional wage scales. Allen to Murray, April 13, 1937, in LFC, Box 89. ""Hearings, Part 10, pp. 3448, 3450; Washington "•Hearings, Part 10, pp. 3561-3569; Part 11, p. Star, April 14, 1937. 3830; Private Police Systems, 29-35, 75.

18 i: S Dcp.utmcnt of the Intciioi Coal miners at work at Harlan County, Kentucky, in 1929. merchants could not open stores in Harlan violating Kentucky's criminal syndicalism town; the company store returned 170 per statute; that fall Sheriff Middleton told him cent profit on the investment of its owners that as long as he "had anything to do with during its first year of operation. Bassham's the racketeering labor organization," he would most diabolical device to mulct his employees receive no protection from law enforcement was a semi-monthly second-hand car lottery, officers. by which he compelled miners to buy chances During the UMW organizing drive in Jan­ by checking off their wages. He disposed of uary, 1937, Musick and his wife were return­ eight of his own used cars in this manner, ing home from a Sunday evening visit with at a profit of nearly two thousand dollars an­ friends when they heard the signal blast of nually. When Senator Thomas asked him why a cow horn. Caught in a cross-enfilade of bul­ he did not enter the raffling business, Bass­ lets, they miraculously escaped injury. The ham replied candidly, "I would not be able to police judge of Evarts warned Musick to leave sell the chances, sir, if I did not have the Harlan County if he wished to remain alive. 5,82 Musick followed his advice: "I left on the mine. train and when I got off that train in Pine- With coal operators and deputy sheriffs ville there was a message in the hotel that my acting in concert against them, union orga­ boy was killed. . . ." Armed gunmen had mur­ nizers found Harlan County impenetrable. dered Musick's son, nineteen years old, and Marshall Musick, UMW field representative wounded his wife and another son in their in Harlan with seventeen locals in his juris­ own house. Musick appealed for an escort into diction, traveled throughout the county under Harlan but the sheriff of Bell County told continual surveillance by deputy sheriffs; oc­ him, "Possibly you and me both would be casionally they refused to permit him to re­ killed. . . ." The following day Musick and the turn home at night and he would remain with remains of his family left Harlan County."*' the miners until daybreak. Within three days When the Harlan hearings ended early in after he managed to organize a local in Pearl May, the La Follette Committee looked to the Bassham's Harlan-Wallins mine, company governor and to "the public conscience of spies relayed membership lists to the coal Kentucky" to halt the terror in the Harlan operators, who discharged every union lead­ coal fields. The national government, the er. In May of 1934 Musick was arrested for

""Hearings, Part 12, pp. 4355^357; Part 10, p. 3597; Private Police Systems, 20-24; Hearings, Part "•'< Hearings, Part 11, pp. 3812-3818; Part 12, pp. 13, p. 4499. 4230-4238; Private Police Systems, 79-105.

19 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964

Committee observed, could do little "to re­ government would sue to protect."" Although store the elementary rights of Americans" to the trial of the Harlan defendants ended with its citizens." But the Committee underesti­ a hung jury and the declaration of a mistrial, mated its own achievements and the potential the Harlan County Coal Operators' Associa­ power of an aroused federal government. Even tion signed a contract with the United Mine before the hearings ended, counsel for the Workers to become effective on September 1, Pioneer Coal Company in Pineville, Kentucky, 1938. In response to this action the govern­ admitted to a Committee investigator that "the ment dropped its prosecution. Four months presence of you fellows in Pineville is very later the UMW secretary-treasurer in Harlan largely responsible" for the company's deci­ thanked Senator La Follette and his com­ sion to sign a contract with the United Mine mittee "for bringing peace to Harlan Coun­ Workers."" For at least the duration of the ty. . . .""" hearings, and even beyond, conditions in Har­ lan County improved noticeably. A week af­ "D Y the middle of May, 1937, the La Follette ter the hearings ended two mass meetings -*--' Committee could take considerable pride were held in Harlan without incident. When in its record. In mining, as in steel and autos, signs of deterioration set in, another branch it had demonstrated its ability to function si­ of the federal government made the momen­ multaneously as protector of the Bill of Rights, tous decision to step into the breach."" instrument of government labor policy, and On May 19 the Department of Justice or­ adjunct to the C.l.O. organizing drive. The dered agents of the Federal Bureau of Inves­ Committee performed each of these tasks ad­ tigation into Harlan County to investigate roitly, but only the C.l.O. engaged its passions. charges that the coal operators had violated While union organizers rallied the workers— the Wagner Act by conspiring to thwart union often with Committee investigators at their organization. Attorney General Homer Cum­ side—the Committee fought to secure the mings linked this investigation to the La union's rights. The success of the C.l.O. did Follette Committee disclosures and to com­ not depend upon the La Follette Committee, plaints made by John L. Lewis."' In Septem­ although union and Committee members oc­ ber a federal grand jury indicted twenty-four casionally behaved as though it did. But coal mining officials, twenty-three law en­ in 1936-1937 the C.l.O. had no assurance of forcement officers, and twenty-two coal min­ victory, and if the past were a guide it could ing corporations for conspiring to deprive expect only a resounding defeat. And the American citizens of rights secured to them Committee, in turn, had no assurance of sur­ by the Constitution and by federal statutes. vival; it needed to identify with, and draw The Justice Department, relying upon the sustenance from, a force greater than itself. Wagner Act and the restatement of an 1870 For mutually advantageous reasons, the La Reconstruction statute, acknowledged for the Follette Committee and the CIO enlisted each first time that the statutory right of workers other's support for the duration of their war. to organize was also a civil liberty which the They had their own rendezvous with destiny.

""New York Times, May 7, 1937. "'Ibid., April 17, 1938; Newsweek, May 30, 1938. "^ Jack B. Burke to Wohlforth, March 30, 1937, in "'C.l.O. News, September 3, 1938, October 9, 1939; LFC, Box 89. Martin McGeary, The Developments of Congressional ^ William Turnblazer to James F. Byrnes, July Investigative Power (New York, 1940), 90-91; Pri­ 6, 1937, in LFC, Box 87; Galenson, The CIO Chal­ vate Police Systems, 111-114. The NLRB also joined lenge, 204. La Follette was accused of using the in the attack on the Harlan coal operators. In No­ Harlan hearings as the foundation for a third party vember of 1937 it ordered the Clover Fork Coal Com­ in 1940, which he and John L. Lewis would presum­ pany to cease co-operation with the Harlan County ably have led. Oshkosh Northwestern, June 22, 1937, Coal Operators' Association and to reinstate sixty clipping in Legislative Reference Library, Madison. men discharged for union activities. "''New York Times, May 20, 1937.

20 Paul Vanderbilt

THE GRAND OLD REGIMENT

By STEPHEN Z. STARR

TN 1962, the critic Edmund Wilson made but for the most part Wilson is at his best -*- a splendid contribution to the centennial with those who became writers almost by acci­ of the Civil War with a volume of studies en­ dent—men and women who wrote memorably titled Patriotic Gore, dealing with the litera­ under the inspiration of their involvement in ture of the war. Wilson poses the rhetorical the war. Most fittingly, Abraham Lincoln question, "Has there ever been another his­ holds pride of place in the group. John torical crisis of the magnitude of 1861 - 1865 Brown's letters from prison, General Sher­ in which so many people were so articulate?"^ man's letters and memoirs, Mary Boykin Ches- The answer is obviously in the negative. To nut's diary, and General Richard Taylor's De­ prove this point, Wilson has written sixteen struction and Reconstruction clearly qualify essays in which he discusses the work of writ­ their respective authors for inclusion in this ers who were to an appreciable degree in­ select company. Rather surprisingly. General fluenced by the spiritual, intellectual, and poli­ Grant is also found among the elect, although tical crisis we call the Civil War. We expect his spare West Point prose, for all its austere to find, and do find, essays on professional clarity, is not generally thought to have the writers of recognized stature such as Harriet high literary merit which Wilson professes to Beecher Stowe, George W. Cable, Sidney La­ find in it. nier, Walt Whitman, and Ambrose Bierce, There is, however, one conspicuous omis­ sion in Wilson's survey of the literature evoked • Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the by the Civil War. Surprisingly, he has not American Civil War (New York, 1962), ix. given us an essay on what is in many respects

21 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964 the most characteristic literary by-product nent memorial to a military unit, and it is of the Civil War, namely, the regimental his­ with the three-year regiments and batteries tory. It is a rare war indeed, from the siege that the regimental history comes into its own. of Troy onward, which has not found its No complete bibliography of these works chroniclers, and every modern war has had a exists, and it is therefore impossible to state bounteous literary aftermath in the form of with complete certainty how many were pub­ reminiscences, memoirs, and, more recently, lished, but a reasonably close approximation apologia. But no war, ancient or modern, on may be attempted. Of the 134 three-year regi­ this or any other continent, has brought forth ments of cavalry and infantry contributed by so vast an array of unit histories as did the the state of Ohio, sixty-two published regi­ Civil War. The regimental history is not only mental histories;" in Pennsylvania, the tally a distinctive product of that war; it is also a is fifty-five regimental histories published by peculiar literary species with its own canons 103 three-year regiments of infantry and and, above all, its own special flavor. But cavalry.* Assuming that these two states are caveat emptor: the average regimental his­ fairly representative of the entire North, it tory is not everyone's dish of tea, and a course would follow that almost exactly half of the of reading in regimental histories is not to be three-year regiments preserved their experi­ undertaken lightly by even the most devout ences and accomplishments between the covers student of the Civil War or of American cul­ of a book. This would give us very nearly 800 ture in the dreary years that followed. Yet regimental histories. The actual number, there is many a rose hidden among the bram­ however, is certainly higher. A surprisingly bles, and there are unexpected rewards await­ large proportion of short-term regiments were ing those who have the patience and fortitude impelled to record for posterity the story of to acquire a taste for this arcane branch of their brief encounter with destiny. Also, the historiography. deeds and adventures of a number of three- year regiments were written and published by "DEFORE considering regimental histories two, and in some cases by three historians, -L' qualitatively as literature, it will be use­ working independently. The reasons for these ful to discuss them quantitatively, though ad­ tandem assaults on Mount Parnassus can no mittedly this is not a frame of reference cus­ longer be determined. tomarily employed in literary criticism. In the In addition to regimental histories proper, interest of coherence, this discussion must be the postwar years brought forth a spate of confined to the North. Southern regimental histories of individual companies, squadrons, histories exist, but they have their own very battalions, brigades, divisions, army corps, special characteristics which set them apart and armies, to say nothing of autobiographies, from the vastly more numerous regimental memoirs, "sketches," studies of individual histories spawned by the Northern states. The battles and campaigns, and memorial volumes Union sent to the war approximately 2,050 of every possible description. Annual reunions regiments of infantry and cavalry and bat­ were held by a host of regimental associations; teries of artillery." About 450 of these were every Northern state had its commandery of enlisted for short terms of service: thirty or the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of ninety days, six months, or one year; and the United States; and one by one, every 1,600 regiments and batteries were enlisted for major battlefield of the war became an out­ the normal period of three years. The thirty- door museum of statuary and monuments tes­ and sixty-day and six- and twelve-month regi­ tifying to the valor, or at least the presence ments were assembled for too short a time in the battle, of individuals, units of all sizes, to develop the corporate loyalties which are and troops representing the several states of needed to inspire the urge to create a perma­

'' C. E. Dornbusch, Regimental Publications & Per­ •' Frederick Phisterer, Statistical Record of the sonal Narratives of the Civil War (New York, 1962) Armies of the United States (New York, 1883), 22- Vol. I, Part V, 43-88. 23. *Ibid., Vol. I, Part IV, 29-71.

22 STARR: GRAND OLD REGIMENT the Union." Regimental reunions, conclaves of and thirteen dollars a month. Even recruits associations of larger scope, such as the As­ usually came from the same general area in sociation of the Army of the Cumberland, en­ which the regiment had been organized initial­ campments of the Grand Army of the Repub­ ly. Thus a regiment was a small, closed world, lic, meetings of the M.O.L.L.U.S., and dedica­ perfectly designed to nourish the growth of a tions of innumerable battlefield and civic mon­ corporate spirit, of a sense of identification. uments served to maintain a high level of in­ Fostered by the cohesive effect of serving to­ terest in the personalities and events of the gether for three years, these feelings were war, and were one and all the occasion for bound to find expression in an institutional reminiscence, the reading of papers, and ora­ history of some description. And the spiritual tory. Thus it came about that every partici­ and emotional atmosphere of the postwar pant in the war, however trifling his accom­ years provided a perfect setting for the en­ plishments, and every event, however insigni­ couragement of this form of historiography. ficant, could be reasonably certain of at least a modest share of immortality. nPHE first few regimental histories actually While histories were written of military ••- came off the presses before the end of the organizations smaller and larger than regi­ war, while Grant was still hammering away at ments, the regimental history is the most com­ Lee, and Sherman was touring eastern Georgia mon and the most rewarding type of unit his­ with his army. These were the histories of tory. This is so for two principal reasons. regiments mustered out in the summer of To begin with, the regiment was the basic tac­ 1864, after completing their terms of enlist­ tical and administrative unit of the Civil War ment. A larger number of histories appeared armies." With few exceptions, a regiment was in the years immediately following the end kept together and employed as a unit through­ of the war, in 1866, 1867, and 1868. Oddly out its life span, and until nearly the end of enough, many of these early arrivals were the the war, transfers of personnel from one regi­ work of former regimental chaplains. But ment to another were quite uncommon. Hence until about 1885 we see only the headwaters of all the members of a given regiment shared a the mighty literary stream that is to be. The common experience. Secondly, a Civil War golden age of the regimental history is the regiment, unlike the combat-strength regiment twenty-five-year span from 1885 to 1910, the of World War I and the regimental combat years in which somewhat more than half of our team of World War II, was of modest size. 800-odd histories saw the light of day.' It was Mustered in 850 to 1,200 strong, a few weeks inevitable that this should be so. By 1890 of camp life and the attrition of a first cam­ or 1895, the average veteran was a mature paign were usually sufficient to reduce its citizen in his fifties or early sixties. He had numbers to five or six hundred or even few­ achieved some degree of economic well-being. er. Even with the inclusion of recruits who were added from time to time, it was there­ fore small enough to permit all its members to become well acquainted, a process simpli­ ' A tabulation of the publication dates by decades fied by the fact that normally a regiment was of 222 histories of Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wis­ recruited in a small geographical area and the consin regiments and batteries yields the following men, for the most part, had been neighbors, data: schoolmates, and friends, or had at least a Per cent nodding acquaintance with each other long Years No. of titles of total To 1869 39 17.56% before they enlisted to fight for the Union 1870-1879 14 6.31% 1880 -1889 32 14.41% 1890 -1899 59 26.57% 1900 - 1909 52 23.42% ° Thus, the Chickamauga battlefield is a veritable 1910-1919 23 10.36% roster in stone of infantry regiments from Ohio. 1920 and later 3 1.37% " The basic administrative and tactical unit in the artillery was the battery; what is said in the text 222 100.00% about regiments of infantry and cavalry is equally Dornbusch, Regimental Publications, Vol. 1, Parts applicable to batteries of artillery. IV, V, and VI.

23 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964 with or without the aid of an ever-grateful comrades, and forget that you are grand­ government. He had also reached the com­ fathers. You will say, T, too, was there,' and parative leisure of middle age; he still pos­ 'mid the glow of such memories you will not sessed the energy, and now had the time for care that you are old. . . . As we call to the pious labor of erecting a monument more memory the things that happened in those enduring than brass" to what had been for him days our pulses quicken and the old fire lights and most of his comrades the most intensely up our eyes, as again we hear the bugle sound­ felt chapter of their lives. ing the charge, and see the sabers flash in the Even more compelling was the magical ef­ sunlight.'"" fect of the mere passing of the years. In the Above all, the Civil War, unlike World War years of the war, many a soldier, fresh from I, was not followed by a period of disillusion­ his classics, must have remembered the words ment; there was no one to assure the veteran of Virgil, Forsan et haec olim meminisse ju- that he had fought in vain. Hence he had the vabit. (Perhaps some day we shall rejoice sense of having participated in a noble en­ even in these memories.) That time had now deavor, and felt an unashamed pride in hav­ come. Twenty or thirty years softened the ing shared in the accomplishment of a great raw edges of what had been for many a bitter and most worthy purpose. All this had to be and often sordid experience. The memory of recorded, partly for the delectation of the sur­ disease and wounds, of hunger, fear, and squa­ viving comrades of the regiment and partly— lor, of the sound of bullets striking human or especially—for the edification of their flesh, of Marye's Heights, the Bloody Pond at children and grandchildren, and of posterity Shiloh, or the burning underbrush in the generally. In some mysterious way, this gen­ Wilderness, of the piles of amputated legs eration was aware, subconsciously perhaps and arms, of the foul horror of Andersonville but with a vivid immediacy nevertheless, that —all this remained, and all this and more was it is the record of great purposes worked out to be faithfully recorded. But time had worked in common that makes a nation." its sorcery, and these things were no longer the agony they had once been. The passing A ND so, at the next reunion of the Veterans' of time, coupled with a growing national -^~*- Association of the Regiment, it was for­ pride, had invested the war with a new and mally resolved that Comrade Smith, whose ad­ vividly felt enchantment. Justice Oliver Wen­ dresses at previous reunions had indicated dell Holmes spoke for an entire generation some degree of literary ability, should write when he said in 1884—and we may note the the history of the Grand Old Regiment. In date—"Through our great good fortune, in some cases, the task of writing the history was our youth our hearts were touched with fire. assigned not to an individual but to a team or It was given to us to learn at the outset that to a committee; in other cases, the appoint­ life is a profound and passionate thing."" ment of a historian proved to be unnecessary, What was most acutely present in the con­ inasmuch as it was learned that one or another sciousness of the Northern veteran twenty or of the comrades had of his own volition al­ thirty years after Appomattox was nostalgia ready begun the composition of a regimental for the brave days of his youth, the recollec­ history." Whatever the case, all comrades tion of cheerful male companionship, of what were exhorted to assist the historian in his had been, for all its hardships and dangers, labors by sending him their diaries and notes, an exhilarating experience, years of freedom from responsibility, a time of wide horizons, a grand and glorious three-year camping trip, all expenses paid by Uncle Sam. One of the •" Thomas Crofts, History of the Service of the regimental historians expressed these feelings Third, Ohio Veteran Volunteer Cavalry (Toledo, in the following words: "You will read it, 1910), 5, 210. " This awareness was no doubt at least partly the result of the work of the historians of the "Nationalist Tradition." " Horace, Exegi monumentum acre perennius. •'' Only three regimental histories known to the "Speeches by Oliver Wendell Holmes (Boston, present writer were not written by veterans of the 1918), 11. regiments concerned.

24 STARR: GRAND OLD REGIMENT

stories of their individual adventures, and their recollections of significant, interesting, and humorous incidents. We may digress for a moment, while Com­ rade Smith prepares to write his history, to point out that of about 800 regimental his­ tories, only some 700 had been published up to 1910, leaving about 100 volumes unac­ counted for. These laggards appeared in the years after 1910, when Appomattox already lay as far and farther in the past as Armistice Day, 1918, does from us. The procession was seemingly endless. Although most of the Boys in Blue, as they liked to call themselves, had already gone to their reward, and mem­ bers of Congress had lost their fear of the G. A. R., still the regimental histories kept appearing. Through the years of a vastly greater war and even later, so long as there were regiments whose deeds had not yet been chronicled and so long as a single survivor of the regiment remained to fill the void, there was never a year which did not supply its quota. The last of them, so far as the pre­ sent writer's knowledge goes, saw the light of day in 1925.'* It was a mere twenty-seven- page pamphlet, a far cry from the copious volumes of an earlier day, but a regimental history nonetheless. We have left Comrade Smith busily collect­ Most regimental histories were drably bound in un­ ing materials for his magnum opus. The local adorned hard covers. This example, employing red, black, and much gold leaf, is an exception. post office groans under the load of his cor­ respondence, and the local stationer experi­ silence, following the rule laid down in the ences a new prosperity. The adjutant general history of the First Maine Cavalry, that "no of his state supplies the roster of the regiment, unpleasant thing should appear relating to company by company, to form the indispens­ the record of any comrade."" If the history able, though not always correct, appendix of is written after 1880, the ample volumes of the history. It is essential that the names of the Official Records are levied upon for the all who were at any time members of the framework of orders and reports on which the regiment be recorded, with their dates of narrative can be woven.'' Generally used with muster-in and their subsequent fate: promo­ an uncritical confidence they do not always tions, wounds, death in action or by disease, merit, the Official Records are nevertheless date and circumstances of muster-out. An out­ a good guide for dates, names, and places, spoken minority of histories will also detail and equally good as a point of departure for information which the comrades concerned polemics. For, alas, our historian sometimes would much prefer to have remain in obli­ discovers that Colonel X, commanding the vion: desertion, demotion, dismissal from the regiment next in line at the battle of Muddy service, and the like. Commonly, however, Crossroads, or General Y, commanding the such misfortunes are passed over in decent "Edward P. Tobie, History of the First Maine Cavalry (Boston, 1887), 736. ^\The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the "•Homer Mead, The Eighth Iowa Cavalry the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies Civil War (Carthage, Illinois, 1925). (128 vols., Washington, D. C, 1880 - 1901).

25 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964 brigade of which Comrade Smith's unit of life. Nor, above all, will they find the formed a part, have failed to give our regi­ slightest hint of doubt about the essential ment adequate credit for the glorious charge rightness of the war. To Comrade Smith and or the stern defense that won or saved the day his fellows, the war was and forever remained on that stricken field; or, even worse, have a glorious crusade to preserve the Union and credited these heroic deeds to another regi­ to establish freedom on a new and more se­ ment. It then becomes necessary to set the cure foundation. It is not one of Comrade record straight, and it is Comrade Smith's Smith's objectives to analyze the validity of grateful duty to serve the cause of historical this article of faith, far less to question it. truth, especially if the occasion calls for a re­ His goal is much more humble; it is, as has futation of the base calumny that our regi­ been said, to tell a story. But it is to be a ment gave less than a good account of itself at story with a moral. Within the limitations of Muddy Crossroads. his usually modest skills he will try, as the More often than not. Comrade Smith does historians of the Thirteenth Tennessee Caval­ his best to present a historically accurate nar­ ry put it, "to tell, in simple words, the story rative. He does not have a trained historian's of the struggles and hardships, sufferings and expertise in the sifting of evidence, and in patient endurance, of loyal men . . . who any case, one must expect him to give his own loved their flag . . . and were willing 'to regiment the benefit of the doubt and perhaps dare all things and endure all things' for the a little more. A moderate degree of partiality love they bore their country."" is, after all, not unknown even among profes­ sional historians, and Comrade Smith writes pOMRADE SMITH begins his narrative on a subject in which his emotions and sym­ ^^ with the formation of the regiment, and a pathies are deeply engaged. He will confess strange tale it is in the ears of a generation to being troubled by the discrepancies be­ accustomed to the cold impersonality of a tween the official record and the diaries and draft system. Then, if he writes of a regi­ contemporary letters of his comrades on the ment organized in the first months of the one hand, and his and their recollections after war, comes an incredible story of men with­ the lapse of twenty or thirty years on the out weapons or uniforms, of camps without other. He will do the best he can with his tents or barracks, of hospitals without beds material, but without parading his integrity in or medicines, of volunteer officers as ignorant the manner of Sergeant James Larson, Fourth of the ARC'S of drill and discipline as the United States Cavalry, who began his history greenest of their men; in short, of all the with a sworn and notarized affidavit attesting muddle of a peaceable democracy going to that his narrative contained nothing that was war. But here, as everywhere in our regimen­ not true and correct, or that was exaggerated tal histories, we are not given "the big pic­ in any way." ture," embellished with reflections on its sig­ Comrade Smith never loses sight of his pri­ nificance, but the telling detail. No generaliza­ mary duty, which is to tell a tale, to produce tion can so graphically present the shortages an interesting narrative. His comrades do not of the first year of the war, and the odd ways expect from him, nor will they get, a disquisi­ in which they were sometimes overcome, than tion on the fundamental issues of the war. a passage from the history of a Maine regi­ Neither will their hearts be troubled by find­ ment which tells of its trials in November and ing in his work any trace of disenchantment December, 1861, in weather that was bitterly with the postwar world of fraud, scandal, vul­ cold even by Maine standards: "The condition garity, and the breaking up of familiar ways of the men in camp attracted the attention of . . . the Legislature, and a bill was intro­ duced to give each man an extra blanket, at

" Sergeant Larson — 4th Cavalry, edited by A. L. Blum (San Antonio, Texas, 1935). Except for its form, Larson's diverting story is a true regimental " Samuel W. Scott and Samuel P. Angel, History history, especially welcome because it deals with a of the Thirteenth Regiment, Tennessee Volunteer regiment of regulars. Cavalry, U. S. A. (Philadelphia, 1903), 14.

26 STARR: GRAND OLD REGIMENT

the expense of the state, but after some dis­ period of service, are faithfully and minutely cussion, it was so amended as to authorize recorded. What the men thought of their of­ the governor to give one to such as he thought ficers and the officers of their men; what they deserved it; and with this amendment, the bill thought of other regiments, other branches of passed."" the service, and the enemy; their political Or how can the state of military innocence attitudes; how they viewed Southerners white in which the volunteer of 1861 tackled the and black and the "peculiar institution"; in job of putting down the Rebellion be de­ short, anything and everything that can befall scribed with greater economy than was done two million men over a span of three or four by the historian of the Second Iowa Cavalry, years, from the most significant to the most who tells us that in camp at Davenport, the trivial, is to be found in regimental histories. regiment "was occupied in learning the school There is, of course, much repetition. This of the trooper dismounted, and acquiring the is to be expected. The experiences of every knowledge of fencing under the tutorage of a regiment in a given branch of the service and German gladiator by the name of Graupner. in the same theatre of war tended to be Officers paid him $5.00 each; enlisted men similiar. We are told the same stories time $2.50 for his instruction.'"" All that needs to and time again of fraternization across the be said about the state of discipline in the picket lines, of long marches through bottom­ Union army can be found in any one of less mud or choking dust, of the daily hunt several dozen regimental histories. To take for food, of the interminable vidette duty, of an example at random, consider the case of a the pleasures of the mail. But even when the trooper in the Second Michigan Cavalry, iden­ stories are superficially most similar, there tified only as "Charley." Colonel Gordon is usually some touch about them that is Granger, in the course of a visit to the stables, unique. We are shown the war as it was found Charley grooming his horse in a man­ seen through many different pairs of eyes. ner unknown to the regulations. Said the One historian was a chaplain; another a regi­ Colonel to Charley, "What are you doing mental surgeon; a third an orderly sergeant; there?" "None of your d business," re­ a fourth a line officer promoted from the plied Charley. "Do you know who I am?" ranks; a fifth a bugler; a sixth a quartermas­ the Colonel asked, and Charley replied, "No! ter; another a color sergeant; and yet another Nor I don't care a d ." This was too much had never been anything more than a lowly for the West Point-trained Colonel Granger. but contented private. Each of them saw the He "seized a piece of board and was about to army, the war, and the world from a different 'break up camp,' when a pitch fork was caught level and from a different point of view; up, and rushing at the Colonel, Charley drove each had his own preoccupations and his own him out of the stable.""" standards of significance. Therefore the sum We have cited from three regimental his­ total of their writings is a rounded picture tories anecdotes illustrating three facets of of the war, matchless in its rich diversity of army life. One could go on and cite passages detail. on every conceivable aspect of the Civil War, everything the men saw and heard and did and experienced, from the formation of their TJUT more than this, regimental histories regiment to its muster-out. All their many -*--' are human documents of the first im­ trials, all their joys and pleasures, their opi­ portance. During the past hundred years, nions on every subject under the sun, their every field of human activity has become in­ reactions to all the varied incidents of their stitutionalized to the degree that the organi­ zation is more important than its parts and has a life independent of the human beings who compose it. Not so during the Civil War. •" Tobie, First Maine Cavalry, 13. " Lyman B. Pierce, History of the Second Iowa The army was made up of free-born Ameri­ Cavalry (Burlington, Iowa), 11. cans. Regimental pride and loyalty were cer­ ™ Marshall P. Thatcher, A Hundred Battles in the tainly not lacking, but no volunteer ever for­ West, St. Louis to Atlanta, 1861 — 65; The Second Michigan Cavalry (Detroit, 1884), 276. got, or allowed anyone else, especially offi-

27 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964 cers, to forget, that he had been a citizen be­ read by them, their families, and their friends. fore he became a soldier. He never became What is he to do with such subjects? What a mere number or a nameless standardized is he to say about the thieves and drunkards, cog in a giant machine. Through thick and the confirmed shirkers and inalingerers, the thin, he retained his individuality. This spirit cowards and incompetents of every rank, of permeates every regimental history. The story which his regiment had its full share? One is told not in terms of the regiment as an en­ historian—one of many—fudges the subject tity, but in terms of its human components: entirely, declaring that his "chief object has the individual footsoldier, trooper, or gunner. been to tell about the First Kentucky Cavalry It is always Private or Sergeant or Lieutenant —what they did and how; giving as high Jones who holds the center of the stage, and coloring as is allowable to their virtues, and everything—the march, the camp, the battle— charitably smoothing over as much as possi­ is recounted from his point of view. The event ble of their short comings.""' The history of or situation is never so important as is Jones' the First Massachusetts Cavalry was written involvement in it. In many regimental his­ by two separate historians, but it is not tories, the history proper is followed by a from their works, but rather from the subse­ number of papers in which members of the quently published letters of a member of the regiment recount some memorable experience. regiment that one learns that the first colonel These first-person reminiscences heighten the of the regiment became hopelessly demoralized strongly subjective effect that is the most pro­ and drunk in any emergency."" Some histo­ nounced common characteristic of regimental rians, on the other hand, are men of the histories. Whatever else may be said about world. They weave into their narratives in­ them, they were not written for those whose stances of misconduct on the part of the men, tastes in literature run to depersonalized ideas but treat them in a boys-will-be-boys spirit. or to impersonal objectivity. Others gravely tell us that there was much evil in the army, but that their regiment, made It is to be expected that Comrade Smith will up of the very finest human material, was a tell his story in a businesslike way, in a realis­ model of good conduct, which is more than tic spirit, and so he does. There are no half- can be said of some other regiments that the lights in his story, no tremulous obscurities. writer could name if he wished, and he gener­ Everything is sharply defined, concrete. Nor ally does. Still other historians are of the is the unpleasant always evaded. Within the school of the veiled hint. Thus, the historian limits of what was considered permissible in of the First New York Cavalry tells us that the late nineteenth century, the average regi­ "The court house in which John Brown was mental history is outspoken enough. We are tried was explored. . . . Some things were made to see the piles of amputated limbs, to done by a few lawless soldiers that were hear the screams of disemboweled horses, to severely condemned by the better ones.""" smell the heaps of unburied dead. Finally, there is a surprisingly numerous In the more delicate areas of conduct, we minority of historians who call a spade a run the gamut of a wide variety of attitudes. spade. One of them tells us, "On our march The Civil War was not the Quest for the Holy this forenoon we overtook numerous refugees Grail. The men of the Union army behaved from the vicinity of Atlanta. The men seemed in much the same way as soldiers always do. to have no mercy on this class of people, and They got drunk when they had the chance. made free with horses, mules and everything They gambled, swore, and robbed friendly and else that seemed to strike their fancy; and it enemy civilians with jaunty impartiality; they committed acts of senseless destruction and murderous brutality; they patronized houses of ill fame wherever prostitutes were available. "• Eastham Tarrant, The Wild Riders of the First Kentucky Cavalry (Louisville, 1894), v. Our regimental historian writes about com­ ""Charles Francis Adams, 1835 - 1915; an Auto­ rades and friends who have reached the status biography, edited by C. F. Adams (Boston, 1916), of respectable fathers of families and pillars 138. "" WilUam H. Beach, The First New York (Lincoln) of the community. He writes a book to be Cavalry (New York, 1902), 287.

28 STARR: GRAND OLD REGIMENT was sometimes distressing to see their blank, vacant stare, as they would be left with their wagon on the road minus horses and mules.""' The historian of the Second Iowa Cavalry is even more explicit: "Rations were scarce, and the boys were compelled to do a great deal of foraging. . . . This system of foraging was made the means of many great wrongs in­ flicted on the citizens. As the men were not only allowed, but compelled, to forage for food, many stopped not when their necessities were supplied . . . and they carried on a whole­ sale robbery business. Money, watches, jew­ elry and valuables of any kind were stolen by them. . . . They were literally thieves and robbing banditti.'" It is to be noted that besides their frank­ ness, these two extracts also have in common a feeling of compassion for the victims of war. This attitude pervades nearly every Northern regimental history. If there was a generalized hatred of the South in the Union army, one does not find it reflected in the regimental Foraging band members stuff a live pig into the histories. The low cultural level and the poor regimental drum; an illustration from The History husbandry of the South are matters for dis­ of the Thirty-Ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry (1889). approving comment; the slab-sided, snuff- dipping womankind of the hill country and the bohm's phrase, he is a very old acquaintance excessively vocal, ultra-secessionist women of whom we are anxious to drop. Later, in the the towns are referred to in a tone of con­ intellectual climate of the "New Nationalism" temptuous amusement; mocking expressions of the 1880's and 1890's, the Confederate like "the Chivalry" and "the sacred soil" soldier becomes heroic in his own right. He are used time and time again. But nowhere is placed upon a pedestal of respectful admi­ do we find a tone of real hostility toward the ration and becomes a valiant and honorable Southern people. This total absence of bitter­ foe fighting for a cause in which he believes ness or vindictiveness, so different from the as sincerely as does the Northern soldier in waving of the bloody shirt in Congress at the the preservation of the Union. The hatred very time when many regimental histories we find in regimental histories is reserved for were written, also characterizes the references the turncoat and the secret enemy, the Copper­ to the Confederate soldier. No single word head and the bushwhacker. or phrase will define the attitude toward the late enemy which we find expressed in regi­ TT may be doubted if any regimental his- mental histories. To call it ambivalent begs -*- torian had delusions of becoming the the question. Even in the earliest-published Thucydides of the Civil War, or even, in a volumes, the Southern soldier is treated as a phrase of the day, of "aspiring to the laurels" dangerous but amiable nuisance, no worse of Xenophon, whom we may salute as the than a muddy camp or the Tennessee quick­ father of the regimental history. If a resur­ step, and just as impersonal. In Max Beer- rected Comrade Smith were to read a dis­ cussion of his unpretentious saga from the standpoint of its style, he would probably ex­ perience the same pleasurable surprise as did ^ Benjamin F. McGee, History of the 72nd Indiana Monsieur Jourdain of Le Bourgeois Gentil- Volunteer Infantry of the Mounted Lightning Brigade homme when he learned that he had been (Lafayette, Indiana, 1882), 346. ^ Pierce, Second Iowa Cavalry, 114. speaking prose all his life. The fascination of

29 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964 regimental histories lies in the tale they tell, humor typical of the era in which Mark not in the stylistic distinction of the writing. Twain's best writing was produced; others Many of our historians write with the self- fill their pages with anecdotes of the kind one conscious gravity of much late-nineteenth- hears at college reunions—exquisitely funny century American literature; they follow the to those in the know but incomprehensible best models of their day, and their earnest­ to outsiders. Stock phrases and cliches appear ness is fortified by the amateur's determina­ with lamentable frequency. The rain always tion not to fall short of his own or his com­ "poured down in torrents"; the regiment al­ rades' expectations. We are unable to judge ways faced "a galling fire," in spite of which the literary quality of the two regimental his­ it succeeded in "driving the enemy like chaff tories written in German, or of two others before the wind" until "night put an end written in Swedish, but so far as those writ­ to the conflict." Similarly, the self-same anec­ ten in English are concerned, the result of dotes greet us like old and at last unwelcome this determination varies greatly in quality, friends. We are told too many times of the from the barely literate to the truly eloquent."" night when the men were given permission to The misguided historian of the Seventh In­ use a farmer's fence rails to build their fires, diana Cavalry, perhaps with the Iliad in his but were forbidden to take any but the top mind's eye, wrote his history in verse, and rail. Of course when that is removed, the next merely succeeded in proving that in his hand, rail down becomes the top rail and therefore the sword was mightier than the pen."' His it too is taken, and so on down to the bottom epic was mercifully brief, but no more so until the entire fence disappears. And very than the thirteen-page history in which the few historians of western regiments fail to following passage is found: regale us with at least one sample of the strange words of command used by officers We fought on July 7th at Williamsport. of Kentucky and Tennessee regiments, as for July 8th fought near Boonesboro. July 9th example: "Now, all you critter-back fellers fought at Boonesboro. July 10th fought of the Third Tennessee regiment, fall in heah south of Boonesboro. July 11th fought on —lively now—form two strings and march Antietam and Funktown road. July 12th out endwise—like you saw them Pennsylvania and July 13th had hard fighting and drove fellers do yesterday—damn you all, git!""° the rebel cavalry about five miles from There is, also, rather too much sentimentality Funktown."* for the more matter-of-fact taste of our day, and sometimes outright bathos. Too often At the opposite extreme from the more than the writing is flat and pedestrian, or, at the Spartan brevity of this chronicle, we have opposite extreme, it has the ornately rhetori­ monsters of 700 to 800 large and closely cal, red-plush quality that disfigured much printed pages, recounting in minute detail the American writing until a generation ago. events of a four-year war which is made to appear even longer to us by the manner of the telling than it must have seemed to the UT these are blemishes inseparable from participants. B amateur writing, and we are compensated Some regimental historians write with a for all the cliches, all the pointless anecdotes, genuine and exuberantly American sense of and all the melodrama by a great deal of very direct, clear-eyed reporting, by many pages written with straightforward crispness and ef­ fortless simplicity. Above all, we find much "" The two histories in German are those of the that is vivid and colorful, many passages in Ninth Ohio Infantry and of the Seventy-Fifth Penn­ sylvania Infantry; the Swedish histories are both which people, scenery, and events, the fever- of the same regiment, the Fifteenth Wisconsin In­ fantry. ^ James H. S. Lowes, Unwritten History of the 7th Indiana Cavalry in the War of the Rebellion (Balti­ more, 1899). ^ Joseph G. Vale, Minty and the Cavalry (Harris­ ^ A. C. Weaver, Third Indiana Cavalry, A Brief Ac­ burg, Pennsylvania, 1886), 133. Vale's spelling, in­ count of the Actions in which They Took Part tended to represent the East Tennessee dialect, has (Greenwood, Indiana, 1919), 5. been altered slightly.

30 STARR: GRAND OLD REGIMENT ish excitement of battle and the gruesome and the coffee pot to boil. . . . Supper is sights and sounds of its aftermath, the hos­ ready. . . . Then it is, when with lighted tility of the elements, and all the circumstances pipes we gather around the fire after sup­ of a soldier's life and death, are described per, that the practical joker does his best. . . . Then the boss gasser (every mess with great felicity, in striking words, with an has one) comes to the front . . . and tells obvious genuineness that many a professional his newest, best and biggest, with as much writer may envy. zest as if any one believed a word he said. Much more might be said about our regi­ The troubles of the day are forgotten in the mental histories; for example, one might spe­ intense enjoyment of the occasion, and the culate on the possible reasons why the his­ growling, snapping and cursing of a few tories of certain regiments were never writ­ hours ago are buried by jests, yarns, laugh­ ten. Why is there no history of the Twenty- ter and songs. The rain ceases to fall; notes on the sights and sounds of the day Third Ohio Infantry, which had in its ranks are made and compared; the military situa­ two future Presidents of the United States? tion discussed. . . . We are just about to One might examine also the curious economics lay our weary bones to rest . . . when hark! of publishing generous-sized, copiously illus­ away down the valley, at headquarters, the trated volumes for a buying public of a few division band strikes up . . . when all at hundred. But it is more fitting to conclude once the whole division break out in such a by quoting a passage from one of the best tremendous, overwhelming cheer that the regimental histories. It is a genre painting foundations of the hills shake! The music ceases, the cheering stops; the stillness of in words, and will perhaps demonstrate why death creeps along the valley, and in 30 these books continue to attract readers. Let minutes every soldier is in the land of us, then, join the Seventy-Second Indiana dreams."" Mounted Infantry after it has gone into camp after a long day's march in the rain: Rousing fires soon begin to make our wet clothes smoke and the sow belly to sizzle ' McGee, 72nd Indiana, 31.

31 All photos 'oy the author

Outcroppings of buff limestone east of Madison—a typical rock formation which inspired much of Frank Lloyd Wright's stonemasonry.

FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT IN WISCONSIN: Prophet in His Own Country

By RICHARD W. E. PERRIN

his career he was studiously avoided by his own profession. pRANK LLOYD WRIGHT, distinguished But finally, there came recognition—even -*- American architect, was born in Rich­ in his own America. The American Institute land Center, Wisconsin, on June 8, 1869. He of Architects came to pay homage by award­ ing him its highest honor, the Gold Medal. died in Phoenix, Arizona, on April 9, 1959. This took place in 1949, and in 1955 the At the time of his death he was immersed in University of Wisconsin conferred upon him more work than at any time during an in­ the honorary degree of Doctor of Fine Arts. credibly prodigious career that began in 1887 His measure was well taken by James Marston and extended over a span of seventy-two Fitch, who observed that with the passing of years. He was showered with international Frank Lloyd Wright, American architecture honors ranging from a decoration by the Em­ had lost its one authentic giant.' With rare peror of Japan to be being made a citizen of courage, he had fought for nearly three- Florence, but recognition came slowly and at quarters of a century—first to establish, and the very last in his native land, attesting the then to defend his architectural principles. biblical verity that "a prophet is not without Contemporary American architecture stands honor, save in his own country, and in his own house." For years he was deliberately ignored by American governmental bodies on every level—municipal, county, state, and fed­ ' James Marston Fitch, "A Tribute—Frank Lloyd Wright 1869-1959," in Architectural Forum (May, eral—and during an equally long period of 1959), 109.

32 PERRIN: FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT very largely upon the foundations he supplied. can not be assessed without making an esti­ Out of technical advances he made esthetic mate of his personality and without reckoning inventions, and in this sense he was one of with his idiosyncrasies as well as his talent. the principal inventors of the modern Ameri­ As stated by Lewis Mumford, Frank Lloyd can house." Wright's individual feelings and convictions While his greatest achievements occurred "so dominate his constructions, that his build­ during the twentieth century, Frank Lloyd ings are corporeal extensions of his person­ Wright was a product of the nineteenth cen­ ality. This means that to love his buildings, tury and its romantic attitudes. He was de­ and especially his houses, you must love the scribed as an anarchist like Thoreau, an man and accept his philosophy of life."" But idealist like Emerson, a humanist like Whit­ this is the philosophy of romanticism with its man, an iconoclast like Twain, and at all inordinate claims for the individual ego and times absolutely independent from the esthetic its contempt for men and institutions which forces of his times." Thus, presaged by do not conform to it. Thus it is that, ideally, Thoreau's dream of "a larger and more popu­ each of Wright's buildings must stand alone— lous house, standing in a golden age, of endur­ as he stood alone personally—free from the ing materials, and without gingerbread work, support of other buildings, in a completely which shall consist of only one room, a vast, "natural" setting. In a real sense each build­ rude, substantial, primitive hall without ceil­ ing is a solo performance. Again, as Mum­ ing or plastering, with bare rafters and purlins ford points out, such insistence upon unre­ supporting a sort of lower heaven over one's strained individual freedom was an evident head," Frank Lloyd Wright's houses, and indication of Wright's inability or unwilling­ especially their interiors, were creations in ness to understand either the urban or the bare brick and stone, unpainted wood and urbane. His great dislike for cities, especially cavernous fireplaces. In a sense they were American cities, prevented him from bring­ a fulfillment of Thoreau's concept of a house ing his genius to bear on the paramount prob­ "whose inside is as open and manifest as a lem of modern architecture, which is to re­ bird's nest" and "a cavernous house, wherein turn individuality, spontaneity, amenity, and you must reach up a torch upon a pole to see beauty into the huge urban collectives that the roof . . . lofty enough to create some now operate so compulsively. Wright felt all obscurity overhead, and where flickering cities to be so unbearable that the best thing shadows may play at evening about the to do was to get out of them. rafters."* Nevertheless, in retracing the course of Wright spoke and wrote fluently in a vig­ Wright's long battle for what he called "or­ orous, undisciplined style of his own which ganic" architecture—in his spoken words, his has been described as "a lush, unpruned, thun­ writings, and his buildings—there appears an derous mixture of Whitman and Carlyle.'"^ astonishing consistency and an unyielding Unfortunately, his verbal expositions some­ commitment to principle. Nothing in his life times became obscure and therefore never ever outweighed his dedication to his art. fully expressive of his architectural principles. Thus it is not difficult to agree with Mumford It is in his buildings that these principles that "even if one does not enjoy all of Wright's are seen more clearly, but even here his per­ dwelling houses, one must admire the in­ sonality is so richly infused in all of his tegrity of their logic and their positive char­ work that architectural criticism in the or­ acter."' It may also well be, as perceptively dinary sense is very difficult. His buildings stated by the late Eero Saarinen, that "we are still too close to him, and it is difficult to distinguish between the great message he, in

"Ibid., 110. "Ibid., 109. * Henry D. Thoreau, Walden, with an introduction, interpretation, comments, photographs and descrip­ " Lewis Mumford, "The Skyline—A Phoenix Too tive captions by Edwin Way Teale (Dodd, Mead Infrequent," in The New Yorker (November 28, and Company, New York, 1946), 214, 215. 1953), 138. " Fitch, op. cit.. 111. ''Ibid., 135.

33 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964

his concept of architecture, has given and the T^^-.f personal style which should remain his own. As time goes by, his contribution will ring clearer and become part of the architecture of generations to come.""

"pRANK LLOYD WRIGHT'S life and work -*- in architecture may be broadly divided into seven chronological periods—the early years, 1887-1893, apprenticeship; the Prairie Style, 1893-1910, in which the underlying concepts of the modern house were developed; the Taliesin interlude, 1910-1916, which in­ cluded the first building of his own great house and studios; the Japanese years, 1916- 1922, and the epic building of the Imperial Hotel; the California period, 1922-1929, which marked the creative use of concrete Taliesin, near Spring Green: from the hillgarden block as an architectural medium; the years looking west towards the dining wing. 1929-1941, in which Wright formed his own school for architectural training and developed ing down what he considered the insufferable the Usonian house; and the war years and limitations of the "box." Actually, he was not world architecture, 1941-1959, with new vi­ alone in this effort, as may be seen in much sions and new buildings." of the work of the first so-called "Chicago From the beginning, the heaviest concen­ School."" Here, during the 1880's, American tration of Wright-designed buildings was in architecture gradually threw off its indecision the Midwest, specifically in and around the and confusion in order to meet new building Chicago area, although there are examples of tasks with originality and ingenuity, and with completed work in at least thirty-five states, reliance upon the increasingly impressive arm­ aggregating more than five hundred struc­ amentarium of new mechanical and structural tures. Wisconsin, his home state, contains devices. While formal classicism was the win­ only forty significant buildings of his design, ner, temporarily, in the battle of styles, func­ but interestingly enough, of the seventeen tional architecture eventually asserted itself. Wright buildings in America which were It was the Chicago atmosphere of the late selected by the National Trust for Historic nineteenth century which made it possible for Preservation as being worthy of being "for­ a phenomenon like Frank Lloyd Wright to ever preserved," four are in Wisconsin. They appear. The significant difference between are Taliesin III near Spring Green, as rebuilt Wright and his Chicago School contempo­ in 1925; the S. C. Johnson administration raries was that for most of them this new building in Racine, built in 1936-1939; the approach seems to have been a passing phase Unitarian Church in Madison, built in 1947; of architectural stylism, while for Wright it and the Helio-Laboratory of S. C. Johnson was only the beginning for further develop­ Company at Racine, built in 1950.'° ment. He persisted in the task where they had left off. Frank Lloyd Wright's life-long attacks on conventional architecture began with break- There was a great deal of character and originality of motive in the work of the Chicago School architects. An important pre- " Eero Saarinen, "A Tribute to Frank Lloyd Wright," in Architectural Forum (May, 1959), 113. figuration of future developments, notably in " See Edgar Kaufmann and Ben Raeburn, Frank the work of Wright, was their use of strong Lloyd Wright: Writings and Buildings (Meridian Books, Inc., New York, 1960) and Henry Russell Hitchcock, In the Nature of Materials (Duel, Sloan and Pearce, New York, 1942). "Siegfried Giedion, Space, Time and Architec­ ^° See The Prairie School Review, Vol. I, No. 1 ture: The Growth of a New Tradition (Harvard (1964), 18. University Press, Cambridge, 1962), 389.

34 PERRIN: FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT

horizontal lines, as being most in keeping tions of Frank Lloyd Wright's early twentieth- with the flat plains of the Central West. This century prairie houses. dominant horizontality brought about a new Wright's earliest work did not differ ma­ look in domestic architecture throughout the terially from that of his Chicago School con­ whole country, even though somewhat differ­ temporaries. His plans were formal and often ently manifested in the West, the East, in the symmetrically laid out according to conven­ mountains, and along the seacoasts. An im­ tional patterns. But by 1900 he had begun to portant offshoot of this architectural move­ open up the traditional axial plan toward the ment was the development of the ubiquitous central fireplace and the garden at the rear. American bungalow. The word itself suggests Soon living and dining spaces began to flow derivations from the Bengalese houses erected together, and walls were separated into con­ by the British in India during the late nine­ tinuous windows and solid masonry masses. teenth century.'" These bungalows were never Rooms started to merge around the fireplace more than one storey high, they never had and reach out into deep covered porches. By dormers, and their straightforward, open plans 1916 most of Wright's plans were frankly (generally articulated in a low, rambling mass asymmetrical, and beginning in the 1920's he with wide verandas, overhanging eaves, and laid out most of his floor plans on a modular unbroken roof lines) related them to the best grid and in clearly defined zones. From here American work being done not only by the it was a short step to the "Usonian" house Chicago architects, but with extraordinary of the 1930's in which the basement and attic distinction by architects elsewhere in the were gone for good and the house hugged country. The general use of the bungalow the ground on a radiant-heated concrete mat, as an American dwelling type, and its event­ and fireplace, kitchen, bathroom, and utility ual vulgarization, occurred during the first room were clustered in a central service core. quarter of the twentieth century. The cur­ In the more pretentious houses of this period, rently popular "ranch" house is a hybrid he used changing floor levels to define spaces, descendant of the bungalow, mixed with adap- and rooms and balconies were raised and strung out along a river or projected from a natural promontory when there was an ex­ ceptionally fine view to be had. •" Henry H. Saylor, Bungalows—Their Design, Construction and Furnishings, with Suggestions also Then, around 1940, Wright broke away for Camps, Summer Homes and Cottages of Similar from the right-angle itself, using hexagonal Character (McBride, Nast and Company, New York, 1913), 5. and triangular grids upon which to base his house plans. A few years later he turned to swirling arcs which he eventually took into full circles and ellipses.'" These unusual geo­ metrical departures were often the object of sharp and critical comment. Dr. Otto Volckers, a prominent German architect, questioned "whether Wright was really justified in his condemnation and 'sovereign contempt' of modern 'box building' when he takes entire house plans and forces them onto a Pro­ crustean bed of plan abstractions—only that here it is not rectangles, but acute-angled lozenges and triangles, and even six-cornered honeycombs."" In this latter-day work of

'" See Frank Lloyd Wright Supplement in Architec­ tural Forum (June, 1959). " Otto Volckers, "Uber die Baukunst Frank Lloyd Wrights," in Glas Forum: Architektur, Raumkunst, Gebrauch, I, 1953 (Verlag Karl Hofmann, Schorn- The S.C. Johnson Building in Racine berg bei Stuttgart), 39.

35 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964

Wright, Volckers saw "no glorious dawning It was therefore possible for Wright to change of a new and more wholesome architecture." without repudiating his earlier work. The Instead, he saw "a sunset, a last baroque composite image of Wright's architecture is swan song of the hopeful, joyous years around like that produced by a kaleidoscope, in which 1910, in which this new art of building was elements appear and vanish, and reappear still partly a dream, and without doubt among transformed; fresh juxtapositions surprise us. its awakeners, Frank Lloyd Wright." Lewis But, no matter how often the ingredients Mumford called Wright's planning extrava­ shift into new patterns, they are, after all, gances "willfulness" which turned the artist bound together by a single process. Some into a "Wagnerian superman, if not a god, of these patterns must seem to us more beau­ whose intuitions became divine judgments; tiful than others, but most beautiful of all is whose instinctive preferences became dogmas, the process by which they are made.'"" whose word finally became law.'"" Pursuing Wright's houses were seldom cheap to build, the point, Mumford observed that Wright, despite his free acceptance of the machine "fully aware of his arrogance, has gaily de­ and his insistence on its potentials for mass fended it on the ground that arrogance is production." His dislike of the typical and more decent than simulated humility," and, the generic made his actual use of the machine granting that while this may be true, arro­ a limited activity. Most of his buildings, gance was not necessarily better than "real except for a few so-called "pre-fabs," were humility—the kind that learns through self- conventionally constructed, and sometimes at examination and from its errors." inordinately high costs because building con­ Here again is a good example of judgment tractors, mechanics, and suppliers were gen­ being made on Wright's personality rather erally unfamiliar with his techniques. Some than his work, and how difficult it is to sep­ of them couldn't even read his drawings, arate the two! It must always be borne in which were as out-of-the-ordinary as the mind that Wright scorned to imitate himself buildings themselves. As to Wright's clients, as much as he loathed to be imitated. Draw­ it is again Mumford who observes that "every ing on his seemingly inexhaustible facility to house Mr. Wright builds is his own house conceive new constructional forms and use and the people who live in them are not old materials in fresh ways, he often risked clients, but his guests. . . . His houses seem failure with a new design instead of playing to show that he was thinking not of his it safe and instead of courting perfection by clients' needs, but of the architect's own refining and re-refining old, familiar forms. desires and delights." Mumford calls this It is in this context that Wright's philosophy "misplaced creativity," charging that when and his work differed most profoundly from "denied a sufficient outlet for the imperious that of his professional contemporaries dur­ demands of his genius, Wright has too often ing the nearly three-quarters century of his been impelled to make his own opportunities. practice. One of Wright's most distinguished So when he finds a client willing to play with apologists, Arthur Drexler, puts it this way: him, he has a tendency to project into a "Part of the beauty of Wright's work is the building, regardless of economic limitations release it offers from the idea of perfection. or functional requirements, all his pent-up His architecture, like life itself, renders per­ creativeness.""* Again, this is a judgment of fection irrelevant. With every theme he ex­ the man, his personality, and his character, plored, Wright revealed a fresh realm of rather than his work—although this is ad- possibilities. When he repeated and varied his themes it was to rediscover the universal in the particular, in the unique event. In Wright's architecture every event has sig­ •" Arthur Drexler, The Drawings of Frank Lloyd nificance, but there is no final event, no per­ Wright (Published for the Museum of Modern Art fect answer: history can not come to an end. by Horizon Press, New York, 1962), 16. " Frank Lloyd Wright, "The Art and Craft of the Machine," an address to the Chicago Arts and Crafts Society on March 6, 1901, in Edgar Kaufmann and Ben Raeburn, op. cit., 55-73. ' Mumford, op. cit., 133. 1* Mumford, op. cit., 118.

36 PERRIN: FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT

mittedly a fine distinction to make in the pened, his prediction proved to be correct. case of Frank Lloyd Wright. In any event, Early plans for the Hillside School were Wright's clients generally seem to have en­ also drawn at about this time by "amateur joyed the experience of having had him for me," as Wright called himself. Major con­ their architect, and the proportion of dis­ struction took place in 1903 according to his enchanted clients was probably not any greater plans, by that time confidently professional. than that experienced by the average architect These buildings, built of tawny local lime during a lifetime of practice. and sandstone, seem to fold right into the gently sloping hillside, disclosing very elo­ "pRANK LLOYD WRIGHT'S Wisconsin quently the planning philosophy already at -*- work ranged all the way from a wooden work, that land, nature, house, and furnish­ windmill, done in 1896, to a Greek Orthodox ings were to be treated as a single entity. Church in the form of a concrete monolith The enduring, timeless qualities of architec­ begun in 1959, the year of his death, and ture based on this premise are certainly well completed in 1961. The little windmill still demonstrated in the design of the Hillside stands. It was built for Wright's matriarchal School and its environs. maiden aunts Nell and Jane Lloyd-Jones on About the turn of the century, wealthy the farm adjoining the Hillside Home School Chicago families discovered the beauty of for Boys and Girls, which they founded and Wisconsin lakes and forests and began to operated at Taliesin. Dubbed "Romeo and build summer residences and resorts around Juliet," the windmill caused a small family Delavan Lake and Lake Geneva. Some of controversy when Aunt Nell insisted that them retained Frank Lloyd Wright as their Nephew Frank be given the opportunity to architect, and most of the houses he designed design it, instead of buying a mail-order, for them are still standing and in use, though ready-made steel tower as the five Lloyd- only a few remain in relatively unaltered Jones uncles wanted to do. In a letter to his condition. Perhaps the most impressive is aunts, in which he explained structural as "Penwern" on Delavan Lake, built in 1902 well as philosophical principles, Wright added for Fred B. Jones. Now owned by Mr. B. L. the postscript that "Romeo and Juliet will Bobbins, the house is well maintained and stand twenty-five years which is longer than reflects many of Wright's early design con­ the iron towers stand around there. I am cepts. It is a wooden house, the exterior be­ afraid all of my uncles themselves may be ing essentially horizontal boards and battens, gone before Romeo and Juliet."'" As it hap- a favorite Wright treatment during that period. Whole fieldstones, laid half-engaged, •' Frank Lloyd Wright An Autobiography (Duell, were used for foundation walls and for a Sloan and Pearce, New York, 1943), 136. small footbridge spanning a shallow ravine between the gate-lodge and the house. Nearby are several other wood board-and-batten houses, of which the Spencer house, also built in 1902 and now owned by Mr. A. J. Wagner, appears to be in the most nearly original condition. Built frankly as a lake cottage for summer use, the construction, while admittedly light, has survived remarkably well. Cer­ tainly the design, while hardly extra-ordinary, avoids the banalities of the usual summer cot­ tages of that and even the present time.

TT was at Racine, in 1905, that Wright was -*- given an opportunity to develop a really dramatic site with the Hardy house, which even today must rank as a classic, if that term may The Hillside School at Taliesin, viewed from the southeast. be used in connection with his work. Seri-

37 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964 ously neglected over the years by former occupants, the present and very recent owners, Mr. and Mrs. Jack Pfisterer, are sympathet­ ically restoring the house to its original condi­ tion. This house is an excellent example of Wright's prairie architecture. Situated on top of a steep wooded bank overlooking Lake Michigan, it hugs the street along its west front, and gracefully cascades down toward the beach. It is also a wood and stucco house with a fairly low pitched, hipped roof. As in other earlier Wright works, the plan is strictly symmetrical, even to the placement of the two entrances and two small, enclosed terraces at either end of the house. The living room is two storeys high with an open balcony con­ necting the second-storey rooms. A large Detail of the main entrance of the Geneva Hotel, mullioned window faces out over the lake. Lake Geneva. While quite small in size and intimate in scale, an astonishing feeling of spaciousness restored by Mr. and Mrs. George Bauman, is achieved. The Hardy house was given ex­ is pleasantly inobtrusive, and contrary to tensive coverage in the now famous German the architect's predilection for spacious set­ portfolio of Wright's work, Ausgefilhrte tings, is situated on a conventional city lot. Bauten und Entwiirfe, published by Wasmuth The interiors have been completely redone, of Berlin in 1910. but much of the original fabric and certainly At Lake Geneva, the Milwaukee developer a great deal of Wright feeling has been Arthur L. Richards undertook the building retained. of the Hotel Geneva, with Frank Lloyd Wright Another significant prairie house, but preparing the plans. Built in 1912, it is still somewhat massive in contrast to the usual a very interesting and imposing structure wood and stucco treatment because of its after more than a half-century of continuous solid masonry walls, is the residence built use. The strong horizontal lines and fenestra­ for F. C. Bogk in Milwaukee. This house was tion groupings are among the best of Wright's erected in 1916, during the so-called Japanese earlier work. The basic materials used on the years in which the Imperial Hotel pre-empted outside were stucco and stained cypress board much of Wright's time and energy. The Bogk trim. Some of the interiors of the Hotel house seems to have some of the pronounced Geneva have been redone over the years. In 1916, Richards again retained Wright to design several houses and apartments, to be built on the south side of Milwaukee. Also done in stucco and boards, these buildings were apparently not supervised by Wright, resulting in certain liberties having been taken by the contractor. The same seems to have been the case with a group of the so- called American System Homes, designed by Wright and erected by Arthur Munkwitz on North 27th Street in Milwaukee. These brown stucco- and board-trimmed houses were also built in 1916. In 1917, Wright designed a small stucco and wood house for Stephen Hunt of Oshkosh. This one-storey house, now owned and nicely "Penwern," the Fred B. Jones house on Delavan Lake.

38 PERRIN: FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT

the ridge. When, in 1911, he decided to build here, he scanned the hills of the region where the rock came cropping out in strata to sug­ gest buildings. To Frank Lloyd Wright these rock-ledge masses, the dark red cedars, and the white birches above the green slopes were all part of the "countenance of southern Wis­ consin," of which he said: "I wished to be a part of my beloved southern Wisconsin and not put my small part of it out of countenance. Architecture . . . before all, is no less a weav­ ing and a fabric than the trees. ... A beech tree is a beech tree, it isn't trying to be an oak. Nor is a pine trying to be a birch al­ though each makes the other more beautiful when seen together. The world has had appro­ priate buildings before—why not more appro­ Detail of the facade of the Bogk house, Milwaukee. priate buildings now than ever before? There must be some kind of house that would be­ Japanese feeling of this period, with its clay- long to that hill, as the trees and the ledges colored tapestry brick, buff cast-concrete trim, of rock did; as Grandfather and Mother had green roofing tile, and tiny squares of gold belonged to it, in their sense of it all. . . . glass glinting in the window panes. To the Nothing at all that I had ever seen would frequently raised question concerning Japa­ do. . . . But there was a house that hill might nese and other influences on his work, Wright marry and live happily with ever after. I responded that except for Sullivan, Adler, fully intended to find it. I even saw, for Roebling, and the great poets world-wide, no myself, what it might be like and began to architect, foreign or native, had ever in­ fluenced his work in the least. Japanese art and architecture to him were but "splendid confirmations" of his own principles. He ad­ mitted that he had learned much from avid study of Japanese woodblock prints, especially the primitives, and that Japanese architecture and gardening delighted him, as did Japanese civilization, which "seemed so freshly and completely of the soil, organic."""

T^ALIESIN was the name of a Welsh bard, -*- the word literally meaning "shining brow." Since all his relatives had Welsh names for their places, Frank Lloyd Wright decided to have one too, and he chose "Taliesin." The hill on which Taliesin still stands as its "brow" was one of his favorite boyhood places, and there he had looked for pasque flowers as soon as the snow had melted. From this hill, the "Romeo and Juliet" windmill stands in plain view to the south­ east and the Hillside Home School just over

""Frank Lloyd Wright, A Testament (Bramhall House, New York, 1957), 205. Interior of the living room. Hardy liouse, Racine.

39 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964 build it as the 'brow' of the hill.""' From a stone quarry on another hill a mile away, the teams of neighboring farmers hauled cord after cord of the native yellow sand-limestone. Country masons laid all the stone, Wright said, "with the quarry for a pattern and the architect for teacher." They learned to lay the walls in the long, thin, flat ledges natural to it, with the natural edges facing out. They were soon "as interested as sculptors fash­ ioning a statute. . . . They were artistic for the first time, many of them, and liked it.""" Taliesin was not to be just a house. It was to be the architect's workshop and dwelling for his assistants as well as for the farm help. It was to be a complete living facility and, as Wright put it, "genuine in point of comfort Living room of the Adelman house, Fox Point. and beauty, from pig to proprietor." The place was to be self-sustaining on its domain roof surfaces were left to weather, silver- of two hundred acres, and was provided with grey like the tree branches spreading below its own power plant, fuel yard, transportation them. The chimneys of the great stone fire­ and water system. The building components places rose heavily through all, wherever were arranged around the hilltop in a series there was a gathering place within, and there of four varied courts leading one into the were many such places. They showed great other, the courts together forming "a sort rock-faces over deep openings inside. Outside of drive along the hillside flanked by low they were strong, quiet, rectangular rock- buildings on one side and by flower gardens masses bespeaking strength and comfort against the stone walls that retained the hill within.""" crown on the other." There were no gutters or downspouts, since As to the architecture itself, in Wright's Wright wanted icicles to form "by invitation" own description, "the strata of fundamental and to hang from and beautify the eaves. As stone-work reached around and on into the he said, Taliesin was a thing of winter beauty. four courts and made them. Then stone, The house was so set that sun came through stratified, went into the lower house walls the openings into every room sometime dur­ and on up into the chimneys from the ground ing the day. Walls opened everywhere to itself. This native stone prepared the way views as the windows swung out over the for the lighter plastered construction of the treetops. The interiors were simply treated. upper wood walls. Taliesin was to be a The inside floors, like the outside ones, were combination of stone and wood as they met stone paved, although some of the rooms had in the aspect of the hills around about. The cypress board floors. The plaster on the walls lines of the hills were the lines of the roofs, was a soft tawny color, never painted, the the slopes of the hills, their slopes. The raw sienna having been added while the plastered surfaces of the light wood walls, plaster was being mixed. The rooms went set back into shade beneath broad eaves, were up to the roof and were ribanded overhead like the flat stretches of sand in the river with wooden marking strips, which like the below and the same in color, for that is where rest of the woodwork were left unfinished the material that covered them came from. except for a coat of wax. Inside furnishings The finished wood outside was the color of were also very simple. Thin, tan-colored flax the grey tree trunks . . . the shingles of the rugs covered some of the floors, and doors and windows were hung with brown checkered fabric. Decorative accents were provided by

''^Wright, Autobiography, 168. "^Ibid., 171. '""Ibid., 171.

40 PERRIN: FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT

Japanese woodblock prints and screens, and t^"X~'W~^'nr'W^SW.3" 5' • fy"f7^"'«73r: by pieces of Chinese pottery and sculpture. What Frank Lloyd Wright had wrought in Taliesin was, as he said, "intensely human." If he had never built another building nor uttered another word beyond his description of Taliesin, his name would be remembered.

13UT happiness and tranquility at Taliesin -*-' were short-lived. In August of 1914 tra­ gedy struck."' A Barbadian servant, turned madman, took the lives of seven people and set the house in flames. In thirty minutes the living half of the house and all its contents had burned to the stonework or to the ground. The working half only remained. Wright was deeply anguished, but as he regained his "Wingspread" at Wind Point north of Racine; form­ composure, he found refuge in the idea that erly the Herbert Johnson residence and currently a Taliesin should "live to show something more conference center. for its mortal sacrifice than a charred and terrible ruin on a lonely hillside in the be­ sentially a concrete and brick structure with loved ancestral valley where great happiness bands of glass tubing in lieu of windows, was had been." He went to work, and steadily, regarded as an extremely advanced piece of stone by stone, board by board, Taliesin II work. The mushroom-shaped columns were began to rise from the ashes of Taliesin I, the topic of much discussion with the State and late in 1915 a more reposeful and finer Industrial Commission because of their un­ Taliesin was completed. conventional design. Load tests were con­ Barely ten years later, in 1924, Taliesin ducted on the site which completely vindi­ was again struck by fire and again there was cated the design and the designer. In 1947 confusion, destruction, and desolation. In a multi-storey laboratory was added, which twenty short minutes the living half of Talie­ has since come to be known as the Helio- sin was gone—again. Gone also were pre­ Laboratory. Wright himself described the cious works of art that had been Wright's building as being "cantilevered from the giant only reward for years of work and wander­ stack, the floor slabs spread out like tree ing in the Orient. But as once before, only branches providing sufficient segregation of the workshop remained, and here again Wright departments vertically. Elevator and stair­ was soon back at work. In his own words: way channels up the central stack link all "I had faith that I could build another Talie­ these departments to each other. Like the cel­ sin! Taliesin III. Already in mind, it was lular pattern of a tree trunk, all utilities and to stand in place of Taliesin II. And I went the many laboratory intake and exhaust pipes to work again to build better than before run up and down in their own central utility because I had learned from building the grooves. From each alternate floor slab an other two.""" Construction was completed outer glass shell hangs firm. This glass shell, late in 1925. It was as he believed—Taliesin like that of the original administration build­ lived wherever he stood. ing, is formed of glass tubes laid up like brick­ work outside, here held in place by small In 1936 Frank Lloyd Wright designed the vertical cast aluminum stanchions and sealed administration building for the S. C. Johnson horizontally by a new plastic. Inside this Wax Company at Racine. This building, es- outer screen for temperature insurance a plate glass screen was clipped to the aluminum stan­ chions of the tube walls and made movable "* John Lloyd Wright, My Father Who is on Earth for cleaning purposes. . . . Reams of paper (G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1946), 80. were covered with drawings. All these were "''' Wright, Autobiography, 263.

41 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964

needed to get a flower instead of a weed. ment, interior trim, radiators, light fixtures, furniture, pictures and bric-a-brac, painting, About the time of the building of the first gutters, and downspouts. Substitutions cal­ part of the administration building, Wright culated for greater economy included a car­ also designed "Wingspread," the home of port, a steam-warmed concrete mat laid di­ Herbert Johnson, near Wind Point north of rectly on the ground over gravel fill, integral Racine. Wright described the house as hav­ color in the plastering, and a coat of clear ing a high, wigwam living room under a mass of wild grape vinery at the center, shooting oil or wax for the woodwork. Instead of a out four independent wings of which one wide assortment, Wright substituted five basic provided accommodations for Mr. and Mrs. materials: wood, brick, cement, paper, and Johnson, one for the children, one for work glass. To simplify fabrication he used his space and help, and another for guests and modular system of construction, developing a motorcars. Because of this plan arrangement vertical unit system in which the wood boards the name "Wingspread" seemed natural. A and battens interlocked with the brick courses. cast-bronze doorplate was set into the wide The Usonian house was planned to wrap stone slab of the door sill with abstract wings upon it in low relief to signify the name."' around two sides of a garden and, if possible, Wright identified this structure as "common to have south and west exposures. As to prairie type of earlier years, a type proving rooms, Wright insisted on a big living room itself to be a good one for a home in the with as much vista and garden coming" in as climate around the Great Lakes." Smooth possible, a large fireplace, open bookshelves, red face-brick was used both for the inside a dining table in the alcove, all furniture built- and the outside of the house. Outside upper in, and a quiet rug on the floor. Cooking space members are wide cypress plank, the roofs are covered with red tile, and the floors are was to be as efficient and compact as possible, constructed of concrete slab tiles laid over taken away from the outside wall. the floor heating. Because of the death of By using the chimney as a vent for Mrs. Johnson, "Wingspread" was used as a the kitchen, cooking odors could not escape residence for only a very short period. For back into the house. There were several addi­ some years, and up to the present, it has been used as a conference center. Wright re­ tional innovations embodied in the Usonian ferred to it as the "last of the prairie house, all of which placed it well ahead of contemporary building practice. Wright in­ dicated that a home like this was an archi­ tect's creation and not a builder's nor an TT was during the decade of the 1930's that amateur's effort. While admittino; that with -*• Wright developed the Usonian house as a further extension of the prairie house. The idea was to produce a really sensible house at moderate cost. Among the first of his Usonian houses in Wisconsin was the Her­ bert Jacobs house at Madison. In it can clearly be seen the thinking process by which a whole series of time-honored features was now to be eliminated. Among the casualties were the visible roof, enclosed garage, base-

'"^ Architectural Forum—The Magazine of Build­ ing (January, 1951), 77. "Wright, Autobiography, 476. ""Ibid., 477. An Erdman prefabricated liouse in Madison.

42 PERRIN: FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT

Two Usonian houses by Frank Lloyd Wright: (left) the Schwartz house at Two Rivers, and (right) the Manson house at Wausau. rising costs the Usonian house was no longer and cold. A sunken garden in front of the really cheap, it nevertheless gave the owners hemicycle partially protects the exposed glass more for their money, physically, than regu­ surfaces and affords a sheltered space. In a lar houses. It was his position that "their sense, the whole house is a one-room affair. freedom, distinction and individuality are not Interior partitions have been kept to a mini­ a feature of that cost except as it does by mum and all utilitarian features were grouped elimination put the expenditure where it lib­ to allow space to be uninterrupted as much erates the occupant in a new spaciousness— as possible. The basic horizontal unit or a new freedom.""" Additional examples of module from which the floor plan was de­ the Usonian house in Wisconsin and of con­ veloped was a 6° sector."" siderable interest are the Schwartz house at Very few of Wright's later houses were done Two Rivers, built in 1939, and the Manson completely in wood, but an exception is the house at Wausau, built in 1940. home built for John Pew on the shore of Lake Mendota in Madison's Shorewood Hills. This "INTERESTING stone houses, generally fol- house was built in 1940. It is a relatively -*- lowing the Usonian concept except for out­ small building but demonstrates very ade­ side materials and the reappearance of a quately Wright's great gift for the plastic pitched roof, a garage, and other familiar handling of space and structure generally features, are the Smith house at Jefferson, identified with more costly buildings. Set built in 1951, the Kinney house at Lancaster, upon local buff-limestone foundations laid built in 1952, and the Arnold house at Co­ up the Taliesin way, the house is built of lumbus, built in 1955. lapped cypress boards inside and out. In ad­ Among the most arresting of Wright's stone dition to the preparation of the plans, the Pew houses is the second Herbert Jacobs house, house was actually built by the Taliesin Fel­ built at Middleton near Madison in 1948. lowship, the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation While belonging to the Usonian group, it was taking the contract because virtually no one built in the form of a semi-circle and referred else was interested in the difficult site and to as a solar hemicycle. This house takes full the challenges inherent in the building. In advantage of the elliptical solar path and is this house, as in the Usonian houses gen­ banked with a berm-type earth slope around erally, Wright discarded every building en­ the north side for protection against wind cumbrance that stood between the house-

"" Ibid., 494. 'Architectural Forum (January, 1951), 91.

43 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964 holder and the fullest sense of space, light, and openness."'

N his search for simpler and more economi­ I cal materials, Wright made full use of concrete blocks as a building medium. Out­ standing among his Wisconsin houses are the Adelman house at Fox Point near Mil­ waukee, built in 1948; the Duey Wright house at Wausau, built in 1957; and the Wyoming Valley School in Iowa County, also built in 1957. The Adelman house is the largest of the concrete-block buildings and is planned for a long, narrow lot. The building is a simple L-shaped mass, roofed with cedar shakes. All rooms are in line along the length of the building. The dwelling is so The Wyoming Valley School between Dodgeville and set at an angle that views from the central Spring Green. living room are as generous as if the com­ paratively narrow lot were an estate. The a series of designs for prefabrication. Ob­ concrete-block and wood interiors are beau­ viously engineered for mass-production tech­ tifully done. The concrete blocks are rough niques, the prefabricated houses designed by textured and of buff color. On the outside, him nevertheless failed to become a commer­ the blocks were stepped out three-fourths of cial success. The best of the prefabricated an inch every two courses to protect the group built by the Madison builder, Marshall horizontal joints and to create a strong hori­ Erdman, in 1957, still stand in unaltered zontal line. Vertical joints were cut flush condition."" Several others built throughout by filling them with a waterproof mortar of the state by other contractors have been sub­ the same color and texture as the blocks. stantially altered since their original construc­ tion. The Duey Wright house is a somewhat Wright also concerned himself with furni­ smaller house but possesses many interesting ture. It was his feeling that "furnishings features. The living room is circular in shape and an exposed wooden ceiling rises all the way to the roof in "wigwam" fashion, and ""House and Home (December, 1956), 119. an extraordinary view of the Wisconsin River is afforded from the west windows. The con­ crete block was used in its natural gray color which blends very effectively with the gray weathered cypress boards and the cedar shake roof. The Wyoming Valley School, located on Highway 23 between Dodgeville and Spring Green, is an extremely simple and practical structure. The building consists of little more than the gray concrete-block walls, the con­ crete floor pad, and the timber roof. The roof lines are so pitched as to blend with the slope of the surrounding hills. Frank Lloyd Wright's interest in moderate­ ly priced houses prompted him to develop

"•Ibid., 95. The Pew House on Lake Mendota, Madison.

44 PERRIN: FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT

In many of his earlier houses the furni­ ture was built-in to the greatest possible ex­ tent. Some pieces, such as chairs, which ob­ viously had to be movable and freestanding, were then designed by Wright to harmonize with the built-in furnishings as well as the house in general. It seems that some of his furniture was quite uncomfortable, Wright at one time admitting that he always barked his shins on his own chairs. The German critic Volckers declared Wright's furniture as being mostly "clumsy wooden thrones and stubby hassocks.""* In 1955 Wright actually designed a line of home furnishings for commercial produc­ tion."" His earlier furniture, designed over a period of sixty years, was generally made by the carpenters on the job or by woodwork­ ing mills. Fabrics were often woven to order Detail of the Duey Wright house at Wausau. both here and abroad and in such far-flung places as Austria, Morocco, and even the should be consistent in design and construc­ Orient. The accessories, such as flower hold­ tion and used with style as an extension in ers, fruit bowls, and the like, were made of the sense of the building which they fur­ walnut, ebony, rosewood, holly, and ma­ nish. . . . What makes this whole affair of hogany, the latter being the basic wood for house building, furnishing, and environment the furniture itself. The commercially pro­ so difficult to come by is the fact that though duced furniture liberally employed Wright's a good sense of proportion, which is the favorite triangular and hexagonal forms, but breadth and essence of organic design, may in addition rather conventional-looking din­ find adequate response from good taste, good ing room tables, chairs, sideboards, couches, taste is not a substitute for knowledge. A end tables, and bedroom furniture made their sense of proportion cannot be taught; a sense appearance. At the time, five prominent Amer­ of proportion is born. Only so gifted can it ican manufacturers co-operated to produce the be trusted as an affair of culture.""" •" Otto Volckers, op. cit., 40. '"''House Beautiful, Vol. 98, No. 11 (November, ""Wright, Testament, 231, 232. 1955).

••J^,.. t

Two more of Wright's low-lying Usonian houses: (left) the second Jacobs house west of Madison, and (right) tlie Arnold house at Columbus.

45 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964

(Leiij the Spencer house at Delavan Lake; (right) the Arthur L. Richards houses in Milwaukee.

"Taliesin ensemble," which included fabrics, For concerts, movies, plays, and lectures the rugs, furniture, wallpapers, paints, and ac­ light plywood pews are turned toward the cessories. All of these items went on sale informal hearth room. For dinners, socials, in November of 1955, but were dropped by and similar functions, pews are folded and most stores after about one year, suggesting shifted away or arranged in living-room lack of general public acceptance. In any fashion. For very small gatherings the hearth event, the furnishings are no longer being and pulpit ends of the room are divided by manufactured. a large curtain which was woven by the women of the congregation. The principal material of the church is locally quarried TVTRIGHT'S two outstanding Wisconsin sand-limestone of tawny color, laid Taliesin '^' churches are the meeting-house of the fashion."' First Unitarian Society of Madison, built in 1952, and Annunciation Greek Orthodox The roof of the church is copper, now fully Church, Milwaukee, which was begun in weathered to its ultimate green color. The 1959."^ There is a very pronounced difference building literally crouches on the brow of a in the design of these churches, arising out of hill overlooking Lake Mendota on the western the fact that the Greek Orthodox Church had outskirts of Madison. The eave line in some to meet specific liturgical demands, whereas places is barely six feet above grade. The the Unitarian Church, having no ritual re­ church was built by Marshall Erdman, and quirements, allowed the architect free rein in members of the congregation helped with layout and design. The design of the latter loading, hauling, and unloading the stone began with unity as a theme, which Wright that was used for the construction. The church, chose as being appropriate for a Unitarian since its completion, has become a popular building. He took the three customarily sep­ place for sightseers. At the time of its dedi­ arate parts of the church—narthex, nave, cation. Professor Max Otto, University of and chancel—and gathered them into one Wisconsin philosopher, remarked that "it unit which served as auditorium, chapel, and was designed by a great architect and is an parish hall in one. The large, roofed assembly impressive work of art. But it is his work hall is used for worship, with movable pews of art, not ours. And so may it continue to facing toward the "prow" of the church. be. Throngs of visitors will come to view it, as they have already been coming. They will walk in and out of it, and tell others how "" R. W. E. Perrin, "Byzantine Afterglow: Eastern European Influence on Wisconsin Churches and Synagogues", in the Wisconsin Magazine of History, 47: 324 (Summer, 1964). "'Architectural Forum (December, 1952), 85-92.

46 PERRIN: FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT they liked what they saw. . . . Yet no amount learn to see into the thing called architecture of acclaim will make the admired structure and learn to build it as you ought to, you'll our own. Nothing that happens from outside be the great saviors of civilization in your can make it ours. To become ours it must day. Yours is the opportunity to shape and bring enrichment from within to the religious to determine the shape of things to come. cause which our society exists to serve. You are the shape-hewers and shape-knowers, Caught up in our aspiration and thought and or you are not architects at heart. But it takes action, the architect's work of art has to be a long time to make that kind of an architect. absorbed in the art of life. The building You can't jump into it. You can't get it by called ours will be truly our own if our re­ wishing to be it. Unfortunately too, you can't ligious undertaking, ennobled by the beauty be it by just thinking you are it. . . . What of its new home, has vitality and meaning is it the architect must have? He has to have enough to transcend the fame of the building health, he has to have strength—strength of in which it is housed.""" character most of all—strength of mind, strength of muscle. He has to know life, and Without attempting to anticipate history's he has to know life by studying it. And how ultimate judgment of Frank Lloyd Wright, it do you proceed to study life most successfully seems already certain that his contributions and directly? By living it!""" to architecture and architectural thought will have a significant impact for decades and Wright dared greatly in all that he under­ possibly for centuries to come. Frank Lloyd took, and above all he dared to be himself. Wright was not only an architect; he was Lewis Mumford, sometimes severely critical, also one of the great teachers of his time— concluded that "any building of Wright's must a prophet in a sense—with the nature, the be viewed within the frame of his life's will, and the courage to protest, to revolt, and work . . . and any lapse must be placed within to persevere in his creative endeavors. The the perspective of his long series of triumphs force of his influence takes many directions, in a career pursued without regard for his­ arising not only from his writings, his spoken torical conventions or chic contemporary words, and his designs—both executed and stereotypes. By the same token, when Wright projected—but also from his life itself. By failed, he failed with originality and de­ devoting a good share of his life to the defense cision—the inverted triumph of a great acro­ of individual expression, he offered inspira­ bat who so despises the safety nets that he tion and encouragement to others willing to would rather break his neck than rely upon follow that lonely course if they can believe, them. . . . With Wright's death a great age as he did, that the coming ascent of architec­ passes away; and in the act of his closing ture—if there is to be one—will be made by with beautiful finality one part of the Ameri­ individuals—by uncommon men acting upon can past, this bold spirit summons us forth their own consciousness and conviction— on a wider quest.'"" rather than by group-thinkers and conformists. It was to his apprentices that Wright said only a few days before he died: "Architects •'"' Milwaukee Journal, April 19, 1952. are, after all, all that's the matter with archi­ ™• Frank Lloyd Wright Supplement in Architectural Forum (June, 1959). tecture. If we had architects, we wouldn't " Lewis Mumford, "What Wright Hath Wrought," be in the fix we're in now. ... If you can in The Highway and the City (Harcourt, Brace & World, New York, 1963), 126, 142.

With this article on Frank Lloyd Wright, Mr. Perrin concludes his series on the architectural history of Wisconsin which began in the summer of 1960.

47 WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT AND CANNONISM

By STANLEY D. SOLVICK

"W^ILLIAM HOWARD TAFT, when Presi- related erosion of ethical standards that Theo­ '^ dent of the United States, attempted to dore Roosevelt, in Taft's view, had addressed continue the policies he had advocated while himself so effectively. Roosevelt had provid­ serving as a cabinet officer and spokesman ed the dynamic leadership that had convinced for Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal. The the American people they could no longer mild progressivism represented by Roose­ continue to allow "a departure from the laws velt's program during his presidency greatly of the country or from moral principles." appealed to Taft. The Square Deal, as Taft Roosevelt's use of the powers of the federal interpreted it, tried to preserve the essence government to revive respect for law, Taft of existing society by repudiating both the asserted, had helped lead to a moral awaken­ radicals, who wished too much change, and ing throughout the nation." the reactionaries, who threatened established Taft's efforts to carry on the work of Roos­ institutions by refusing" to recognize the need evelt progressivism in the context of the po­ to correct the most glaring social abuses.' litical realities which he faced were ultimately Taft sympathized with the widespread con­ to cause his split with his predecessor. This cern for reform which he discerned around paradoxical result was due to a series of him in the early years of the twentieth cen­ factors: certain definite assumptions Taft had tury. He felt that this impulse was a reaction about the political process; the nature of against the corruption which had developed the President's prior positions in govern­ in the United States in the generations after ment service and the manner in which these the Civil War. These abuses stemmed most posts had shaped his outlook; and the politi­ notably, the Ohioan believed, from the lack cal situation that existed within the Repub­ of respect for the law that had come to char­ lican party by the end of Theodore Roose­ acterize American life on all levels. There velt's administration. had emerged in the country, he maintained, William Howard Taft is often pictured as "a distinct element of dishonesty, illegality, one who lacked enthusiasm for partisan poli­ and disregard of moral principle."" It was tics— "The trouble with Taft is that if he to this dual problem of lawlessness and the were Pope he would think it necessary to appoint a few Protestant Cardinals," Uncle Joe Cannon once snapped'—and on frequent

'William H. Taft, Address, Decatur, 111., October 30, 1906; Address, Boston, December 30, 1907; Ad­ dress, New York, April 18, 1908, all in the William Howard Taft Papers, Manuscript Division, Library "Tail, Address, Chicago, April 4, 1908, ibid. of Congress. * Herbert S. Duffy, William Howard Taft (New "Ibid. York, 1930), 328.

48 SOLVICK: TAFT AND CANNONISM occasions Taft did express sentiments on party or obstacles, and compromising with them politics ranging from grudging acceptance so far as is possible without sacrifice of hon­ to actual distaste. It was therefore one of esty or decency for the sake of real advance­ the minor ironies of American history that ment."" he was, in the realm of ideas, firmly commit­ The party system increased the possibilities ted to the position that the process of parti­ for compromise because the very nature of san politics was indispensable for the effective political parties encouraged concessions. To functioning of any democratic political sys­ be effective, a political party had to unite di­ tem. verse groups of individuals in the pursuit of a concrete set of goals. If a party failed to ^ I ^ AFT considered the political party inher- achieve this result, it would become factional- •*- ent in the nature of social reality. At times ized and could not fulfill its role of provid­ he seemed to believe that parties were or­ ing direction in public policy; it would be­ ganizations that had existed from time im­ come nothing more than "an agglomeration memorial and that would doubtless persist of different groups, differing in many essen­ as long as men lived together. Of parties he tials and having nothing in common save a said, "Without them, without some uniformity desire to oust the party in power and to ob­ of action, secured by the organization of par­ tain offices." Of such a party it might be ties, our politics and our government would said: "No affirmative action may be expected be a hopeless chaos." Only a political party from it and no progress, nothing but stag­ could make possible a popular government, nation.'" by ascertaining, as Taft repeated again and To achieve consistency of purpose, the vari­ again, "the will of a majority of millions of ous groups within the party had to make voters in order that that will [should] guide concessions so that they could accommodate the difficult helm of state." The political each other. Not only did the blunting of the party was the principal agent that had made sharp edges of controversy allow a party to it possible to "carry on the machinery of function as an effective political mechanism, government, as it should be carried on, in the but the give and take entailed was important public interest and for the public weal."" in tempering ideas that might be too extreme The party system, then, provided the nec­ or irresponsible. Such ideas would be modi­ essary lubrication for the intricate mechanism fied into more practical or constructive forms. of the democratic process. It made feasible While projects of merit could easily be hin­ coherence, discipline, and direction in the dered by such a system, Taft believed that such evolution and application of public policy. obstruction was more than balanced by the Partisan politics made it possible for the curbing of reckless proposals.* state to be a viable political organism; the The essence of proper policy for political party system enabled the state to avoid both parties was, for Taft, the ability to distinguish the anarchy rooted in the multitude of vary­ between primary and secondary objectives. ing and conflicting needs in society and the The individuals who made up a given party tyranny inherent in a unilateral authority could achieve necessary unity only if they wielded without due regard for variegated could agree upon a set of goals so important human interests. that their promotion would make the party In addition to serving as a basis for co­ members willing to offer concessions on sec­ herence in social policy, political parties were ondary points. The task of the mature and designed to perform a function greatly to responsible partisan was to discern the basic Taft's liking—that of compromise. Progress program that his party represented and to in the world came about, he claimed, through the efforts of men capable of "seeing clearly actual conditions, treating them as factors «Taft, Address, Topeka, May 30, 1904, ibid. 'Taft, Address, Montpelier, Vt., August 26, 1904, ibid. "Taft, Address, Cleveland, October 27, 1906, Taft " Taft, Four Aspects of Civic Duty (New York, Papers. 1906), 101.

49 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964 discriminate between central and peripheral did not respond readily to the magic incanta­ goals." tion of partisan rhetoric or pat slogans. His As a leader of his party while President, experience convinced Taft that the great issues Taft was influenced in his actions not only of his day were less amenable to resolution by by abstract notions of politics but also by his broad, theoretical formulas than by the patient background—the type of jobs which he had and craftsmanlike evolution of a specific solu­ held in government. Most of the decade before tion for each question. In Taft's view, the he entered the White House he had spent in expert should guide the ideal state, and tech­ various administrative positions. Many his­ nology was more important than ideology. torians in their account of Taft's presidential The impact of his administrative duties gave years have stressed the Ohioan's judicial Taft's belief in a life of service a precise mean­ background and the habits of mind that it ing: the accomplishment of definite and created as an explanation for the nature of limited tasks in the public interest. "I am his leadership and particularly its alleged anxious to point to things done" was a senti­ defects. Oddly enough, scholars have gen­ ment that Taft expressed with plaintive fre­ erally paid little if any attention to Taft's quency during his presidency." many years of service in an administrative The nature of the positions in which he capacity as a determinant of his political had served during the decade before he en­ behavior.'" Taft's career as an administrator, tered the White House both broadened and however, produced habits of mind that sig­ narrowed Taft's vision. If, on the one hand, nificantly influenced his outlook on political he gained more insight into the practical reality. world than many political leaders have, his imagination, on the other hand, became so T? VERY vocation instills a characteristic concerned with the attempt to achieve prog­ ^-^ orientation in terms of hopes and aspira­ ress by specific accomplishments that he tions as well as fears and frustrations. As an sometimes found it difficult to see his aims administrator, Taft had the privilege of start­ in perspective. His concentration upon the ing near the top, first as head of the Second tangible often led him to forget the impor­ Philippine Commission, then as Governor of tance of the appearance as well as the sub­ the Philippines, and subsequently as Secretary stance of things in life. of War. In his cabinet post, in addition to This orientation limited Taft's ability to the important duties of supervising the na­ deal with the extremely complex political tional military establishment, Taft had the situation he faced when he entered the White task of overseeing United States policy in the House. The last days of Theodore Roose­ Philippines and other newly acquired colonial velt's second term had been anything but dependencies; moreover, he bore primary a quiet and graceful valedictory; there had responsibility for the construction of the canal been much bitter political strife, particularly proposed for the Isthmus of Panama. While after 1906. Because of Roosevelt's great pop­ Taft was making decisions at a high level, ularity, many right-wing elements in his party he also dealt with many concrete details. The had remained silent even though they strongly kind of lock to use for the new canal, en­ disapproved of his politics. During most of gineering specifications, and contracts were his presidency, these anti-Square-Deal Repub­ among the irritating and complex minutiae licans eagerly looked forward to the time that took up his time. This sort of problem when Roosevelt would leave office. Although the Chief Executive had achieved much of his

"Taft, Address, Minneapolis, June 13, 1907, Taft Papers. •" George E. Mowry, in The Era of Theodore " James A. LeRoy, "Taft As an Administrator," Roosevelt (New York, 1958), 233, mentions that Century, LXXVII: 691-698 (March, 1909) ; Taft, Taft "was not really a politician in the ordinary "The Panama Canal," Outlook, LXXXI: 869-873 sense.... IHe] was really an administrator or a (December 9, 1905) ; Rene N. Ballard, "The Ad­ jurist." However, Professor Mowry fails to develop ministrative Theory of William Howard Taft," West­ the significance of the former quality for Taft's ern Political Quarterly, VII: 65-74 (March, 1954); career. Taft to John W. Pierce, April 14, 1910, Taft Papers.

50 SOLVICK: TAFT AND CANNONISM success by working closely with Old Guard tion to keep up with him. Members of both leaders in both the House and the Senate, the houses felt that they had already too long alliance between the President and House "bowed to the imperial will in the White Speaker Joseph G. Cannon and influential House."" As the political atmosphere of the Senator Nelson W. Aldrich was always ready Capital became more tense. Old Guard Re­ to dissolve under the pressure of mutual publicans found it more and more difficult suspicions and antipathies.'" Even Aldrich's to contain their wrath until the days of Roose­ biographer, who mentions a presumed "con­ velt as Chief Executive would be completed. cordat" between the Rhode Islander and the Across this troubled landscape flashed the Rough Rider, says that in the last stages of ominous lightning of the panic of 1907. Roosevelt's term of office their relationship Roosevelt and his aides, Elihu Root and became one of "armed neutrality.'"" When William Howard Taft, had always worried Cannon had first been elected Speaker, the about the hostility of right-wing critics who White House door was opened to him by charged that the Square Deal was anti-business Roosevelt. The President sometimes hastily and that its policies would damage American dropped proposed legislation to accommodate prosperity. It was not surprising therefore Cannon, and had inaugurated the Speaker's that the break in economic conditions simply Dinner to honor and conciliate him. But by served to encourage attacks upon the admin­ 1907 all cordiality between the two had dis­ istration by its opponents in Congress. "Roose­ appeared." velt was," according to a biographer, "a badly In part, the difficulties between Theodore frightened Chief Executive toward the end Roosevelt and the congressional leaders of 1907, and saw himself ending his term 'under a more or less dark cloud of oblo­ stemmed from the increasingly aggressive quy.' '"'* He answered those who berated him stance that the President had assumed during by lashing out at them. Thus the cleavage his second term. On the eve of his inaugura­ between President and Congress widened dan­ tion in 1905 he allegedly said, "Tomorrow I gerously in the winter of 1907-1908. A par­ shall come into office in my own right. Then ticularly bitter pill for Roosevelt to swallow watch out for me.'"" was the action of the conservative leaders in Roosevelt's more vigorous espousal of re­ the House and the Senate who gleefully joined form after 1904 was undoubtedly the response forces to block funds for the building of four of an acutely sensitive politician to increased battleships that the President felt the national currents of progressive sentiment in the coun­ security demanded. Congress also denied try as well as the result of self confidence Roosevelt an appropriation for the continu­ produced by an election victory. President ance of the Inland Waterways Commission, Roosevelt therefore had heightened the tempo which he had created.'" of his Square-Deal activity, particularly in the form of a series of decisively worded pro­ After November of 1908, when Roosevelt gressive measures to Congress."" became a lame-duck President, the situation The occupant of the White House began to deteriorated even further. His influence over move forward vigorously, but the standpat his party's conservatives crumbled, and a leaders in Congress demonstrated no disposi- spirit of rebellion marked the Republican ranks in Congress. "Everyone seemed in a restless, impatient mood," and "the passage •" Claude G. Bowers, Beveridge and the Progressive of any major legislation was hopeless," accord- Era (Boston, 1932), 298-300. •" Nathaniel W. Stephenson, Nelson W. Aldrich (New York, 1930), 348-349. " William R. Gwinn, Uncle Joe Cannon, Archfoe of Insurgency (New York, 1957), 75-80. •" Everett Walters, Joseph Benson Foraker, An " Pringle, Roosevelt, 313. Uncompromising Republican (Columbus, Ohio, •" Ibid. 1948), 213; Joseph Benson Foraker, Notes of a Busy '" Morton Keller, In Defense of Yesterday: James Life (2nd ed., 2 vols., Cincinnati, 1916), 2:203. M. Beck and the Politics of Conservatism, 1861-1936 " Henry F. Pringle, Theodore Roosevelt, A Bio­ (New York. 1958), 83; Bowers, Beveridge, Til; Ar­ graphy (New York, 1931), 169, 253; Mowry, The thur W. Dunn. From Harrison to Harding (2 vols.. Era of Theodore Roosevelt, 209-211. New York, 1922), 2:62.

51 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964

ing to one historian."" After Roosevelt im­ House of Representatives with a grip of iron. pugned congressional motives in the cutting The vast powers conferred upon the Speaker of secret service appropriations, the break was by the House rules, combined with Cannon's complete. "The fight between the President astuteness in parliamentary maneuver, meant and Congress ended up in rare style," recorded that he "almost controlled the body as he Roosevelt's military aide. "The House is sim­ wished.""" ply foaming at the mouth and even such a By the election of 1908, Cannon had conservative New Englander as Butler Ames achieved the dubious distinction of becom­ says he may never enter the White House ing an ism. The Democrats discovered again while the President is there.""' during the campaign the great appeal of Thus, on the eve of the Taft administration, attacks on Cannon as a threat to the "rule of the Republican party was seriously ill, and the people." Also, many progressive Republi­ it was doubtful whether any "political doctor" can Congressmen outdid their usual oppo­ could have brought it back to health with nents in tirades on the evils for which the any ease."" For not only had the Republican Danville, Illinois, representative was supposed right begun to attack Roosevelt more freely, to stand. Victor Murdock of Kansas charged but the reform group in the party was also that Cannonism was "a condition in the House starting to criticize the Old Guard more of Representatives inimical to popular govern­ openly. By March, 1909, the two branches ment and offensive to the spirit of progress. of the G.O.P. were assaulting each other with [It] is founded in the belief that the popular considerably more gusto than they demon­ desire is unsafe. Its invariable practice is to strated in vying with the Democrats. wear out or confuse the public wish by The problems stemming from the malady delay.'"" of disunion within the Republican party forced The condemnations of Cannon during the themselves upon Taft with stunning swiftness. summer of 1908 coincided with some particu­ Even before he took the oath of office, he was larly bad publicity the Speaker had received involved in the struggle concerning the per­ because of his cavalier treatment of a minor sonality and the power of the Speaker of the conservation bill."" In the 1908 primaries many House of Representatives. standpat Republican Congressmen failed to gain nomination or survived by narrow mar­ JOSEPH GURNEY CANNON was one of gins. In the November election, despite Taft's J the most influential and colorful individ­ victory, a number of G.O.P. candidates closely uals ever to preside over the lower house. He associated with Cannon, such as James Wat­ was a "curious mixture of the country bump­ son, the Indiana gubernatorial nominee, met kin and the city sophisticate. His speech, defeat. Emboldened by the favorable results clothing, and manners savored of the cross­ at the polls and stimulated by the ferment of roads country store, but his ways were the reform opinion in the country, a number of ways of a fox." He was a "self-made vul­ rebellious members of the House decided to garian" with incredible political cunning but take action against the autocratic old lUi- with no receptivity to the new currents of 26 reform sweeping the nation. Yet this irascible, noisan. cigar-chewing lUinoisan presided over the The objectives of the insurgents, as the anti-Cannon Republican representatives were called, were not completely clear. All wished to

""John A. Garraty, Henry Cabot Lodge: A Bio­ '"" Mowry, Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive graphy (New York, 1953), 262-263. Movement (Madison, 1947), 41; Gwinn, Cannon, ""^ Archibald W. Butt to Clara Butt, December 11, 88; Mark A. D. Howe, George Von Lengerke Meyer 1908, The Letters of Archie Butt, ed. by Lawrence (New York, 1920), 377; Kenneth W. Hechler, In­ F. Abbott (Garden City, 1924), 239, 351; Dunn, surgency: Personalities and Politics of the Taft Era Harrison to Harding, 2:64, 87; Henry L. Stoddard, (New York, 1940), 14. As I Knew Them: Presidents and Politics from "• Ibid.; Gwinn, Cannon, 148; Richard Lowitt, Grant to Coolidge (New York, 1927), 330; Mowry, George W. Norris, The Making of a Progressive, The Era of Theodore Roosevelt, 224. 1861-1912 (Syracuse, 1963), 131-133. "" Oscar K. Davis, Released for Publication (Boston, "° Hechler, Insurgency, 42. 1925), 93-94. "^Ibid., 43; Lowitt, Norris, 139-140.

52 SOLVICK: TAFT AND CANNONISM

Society's Iconographic Collection Joseph Gurney "Uncle Joe" Cannon, the Illinois Congressman who ruled as the autocratic Speaker of the House from 1901 to 1911. alter the House rules in order to reduce the the approval of their party's leadership is power of the Speaker; some also wanted to a tangled skein with fateful consequences for depose Cannon from his position. Many dis­ Taft. Just before Roosevelt left office a trio sidents were probably motivated less by ob­ of anti-Cannon Congressmen visited him and jection to the principle of an all-powerful requested his aid. The President, who greeted speakership than by the despotic manner in which the autocrat wielded his authority.'" The insurgents failed in their first major ^ George Norris and many of the more moderate insurgents insistently made the point, "We are not assault on Cannonism in March, 1909, because against the man, but against the system." This group they lacked sufficient cohesion and adequate seems to have been primarily interested in avoiding the acrimony that accompanies a political fight cen­ leadership, because some Democrats from tered too narrowly on personalities and that would whom they expected support deserted for rea­ only have hurt their cause with many wavering Con­ sons of local politics, and finally because the gressmen. Norris consistently adhered to this tactical position when in 1910 he opposed the Burleson reso­ rebels could not win either the outgoing or lution to declare the speakership vacant. For the the incoming administration to their cause. Nebraskan to have done otherwise would have made The history of insurgent efforts to acquire his faction liable to charges of bad faith. Hechler, Insurgency, 76-77; Lowitt, Norris, 132, 181-182. WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964 his visitors with a smiling, "Well, what can and an obstruction to all legislation of a pro­ vfe anarchists do now?" professed sympathy gressive character that we really need.""' with their purposes but said he was unable to In addition to his distrust of the Speaker's give them much help because "I'm like the politics, Taft apparently had a strong personal Bedford mate on the steamer; what is ex­ distaste for Cannon's raffish, somewhat vulgar pected of me is silence and damn little of personality. When the Illinoisan eventually that." Since he did not know how Taft was met political defeat at the hands of an going to deal with the issue, Roosevelt felt insurgent-Democratic coalition and Mrs. Taft that all he could do was to write the Congress­ expressed regret at the dethronement of the men a letter which they could not publish but once powerful figure, Taft responded, "I could read to their friends to demonstrate the don't see why you should. I have never liked President's position."* him, but I have had to fraternize with him at But Roosevelt broke his promise to the times for the sake of harmony, and the insurgents. The day before he left office, he hardest thing I have had to bear by way of summoned two of them, Augustus P. Gardner misrepresentation is the report that he and and John M. Nelson, and without explanation I are friends.""" withdrew his offer of the letter; instead he Of the three major figures—Roosevelt, said that he would intercede for them with Root, and Taft—who represented the leader­ the President-elect, who was talking with some ship of the incoming as well as the outgoing friends in one corner of the room. Roosevelt, administration, the President-elect was the however, seems merely to have introduced most violent in his antagonism to the Speaker."" the two men to Taft."° Because of his dislike of Joe Cannon and If the insurgents had obtained access to what he symbolized, Taft toyed with the idea Taft's correspondence during the 1908 cam­ of aiding the insurgents. But doubts about paign, they would fully have expected him to the possibilities of success, given the political join their ranks enthusiastically. Even before realities of the moment, inhibited him. Taft his nomination he had written Theodore wrote Roosevelt that if he could use his Roosevelt, "Where we are to find opposition influence to secure a new Speaker for the to our tariff plank, to our injunction plank, House of Representatives he would do so. and our postal saving bank is in the promi­ "But," he continued, "I want to take no false nent members of the House, including Cannon, steps in the matter, because to attempt to and I think we might as well throw down the defeat 'Joe' and not to succeed would be worse gage and beat them.""" As election day drew than to let him get in and deal with him the nearer, Taft's feelings about the Speaker grew best I can." Taft wanted to confer with Roose­ even harsher. The presidential candidate con­ velt about the possibility of finding someone who would make an investigation of the fided to Roosevelt that he accepted with strength of anti-Cannon sentiment "without equanimity the prospect of a narrow margin committing us to a fight in advance.""' of victory which would return a small Repub­ lican majority to the House "with enough men who [would] refuse to vote for Cannon to O understand Taft's ultimate decision not defeat him for Speaker. I feel," Taft ex­ T to aid the insurgents, one must consider plained, "as if this would be, on the whole, the Ohioan's program for his presidential an excellent result. . . . For I regard him as years. The lack of seriousness with which the the burden that we have had in the campaign major parties are commonly supposed to re-

=' Taft to Roosevelt, October 9, 1908, ibid. "" Hechler, Insurgency, 57. "" Butt, Taft and Roosevelt (2 vols.. New York, "" Ibid., 50-51. Alfred Lief in an undocumented 1930), 2:609. study (Democracy's Norris INew York, 1939], 88) "" Pringle, The Life and Times of William Howard claims that Roosevelt told one of the insurgents on Taft (2 vols., New York, 1939), 1: 404-405; Richard Inauguration Day, "1 felt Taft out, but he is against W. Leopold, Elihu Root and the Conservative Tradi­ you." tion (Boston, 1954), 78. "" Taft to Roosevelt, June 15, 1908, Taft Papers. =" Taft to Roosevelt, November 7, 1908, Taft Papers.

54 SOLVICK: TAFT AND CANNONISM gard the promises in their quadrennial plat­ As head of his party, Taft sought to avoid forms has become a standing joke in the "rash" action but at the same time to refrain United States. If such an attitude toward from a "fatal reactionary mistake." He en­ party pledges characterized professional poli­ gaged in an extensive and, on the whole, ticians in the first decade of this century, it candid correspondence throughout the coun­ nevertheless could not have amused the usually try to ascertain what political forces seemed jovial Taft. His New England inheritance ready to rally behind the insurgent Congress­ intensified the legalism which stemmed from men. From day to day his sentiments varied his experience as a jurist to produce a man somewhat; he probably most accurately sum­ for whom a promise was a contract. On the marized his attitude at the outset, however, eve of his presidency, Taft's first concern when he wrote, "I am very much disposed to was to fulfill the pledge of the Republican fight, but I want to know what strength I party to the American people by carrying out have before I make the fight.""' a concrete list of projects for the public A show of insurgent power was not forth­ welfare."'' coming. As late autumn began to fade into Taft viewed the struggle over the organiza­ winter, Taft gradually became convinced that tion of the House entirely in terms of the Cannon still retained considerable backing effect it would have on the program he wished among congressional Republicans.'" The in­ to implement. He was apprehensive about surgents lacked sufficient support to defeat leaving the Speaker's powers intact, for fear him, but even if they had succeeded, Taft of their being used to obstruct his program. feared that the Speaker's following was so At the same time, he hesitated to wage war strong that it would have left the party badly on Cannon, lest this action jeopardize his divided."" At the same time Root and Roose­ chances of getting legislation through Con­ velt were increasingly urging Taft to come gress. In late November, Cannon made a to some sort of working arrangement with speech in which he indicated that it would the regular leadership in the House. The out­ be unreasonable to expect the Republican going President had warned Taft that it tariff plank to carry the same weight after would be desirable to replace Cannon "if there the election as before it. Such talk particularly was some first class man to put in his place disturbed Taft. Such a view, the President­ as Speaker; but," he added, "we cannot think elect believed, was morally repugnant to any of putting in some cater cornered creature man of decency and would be disastrous for like [Theodore] Burton.'"" the Republicans. "My attitude," he stated, But unpromising reports of potential "is one of hostility to Cannon and the whole strength and warnings from his political crowd unless they are coming in to do the mentor would not in themselves have dis­ square thing." If presented with alternatives, suaded Taft from a break with Cannon. both of which would lead to political defeat, Rather, the President-elect refrained from Taft asserted that he wanted at least the satis­ such a course because he had assurances of faction of an honorable position. "Just be­ aid from the regular House leadership in cause [Cannon] has a nest of stand-patters in passing a constructive program. While vaca­ his House," Taft felt, "is no reason why I tioning in Hot Springs after the election, Taft should pursue the policy of harmony. ... I received "some most urgent letters and tele­ am not going to be made the mouthpiece of grams" from Roosevelt asking him to arrange a lie to the people." If the congressional leadership would guarantee to treat the party's program fairly, Taft concluded, he would com­ promise; but if they refused, he was quite "Taft to Frank L. Dingley, November 23, 1908; willing to wage a political war."" Taft to William N. Cromwell, November 22, 1908, ibid. •'"Gwinn, Cannon, 158-161; Pringle, Taft, 1: 406-407. "•' Taft to James N. Dolley, November 23, 1908, ibid. '"Leopold, Root, 78; Roosevelt to Taft, November 'Taft to James C. Needham, November 21, 1908, 10, 1908, in Letters, selected and edited by Elting ibid.i. E. Morison (8 vols., Cambridge, 1951-1954), 6: 'Jail to Elihu Root, November 25, 1908, ib'td. 1340-1341.

55 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964 a conference with Cannon to develop an agree­ Roosevelt years when he said in his speech ment. When Taft arrived in Washington in accepting the Republican nomination, "The December, he had "a most satisfactory talk" chief function of the next Administration, in with the Illinois Congressman in which the my judgment, is distinct from, and a pro­ latter expressed "sympathy" with Taft's de­ gressive development of, that which has been sire to implement the Chicago platform. Can­ performed by President Roosevelt.'"" non promised to back Taft's program "as Although Taft was thus convinced that the loyally as possible."" Since tariff revision was welfare of the country depended on the enact­ to be an immediate and critical issue, the ment of a program that would perfect and Speaker suggested a meeting with members make permanent the work of reform, his recent of the House Ways and Means Committee. experiences had alerted him to the grave dan­ Taft was delighted to find committeemen who ger to the G.O.P. of internecine strife. Since were willing to offer firm support for his his theory of politics emphasized the positive tariff program.*" role of the party in enlightened government Everything in Taft's background and po­ and the necessity of compromise in securing litical convictions increased his receptivity to party cohesion, Taft had to try to unite all the idea of co-operating with, instead of fight­ important Republican groups rather than to ing against. Cannon. Throughout his service secure a victory over one of them." His ex­ in Roosevelt's cabinet he had been aware of tensive background as an administrator also the growing factionalism within the ranks of inclined him to prize specific accomplishments the Republican party; the theme of his and to avoid petty bickering that might inter­ speeches during the 1906 campaign had often fere with this goal. In the last analysis, the been the need for unity if the G.O.P. were only question for Taft was how best to utilize to remain a vital instrument of political prog­ the available instruments of power in order ress.'" His awareness of the Byzantine-like to achieve the program of his administration. intraparty intrigues in the autumn of 1908 He realized the risk entailed in trusting the heightened his concern about Republican dis­ word of Cannon and the other Old Guard unity. Finally, the revolt of the regulars in leaders in the House, but he became convinced the winter of 1908-1909, which had prevented that to oppose Cannon would mean an im­ even the admired Theodore Roosevelt from mediate and decisive defeat, with dire conse­ securing the passage of desired legislation, quences for his ability to obtain any legisla- inust have made a deep impression on Taft." .. 48 tion. Personal meetings with influential Congress­ TN his early days in the White House Taft men provided Taft with tangible evidence of -*- demonstrated a preoccupation with Roose­ the sincerity of the standpatters. Furthermore, velt's last fights with Congress and told his he hoped that the publicity attending the military aide that he hoped to avoid such abortive fight against Cannon would make strife.'" He was, furthermore, impressed with the Speaker's actions more responsible. Taft the necessity for speed in enacting a construc­ believed that the open secret of his own will­ tive public program. If a positive plan of ingness to accept the Speaker only on the action were not quickly pushed through, he premise that the House leadership would feared, the desire for reform would subside carry out the 1908 platform had produced a and the American people would sink into their situation in which Cannon would be afraid old lethargic ways. Taft had in mind the to break his word. Given Taft's characteristic rapid institutionalization of the gains of the

'"Taft, Address, Boston, September 14, 1909, in "Taft to Horace D. Taft, June 27, 1909, Taft Presidential Addresses and State Papers from March Papers. 4, 1909 to March 4, 1910 (New York, 1910), 187- '"Butt, Taft and Roosevelt, 1: 296. 188; Address, Cincinnati, July 28, 1908, ibid., 6. « Taft, Address, Cleveland, October 27, 1906, Taft "Taft, Address, Cleveland, October 27, 1906: Papers. Address, Topeka, May 30, 1904, Taft Papers. "Taft to Harlan P. Lloyd, August 11, 1908, ibid. '"'Taft to Joseph L. Bristow, December 5, 1908; '° Butt, Taft and Roosevelt, 1: 56. Taft to George S. Harding, December 6, 1908, ibid.

56 SOLVICK: TAFT AND CANNONISM misunderstanding of the media of communica­ that he favored."' Taft had once said that he, tion and his reluctance to use them to create unlike William Jennings Bryan, realized the an overpowering demand for a desired pro­ possibility of "progress without destruction.""" gram, his faith in the efficacy of party or­ It began to seem to the new President that ganization was understandable. It was con­ the insurgents, like Bryan, were not aware of sequently not surprising that he became eager the necessity of using workable means in order to work through the established congressional to attain desirable ends. Taft sent a petulant machinery once he was convinced that "Can­ reply to a warning from William Allen White non and the other people in the House of about the political situation in Kansas; he Representatives [seemed] to be disposed now could not be concerned with the extent of to come down and 'play ball.''"" insurgent sympathies, the President snapped, Taft at this time apparently regarded him­ for "I have to look a good deal farther ahead self as the natural leader of the progressive than the public.... I have a definite program wing of the G.O.P., and he probably hoped to ahead of me.'"^" Taft believed that the con­ use the votes of reform-minded Congressmen structive achievements he could bring about to keep Cannon in line. When he found that by judicious compromise and astute leader­ news of his decision not to oppose the Speaker ship would eventually calm the unthinking brought criticism from insurgents, Taft's re­ complaints of insurgents and make clear his action was one of uncomprehending surprise right to wear the mantle of Theodore Roose­ and considerable pique. He was sure that if velt. only these people thought about his position, the rectitude of his stand would be apparent. AFT, however, was not to convince mili­ In endless correspondence with progressives T tant progressives that he was justified in around the country, he attempted to sum­ his decision not to oppose the Speaker. The marize and justify his position. To an Indiana degree to which he attempted to co-operate critic he wrote, "I am here to get legislation through .... The question with me is practical and not theoretical, and I ask you how a man ="Taft to Charles E. Magoon, July 10, 1908, 'ibid. of sense, looking at the situation as it is, can ""Taft to White, March 12, 1909, ibid. do otherwise than to support the regular or­ ganization in the House. I should have been glad to beat Cannon and to have changed the rules within the party, but I must rely on the party and party discipline to pass the measures that I am recommending."""

Taft's decision not to oppose the Speaker was instrumental in creating the rift that was ultimately to separate him from the militant reformers of his party. Yet he believed that he was acting as a true progressive; a real reformer, he thought, was concerned with getting specific things done within the limits of political reality. For if Taft was an opti­ mist who held, "We are making progress all the time—morally and physically," it was al­ ways modest, tentative, and practical change

"' Ibid.; Taft to William A. Worthington, December 5, 1908, ibid. ™ Taft to William D. Foulke, March 12, 1909, ibid. Society's Iconographic Collection "••Jail, Address, Richmond, November 23, 1910, Taft with Governor Emanuel Philipp in Milwaukee ibid. in 1917.

57 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964

with Cannon as well as with Nelson Aldrich, Although Taft did not co-operate in the suc­ leader of the Senate regulars, helped increase cessful insurgent effort in March, 1910, to suspicion of the President on the part of those reduce Cannon's power, neither did he at­ to whom Taft sadly referred as the more tempt to aid the Speaker in fending off the "strenuous" followers of Roosevelt.'" insistent onslaught. Taft was away from the Nor was Taft involved in the second, more Capital on March 18 when he received news successful attempt to curb the powers of of the new attack on Uncle Joe. "The Presi­ Speaker Cannon in March, 1910.°" The degree dent did not get excited over the accounts," of enmity that had by then developed within recorded his aide, "and was unmoved even the G.O.P. did not incline the insurgents to when cipher dispatches began to pour in from seek the aid of the President for their project. Washington urging him to return to Washing­ Taft on the whole was satisfied with the extent ton to save the regular organization from of co-operation he had received from Cannon defeat." The next day Taft looked up from during that year, although he held no high the newspapers at breakfast and "roughishly" personal regard for the Speaker, as he did said: "Well, Archie, I think they have got the for Senator Aldrich."" Despite what he regard­ old fox this time." The President added, ed as Cannon's help in advancing his program, with a charitable note of respect, "But it Taft had come to feel, by the end of 1909, that is fine to see how he is fighting. That is the Illinoisan ought to be removed as Speaker the quality I admire most in Uncle Joe: he for the good of the Republican party. "I does put up a good fight.""" have seen Uncle Joe," he confided to his wife. Taft may have committed a political error "I am hopeful that he may be induced not to in refusing to join Republican dissidents in run for Congress again, and if so, we shall their struggle against Cannonism. But his have much easier sledding than with him as error, if error it was, had its roots in his basic an incubus to carry.""' theories of politics and party responsibilities. Taft felt that Cannon symbolized an old order that ought to be replaced, but he found "Taft to Horace D. Taft, June 27, 1909, ibid. distasteful and unfair some of the attacks on For a detailed discussion of the rift between the the Speaker and other Old Guard Republican President and the reform-minded wing of his party, leaders. He would not, he told one of his see Stanley D. Solvick, "William Howard Taft and the Insurgents," Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, brothers, join or permit himself to counte­ and Letters, Papers, XLVIll: 279-295 (1962). nance "the yelping and snarling at Cannon '"' A resolution introduced by George W. Norris and Aldrich.""" To a critic of the House was approved March 19, 1910, excluding the Speaker from membership on the powerful Rules Committee; Speaker, Taft retorted with angry eloquence: that body was expanded and made elective. Removal "It is true that Mr. Cannon represents a kind of the Speaker's power to appoint committees, an­ other basic insurgent objective, was not attained of government in the House that is disinte­ until the Democrats gained control of the House in grating, and for that I do not lose any sleep, 1911. Hechler, Insurgency, 80; Lowitt, Norris, because I sympathize with the changes; but 178-179. "" Taft to Helen H. Taft, July 27, 1909, Taft Papers. this reckless, violent, unmeasured abuse, with­ "•Taft to Helen H. Taft, October 28, 1909; Taft to out knowing on what ground, without defini­ Otto T. Bannard, December 20, 1909, ibid. tions or limit, ought not to be encouraged and "" Taft to Horace D. Taft, June 27, 1909, ibid. "' Taft to Guy W. Mallon, January 17. 1910, ibid. certainly will get no help from me.""° ""Butt, Taft and Roosevelt, 1: 306-308.

58 REVIEWS

STATE AND REGIONAL

Voices on the River. By WALTER HAVIGHURST. than scant summary from such a variety of (The Macmillan Company, New York, 1964. sources. Pp. 310. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, While the student of history may prefer endpaper map, index. $6.95.) to return to the sources, even as Mr. Havig­ hurst has done, the casual reader will find in There must be, at a conservative estimate, these pages both information and entertain­ hundreds of narratives about life and naviga­ ment. Voices on the River is an entirely ade­ tion on the Mississippi and its tributaries, quate account of navigation on the Mississippi from accounts of early explorers to such a and its tributaries for most readers; there is thoroughly comprehensive history as Wil­ much detail that is not here, but the princi­ liam J. Petersen's Steamboating on the Upper pal events of Mississippi River transportation Mississippi. Walter Havighurst may well have are here set down, with some anecdota and read most of them—if not all—for this book enough quotation to impart the flavor of the is an account of transportation on the Missis­ sources. For the most part, Mr. Havighurst sippi, and in very large part it consists of his tells the story of transportation chronological­ summaries of previous accounts, the inevita­ ly, beginning with De Soto, Marquette, and bility of which, in a book of this kind, could Jolliet, and ending with the movement of hardly be escaped. freight on barges in our own time. Some Mr. Havighurst has drawn information aspects of the Mississippi story are treated and/or quoted from books as diverse as in detail—Captain Shreve's channel clear­ Thomas Ashe's Travels in America and ings, the 1811 earthquake, the siege of Vicks­ Charles J. Latrobe's The Rambler in North burg, and Mark Twain's association with the America, Zadok Cramer's The Navigator and Mississippi—but these are rather the exception Leland Baldwin's The Keelboat on Western in a narrative crowded with facts. Waters, John Pope's A Tour Through the Mr. Havighurst's achievement here is in the Southern and Western Territories of the total effectiveness of his account, and in this. United States of America, as well as the more Voices on the River has no contemporary familiar accounts of Timothy Flint, John peer. His story of the river's discovery, of its Latrobe, Charles Dickens, Charles Lyell, Gia- early exploration and navigation, of the days como Beltrami, and Henry Schoolcraft. In the of the fur trade, the keelboats and steamboats main, he condenses and quotes skillfully, but is succinct and frequently dramatic. He man­ it is manifestly impossible in so limited a ages, out of his interest in his subject, to deal space as one book offers to draw much more with it romantically at no loss of historical

59 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964 accuracy, and such moot points as the Sauk policy is of questionable worth, the authors Indians mining and selling lead (variously fortunately have given some account of the called Sauk and Sac in this account) are es­ paper's internal history and of its technologi­ sentially too trivial to impair the effectiveness cal development which, admittedly, is of great­ of Mr. Havighurst's story. er interest to a historian looking for parallels Perhaps the best portions of the book are its than to a general reader. almost poetic prologue, in which Mr. Havig­ Written in a readable and interesting style, hurst sings the charm and fascination of the the book is well executed technically in its steamboats on the river, and the account of telling of the story of The Milwaukee Journal, the author's ride from Columbia Park, Ohio, from the time it was founded as the journal of to New Orleans on the towboat. Live Oak, a Democratic Congressman and was taken which concludes the narrative. over twenty-six days later by Lucius W. Nie- man, until it had, by 1962, long been estab­ AUGUST DERLETH lished as a strong metropolitan newspaper. Sauk City The book records The Journal's vigorous edi­ torial campaigns—presumably its major cam­ paigns—against graft and corruption in local and state politics, and its near-heroic cam­ The Milwaukee journal. The First Eighty paign to expose pro-Germanism in Wisconsin Years. By WILL C. CONRAD, KATHLEEN WIL­ during World War I, for which it later re­ SON and DALE WILSON. With a foreword by ceived the Pulitzer Prize. ARTHUR OCHS SULZBERGER. (University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1964. Pp. xv, 232. From a popular standpoint, this is a read­ Illustrations, index. $5.) able book, and likewise is worth a place on the shelf of anyone interested in the history of Wisconsin or of journalism. Its lean, succinct The history of journalism is made more writing hits the high spots with enough de­ difficult than some other areas of historical tail to leave the reader satisfied but not sa­ inquiry by the lack of unifying thread. Even tiated. though the newspaper is a national institu­ tion and though considerable standardization However, the historian will find much in has always marked American newspapers, the it with which to quarrel. Primarily, it is American newspaper is also a uniquely local completely noncritical, and the reader fin­ institution. It will be, in part, through care­ ishes the book with the distinct impression fully drawn histories of individual newspapers that The Milwaukee Journal is an institution that the historian will be able to formulate of flawless greatness. An admirable newspa­ the concepts and frame the generalizations per to be sure, but to imply that The Journal which are notably lacking in the history of has not fallen on its face more than once dur­ American journahsm. Not enough such in­ ing its history tests one's credulity, to say the dividual newspaper histories have been writ­ least. Secondarily, the authors apparently ten. have made no effort to search for those rela­ Thus, with some reservations, one can say tionships which place the history of any in­ that the history of The Milwaukee Journal stitution in perspective; the relationships are which usually is rated among the top ten given to some extent in recounting the back­ newspapers of the nation, helps fill part of ground of the various editorial campaigns, the void. The authors, all former editorial naturally, but the authors do not relate the employees of The Journal, have written af­ founding and growth of The Journal to other fectionately of a newspaper which seems trends in American journalism. To be spe­ almost without exception to command the cific, the book leaves the implication—which loyalty and love of those who work on it, as is undoubtedly correct—that The Milwaukee well as the respect and admiration of other Journal was founded and rose to success on newspapermen. a trend in which other cheap, afternoon news­ papers rose to success in the Midwest by bat­ Covering the first eighty years of the pa­ tling for "the people." In this, the authors per's existence (1882-1962), the authors set have—without saying so—given another as their purpose to record the paper's editorial strong hint that modern American journalism position on major state and national issues is founded more upon Midwestern journalism and "to picture some of the men and women" of the late nineteenth century than upon the who helped chart the paper's course. Since Eastern journalism which has commanded a narrative account of a newspaper's editorial

60 BOOK REVIEWS

most of the attention in journalism histories. material which compares the relative populari­ Also, one can quarrel with the authors' blunt ty of "Fighting Bob" with that of his suc­ statements that Journal editorials and expo­ cessful rival for the Progressive presidential sures led to this or that result, statements nomination in 1912. Austin writes that "Cal­ which must be regarded as veriest assump­ vin Coolidge . . . was elected by a landside in tion since they are made without one shred 1924. La Follette won the electoral vote of of substantiation. The lack of citations and only one state, Wisconsin, but his popular lack of indications that primary materials, vote was 4,822,000, nearly 700,000 more than such as personal papers, were used also tend Theodore Roosevelt got in the Bull Moose cam­ to detract from the book. paign of 1912 and the largest third party vote But that is no note upon which to end this ever polled in the United States." The figures review, for it is to criticize newspaper people are correct but the impression conveyed is for not being trained historians. Such criti­ not. In 1912, T. R. ran second in a three- cisms aside, this book is well executed, and it way contest—disregarding Eugene Debs' helps to fill a need in the history of American 900,000 votes—and trailed the winner. Wood- journalism, however inadequately. row Wilson, by 2,160,000 votes. In 1924, La Follette ran a poor third; 11,000,000 votes be­ OLIVER KNIGHT hind Coolidge. Roosevelt got 27% per cent of University of Wisconsin the popular vote in 1912; La Follette 16^/2 per cent in 1924. The reader may recall that the Nineteenth Amendment intervened be­ The Wisconsin Story: The Building of a tween the two elections which the author is Vanguard State. By H. RUSSELL AUSTIN. comparing. In a book full of facts and figures, (The Journal Company, Milwaukee, 1946. Pp. this unqualified comparison gives one pause. xi, 650. Illustrations, index. $4.75.) Mr. Austin covers Wisconsin's pioneer This is the third revision of Mr. Austin's period adequately. While short on interpretive history of Wisconsin which appeared original­ material, he has a good eye for the colorful ly in the Milwaukee Journal as a part of the personality or incident and for apt quotations. state centennial celebration in 1948. Mr. The frequent illustrations are well selected, Austin is a member of the Journal's editorial if familiar, and on a scale no larger than neces­ staff. Since its first appearance, the work has sary. The sections on more recent politics been revised and expanded in book form in are first rate. Despite the comparison noted 1948, 1957, and in the present 1964 edition. above, the La Follette tradition is given a Whereas the 1948 book had 382 pages, the balanced treatment and the author is not hesi­ weighty 1964 edition has 650 pages, and much tant to tackle the thorny subject of the late has been reworked as well as added. Senator McCarthy. He has used much of the recent scholarship on politics that has ap­ A scholarly treatment of the history of Wis­ peared in book form. A more consistent use consin would be a solemn undertaking. A of the Wisconsin Magazine of History files, historical society second to none in its re­ which are adequately indexed in cumulative sources and one of the largest graduate pro­ volumes, would have corrected a few of the grams in American history, carried on at the myths repeated in the text. University, have combined to produce a pro­ digious amount of sifting and winnowing of The material on industry and the arts is the sources. While the Journal version is of­ less happy. It has a tendency toward becoming fered as one "outstanding .... in readability a catalog in which the major names are tri­ and in factual reliability," it is not a scholarly umphed over by the minor by sheer weight of work. numbers. The same can be said of the treat­ The paraphernalia of scholarship is widely ment of fires, sinkings, tornadoes, and other purported to discourage popular consump­ disasters which are exhaustively listed. tion of historical works, so the author may be Oddly enough, while various strikes are justified in treating this one as a piece of noted, there is practically nothing in the book journalism. One may cavil at typographical on the history of the labor movement in Wis­ errors or journalistic lapses such as "Wiscon­ consin which has, after all, been somewhat sin av.," but the reader gets the message. unique and certainly important. One consults Such lapses and unconventional abbreviations the index in vain for any mention of Robert are the mark of this newspaper office pro­ Schilling, Paul Grottkau, Frank J. Weber, duction. George Haberman, or Walter Reuther, all of There is an interestino; use of "factual" whom have made their influence felt in Wis-

61 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964 consin history. Melvin Douglas, the actor, collection is high, the quality of the individual played a season in stock in Madison back in contributions is somewhat uneven. While time 1921-1922 and so rates a paragraph and an will not permit in this review a detailed analy­ index entry. Frank J. Weber, who organized sis of all the articles, a few seem to deserve the Wisconsin State Federation of Labor and special comment. Mr. Billias has contributed is often credited as the father of Wisconsin's one of the best and most significant studies Workmen's Compensation Act, is nowhere. in his treatment of Horatio Gates. No one to Weber was a native of Milwaukee and had a date has produced a satisfactory biography long, distinquished career there. Melvin Hes- of this controversial man, and Mr. Billias is to selberg (Melvin Douglas) was born in Macon, be praised for his fairness and objectivity. Georgia, but went through Madison on his He does not resort to the recriminations so way to Hollywood. Such is fame and such are often leveled at Gates because of his differ­ a good many entries in this book. ences with Washington. Gates is given the It is difficult for a reviewer to understand lion's share of the credit for the victory at why the bibliography which appeared in the Saratoga, while his errors at Camden are not 1948 edition was subsequently dropped. The glossed over, nor is his unfortunate personal early edition had nine pages of selected titles. trait of pettiness forgotten. In all, Mr. Billias The large new edition has none. has presented us with a nicely balanced por­ There is no adequate, up-to-date, general trait of Horatio Gates as a man and as a history of Wisconsin. The Journal has per­ soldier. formed a service in underwriting and pub­ Perhaps the weakest of this collection is the lishing Mr. Austin's book. In the main it is article contributed by John Pell dealing with readable and contains valuable material, par­ Philip Schuyler. This is especially unfortun­ ticularly on the past quarter-century since Wil­ ate since Schuyler played such a leading role liam F. Raney's scholarly volume appeared. in the American Revolution. Mr. Pell presents Finally, it is a lot of book for $4.75. what appears to be a defense of Schuyler with­ out bothering to enumerate the charges against ROBERT C. NESBIT him. In doing so he presents the man in his University of Wisconsin most favorable light, so that if Schuyler had any faults other than minor ones the reader of this article would be entirely unaware of them. Schuyler, not Gates, is described by GENERAL HISTORY Mr. Pell as the real architect of the victory at Saratoga. In doing this, he ignores the fact George Washington's Generals. Edited by that Schuyler's disposition of the American GEORGE ATHAN BILLIAS. (William Morrow army on open ground at the mouth of the and Company, New York, 1964. Pp. xvii, Mohawk River might well have assured its 327. Illustrations, notes, bibliographies, maps, defeat. Gates, with his shrewd eye for terrain, index. $6.00.) caused the army to move northward to occupy the strong position at Bemis Heights and thus turned a possible disaster into the most stun­ With the possible exceptions of George ning American victory of the war. Also, Mr. Washington and Benedict Arnold, the military Pell attributes Schuyler's unpopularity to leaders of the American Revolution have been, jealousy and pettiness and ignores the fact until recently, sadly neglected. In addition, that a large portion of the Northern Army the biographers of both Washington and suspected him of cowardice. Even Richard Arnold have shown a lamentable bias towards Montgomery, his second-in-command, ques­ their subjects. Consequently George Wash­ tioned whether he had the "strong nerves" ington's Generals, a collection of brief, and necessary for an army command. Whether for the most part, dispassionate studies of the these charges are valid or not, they can not leading generals who served under Washing­ be ignored by a biographer who attempts to ton, is a welcome addition to the historiogra­ present an objective assessment of Philip phy of the Revolutionary period. George A. Schuyler. Billias, the editor of this volume, deserves a great deal of credit for bringing together the The remaining contributions are of a con­ most up-to-date analyses of these generals by sistently high quality. Special mention should some of the best qualified historians in the be made of Clifford K. Shipton's concise and field. objective study on Benjamin Lincoln, whose While the over-all level of scholarship in this contributions to the American Revolution are

62 BOOK REVIEWS rarely appreciated even by specialists in the ciety than in understanding that society as it field. Howard Peckham also deserves credit was. for his treatment of Lafayette, and, in partic­ Substantially, this book is a study of the ular, the young Marquis' campaign against franchise and its exercise in selecting Bur­ Cornwallis in Virginia. The remaining gen­ gesses for several Virginia counties. The au­ erals treated in this volume, with the exception thors have done a prodigious amount of re­ of Anthony Wayne, have been the subjects search to document their conclusions, previ­ of recent biographies by the authors of the ously in vogue in the 1930's. They conclude, sketches found in this collection. Thus, for as one historian did in 1932, that as to the the reader who finds his curiosity whetted House of Burgesses "few countries in the early rather than satiated by these sketches, fuller, eighteenth century could boast so popular a more detailed studies are available. body, for the bare freehold qualification re­ quired of voters was not hard to meet where land was plentiful." Quantitative data are used JONATHAN G. ROSSIE Butler University to demonstrate that "a high percentage [at least 85.7 per cent] of the free white men were able to vote," and they find that there was little intimidation of voters. Both of these findings contradict recent studies which posit a small Virginia, 1705-1786: Aristocracy or Democ­ electorate contolled at the polls by their upper- racy? By ROBERT E. and B. KATHERINE class neighbors. BROWN. (Michigan State University Press, The authors do admit, however, that East Lansing, 1964. Pp. 333. Notes, tables, only about half of the qualified voters bibliography, index. $8.50.) went to the polls in any given Virginia elec­ tion, and nearly three-fourths of the popula­ Eighteenth-century Virginia, Professor and tion were denied the franchise. The authors Mrs. Brown contend, "was far more demo­ confess themselves baffled by the voters' cratic than we have been led to believe in the apathy, an apathy which may have resulted past." It is also their contention that because from the limitation of choice to the candi­ of the widespread economic opportunity, dates chosen by and from the upper class. "what now passes in this country as middle- Whatever theoretical power the mass of voters class, representative democracy was well en­ may have had, they elected aristocrats to trenched in the Old Dominion long before the represent them. The office of Burgess—Vir­ American Revolution." Thus, the authors con­ ginia's sole elective post—remained in aristo­ clude the Revolution had little impact within cratic hands; to every other office, aristocrats Virginia. appointed their peers. The Browns insist that These are novel conclusions, based prin­ the prevalence of appointive office in Virginia cipally on considerations of certain elections was owing to "imperial" control rather than to to the lower house of the Virginia legislature. aristocratic dominance. They fail to consider The authors briefly examine educational op­ that the appointive system was not signifi­ portunities, religion, and the effect of slavery cantly altered by the Revolution, which elimi­ on white society, and make passing mention of nated imperial control. local government. They admit that the en­ However, the authors do make a convinc­ slavement of nearly half the population dic­ ing case when they point out that there was tated an aristocratic society, but in rejoinder little "internal revolution" in Virginia between claim that because the people did not publicly 1776 and 1786, a fact which they attribute protest against slavery, or such "undemo­ to a general acceptance of democracy. It is cratic" phenomena as lack of educational at least as logical (and more consistent with opportunity, or local rule by self-appointed the fact that almost every revolutionary leader vestries and county courts, that these things in Virginia was an aristocrat) to conclude were not really undemocratic. By this argu­ that this remarkable quietude was the result ment, Louis XIV's France was not undemo­ of a continuing aristocratic hegemony, a situ­ cratic either. Not only is such an argument ation as acceptable to most eighteenth-century fallacious, but the authors' feeling that they Americans as democracy is today. The Browns must excuse practices "undemocratic" by to­ have not altered an accepted view that in the day's standards indicates that they are more Virginia of that time, democracy only served interested in applying twentieth-century po­ to select aristocrats for promotion. litical stereotypes to an eighteenth-century so­ Their documentation of widespread prop-

63 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964

erty ownership, the Browns say, indicates an wether Lewis, "one who possessing a knolege existent democracy of opportunity. This doc­ [sic] of the Western country, . . . might some­ umentation, and an analysis of the social times aid us with informations of inter­ status voters, are useful services, and open est. . . . ," as his private secretary. Subse­ the way to sounder studies of Virginia society quent letters reveal the secret nature of the than were previously possible. To say this, planning for an expedition to explore the however, is not to accept the authors' conclu­ Missouri River and find a route to the Pacific sion that a middle-class democracy based on Ocean. Although Jefferson maintained the property ownership existed. Instead, one must fiction until June, 1803, that the expedition examine the Virginia land grants from 1710 was to explore the Mississippi to its source, to 1718. If the grantee held an office, or was letters written by the Spanish minister to the the son or partner of an office holder, his United States reveal the attempts of the Span­ grant averaged 1,100 acres; non-officeholders ish to obstruct the real purposes of the expedi­ got about 290 acres. Since only aristocrats tion. The correspondence of Jefferson with his held office, it would appear that they had a scientist friends, Benjamin Rush and Benja­ tremendous advantage in the acquisition of min S. Barton, shows his interest in having land. The authors themselves conclude that Lewis trained in the rudiments of medicine, two-thirds of the freeholders owned less than navigation, astronomy, botany, zoology, and 200 acres, a figure which in an extractive, Indian history. Here, too, are long lists of low land-use agricultural society suggests gen­ provisions, Indian presents, and equipment eral poverty rather than "middle class democ­ including the specifications for Lewis' famous racy." In economics, as in politics, Virginia portable and collapsible canoe, which indicate was aristocratic. the care and foresight with which the expedi­ Finally, little is shown to indicate that Vir­ tion was outfitted. (Jefferson originally re­ ginia developed much in the eighty-one years quested $2,500 from Congress in 1803 for between 1705 and 1786. Surely Virginia the expedition, but in the final accounting changed in that time, and a consideration of the cost was $38,722.25, not including the those changes might have given far greater $11,000 plus land scrip paid to members of substance to a hypothesis of expansive democ­ the Corps of Volunteers.) racy than does a discussion of how many A rich and diverse store of material is people voted for any given aristocrat. included in this volume. Here are letters graphically showing the deep, mutual respect STEPHEN SAUNDERS WEBB between Lewis and Clark (the latter did not Tlie St. Lawrence University receive equal rank with Captain Lewis as promised, but this was kept from the members of the expedition, and Lewis consistently re­ ferred to Clark as being co-equal in author­ Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition with ity). Lewis' vexations in Pittsburgh, where Related Documents, 1783-1854. Edited by the boatbuilders, "a set of most incorrigible DONALD JACKSON. (University of Illinois drunkards," delayed his departure; his at­ Press, Urbana, 1962. Pp. xxi, 728. Illustra­ tempts to collect mammoth bones for Jefferson tions, notes, appendixes, bibliography, map, and recruit volunteers as he proceeded down index. $10.00.) the Ohio River; and his long period of in­ activity opposite St. Louis from November of 1803 until May, 1804, while the ponderous About half of the 411 items in this volume wheels of Spanish bureaucracy delayed his which relate directly to the Lewis and Clark entry into Upper Louisiana, are all detailed Expedition are published here for the first in his correspondence. time, and many of the remainder, published originally in widely scattered sources, have Contacts with the Osage, Mandan, Arikara, not always been readily available in accurate Sioux, and other tribes figure prominently in transcriptions. Appended to the Lewis and the letters, and there are valuable descrip­ Clark material are seventeen items which are tions of the social and economic life of the included to show Thomas Jefferson's early Missouri River Indians. Amos Stoddard's interest in western exploration. comment in June, 1804, that the Sauks "cer­ The documents relating to the Lewis and tainly do not pay that respect to the United Clark Expedition begin with Jefferson's letter States which is entertained by the other In­ to James Wilkinson of February 23, 1801, in dians—and in some instances they have as­ which Jefferson requests the services of Meri­ sumed a pretty elevated tone" is interesting

64 BOOK REVIEWS

when one considers Wisconsin's troubles in The Rise of the West: A History of the Hu­ the Black Hawk War. man Community. By WILLIAM H. MCNEILL. Clark's fondness for Sacajawea and her son Drawings by BELA PETHEO. (University of "Pompey" is expressed in several letters, and Chicago Press, Chicago and London, and the the long contested question of Sacajawea's University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada, death may finally be settled by the publication 1963. Pp. xviii, 829. Maps, charts, plates, of Clark's list of expedition members which index. Bibliographical references in the foot­ he made between 1825 and 1828. He lists notes. $12.50.) her as being dead, and although his comment may not be conclusive, it throws the weight The contemporary explosion of historical of evidence against the assumption that she knowledge is as tremendous as the explosion lived until late in the nineteenth century. of scientific knowledge. Yet Professor McNeill Many of the letters written following the surveys all the history there has been in 807 return of the expedition concern the efforts pages of text and pictures, of schematic maps of Jefferson to have the official journals of or didactic drawings. He draws into his order­ the expedition published. The delays caused ly narrative the facts and conclusions of hun­ by Lewis and Clark's preoccupation with the dreds of the soundest articles, monographs, functions of government and Indian problems translations, and books now available. He in Missouri, the suicide of Lewis, and the covers all epochs, areas, cultures, and sorts inability of Nicholas Biddle to complete the of human affairs. job are all recounted. The task was finally Such sound researching of divers topics can completed by Paul Allen in 1814, and Jeffer­ rake leaves into neat piles that can not suggest son's last service to the expedition was to the trees or forests they blew from. Collective assure the preservation of the original jour­ histories, each chapter by a specialist, are like nals by the American Philosophical Society. that, as are good encyclopedias—every leaf The final document in the series—separated in every pile numbered and contents noted. from the first by fifty-three years—is the The writer doesn't go wrong; he isn't going 1854 Affidavit of Patrick Gass, the last sur­ anywhere. vivor of the expedition, in which he describes McNeill sees and describes the forests. his role in the journey and (at the age of The origins of civilization in Mesopotamia eighty-three) requests the help of the govern­ are quickly covered (60 pages). The author ment in procuring "a substantial English edu­ is thereafter "diffusionist"; civilization spread cation" for his children, the youngest of whom from there. Much is owed to Arnold Toynbee, was about eight years old. yet the community of man and his culture is This meaty book is a welcome and indis­ the theme rather than the differentnesses. pensable supplement to the Journals of the Civilization's spread from Mesopotamia to Lewis and Clark Expedition, and one can only the Nile and the Indus by 1700 B.C., to Asia regret that it took so long for someone of Minor and Crete, to China and the Greeks, ability to perform the task of collecting and between 1700 and 500 B.C. comes in pages arranging the mass of material here presented 64-245. so well. Donald Jackson, the director of the The concept of a Eurasian cultural balance, University of Illinois Press, deserves high 500 B.C. to 1500 A.D., frames the stories of praise for his work in presenting these diverse classical Greece, India, China, Rome, Iran, documents with a wealth of concise yet illumi­ Islam, the Steppes, and Medieval Europe. A nating notes and comments. The book is a big, bold idea, it is well sustained by the pres­ handsome example of the bookmakers' craft, entation McNeill gives his supporting facts with an uncluttered map and carefully chosen and proposals. The far fringes—Africa, the illustrations. Pacific, and the Western Hemisphere—are beginning to be noticed, while the eye begins WILLIAM R. SAMPSON to look more and more sharply at that most University of Washington restless and unstable culture of Western Eu­ rope (pp. 249-562). "The Era of Western Dominance, 1500 A.D. to the Present," pp. 565-807, brings the His­ tory of the Human Community to 1950 but with thoughts of the author that are complete­ ly contemporary (1963). McNeill weighs and balances. Where he

65 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964 can not be sure enough he says why. But he with the presidential election, reveal much also states his own opinions on large and about Clay both as a lawyer and Congress­ small matters. He challenges earlier opinions man. The first part of the volume shows him and often enough those that he knows will attempting to rebuild his diminished fortunes be raised against his own. by turning down re-election to Congress and A reviewer's suggestion: The journey from concentrating on his law practice. These pa­ cover to cover is long, though every part is pers indicate that Clay was an efficient, con­ interesting. Try reading first about China or fident, and well-read lawyer. He seems not Southeast Asia, India, or Iran. Start with the to have relied on either his reputation or his latest centuries and then check back step by glib tongue when serving his clients. Virtual­ step. Or any other order will do. Treat a ly all his law work concerned collection of $12.50 book as a collection of a dozen or more debts, much of it connected with the Second integrated surveys worth $4.00 each. Then Bank of the United States, which Clay repre­ pull them together a year or so from now. sented in the west. In 1822, before he could put his financial ROBERT L. REYNOLDS affairs in completely satisfactory order. Clay University of Wisconsin returned to Congress because he became con­ vinced that it was in his political interest to do so. He was immediately and overwhelming­ ly elected as Speaker of the House, and he The Papers of Henry Clay. Volume HI, Pres­ sought to push through Congress legislation idential Candidate, 1821-1824. JAMES F. that would provide for internal improvements HOPKINS, editor; MARY W. M. HARGREAVES, and afford sufficient protection for manufac­ associate editor. (University of Kentucky turers. His major speaking effort was a two- Press, Lexington, 1963. Pp. viii, 933. Notes day speech in support of the tariff of 1824, and index. $15.00.) in which he pleaded for an "American Sys­ tem" designed to make the United States its This third volume of the Henry Clay papers own best customer. Numerous letters through­ is the most interesting to the historian of out these years attest to his continuing interest American politics, for during the years in Latin American independence, and several covered—1821 through 1824—Clay was an letters indicate that Latin American rulers active candidate for the office of President were grateful to Clay for his support. of the United States. The great bulk of the In Clay's correspondence there is little in­ documents concerns Clay's bid for the presi­ sight into Kentucky politics. This volume does dency, and they contain many fascinating in­ reveal something of the relief versus anti- sights into the nature of American politics in relief battle that resulted from the depression a period when parties were falling apart. The of 1819, which hit Kentucky hard. There is, personal nature of American politics is strik­ however, little to indicate that Clay took much ingly apparent, as is both the necessity of and part in state politics. His interests seem the lack of political organization. The docu­ focused almost completely on the national ments make obvious, too, the sectional nature scene. of American politics during this period. Collecting and editing a set of papers such In place of party, Clay relied heavily upon as these must be a difficult and exacting task. his reputation and upon the support of im­ The editors and publisher alike earn the gra­ portant friends in a number of states. His titude of students of history for bringing to analysis of his own chances for the presidency light and making so readily available these remained virtually unchanged in the years widely scattered documents. It is neverthe­ preceding the election of 1824: he would get less unfortunate that the editors were not more the support of the states west of the Appala­ thorough and systematic in their annotations. chians, and with this electoral vote he needed In this volume they have done a better job little more than that of New York. He con­ than in preceding ones of providing informa­ sistently refused to consider Andrew Jackson tion on national affairs, although there are a serious rival, and although Clay remained numerous people and incidents that should critical of John Quincy Adams, he obviously have been more fully identified or explained. preferred him to any of the other candidates The origin or destination of many letters is long before he was required to make a choice not made clear, and it is particularly annoying among the leading contenders. to read about local politics without knowing The papers, though primarily concerned what part of the country the writer is talking

66 BOOK REVIEWS about. Frustrating, too, is the fact that the the latter are presented alphabetically, the editors often refer the reader to notes on pre­ sequence within a state is in no apparent ceding documents without providing the num­ order. ber of the footnote, thus leaving the exasperat­ The most pleasing feature of the volume is ed reader searching through long series of the excellent quality of its illustrations. Usual­ notes at the end of documents looking for the ly a painting, a drawing, or an early photo­ specific one that contains the information he graph of the site during its "great day" is seeks. The index at one point (p. 925) is out paired with a contrasting photo of its pres­ of alphabetical order, and all these volumes ent appearance. This "yesterday-today" tech­ contain so many pages (just under 1,000) nique provides apt testimony of the different that the bindings will break under even moder­ effects of time: a natural landmark such as ate use. Devil's Gate, Wyoming, is virtually identical in an 1837 painting and a contemporary ALAN W. BROWNSWORD snapshot, while a few outcroppings—the California State College, Long Beach ruins of Fort Bowie, Arizona—can only with difficulty be matched with their counterparts in an 1890 photograph. In addition, each site has an outline map which helps orient the Great Day in the West: Forts, Posts, and reader as to its location. Rendezvous Beyond the Mississippi. By KENT Although the author-compiler reveals that RUTH. (University of Oklahoma Press, Nor­ many of the state historical societies in the man, 1963. Pp. XV, 308. Illustrations, maps, Trans-Mississippi area provided suggestions index. $12.50.) as to which sites should be included in the work, nowhere is there an indication as to Students of the Trans-Mississippi West, how or why these particular sites were chosen, particularly those with a special interest in or how the magical number of 147 was ar­ forts and posts, will eagerly grasp this book, rived at. Possibly Kent Ruth is attempting excited by its subtitle. However, they will be to disarm readers on this point by comment­ sadly disappointed when they discover that ing: "I claim not that they are the mo.st it is merely another travel-guide to historic iinportant in the history of the American sites, belying the author's claim that it "has West, but only that they are among the most been prepared as a scholarly contribution to iinportant." the history of the West." Far from being a Despite the lack of either a biblography "scholarly contribution," its greatest appeal or notes. Great Day in the West might pos­ will be to the touring arm-chair historian. sibly serve as a good picture-reference book, Great Day in the West is a catalog of owing to its outstanding pictures. Attractive 147 well-known historic sites, its subjects and entertaining, it could fulfill that function, ranging far beyond the limitations of its but it does not offer new information or a subtitle and including early frontier settle­ unique interpretation of the American West ments, churches and missions, mining camps, for the students of that field. natural landmarks, battlefields, Indian settle­ ments and agencies, monuments, houses and JACK D. FILIPIAK ranches. Its theme, states Ruth, "is to pre­ University of Denver sent each site at the time it was enjoying its 'Great Day'—at the period in its history when it was playing an important role in the development of the West." Low Bridge! Folklore and the Erie Canal. A two-page spread is devoted to each of the By LIONEL D. WYLD. (Syracuse University individual selections, the left side for the Press, Syracuse, New York, 1962. Pp. xl, 212. text and the other for illustrations. The writ­ Notes, illustrations. $5.50.) ing is lively and is frequently aided by color­ ful quotations, but its coverage is handi­ Possibly no subject in early nineteenth- capped by the limitation of space. Invariably, century America had more popular appeal the four to six paragraphs of approximately than the Erie Canal, completed in 1825. "Clin­ 400 words can merely present a brief summary ton's Ditch" linked Hudson water with Erie of the historical significance of the site; can water and did a great deal to facilitate pas­ only tease with a tidbit and not satisfy. And, sage of emigrants to the new western coun­ while the sites are organized by states and try. Many Wisconsin settlers came via the

67 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964

Erie and the Great Lakes, and the "Big Joshua was missing, but turned up several Ditch" inspired canal developments in other years later in the town pond at Empeyville. parts of the country and was responsible, at There, every time he jumped, the water least indirectly, for our own Fox waterway sprayed thirty feet in the air and the pond system—an early chief promoter of which was got six feet wider. a York State man, full of canal lore, named One of the most interesting parts of Mr. Morgan Lewis Martin. Wyld's book is that which shows how litera­ ture has gained so much from the Erie Canal. Lionel D. Wyld, now a professor at the From its earliest inception the Erie gained University of Buffalo, has done an excellent literary attention. The author stresses the im­ job presenting the lore of the canal. He shows portant literary usages, from Philip Freneau us the effect of the canal on the habits and to Walter Edmonds and Samuel Hopkins address of workmen, on travelers; its influ­ Adams. ence in song, story, on sports and on litera­ ture. He clarifies terms and presents "canawl All in all Low Bridgel is one of the liveliest language," salty and colorful. Perhaps most recent books on the Canal, and along with significantly, he shows how the canal brought Harold Thompson, Mr. Wyld takes his place prosperity to towns along it. "Unborn mil­ as a chief York State recorder of E-ri-e folk­ lions," said one of the commissioners of the lore. canal at its opening, "will easily transport their surplus productions to the shores of ROBERT E. GARD the Atlantic, procure their supplies, and hold University of Wisconsin a useful and profitable intercourse with all the maritime nations of the world."

George Washington first suggested the pos­ William McKinley and His America. By H. sibility of developing a waterway system WAYNE MORGAN. (Syracuse University Press, across New York in 1773, but it was DeWitt Syracuse, 1963. Pp. xii, 595. Illustrations, Clinton who carried it through to final com­ notes, index. $9.00.) pletion. Without the vision of Clinton and other York State leaders the nation would When seventy-five historians were asked to have lost an important economic aid, and rate the country's Presidents a few years ago, much of a colorful flavor as well. For terms they ranked William McKinley fifteenth. De­ such as hoggee, the driver boy; jigger boy, spite his "average" ranking, the twenty-fifth who carried the whiskey around; rhino, ready President has been the subject of two lengthy cash; prog, food in general; fip, cash (about and sympathetic biographies in the last four six cents value) and many, many other ex­ years. The general picture of McKinley as pressions enlivened speech and gave the canal a genial nobody who did the bidding of big its own atmosphere which, through travel­ businessmen—especially Cleveland industrial­ ers, spread far and wide and got into the ex­ ist Mark Hanna—and who lacked the cour­ pression of other occupations. Mr. Wyld age to keep the United States out of war gives the reader an excellent idea of the living with Spain, was shattered by Margaret Leech habits of canal folks and the huge meals that with her In the Days of McKinley (1959). travelers enjoyed. Included for breakfast, as The present book, William McKinley and His one example, were fish, steak, bacon, ham, America, goes even further in recreating Mc­ scrambled eggs, potatoes, boiled cabbage, corn Kinley as a courageous statesman who guid­ and white bread, pancakes—wheat and buck­ ed our early colonial experiments with a wheat—with sorghum, honey, plus coffee, tea, steady and humane hand. milk, and cider. Dinner, said the cook, would be "heartier." The two books supplement each other. Miss Leech disposes of McKinley's activities be­ Tall tales flourished on the canal. In the fore the 1896 campaign in sixty-five pages, early 1800's a young lad named Red McCar­ while Morgan gives three times as much thy took a pollywog from the Erie Canal at space as she to McKinley's Civil War career, Rome. This was the canal-spawned origin of law practice, work on the tariff, and governor­ Joshua, the famous frog of Empeyville—a 100- ship of Ohio. On a more substantial level, year-old giant with hind legs six-feet long, Morgan keeps the order of events in better and an appetite that was said to have em­ chronological shape than does Miss Leech. braced chipmunks, squirrels and sometimes He pens perceptive vignettes of many people rabbits. For a time after his pollywog days who cross McKinley's path.

68 BOOK REVIEWS

But Morgan's book is uneven. "Cabinet- was thinking more of the trusts" in 1899 making" is a superficial and verbose chapter, and 1900 requires documentation or explana­ but his discussion of the pressures which tion since McKinley employed his favorite created war with Spain casts a wide net and tactic, reticence, in handling the effort of serves as a useful supplement to Miss Leech's House Republicans in 1900 to strengthen the account. "The Diplomacy of Power" and Sherman Act. Morgan discusses neither this "Problems of Empire" are hurried catchalls incident nor McKinley's silence when the In­ for many complicated subjects. Rather than dustrial Commission reported in 1900, though concluding his discussion of the Boxer Re­ Miss Leech mentions both. Morgan fails to bellion, for example, with the "happy end­ prove, let alone to explain, his assertion that ing" that China used its indemnity to educate workers supported the tariff. students, Morgan might have related the A few minor weaknesses deserve mention. rebellion to diplomatic problems, and espe­ There are a few factual errors, such as the cially to the Open Door. He lightly touches statement that McKinley "had not seen the such subjects as the decision to keep the Far West" before 1901, when Miss Leech Philippines, Aguinaldo's insurrection, U. S. includes an 1881 photograph of Congressman policy for Cuba, the Platt Amendment, the and Mrs. McKinley in San Francisco. Vig­ Hay-Pauncefote treaties, the Hague Confer­ nettes such as that of "Tama Jim" Wilson, ence, the Porto Rican tariff, and the Open Secretary of Agriculture under McKinley and Door, but he accords none its deserving de­ his two immediate successors, whom Morgan tail, and the only common denominator is identifies as "lanky, dark-bearded and shrewd- McKinley's alleged ability as a statesman. eyed," do much to enhance the book, but Morgan tells a good story. Such incidents many readers may wish to see Wilson iden­ as political interviews, state dinners, and tified as one of the first scientific agricultur­ office routines come to life through his pen. ists, a former Iowa State professor. Some readers will wish, however, that he Morgan's research is broader than Miss had treated many subjects in greater depth. Leech's, but his interpretations are shallower. He makes his preference for the story ex­ He tells an interesting story. But with the plicit in the conclusion to his discussion of exception of those interested in McKinley's the 1896 campaign: "The deeper meanings pre-1896 career, where Morgan has much remained for historians to ponder; William new material, most readers will still prefer McKinley knew only the taste of victory." The Miss Leech for an understanding of McKin­ narration of many incidents allows Morgan ley's personality and presidency. the chance to develop a good case for Mc­ Kinley as an astute handler of men, but this DAVID P. THELEN technique prevents him from coming to terms University of Wisconsin with his hero's basic political weakness—his striking reticence at crucial moments. In­ deed, "the chief personal weakness in his diplomacy was his failure to rally public An Historian and the Civil War. By AvERY opinion." To say that "conditions rather CRAVEN. (University of Chicago Press, Chi­ than the quality of presidential leadership cago, 1964. Pp. V, 233. Notes. $5.95.) determined the outcome," or that he was "the prisoner of events" is to ignore the ques­ tion: Why did he keep his mouth closed? About twenty years ago Fortune magazine McKinley's reticence may well be less a ques­ exposed a sinister aspect of history teaching tion of courage or dignity than of pathology. in three great Midwestern universities—Wis­ Then, in a book entitled William McKinley consin, Illinois, and Chicago. At each of these and His America, the reader might have hoped institutions, it seems, a Southern or pro- to discover why the age which loved the ex­ Southern professor of American history was uberant and loud-mouthed Theodore Roose­ boring from within, to corrupt Midwestern velt also loved the conventional and reserved youth. Professors William B. Hesseltine, William McKinley. In justice to Morgan James G. Randall, and Avery Craven were be it said that these are problems which Miss teaching that the Civil War ought never to Leech also skirts. have been fought. They viewed it as a needless war, the work of fanatics, a war without real Related to the shallowness of interpreta­ issues, one that had done more harm than tion is the relative absence of evidence for good. many assertions. The belief that "McKinley The Fortune attack was only one of many

69 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964 then beginning to be made upon the "revision­ his views, he made more and more explicit ism" which had dominated Civil War his­ the diverse causes of sectional antagonism— toriography for a generation. Among the crit­ economic, political, religious, moral. He em­ ics, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., presented the phasized the conflict between industrial and most colorful statement of the new orthodoxy. agricultural societies, between the Declara­ Just as dynamite is sometimes needed to break tion of Independence and the Constitution, be­ a log-jam, Schlesinger explained, so violence tween "right" and "rights," between the future is sometimes necessary to clear the way for and the past. social progress. The Civil War, a case in Craven and his critics, it would seem, dis­ point, had to come in order to eliminate the agree mostly in matters of temperament and great evil of the time, Negro slavery. Schle­ taste. For example, he does not conceal his singer dismissed revisionism as "historical dislike for the abolitionists, whom his critics sentimentalism." admire. He deals calmly with the good and Professors Hesseltine and Randall are no bad features of slavery, which they utterly longer here to continue the dialogue as re­ condemn. He still regrets the war as a tragic visionists, but fortunately Professor Craven waste; they approve it as a heroic remedy is still going strong. He has just concluded a for the body politic. term as president of the Mississippi Valley The oft-repeated statement that "each gen­ Historical Association, and to mark the occa­ eration must write its own history" leads Cra­ sion the University of Chicago Press has ven to reflect: "It implies that there can be no brought out a collection of a dozen previously ultimate history, and that the historian is published essays and two new ones. Dating doomed to be forever writing in the sand." from 1926 to 1964, these essays represent True, perhaps, but some write more deeply An Historian and the Civil War as his think­ and on a firmer bank than others. The writ­ ing about the subject developed over nearly ings of this distinguished historiographical four decades. pioneer will last longer than most. During those decades, Craven elaborated The reviewer commends these samples to and refined his interpretation, partly in re­ all readers interested in American history. sponse to criticisms from the counter-re­ They will find not only rich information but visionists. He never held such simplistic views, also wisdom and humor and a vivid, force­ however, as some of his critics implied he did. ful style. Anyone looking for historical naivete In particular, he never argued that sheer fana­ or sentimentalism had better go elsewhere. ticism caused the war. He always maintained that, by 1860, sectional feelings arising from various causes had become so intense that RICHARD N. CURRENT fanatics could and did take over. In restating University of Wisconsin

BOOK REVIEWS: Austin, The Wisconsin Story: The Building of a Vanguard State, reviewed by Robert C. Nesbit 61 Billias (ed.), George Washington's Generals, reviewed by Jonathan G. Rossie 62 Brown, Virginia, 1705-1786: Aristocracy or Democracy?, reviewed by Stephen Saunders Webb 63 Conrad et al.. The Milwaukee Journal. The First Eighty Years, reviewed by Oliver Knight 60 Craven, An Historian and the Civil War, reviewed by Richard N. Current 69 Havighurst, Voices on the River, reviewed by August Derleth 60 Hopkins (ed.). The Papers of Henry Clay. Vol. Ill, Presidential Candidate, reviewed by Alan W. Brownsword 66 Jackson (ed.). Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition with Related Documents, reviewed by William R. Sampson 64 McNeill, The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community, reviewed by Robert L. Reynolds 65 Morgan, William McKinley and His America, reviewed by David P. Thelen 68 Ruth, Great Day in the West: Forts, Posts and Rendezvous Beyond the Mississippi, reviewed by Jack D. Filipiak 67 Wyld, Low Bridge! Folklore and the Erie Canal, reviewed by Robert E. Gard 67 70 Angeles, Calif.; papers, 1940-1957, of Robert Walker Kenny and Robert S. Morris, attor­ neys, including legal papers, clippings, and miscellanea relating to congressional hearings ACCESSIONS of screen writers, producers, and directors, and to blacklisting in the movie industry, presented by Mr. Kenny and Mr. Morris, Los Angeles, Calif.; papers, 1929-1961, of Jean Services for microfilming and photostating Collins Kerr, humorist and playwright, and all but certain restricted items in its manu­ Walter Francis Kerr, drama critic and play­ script collections are provided by the Society. wright, including correspondence, scripts, For details write Dr. Josephine L. Harper, various versions of plays, financial records, Manuscripts Librarian. contracts, playbills, appointment books, and scrapbooks, presented by Mr. Kerr, Larch- Manuscripts mont, N. Y.; papers, 1920-1962, of Louis Kronenberger, drama critic and writer, in­ cluding typescripts of plays, articles, lec­ Theater Papers. Scrapbook, ca. 1927-1942, tures, poems, and notebooks, presented by of articles written by Harry N. Blair relating Mr. Kronenberger, New York.; papers, 1948- to the motion picture industry, especially to 1956, of Herman Levin, play producer, con­ stars and contract arrangements, presented by sisting chiefly of correspondence and business Edwin P. Blair, Bala Cynwyd, Pa.; papers, records for the Gentlemen Prefer Blondes com­ 1918-1960, of Marc Blitzstein, composer, lyri­ pany, with miscellaneous materials relating to cist, and librettist, including correspondence, other productions, presented by Mr. Levin, programs, financial materials, and drafts of New York, N. Y.; papers, 1927-1954, of lyrics and scores for his works, presented by John McGowan, actor, playwright, and screen Mr. Blitzstein, New York, N. Y.; papers, writer, including typescripts of about twenty 1938-1961, of Sidney (Paddy) Chayefsky, plays, first drafts of some plays, typescripts playwright, producer, and director, includ­ of musical comedies, and clippings, presented ing drafts of plays for television, various ver­ by Mr. McGowan, New York, N. Y.; papers, sions of scripts, and European reviews, pre­ 1937-1961, of A'. Richard Nash, playwright, sented by Mr. Chayefsky, New York, N. Y.; producer, and lecturer, including correspond­ papers, 1912-1960, of /. Fred Coots, com­ ence, and drafts, typescripts, and notes con­ poser of musicals and popular songs, includ­ cerning several plays and musicals, presented ing playbills, royalty contracts, financial rec­ by Mr. Nash, New York, N. Y.; papers of ords, sheet music, and photographs, presented Jean Rosenthal, lighting director and techni­ by Mr. Coots, New York, N. Y.; papers, 1950- cal consultant for plays, consisting of her 1962, of David Davidson, novelist and play­ lighting notes for a number of productions wright, including some correspondence, notes, between 1949 and 1961, presented by Miss and clippings, but chiefly drafts and type­ Rosenthal, New York, N. Y.; stage designs, scripts of his television plays, presented by photostats of drawings, color photographs, Mr. Davidson, New York, N. Y.; papers, preliminary sketches, and photographs made 1916-1959, of Ruth Goodman Goetz, play­ wright, her husband, Augustus Goetz, and and used by Wolfgang Roth, stage designer, her father, Philip Goodman, including cor­ presented by Mr. Roth, New York, N. Y.; respondence, scripts for plays and screenplays, papers, 1950-1961, of Dore Schary, film writ­ costume plates, photographs, personal finan­ er and producer, including a small amount of cial records, and annotated novels, presented correspondence with people of note, but chief­ by Mrs. Goetz, New York, N. Y.; papers, ly manuscript outlines and scripts for plays 1943-1958, of the Hollywood Democratic and screenplays, presented by Mr. Schary, Committee, including organizational materials, New York, N. Y.; papers, ca. 1930-1961, of and correspondence and papers relating to Arthur Schwartz, composer and writer of political action by the group, presented by musical comedies, including the music for George Pepper, Mexico, D. F.; papers, 1950- four musical comedies, especially A Tree 1960, of Dorothy Jeakins, designer, consisting Grows in Brooklyn and The Gay Life, pre­ of color costume plates and wardrobe plots sented by Mr. Schwartz, New York, N. Y.; for six plays, and workbook for the play papers, 1943-1962, of Rod Serling, play­ Joan of Arc, presented by Miss Jeakins, Los wright, including correspondence, scripts, ar-

71 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964 tides, and speeches, presented by Mr. Serling, Mr. Hall, Fairhope, Ala., and Mrs. Hall, Chi­ Pacific Palisades, Calif.; papers, 1942-1961, cago, 111.; papers, 1918-1963, of William S. of Joseph Stein, playwright, including corre­ Hedges, former vice-president of the National spondence, financial records, scripts, drafts Broadcasting Company, including correspond­ for plays and for radio and TV shows, rou­ ence, speeches, interviews, articles, NBC re­ tines for certain performers, and clippings, ports, clippings, material pertaining to the presented by Mr. Stein, New Rochelle, N. Y.; Broadcast Pioneers and the National Asso­ papers, 1905-1962, of Dalton Trumbo, screen­ ciation of Broadcasters, and a World War II writer, including correspondence and manu­ research file, presented by Mr. Hedges, Scars- scripts relating to articles, pamphlets, short dale, N. Y.; papers, 1959-1961, of Ray Henle, stories, plays, screenplays, and novels by newscaster and commentator, containing chief­ Trumbo, also material concerning blacklist­ ly fan mail and scripts for the radio program, ing and the "Hollywood Ten," and financial "Three Star Extra," presented by Mr. Henle, records, presented by Mr. Trumbo, Los Ange­ Washington, D. C; papers, 1922-1960, of les, Calif., (restricted) ; papers, 1925-1950, Edward Hunter, journalist and author, in­ of Dwight Deere Wiman, producer of plays cluding correspondence, materials relating to and musical comedies, including correspond­ Brainwashing in Red China and The Story of ence, various versions of scripts, programs, Mary Liu, translations and analyses of Com­ press books, orchestrations, and photographs, munist works, and miscellaneous articles and presented by Miss Anna Deere Wiman, New York, N. Y., Mrs. Richard Calhoun, Stam­ travel documents, presented by Mr. Hunter, ford, Conn., Mrs. Coleman D. Glover, New Arlington, Va.; papers, 1906-1962, of Alice York, N. Y., and Mrs. William Wakeman, Keith, pioneer in educational broadcasting Palm Beach, Fla.; and additions recently re­ and founder of the National Academy of ceived and cataloged with the papers of Gore Broadcasting, including correspondence, ar­ Vidal, (restricted). ticles and addresses, press releases, newsletters, and scrapbooks, presented by Mrs. Winifred Keith Pinto, Washington, D. C; broadcasts, 1955, The Fulton Lewis Jr. Report on the Fund Mass Communications Papers. Papers, 1912- for the Republic, a collection of excerpts from 1955, of the Advertising Women of New York, the radio broadcasts of Fulton Lewis, Jr., pre­ including a history of the club, surveys of job sented by Mr. Lewis, Washington, D. C.; opportunities for women, and scrapbooks of papers, 1938-1963, of Clark R. Mollenhoff, historical and publicity award materials, pre­ Washington correspondent, including corre­ sented by the Advertising Women of New spondence, articles, addresses, television York through the courtesy of Dorothy Dig­ scripts, notes and interviews, scrapbooks, and nam, New York, N.Y.; report, "Plan for materials concerning the book, Washington D-Day Broadcasts," May 19, 1944, from the Cover-Up, presented by Mr. Mollenhoff, Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Washington, D. C; papers, 1959-1963, re­ Force, Psychological Warfare Division, pre­ lating to the National Aeronautics and Space sented by Laurence Blochman through the Administration, Public Information Center, courtesy of Louis Lochner, Fairhaven, N.J.; used in a case study concerning this office, papers, 1923-1963, of Harry Bruno, public presented by Minter L. Wilson, Jr., Morgan- relations counsel and aviation pioneer, in­ town, W. Va., (partly restricted) ; papers, cluding correspondence, materials pertaining 1908-1960, of Arthur Page, public relations to Bruno's book. Wings Over America (1942), and business consultant, including corre­ articles and addresses, various publicity ma­ spondence, articles, addresses, appointment terials prepared for Bruno's clients, and me­ books, minutes books, miscellaneous records morabilia, presented by Mr. Bruno, New York, of the Metropolitan Rapid Transit Survey, N.Y.; papers, 1956, 1960-1961, of Art Buch- and a history of the Page family, presented wald, humorist, relating to an early song by by Mrs. Page, New York, N. Y.; papers, Irving Berlin and to Buchwald's two books: Don't Forget to Write (1960), and How Much 1790-1955, of James D. Preston, superintend­ Is That in Dollars? (1961), presented by Mr. ent of the Senate Press Gallery, Washington, Buchwald, Washington, D. C.; papers, 1915- D. C, 1897-1932, including research notes, 1929, 1951, 1962, of Wendell Hall, radio's parts of diaries, clippings, and scrapbooks, first sustaining artist, including correspond­ presented by Mr. Preston, Massapequa, N. Y.; ence, miscellaneous printed matter, and a biography of Theodore Vail, president of the scrapbook tracing Hall's career, presented by American Telephone and Telegraph Company,

72 ACCESSIONS

1907-1920, presented by Arthur A. Marsters, days," by Gustave A. Giese, April 3, 1947; New York, N. Y.; papers, 1941-1944, of "Log driving and the rafting of lumber in Gregor Ziemer, former radio news analyst, Wisconsin," a survey prepared by Adolph now with the American Foundation for the Kanneberg, counsel for the Public Service Blind, consisting of radio scripts and miscel­ Commission of Wisconsin, March 25, 1944; laneous letters, memos, and press releases, "How Loganville happened to be," by Mrs. S. presented by Mr. Ziemer, Parsippany, N. J.; N. Kinsley, and an autobiography of Adam and additions recently received and catalogued Leicher, who owned a wagon and carriage with the papers of the Associated Press, shop in Loganville, 1870-1920; diary, 1963, Marquis W. Childs, (restricted), Hans V. including a short autobiography by George Kaltenborn, (partly restricted), Edward P. Lewerenz describing his work as a teacher Morgan, and the National Broadcasting Com­ of science with the Peace Corps in Zaria, Ni­ pany. geria; correspondence, chiefly telegrams, 1951, relating to a fund-raising dinner in Mil­ waukee in behalf of Senator Joseph R. Mc­ Carthy; minutes, 1926-1933, of the Madison Garden Club, Madison, including member­ Miscellaneous Papers. Manuscripts for a ship lists; report of the committee appointed speech by George Banta, Menasha, at the dedi­ by the Madison Woman's Club, 1917, to study cation of the print shop at Stonefield Museum, the milk situation in Madison; staff confer­ Cassville, July 20, 1963; manuscript for a ence reports, 1947-1960, including mimeo­ talk given January 11, 1959, by Helen J. graphed verbatim transcripts of the annual Beckwith, in observance of the one-hundredth conferences of Marts and Lundy, Inc., re­ anniversary of the building of the Brodhead flecting the firm's experience in fund-raising Methodist Church; scrapbook, 1858-1879, and philanthropy, (restricted) ; letter, July and account book, 1860-1886, relating to 30, 1846, from William Medill to Henry Charles Billinghurst, Congressman from Ju­ Dodge, relating to a proposed treaty with the neau; minutes, 1910-1920, of the Royal Menominee Indians for the purchase of lands Neighbors of America, Badger Camp Num­ north of the Fox River; reminiscences of Wil­ ber 1885, Black River Falls; letters, November liam G. Nohl, timber cruiser in the Ashland 11, 1859, and January 4, 1860, from Mont­ area; sketch by Donna C. Perkins, 1963, gomery Blair to Judge James R. Doolittle, called "This is what I know of New Diggings Racine, discussing the issue of slavery and the and Cokerville, Wisconsin, 1911-1926"; let­ attitude of John C. Calhoun; scrapbook of ter, July 2, 1962, from Wisconsin's attorney clippings relating to shipping and ship disas­ general, John W. Reynolds, stating Reynolds' ters on the Great Lakes, 1905-1908, kept by opinion as to the central issues in the 1962 Captain Harry F. Brown; letters, 1962—1963, gubernatorial campaign in which he ran for written by Jerome Delfeld, member of the governor; "The birthplace of Marc Mitscher," Peace Corps, describing his experiences in by Clara Schuppe, a description of the home Tunisia, North Africa; an account of various at Hillsboro in which Admiral Mitscher was hospitals established in Madison between 1904 born; secretary's book of the Sharon Equal and 1964, contained in a letter written by Suffrage League, 1917-1920, and its successor, Isabel Diebold, February 6, 1964; letter, Jan­ the Citizenship Class, 1920-1928, both of uary 16, 1844, from Johann Diefenthaeler to relatives in Germany, describing his family's Sharon; papers, 1816-1868, of Jesse Smith, journey to Milwaukee and settlement nearby, Pennsylvania minister and teacher, includ­ including references to the cost of land and ing family correspondence, diaries, account products; letter, January 28, 1852, to Daniel books, sermons, and records of the Bethel and Webster from James Duane Doty, relating Ebenezer Presbyterian congregations in In­ to the status and tenure of territorial judges; diana County, Pennsylvania, 1822-1835; bibliography of source materials relating to "Folke Becker and Trees for Tomorrow," by socialism in America, 1901—1920, compiled M. N. Taylor, December 10, 1963; plans, by Gerald Friedberg in 1963; papers, 1846- 1927-1930, for proposed airports and land­ 1865, of Caleb F. Fuller, Marquette County, ing fields in Wisconsin cities, drawn for the including chiefly family correspondence and U. S. Department of Commerce; report and a diary; "The rafting and running of lumber maps, February, 1938, relating to the Fox down the Wisconsin and Mississippi rivers River Valley and its development, compiled by to the southern lumber markets in bygone the Wisconsin State Planning Board.

73 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964

The Seasons in Review

Summer: lunch time for Society archeologists during the 1964 dig at Aztalan. Autumn: (above right) the Historymobile's Civil War exhibit gets an enthusiastic send-off for its fall tour of state schools. Winter: (below right) a weary young historian naps between midwinter classes. Spring: (below) the maintenance staff gives the Reading Room ceiling a refurbishing.

Pliotos by Justin M. Schmiedeke

74 Proceedings of the One Hundred and Eighteenth T^nnual Business Meeting of The State Historical Society of Wisconsin 1963-1964

Director's Report

HEN is a year over and done with? The has tried to explain the issue in its historical Wobligation of an annual report suggests context. For those who disavow extremism that a year has shape and form of its own. there is evidence aplenty to show that the But it is really an artificial measure, marked colonists in the American Revolution were by budget and employment periods and the extreme, that the abolitionists, the muckrakers other accoutrements of imposed regularity. of Progressivism, and Wisconsin's General We live by various clocks which tick off the Billy Mitchell were extreme. For those who minutes, hours, days, months, and years; embrace extremisin there is evidence aplenty yet we make our history without reference to show that a French citizen named Genet to time. The ideas of one day become the sowed seeds of sedition in the United States, plans of the next, and the plans of one month that Aaron Burr toyed with rebellion, that mature in a second or third or more. the first and second Ku Klux Klans used The year 1963-1964 is not a year at all, physical force outside the law, that riots and but a slice of time during which, out of needs murder flare up too often in American so­ and demands, we developed ideas, plans, and ciety when local governments permit the abuse programs which can not be boxed into an of the underprivileged. isolated time period. By the calendar and Extremism has been a force of some mo­ the clock, the year was as regular as the surf. ment in our history. Where it is relevant to Like the surf it had its ebbs and flows, its contemporary objectives and consonant with rough water and its smooth. Parts of the the basic moral imperatives of our society, year—by far the largest parts—were as clear where it is controlled before injustice and as the waters off Washington Island, but violence take root, it has contributed over there were other parts which were as muddy the long pull to the nation's development. as the Great River itself. And while both Where it runs amuck after irrelevant objec­ the clear and the muddied made up this tives it becomes destructive. In this sense, year, they were portions of a larger measure history has created guidelines which can be than the calendar and the clock. History used to counsel the present on a political is like that. issue of some urgency, but the calendar and We live so much in the present, handcuffed the clock distract our attention and obscure to deadlines, that we fail to realize how re­ the message. lated the past is to the present. On the na­ On less dramatic issues, history bridges tional scene, the major political parties have time barriers and highlights the shadowed demonstrated their concern for what is now rocks which we have taken for granted or called "extremism"—movements which are at neglected. Without the historical perspective, one or the other end of the political and so­ we see only superficially. A recent museum cial spectrum. This is a legitimate political exhibit at the Society, planned and executed issue, by historic standards, yet neither party by the imaginative and indefatigable Paul

75 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964

Vanderbilt, illuminated the primitive tech­ In a word, this is why the State Historical nology and procedures of early movie-making Society exists. We collect the evidence, the in this country. The improvement in film­ raw resources of history, and store it in our ing today's movies was immediately appar­ libraries, available for any responsible per­ ent, but those viewers who had time to re­ son to read and reflect upon. We study it, flect on the exhibit could see beneath its sur­ in part, ourselves, so that we can assist school face. Early movies, like any entertainment and adult educational programs as needed. medium, mirrored the society they served, We exhibit it, in part, for those who appre­ pointing up its follies and foibles, catering ciate that the artifact speaks for itself. We to its whims, praising its strengths. The tragi­ restore historic sites for those who respond comedy of Charlie Chaplin was easily recog­ to a more complete historical environment, nized for what it said sotto voce to its audi­ and we publish our research and that of ences, and looking back we can see similar other scholars for those who rely upon the messages in the slapstick comedy, the melo­ written word of interpreted history. We be­ drama, and the propaganda films of the early lieve deeply that history has something to twentieth century. Seeing these and recog­ say to everyone, in whatever form is most nizing what they mean may help us to see appropriate, despite the barrier of the calen­ ourselves more clearly through the medium dar and the clock. of today's entertainment. The calendar and And now, having denied that the year 1963- the clock sometimes bar the backward look 1964 is a year at all, let me turn to the So­ which adds to self-understanding. ciety's activities. More detailed reports from History is too often dismissed as a routine each of the Society's divisions, and the statis­ progression of documentable activities, de­ tical data on which they are based, follow this lineated by eighteen-hundred-and-this, or April introductory statement. twenty-that. In actuality it is not routine, it often retrogresses; it is rarely documentable HEN the Society approached the Western in scientific fashion and, like a military cam­ WPrinting and Lithographing Company of paign, it is active only at odd and unregulat­ Racine last fall, we suggested that the com­ ed times. A routine progression by what prehensive history of Wisconsin—which had standards? we might ask. Or what can be been an idea for a long time—now needed absolutely documented outside of elementary planning. The Company was good enough statistical data such as birth, death, and elec­ to see that an idea of such magnitude re­ tion returns? And even these are sometimes quired serious thought and, in the Company's difficult to substantiate. The study of history own word, "skeletonizing." Because the Com­ is largely interpretive—what we think hap­ pany's interest expressed itself in a generous pens, not only according to the available gift, we were able to call Professor William evidence but also according to our keenest Fletcher Thompson to the Society from the ability to evaluate it. That which is totally Wisconsin State University at Oshkosh to undocumentable—the mood and temper of undertake the planning tasks as general edi­ a society, for example—becomes a matter of tor of the comprehensive history. Our own historical judgement. The "why" of history, Director of Research, Miss Alice E. Smith, its most fascinating question, is in some part will be a consulting editor to Mr. Thompson. educated conjecture, and precisely because Here was an idea which goes far back in the of the fascination of this question and the Society's history, revived and supported dur­ imprecision of its answers, history transcends ing the year under review, but Mr. Thompson calendars and clocks. did not start work until a few days after the report year had ended. We who are concerned with history have an obligation to clarify for the general public In the same way, the Society has been talk­ those dimensions which historical knowledge ing for many years about an addition to its adds to life itself. We should encourage the building. The American history library addi­ development of interpretive history at all lev­ tion, as a concept, came into being in 1960 and els of understanding and in all areas of his­ has received our continuing attention. Last torical research. We should seek the an­ fall, the State Building Commission allocated swers to the questions which people ask funds to permit the Society to draw up pre­ about the past. We should, if you will, blunt liminary plans for the American history li­ the sharp edge of the calendar and the clock brary addition. The Madison architectural and blur their insistent message, so that people firm of Siberz, Purcell and Cuthbert, repre­ have time to know history, which is timeless. sented by Mark Purcell, contracted to do the

76 PROCEEDINGS: 1963-1964 job, and working closely with architects from Our still-new Publications Office has been the Bureau of Engineering and with Society very active this year under the sure and stimu­ staff completed the preliminary plans before lating guidance of Miss Kathryn Schneider. June 30, 1964. The Building Committee of The results are visible in the various publica­ the Board of Curators met twice to review tions for which Miss Schneider has editorial them and recommended their approval to the responsibility—Then and Now is a prime ex­ total Board of Curators. The Board approved, ample. With the co-operation of William J. but the year had ended before the State Build­ Schereck of our Local History Office and ing Commission gave its authorization to the Raymond S. Sivesind of our Sites and Mark­ Society to proceed to final plans and con­ ers Office, Miss Schneider supervised the de­ struction, provided that the bids are at or sign and execution of our first Historic Sites below the allocated sum. The plans call for guide map, and its run of 40,000 copies was an addition of four main floors, seven stack distributed so quickly in response to demand floors, a lecture hall, new museum areas, that there were not enough copies to fill re­ and just over 100,000 square feet of space, quests from school teachers and administra­ 83 per cent of which is functional. tors this fall. We are delighted with the re­ The prospect of an addition has motivated ception of this much-needed guide; it is an some soul-searching at the Society, which example of inter-office co-operation and the should bear fruit in the year to come. Two skill of a very talented young lady staff mem­ major divisions—the Museum and Archives ber. and Manuscripts—will change location when This year marked the close of a two-year the addition is completed and almost every research project in urban history, supported other division and office will be affected. by a grant from the Ford Foundation, through While there will inevitably be some confu­ the University of Wisconsin. Miss Alice sion and even a slowdown of services during Smith, our Director of Research, has com­ construction, the end result should make up pleted her volume on the early history of the for lost time. twin cities, Neenah and Menasha, and Messrs. During the year under review, I made sev­ Charles N. Glaab of the University of Wis­ eral organizational changes of some conse­ consin-Milwaukee and Lawrence H. Larsen, quence. John Jacques was promoted from who served during the year on our staff, have Business Manager to Assistant Director, in completed their volume on the later history. which capacity he will have enlarged duties We expect to publish both volumes in 1965, relating to the over-all administration of the and their appearance will mark what we hope Society and will also assist me in certain spe­ will be the beginning of a series of studies of cific areas. Thurman Fox was promoted to Wisconsin's cities. These two volumes, which Director of the Museum from the School I have read in manuscript, represent provoca­ Services Office and this office was merged tive and important approaches to urban his­ with the Museum Education Office. Miss tory by stressing the impact of industrializa­ Doris Platt now heads this enlarged section, tion in the urbanization process. while retaining her responsibilities for radio and television work. The merger concentrates The Society Press, our book-publishing our educational work in one place and will arm, has shown renewed vigor and rigor dur­ make it possible for us to relate the various ing the year under review, as Peter Coleman's facets of our educational program to each report suggests. Not only have we increased other. the number of books published, but we have We have carried on an intensive review of been receiving manuscripts of a higher qual­ our elementary school program and have ity for review. Mr. Coleman has activated scheduled some substantial changes for the an impressive Editorial Board which reads 1965-1966 school year. Since we are still the manuscripts and makes the decision wheth­ at work refining this new program, it is too er to publish or not. The number of books early to report on it in detail. We anticipate already scheduled and in process for publi­ that it will fit more snugly into the Wiscon­ cation this fall augurs well for the year to sin history curriculum of our school systems come. I might add that Mr. Coleman has and be considerably more useful to teachers managed to carry his full load as editor of and school administrators. In planning this the Societv Press while doing his own research program, the benefits of an enlarged Museum and writing. His study of early Rhode Island Education Office have already become appar­ was published by Brown University Press ent. during the year.

77 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964

In July of the year under review, the Cir­ me a small sense of personal satisfaction. cus World Museum—in co-operation with the Since the fiscal year 1958-1959, our public Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company and the city funds income has risen just 35 per cent, while of Milwaukee—staged the first July Fourth our income from sales of books and micro­ Circus Parade. It was a huge success, wit­ film, historic sites admissions, membership nessed by over 400,000 people, and it brought dues and the like, has risen by more than 65 home vividly the record of growth of this per cent. In still a third category, income very lively Society enterprise. The Circus from gifts, grants, and endowment funds has World Museum is owned by the Society but risen 400 per cent. This is a clear indication is operated by a nonprofit corporation, the that the Society is energetically attracting Historic Sites Foundation, whose board mem­ private funds for its support to supplement bers are listed elsewhere in these Proceedings. those funds allocated by the state. This is a The Foundation's board members deserve healthy growth. recognition as hard-working and thoughtful. I have already mentioned a substantial gift But the chief spark plug in the Museum's suc­ from the Western Printing and Lithograph­ cess has been its Director, Charles P. "Chap­ ing Company. We have received other gifts pie" Fox, who has ingeniously combined his and I would like to note here some of the sense of the dramatic with his extensive outstanding ones, calling your attention to knowledge of circus history to make the Cir­ our statement of appreciation to donors and cus World Museum the most popular and our list of donors which we publish in this attractive historic site in Wisconsin. issue as a testament of our gratitude for ex­ The list of Society activities is too long tensive and continuing support. The Kalten­ to do them full justice here. However, there born Foundation of New York City has grant­ are some brief details which I would call to ed us $10,000 to equip the Kaltenborn Room your attention, for fear that they might be for audio-visual study and research. The Na­ overlooked. We have experienced a steady tional Park Service made a grant in excess rise in membership in the last few years and of $3,500 for archaeological work in the just a month after the year in review, we went Kickapoo Valley. Other important gifts in­ over the 5,000 mark. This is an exciting cluded an unrestricted gift of $3,400 from trend for us, reflecting an increased appre­ John S. Sensenbrenner of Neenah; a gift of ciation of the Society and history. We can $1,500 from Arnold 0. Braun, Birmingham, document increased interest in history in Michigan, for the Circus World Museum; other ways as well. The Library has ex­ a $5,000 bequest from the estate of the late perienced a steady increase in use, up almost Florence M. Patterson, Evanston, Illinois; 50 percent in the number of persons served a gift of $250 from the Schlitz Foundation, during the last five years and in books cir­ Inc.; and a gift of $1,200 from Messrs. Gordon culated. In our Archives and Manuscripts and Cyrus McCormick of Chicago. Addition­ Division, the number of persons served in al gifts and grants for Society purposes came the last five years has almost doubled; in the to the Wisconsin History Foundation, in­ year under review, the increase was over 30 cluding $500 from the Edward A. Uhrig Foun­ )er cent. We have juggled staff and student dation of Milwaukee for our Teachers' Insti­ lelp interminably to meet this overload, since tute, and for Stonefield Village the follow­ our staff and facilities have not increased pro­ ing gifts: The Wisconsin Bar Foundation, portionately. Outside of the building, our $3,500; Wisconsin State Telephone Associa­ archaeological field crew was organized and tion, $4,000; Wisconsin Locally Owned Tele­ was in the field before the year was out with phone Association, $7,000; and the Wiscon­ the most ambitious plans and the largest crews sin Blacksmiths and Welders Association, in recent history. Our Historymobile II com­ $150. I would like to add a special word of pleted a successful tour of 4,200 miles and gratitude to the Women's Auxiliary for their 236 stops, welcoming over 175,000 visitors. continuing support of our Rare Book Fund and other special projects. The Board of the Auxiliary, its immediate past president, Mrs. T would be inappropriate for an annual W. Norman FitzGerald of Milwaukee and its I statement not to mention money. The So­ current president, Mrs. Joseph C. Gamroth of ciety is both a public and a private insti­ Madison, have always been ready to help in tution, receiving money from public and pri­ this and in many other ways. vate sources. A short time ago I reviewed our income over the last five years. The pat­ The donors' list includes the names of the tern is fairly consistent, and one which gives many friends who sent in gifts to the Wil-

78 PROCEEDINGS: 1963-1964 liam Best Hesseltine Memorial Fund. Mr. which ensures the contiimance of strength Hesseltine died in the third year of his term and stability in that office. as President of the Society. I have recorded In closing, I want to acknowledge the ef­ elsewhere my testimony to the man and his fective manner in which the Associate Di­ work and the Board of Curators' resolution, rector, Richard A. Erney, has assumed his published in the Winter, 1963-64 issue of responsibilities. Not only has he relieved this Magazine, sums up his contributions to me of important operating burdens but he the Society. To these statements, I can only has also contributed forcefully and sympa­ add that for me his death was a personal loss thetically to the solution of every major prob­ beyond measure. His place as President was lem which has arisen during the year. If ably filled by the first Vice-President, John C. the Society has become a better institution Geilfuss, whose steady hand and sound advice within the last twelve-month period, Mr. Erney meant more to the Society during those months must share a substantial portion of the credit. than he will ever admit. We are all in his debt. At its June meeting the Board elected Respectfully submitted, Scott M. Cutlip as President, an election LESLIE H. FISHEL, JR., Director

••:,/-'^%M>#.-, Independent, 1900-1914, the Neenah Daily Times, 1882-1894, the Platteville Journal, 1899-1912, the Richland Center Democrat, 1907-1943, the Turtle Lake Bugle, 1901-1913, and the Wabeno Advertiser, 1898-1931. Our function as a supplier of labor jour­ nals and newspapers on microfilm is expand­ ing rapidly. Our collection of "master nega­ Divisional Reports tive" of such papers now covers more than 600 titles. From this, during the year, we filled 113 orders amounting to a total of $5,874.00. This represents a growth of 100 per cent in the last five years in the number Library. The year has been one of steady of orders and a 200 per cent growth in dol­ growth for the Library in collecting, organiz­ lar volume. ing, and servicing printed materials in Amer­ The statistical tables demonstrate the con­ ican History. A total of 5,078 volumes were tinued growth of library use, amounting to 4 added as compared with an average growth per cent over 1962-1963, and 90 per cent of 4,430 during the previous eight years, and growth in the eight years since the establish­ 2,508 reels of microfilm (chiefly newspapers) ment of the unified service desk. In some re­ as compared with an average annual growth spects the service load is seriously pushing the of 1,715. The total strength of the collection limits of our facilities. There is a constant at the end of the year was: 339,980 volumes, waiting list for faculty and graduate carrels; 351,899 pamphlets, 36,223 reels of microfilm, more and more frequently patrons are being and 110,068 microprint cards. compelled to await their turn for access to The newspaper collection was notably microfilm and microprint readers; and with strengthened. Significant files added included an inadequate number of library pages, the Charleston (S.C.J Courier, 1823-1852, patrons are having to wait longer for their the New York Evening Post, 1836-1869, the materials to be brought from the stacks. Boston Transcript, 1860-1903, and the New More seriously, the quality of service suffers York Mirror, 1924^1949. Wisconsin news­ as the entire staff is absorbed in the routine papers added through the microfilming of work of handling loans and has less time for borrowed files were the Chippewa Falls Daily constructive help and reader guidance.

Acquisitions

1957-58 1958-59 1959-60 1960-61 1961-62 1962-63 1963-64 Bound Volumes 4,633 3,862 4,381 4,354 5,233 4,178 5,078 Pamphlets 2,972 3,144 2,900 3,503 3.821 1,808 1,689 Reels of Microfilm 1,607 1,675 1,505 1,565 1.609 1,806 2,508 Microprint and mirocards 6,092 .3,075 13,984 9,147 10,012 14,760 12,126

Persons Served

Stack and carrel admissions .. 23,714 26,583 27,804 31,330 34.937 38,130 40,468 Reading room service 10,598 11,615 13,507 14,545 19,613 16,129 14,714 Borrowed for home use 10,365 12,836 14,633 15,108 16,763 17,609 19,253 Correspondence 1,188 1,1,59 1,180 1,339 1,281 1,347 1,513 Total 45,865 53,076 57,174 62,322 72,594 73,215 75,948

Circulation Statistics—Books and Reels of Microfilm

Reading room use 20,702 20,617 25,756 28,636 41,107 37,686 37,182 Home use 18,136 20,922 24,125 27,579 30,500 33,180 36,436 Total 38,838 41,539 49,881 56,215 71,607 70,866 73,618

80 PROCEEDINGS: 1963-1964

Office of Local History. The Advisory this Office was responsible for the agendas of Committee of the Wisconsin Council for Local the Council, Advisory Committee, and re­ History concentrated its energies during the gional meetings, for the distribution of the past year on the development of the Wiscon­ minutes of those meetings, and for correspond­ sin Registered Landmarks program. The pro­ ence. He continues to serve as clerk of the gram will complement the state marker pro­ Board of Curators Awards Committee and gram by giving recognition to significant re­ as the American Association for State and gional and local markers that do not meet the Local History's Wisconsin Awards chairman. requirement of state-wide significance. In addition to attending Council meetings, The second annual meeting of the Coun­ thirty-one trips were made to render various cil as a whole was held at Madison on Sep­ forms of assistance to a number of affiliated tember 28, 1963, during the Annual Institute historical societies and other local groups. A for Local History. Advisory Committee meet­ recommendation to change those parts of ings were held at Madison on the same date, Chapter 44 of the Wisconsin Statutes relating and at Oshkosh on April 11, 1964, and at to auxiliary and affiliated historical societies Eau Claire on July 11, 1964. is expected to clarify the disposition of the Regional meetings were held in Waukesha assets of defunct affiliated historical societies. on November 9, 1963, in Edgerton on March 14, 1964, in lola on March 21, and in Berlin on April 4, and in Green Bay on May 9. Co-operation was extended to the South­ Archives and Manuscripts. Among the eastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Com­ noteworthy developments in the Division this mission at the Waukesha meeting as regional year has been the introduction of a much- societies plotted local sites for Commission needed program of publishing descriptive in­ maps. The Wolf River Basin Regional Plan­ ventories and other finding aids to the archi­ ning Commission presented its plans for val and manuscripts collections. A beginning marking historical sites in the Wolf River has been made on updating the Guide to Basin at the meetings at lola and Berlin. Of­ Manuscripts, with the second supplement to ficers of societies in the Council located in appear sometime next year. The Division is the Wolf River Basin serve on the Commis­ now issuing a "Selected List of Quarterly Ac­ sion's historic markers committee. cessions" which is sent to all major historical At the Fourteenth Annual Institute for journals reporting manuscript accessions. Local History, the Reuben Gold Thwaites During the past year several simplified pro­ Trophy was presented to the Oconto County cedures have been instituted in the process­ Historical Society. Local History Awards of ing and cataloging operations of both the Merit were presented to Mrs. John McCarthy archives and manuscripts sections. This spring of Portage, to Mr. Pat Dawson of Janesville, we were able to reduce the swollen backlog and to Mr. Carroll Tracy of Milwaukee. of unprocessed collections with a temporary The affiliation of three new societies was increase in student employees. Patron use of approved by the Board of Curators. In restat­ the collections has increased considerably ing articles of incorporation the Royal His­ from a year ago, and the Division's Area torical Society and Museum of Calumet Coun­ Research Centers are beginning to demon­ ty changed its name to the Calumet County strate their potential for research in regional Historical Society, and the St. Croix Valley and local history. Historical Society of Wisconsin changed its There were several changes in personnel name to the St. Croix County Historical So­ this past year. F. Gerald Ham, Associate ciety. The Air Education Council, Inc., filed Curator of the West Virginia (University) dissolution papers after disposing of its assets Collection, was appointed State Archivist and by presenting them to the Milwaukee County head of the Division; Mrs. Emilie Al-Khazraji Historical Society. and Jack Ericson were appointed to the Manu­ The first complete map showing all the his­ scripts section, while Jack Jallings was added torical museums and official state markers in to the Archives staff; Mrs. Janice O'Connell, Wisconsin was produced for the February, formerly a member of the staff, accepted a 1964, issue of Exchange. The map was re­ newly created position in the Mass Communi­ produced in color in the Society's 1964 sites cations History Center, and Mrs. Lucile Kel­ brochure, A Guide to Historic Wisconsin. lar retired on December 31, 1963, after many As executive secretary of the Wisconsin years of dedicated service in organizing and Council for local History, the Supervisor of arranging the famed McCormick Collection.

81 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964

Archive.^. This past year, the Committee Mass Communications History Center. on Public Records acted upon 1,161 Disposal This past year the Center resumed a more ac­ Authorization Requests and gave continuing tive collecting program that has produced authority to transfer to the archives 140 re­ marked results both in new donations and cord series with an estimated annual accumu- commitments. Forty new donors responded altion of 254 cubic feet. In addition, 10 re­ with contributions of materials. These re­ cord series with a total accumulation of 49 sults were particularly encouraging in the cubic feet were transferred to the archives on fields of public relations, advertising, and the specific or noncontinuing authorization. With theatre arts. Much of the collecting in this an increased staff and additional student help, last category was done by Professor David the section was able to process 105 new re­ Knauf, director of the Wisconsin Center for cords series and additions to 14 previously Theatre Research which is sponsored joint­ established series. These series totaled 862 ly by the MCHC and the University. cubic feet (1,508 boxes, 30 records center A revised "Summary Inventory of Orga­ cartons, and 448 volumes). The processing nized Collections," listing all materials cata­ of local and county records was also accele­ loged as of June 30, 1964, was completed. rated as 103 record series totaling 5,011 Indicative of the growth of the Center's hold­ volumes and 108 boxes were added to the ings, the new inventory lists 178 collections as archives at the various Area Research Cen­ compared with 98 entries in the original 1962 ters. The largest local record group was the list. Interested researchers may have a copy Brown County archives which dated back to of the new inventory upon request. the 1820's and is probably the most complete With a recent gift of $10,000 from Mrs. H. set of county papers we have yet processed. V. Kaltenborn, the Society plans to equip an Forty-three previously accessioned record audio-visual room which will facilitate the series were carefully re-evaluated and found to use of the Center's collection of tapes, record­ be of insufficient archival value to merit pre­ ings, and films. To aid the Center in collection servation. As a result 1,563 cubic feet of of papers of pioneers in the field of public records were destroyed. relations, the Public Relations Society of America has donated $300, in addition to an This past year a simplified accession and initial shipment of historical records pertain­ processing procedure was developed which ing to the PRSA. Other fund-raising efforts enabled the staff to set up a unified control were directed toward obtaining money for the file and reduce the paperwork of the section compilation and publication of a bibliogra­ to one master card for each record series. In phical guide to primary sources in the field addition to instituting simplified procedures, of broadcasting, a project which has had the the backlog of unprocessed material was sig­ assistance of the Broadcast Pioneers. nificantly reduced. With a grant from the Civil War Centennial Commission, the mili­ tary papers of the various Wisconsin Civil War units, totaling 196 boxes, were processed, Area Research Centers. In addition to while over 700 boxes of Assembly and Senate its other responsibilities, the Division main­ bills, petitions, and election return statements tains six regional Area Research Centers were cataloged and/or recataloged. Major at the state universities at Eau Claire, White­ collections were also processed from the De­ water, Oshkosh, River Falls, Stevens Point, partment of Agriculture, the Industrial Com­ and the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. mission, Public Welfare Commission, Board The purpose of these centers is to encourage of Health, and the State Treasurer. historical studies and enrich the resources for The table below gives a break-down on historical research in the state by providing the various uses made of the Archival records: more adequately for the collection, preserva­ tion, and administration of regional and local resources. In addition to the school's own archives, each center holds county and local Reference Requests by Types governmental archives and manuscript col­ 1962-63 1963-64 lections originating in or pertaining to the Administrative 231 182 multi-county area assigned to the Center. Scholarly Research 192 266 The second year of operation for most of Legal Research 39 29 the centers was characterized by moderate and Genealogy 140 177 steady growth. Patron use increased substan­ Miscellaneous 12 49 Total 614 703 tially with a total of 558 daily registrations

82 PROCEEDINGS: 1963-1964

at the six centers. One of the most signifi­ Manuscripts and Maps. During the year cant features of the Area Research Center 473 collections have been received for exami­ concept, the loan of manuscripts from the nation, copying, or permanent acquisition. Society's collections in Madison, also greatly Of these, 133 were received for the Mass Com­ increased over the preceding year. Extensive munications History Center. Cataloged this use was made of the college archives at Osh­ year were 169 manuscript collections, 41 kosh, River Falls, Stevens Point, and White­ groups of sound recordings totaling 3,697 reels water for the projected centennial history of or discs, 32 microfilm titles totaling 447 reels, the state college system; the history faculty and 173 maps and atlases. In bulk the newly at River Falls gave a seminar on "grass roots" cataloged manuscript collections contained history and published four articles in scholar­ 203 manuscript volumes and an estimated ly journals, based on their center's collections. 531,000 unbound pieces. Excluding the River Falls was also the scene of the annual McCormick Collection, the size of the Society's meeting of the Wisconsin Association of processed manuscript collections was increased Teachers of College History (WATCH) where to 10,739 volumes and an estimated 5,693,500 a group of some seventy-five professors at­ pieces. tended a session on "Grassroots History Use of the collections continues to increase. Comes of Age" and toured the research facil­ During the year the Archives-Manuscripts ity- Reading Room has been visited by scholars The Division feels assured that the success from Canada, England, Finland, India, Japan, of the Area Research Center concept has been the Philippine Islands, Scotland, Sweden, demonstrated beyond dispute. Not only are Switzerland, and the Soviet Union, as well new collections constantly being added to the as by searchers from thirty-six states and the various centers, patron use is on the increase, District of Columbia. During most of the but the ARC concept has also served as the year the McCormick Collection has been ser­ prototype for similar centers in Michigan viced by the Manuscripts staff through the and Illinois, and many centers report that Archives-Manuscripts Reading Room. Usage visitors come expressly to inspect their re­ of the McCormick Collection, therefore, is in­ search facilities. cluded in the statistics on patronage.

Total Manuscript Collections Processed 1961-62 1962-63 1963-64 Unbound pieces 3,981,000 5,162,500 5,693,500 Volumes 7,955 10,536 10,739

Patronage: Annual Registration by Locality Wisconsin 403 411 518 Other States 136 127 153 Foreign 8 13 11 Total 547 551 682

Patronage; Persons Served Manuscripts 2,167 2,.530 3,550 Maps 327 383 324 Archives 223 222 290 Correspondence (Manuscripts) 497 591 727

Reference Requests by Types, 1963—1964 Manuscripts Maps Administrative 1 2 Scholarly Research 2,128 467 Genealogy 117 50 Miscellaneous 78 29 Total 2,384 548

83 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964

The Society Press. The general expan­ Larry Gara, A Short History of Wisconsin sion of the scope and scale of operation in­ (Reprinted June, 1964). augurated several years ago continued during the 1963-1964 fiscal year. Twenty-nine manu­ O. Lawrence Burnette, Jr., and William Con­ scripts were received for consideration, four­ verse Haygood, editors, A Soviet View teen more than in the previous year and almost of the American Past (Reprint privi­ twice as many as were received, on the aver­ leges were granted to Scott, Foresman age, over the 1959-1963 period. Sales were and Company, February, 1964). also sustained at a high level, amounting to $20,230 as compared to $17,673 in the pre­ vious year and the annual average of $11,502 for the 1959-1963 period. Encouraging though these results are, the long-term success Publications Office. The past year has of the publication program continues to de­ seen the still-new Publications Office further pend upon attracting superior manuscripts define and systematize its copy-editing, edit­ and amortizing fixed costs over larger editions ing, design, and printing production services and a larger number of titles. for all other offices and divisions of the Society. Co-operation with these other offices The History of the Midwest Project is de­ has resulted in the production of a variety veloping very satisfactorily. The Society Press of new pieces during the past year, including published the first title in this series in Decem­ a Speakers Bureau brochure and a Junior ber, 1962, and three more titles will be pub­ Historian brochure for the Museum, a Log- lished in the fall and winter of 1964. Three mark Books flyer and a Magazine of History scholars received grants-in-aid in the current decennial index flyer, a Wisconsin Jewish fiscal year; in all, twelve manuscripts are in Archives brochure for Field Services, a mem­ preparation, some of which will be submitted bership billing for the Membership Secretary, for consideration in the 1964-1965 fiscal year. an Annual Institute program for the Office During the fiscal year ending June 30, of Local History, programs for Founders Day 1964, the Society Press published seven titles and the Annual Meeting, a new Society letter­ and reprinted two titles: head, and many smaller projects.

Claude H. Hall, Abel Parker Upshur: Conser­ Widespread public attention has been at­ vative Virginian, 1790-1844 (January, tracted by the new map, entitled A Guide to 1964). Historic Wisconsin, developed in co-operation with the Offices of Sites and Markers, Local History, and Public Information. This attrac­ Paul Knaplund, Moorings Old and New: En­ tive, three-color map, designed by the student- tries in an Immigrant's Log (September, artist in the Publications Office, seems to 1963). meet a long-unfulfilled demand, since of the 40,000 copies printed, 30,000 were distributed Eric E. Lampard, The Rise of the Dairy In­ upon request in less than a month. dustry in Wisconsin: A Study of Agri­ culture Change, 1820-1920 (September, The regular function of editing and de­ 1963). signing Badger History and Thirtieth Star and the complete production of Wisconsin William H. and Jane H. Pease, Black Utopia: Then and Now settled into a workable routine. Negro Communal Experiments in Ameri­ The illustration and design work of the half- ca (September, 1963). time staff artist have given Badger History and Thirtieth Star an extra appeal and unity, Sam Ross, The Empty Sleeve: A Biography of and the work of the part-time writer has added Lucius Fairchild (May, 1964). variety and interest to articles in Wisconsin Then and Now. Roger T. Johnson, Robert M. La Follette, Jr., The office also continued to edit the Wis­ and the Decline of the Progressive Party consin Teacher Newsletter, the Museum in Wisconsin (Logmark, May, 1964). Monthly, Staff, and Exchange. There were other editing projects not connected with Miriam Z. Langsam, Children West: A His­ Society periodicals, including the Historymo­ tory of the Placing Out System of the bile study guide for 1963-1964, an educa­ New York Children s Aid Society, 1853— tional booklet on the Wisconsin Dells, and a 1890 (Logmark, April, 1964). variety of reports and communications.

84 PROCEEDINGS: 1963-1964

The Wisconsin Calendar has been improved Historic Sites and Markers. The attend­ and enlarged. More color photographs were ance statistics at the conclusion of this report added to the 1965 edition, off the press in reflect the substantial increase in attendance June, 1964, bringing the number of illustra­ at the four Society-operated historic sites. At tions in color to nine. This office also han­ Stonefield, particularly, attendance was pro­ dled the Open House of History, held June moted through a series of special events, the 22-28, designed to acquaint the public with most noteworthy being the dedication of the the variety of functions carried on by the Stonefield Print Shop and Village Church by Society. This involved the production of bro­ officials of the Banta Company Foundation chures, posters, and newspaper mats, as well on July 20, the publication of August Der- as the co-ordination of the events and the leth's historical novel about Nelson Dewey, thirty-five staff members who took part in The Shadow in the Glass, and the Cassville them. Woman's Club Tea on June 5. Significant Current projects include the preparation of new construction undertaken at Stonefield in- a complete book of official state historical included a "triple unit" to house a Law Office, marker texts as well as various brochures financed by the State Bar of Wisconsin, a describing the holdings and projects of the Confectionery, and a Book Store. The Society Society. It is hoped that these new materials also received a gift of $7,000 from the Wis­ will further the objective of this office—to consin State Telephone Association and the interest the general public, with informative Wisconsin Locally Owned Group, which will and attractive literature, in the heritage of finance about one-half of a Residence-Tele­ Wisconsin and in the programs and purposes phone Exchange Unit in the village. of its State Historical Society. At Villa Louis, the annual Tea was held June 12. Major improvements at this site consisted of a new furnace and a complete Research Division. The work of the Re­ redecorating job in the Museum, the repaint­ search Division has centered on bringing to ing of a substantial part of the Villa interior, completion the urban history study begun two and the restoration of ten pieces of Villa fur­ years ago—the urbanization and industrializa­ niture. In addition to the retirement of Martha tion of Neenah-Menasha. This study is being Grelle after more than ten years of faithful conducted as a joint enterprise of the Society service, other long-time employees who re­ and the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee tired were Carrie LaPointe, Beatrice Rogers, through a Ford Foundation grant. A program Lela Mohoney, Lou Fernette, and William of research and note-taking, started last year, Campbell. The cause of history generally, and was intensified in September with the part- Prairie du Chien, particularly, suffered a time assistance of two graduate students. This great loss with the death of Mrs. Louise Corne­ involved a search through long series of news­ lius Root on October 27. Mrs. Root's death papers, in government publications, and all the left unfinished her plans to set up a trust fund numerous other types of source materials for perpetual care of the Brisbois Home and dealing with the development of the selected for the further development of the Mississippi area and its people. River front. Particular stress was placed on the collec­ Old Wade House also was active in spon­ tion and study of records of business concerns, soring special events. The Kohler Foundation both those which have been preserved in the contributed the $100 prize money distributed custody of their owners and those which were at the July Art Show. The August Twilight ultimately transferred to the Society for pre­ Tours were the most successful in the site's servation. Mrs. Marcia McGill, who termi­ history, with an average of 350 people each nated a three-year connection with the Society Tuesday night enjoying a ride in the stage­ on June 30, devoted much of her time to this coach provided by Mr. Wesley W. Jung. A search for business records. During the year Doll Show in September attracted 780 peo­ the manuscript of one volume, carrying the ple, and in October the annual Camera Day study to the year 1870, has been completed encouraged many visitors to photograph cos­ by Miss Alice E. Smith, and is in the hands tumed models of all ages. The Kohler Foun­ of a reading committee. The second volume, dation provided additional brick walks in the carrying the study to the opening of World areas around the ticket office, where increas­ War I, has been drafted by Lawrence H. Lar­ ing traffic had resulted in almost total elimmi- sen and Charles N. Glaab, and the greater nation of the grass around the porch and part of it is in the hands of a typist. benches. The Conservation Department con-

85 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964 tinued its excellent care of the Wade House Office of Public Information. During grounds and kept careful watch for any ap­ the year, 203 press releases were issued from pearance of Dutch Elm disease, beyond the this office, a slight increase over the 197 re­ two infected trees which were promptly re­ leased in 1962-1963. Of this number 18 per moved. Mrs. Lucetta Dehne retired from the cent dealt with historic sites; 14 per cent with Wade House staff after being employed there the library and the manuscript collections; since the site opened in 1953. The Conserva­ 14 per cent with public events such as the an­ tion Department employed Mr. Thomas Royer nual meeting, open house of history, founders on November 1 as the new caretaker to live in day, and exhibit openings; 12 per cent with the Butternut House apartment and to main­ the Museum; 7 per cent with the Historymo­ tain the grounds. The Conservation Depart­ bile; 6 per cent with book publications; 5 per ment Park Planning Division assigned Mr. cent with local history; 3 per cent each with Thomas Hagen to the job of preparing plans personnel and the Women's Auxiliary; and 2 for the over-all development of the combined per cent each with the Wisconsin Calendar Wade House-Herling Farm complex. and archeology. Also noted was an increase in the number of releases actually used by Although only eight sites were approved state newspapers. Clippings received from the for the Official Marker at the January, 1964, Wisconsin Clipping Service and other sources meeting of the Wisconsin Historical Markers totaled 3,087, as against 2,973 for the previous Commission, the installation of previously ap­ year. proved markers helped make the year the busiest since the program began officially in Although the production of the calendar 1953. The seventeen markers installed since has been shifted to the Publications Office, July 1, 1963, commemorate the Mabie Broth­ this office retains full responsibility for the ers Circus, Delavan; Col. Hans Heg—Norway promotion of this perennially popular publi­ Church, Waterford; Point Basse, Nekoosa; cation which in 1963 sold a record-breaking Cargo Pier, Milwaukee; Frank Lloyd Wright, 110,000 copies. During the year the Office Spring Green; Perrot's Post, Trempealeau; of Public Information developed a new pub­ Birthplace of the Republican Party, Ripon; lication for Stonefield, the Stonefield Gazette, Car Ferry Service, Kewaunee; Organization a replica of an 1890 newspaper, complete with of Wisconsin Territory, Mineral Point; North vintage advertisements and current news of Central Airlines, Clintonville; Cotton House- the developing village. Sold at the village Baird Law Office, Green Bay (large marker print shop for 5(i a copy, it has proved to be on Highway 57 and separate markers in front a popular means of informing the visitor about of the respective structures) ; War of 1812, the site while providing him with an interest­ Prairie du Chien; Interstate Park, St. Croix ing souvenir. In addition, a special roadside Falls; Robert M. La Follette, Sr., and Stephen sign program was initiated, with a new and Babcock, both in Dane County. very attractive sign being developed for Stone­ field. This summer the Society is renting 29 The year 1963-1964 was one of the most billboards—9 for Old Wade House, 9 for active and productive in the Society's history Stonefield, and 11 for Villa Louis. in sites operations, and public response was highly favorable. The report issued by the The program of distributing brochures was University of Wisconsin Survey Research expanded during the year. With the assistance Laboratory in February, following their sur­ of the staff of the Museum of Medical Pro­ vey of the Society's membership, included the gress, brochures were distributed in an area statement: "Society-operated historical sites from Dubuque, Iowa, to La Crosse, Wiscon­ are easily the most popular of the Society's sin, west into Iowa and east into Wisconsin programs and activities." for both Villa Louis and Stonefield, with the new Visit Historic Wisconsin brochure being used in all localities more than ten miles away from the sites themselves. As many Society and divisional activities as time permitted Sites Attendance were publicized by this office. Special em­ phasis was placed throughout the year on 1963 1962 news relating to accessions, with good re­ Villa Louis 41,823 38,671 sults. Articles which were particularly well Wade House 28,873 26,825 received by the press included a long fea­ Stonefield 18,900 11,125 Museum of Medical Progress 14,957 13,308 ture on the acquisition of the papers of the Total 104,553 89,929 labor leader, Adolph Germer, and another on

86 PROCEEDINGS: 1963-1964 the accession of a unique regimental news­ "Sixteenth-Century Masterpieces," a UNESCO paper published by George Peck. A special art exhibit lent by the Smithsonian Institu­ Christmas feature was used by one-fourth of tion, and a photographic show, "Our Own the newspapers in the state. An increasing Time," drawn from the work of outstanding number of newspapers are making regular use Wisconsin photographers. The Women's of the promotional and record photographs Auxiliary co-operated with the Museum by taken by this office. borrowing from its members and friends Using registration cards given to visitors artifacts for four displays in the cases flank­ to the various sites, a survey was conducted ing the first-floor information desk—early during 1963 and is being continued into 1964 American blown glass, old-time Christmas to determine the effect of various promotional ornaments, Chinese export porcelain, and activities on attendance at our historic sites. Staffordshire figurines. During the last week This survey will be expanded in the coming in April the Auxiliary members attended a year to embrace the entire public information tea in the building and viewed the exhibit of program in order to provide a solid basis for American bottles and flasks and a display judging the effectiveness of our present efforts of artifacts drawn from the McFetridge pewter and for planning future endeavors. collection. A major project undertaken was the plan­ ning of the complete renovation of the G.A.R. museum in the state Capitol, installation of which will begin in the winter of 1964—1965. Museum. In April Thurman 0. Fox, This display will emphasize the Civil War supervisor of School Services since 1956, was Period, but a small section will also honor appointed director of the Museum. At the the veterans of the Spanish-American war. same time, the Museum was reorganized to Aid was given to local museums in Water- include the following sections: Iconographic town, Stoughton, Viroqua, and Hurley. Sug­ Collections, General Collections, Exhibits and gestions were made to the local curators re­ Research, Anthropology, Historymobile, and garding methods and techniques of display, Education. This latter section embraces and and in some cases assistance was provided expands the activities of the former School in the preparation of exhibits. Services and is headed by Miss Doris Platt. In bringing together under one director sev­ Museum archeologists supervised crews in eral previously related but administratively the excavation of two sites during the sum­ separated functions, it is hoped that better mer of 1963. Of these, the Riverbend site co-ordination will result in the Society's total near Waupaca was found to be a small village educational program. Projects involving occupied during the late Woodland and Upper radio, television, publications, exhibits, and Mississippi periods; the Dillow site in Jeffer­ museum tours can now be centrally planned, son County on the Crawfish River was dis­ and the various techniques and media can be covered to be to an Early Woodland site, used to supplement one another. so far the only pure site of this period to have been found in Wisconsin. The National The major problem facing the Museum Science Foundation financed a skeletal study proper continues to be the lack of adequate of the previously excavated Price sites in storage space. The indiscriminate collecting Richland County. A report on the osteolog- of artifacts over the years has resulted in an ical remains was submitted in July, and late oversupply of some materials which must now in 1964 full reports on the Price sites should be evaluated and disposed of usefully. A be ready for publication. The National Park two-year program of systematic evaluation of Service received a full report on the survey our present holdings has been started. and testing of sites in the Kickapoo Reservoir Despite the fact that the exhibit program area in Vernon County. was hampered for much of the year by vacan­ The collection of negatives has long been cies in two exhibit-curator positions, a num­ a specialty of the Iconographic section, which ber of exhibits were prepared. An early print now has well over 100,000 negatives. In shop setting was added to the Pioneer Gallery the course of the year several important col­ and a carpenter shop setting was made a lections of glass plates and exposures were part of the Late Nineteenth-Century Gallery. acquired. In April several thousand glass The exhibits in the Graphics Gallery were plates of Andre Dahl, a nineteenth-century changed four times to include exhibits on photographer of this area, were acquired. "The American City in the 19th Century, Edwin Stein, news photographer for the Mad-

87 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964 ison Wisconsin State Journal, donated his Museum Monthly to form a new monthly backlog of 10,000 to 15,000 exposures; and bulletin entitled Museum Memo. On April 1, the Milwaukee Journal, consistently one of Howard Kanetzke became editor of Badger our most valuable sources, continued to con­ History, replacing Donald Anderson, who was tribute negatives. A significant collection of transferred to Field Services. Major changes older original plates was received from the in the format and content of Badger History estate of Arnold Gesell of Alma; also acquir­ are to be made within the coming year. ed were the Frederick Strauble collection of In the field of radio and television, the views of Green Bay and the James G. Milward Education Section was active during the collection from the University School of year. The state radio station, WHA, was Agriculture, relating to various phases of especially generous with its time. The major­ potato culture. Few photographs are offered ity of the programs broadcast over this sta­ for purchase which are of sufficient quality tion dealt with tours of Wisconsin, publicizing to warrant action, but one excellent album our own sites and other historic spots; with of views of Minnesota and Wisconsin was Wisconsin writers living and writing in the purchased during the year. state; and with new Society publications or Six photographs by Paul Vanderbilt, cur­ gallery displays. In all, 164 Society-oriented ator of the Iconographic Collections, were programs were presented over the air. Two included in an exhibition in the Museum of television programs employing staff members Modern Art in New York, entitled "The were given over WHA-TV, a thirteen-part Photographer and the American Landscape." adult series on transportation, drawing on Five of them were retained in the reduced Museum artfiacts, and a sixteen-part series version of the show, which is now touring the for children, based on our doll collection. United States and will be shown in Madison A previously made firearms series was rerun in February, 1965. Currently on exhibition in Milwaukee and by the educational station in the Museum of Modern Art's new building at the University of Maine. Wisconsin Win­ are seven older photographs from the Society's dows, broadcast on WISC-TV's public serv­ collections. In the course of the year there ice time, advertised our historic sites. Museum has been considerable use of our collections collections, and the Society's activities as a in film-making. National Educational Tele­ whole. Eighty-seven television programs were vision teams have drawn extensively on our presented, including ones such as the Society resources for two projects, one on Robert M. Open House of History which were covered La Follette, and the other a thirteen-part in straight news programs. series on the circus. George Scott's circus In the last fiscal year, 20,720 persons film, the main part of which was made almost toured the building in groups, the largest entirely from our photographs, won an im­ number ever to visit the Museum, and a portant prize when it was released. figure which does not include the many in­ The newly constituted Education Section dividuals who toured the galleries on their continued the programs of the former School own. Over 1,300 children heard gallery talks, Services, while inaugurating new programs and 797 parents and children attended the of its own. Regional conferences for Junior Sunday programs dealing with aspects of state Historians were held in Beloit, Pepin, and history. Oconto. Winners at the conventions and in other state contests were invited to State Award Day to receive prizes. Books and checks were awarded to forty-seven group Historymobile. In the first decade of its and individual winners. Souvenir materials operation the Society's traveling museum has for the day were contributed by the Madison journeyed within the confines of Wisconsin a Chamber of Commerce; the Oscar Mayer distance roughly equal to twice the circum­ Company donated funds for the luncheon. stance of the globe. It has, since 1954, been During the year approximately 2,000 requests on exhibit in 1,707 towns and cities and has were received from teachers, students, and been seen by 1,657,594 people, of whom a the general public for information concerning million were school children. Last year's ex­ Wisconsin history. To facilitate the answer­ hibit, "Wisconsin: Wilderness—Territory— ing of such requests, a Wisconsin Book List Frontier State," traveled 4,199 miles, operated was prepared and distributed through the for 232 days in 232 localities, and was seen by Wisconsin Teacher Newsletter, a publication 48,529 adults and 127,631 children. This which will be combined with the former year, as last, local newspaper editors were PROCEEDINGS: 1963-1964 asked to sponsor the Historymobile's appear­ ter, tape-recorded interviews have been ar­ ance in their communities. Each editor was ranged with leaders in the Madison and Mil­ supplied press kits in advance, containing a waukee Jewish communities. The program fact sheet, study guide, and illustrative ma­ for collecting and preserving the diaries and terials describing the exhibit, a procedure letters of Wisconsin Peace Corps Volunteers which resulted in widespread publicity. was accelerated when, in February, 177 let­ The 1964-1965 exhibit, "Wisconsin in the ters were written to Corpsmen stationed Civil War," will open at the State Fair in around the world. To date 78 affirmative re­ August. For the first time, the exhibit will plies have been received, promising the re­ continue through a two-year period, visiting quested materials. half the state each year. This schedule will Continuing co-operation between the Urban enable the Historymobile to remain at school History Section and this office has resulted sites for longer periods of time: in the larger in the acquisition of several significant busi­ cities it will remain for a week or more. Two ness history collections, including source ma­ study guides have been prepared to accom­ terials from Appleton Mills, Menasha Wooden pany the exhibit; one to acquaint teachers in Ware, Bergstrom Paper Company, the Kohn advance with the artifacts on display, and one Company, Kimberly-Clark, and the Manito­ to give pupils general information concerning woc Company. Several national and interna­ Wisconsin's role in the Civil War. It is ex­ tional labor unions have continued to deposit pected that these two guides will increase the their records and papers with the Society dur­ Historymobile's usefulness as a teaching de­ ing the year, and such national organizations vice. as the American Council for Judaism, the Organizations which have generously con­ American Country Life Association, the For­ tributed toward the costs of the 1964-1965 eign Policy Association, the Consumers exhibit are the Wisconsin Press Association, League of New York, the American Farm the Wisconsin Civil War Centennial Commis­ Economic Association, and the Farm Labor sion, and the Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Progressive Federation have also chosen the Company, which has provided food coupons Society as the depository for their noncurrent to defray the living expenses of the History- records. It is hoped that previous and initial mobile's curators. contacts with certain civil rights organizations will result in the future acquisition of a num­ ber of important collections. Increased activity in collecting Wisconsin newspapers for the Society's library brought Office of Field Services. In the spring significant results. A total of 144 years of of 1964 Dennis East was appointed Supervisor newspapers was added to our newspaper col­ of the Office of Field Services and Robert W. lection through total acquisition or on micro­ Sherman and Donald N. Anderson, who was film, thus narrowing the number of extant transferred from School Services, became full- state newspapers not on file in the Society. time field representatives. With this expand­ Field Services also continued to assist the ed personnel, the number of field trips made Museum at Madison and the various historic increased from 45 in the previous year to sites by collecting artifacts and display items. 115 in 1963-1964; the number of prospective The acquisition of furniture and law books donors interviewed in the field rose from 338 for the new law office at the Stonefield Vil­ to 975; and the number of donors to the So­ lage of the 1890's, as well as equipment for the ciety's collections grew from 380 to 707. proposed creamery, dairy, and meat market, Television appearances, speeches, letters of in­ was the primary area of concentration in the quiry, newspaper articles and obituaries, and last fiscal year. telephone calls, as well as personal visits, were utilized in bringing important collections Accessions to the Society's collections ac­ to the Society and in informing the citizens quired by the Office of Field Services within of Wisconsin of our collecting objectives and the last two years have been distributed as activity. follows: During the course of the year several pro­ grams were strengthened and given new im­ 1962-63 1963-64 petus, among them the Natural History Re­ General Library 54 104 sources Project and the Wisconsin Jewish Manuscripts Library 199 294 Archives Project. In connection with the lat­ Museum and Historical Sites 130 306

89 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964

ty; and awarded the Reuben Gold Thwaites Trophy to the Oconto County Historical Society.

At Milwaukee, January 18, 1964 • Approved four new official markers: In­ Digest of Board Action terstate Park, St. Croix Falls; birthplace of North Central Airlines, Clintonville; logging At Eau Claire, October 19, 1963 on the Mississippi, Lynxville; and Fort Shel­ • Approved four new official markers: first by, Prairie du Chien; car ferry across Lake Michigan, at Kewaunee; • Granted the Director a two-month research North Hall, University of Wisconsin; the or­ leave to work on a documentary history of ganization of Wisconsin Territory, Mineral the Negro in America; Point; and a memorial marker to A. P. Warn­ • Approved the articles of incorporation and er, pioneer aviator and inventor, Beloit; application for affiliation of the McFarland • Approved the restated articles of incorpora­ Historical Society; tion of the Waukesha County Historical So­ • Accepted gifts and grants totaling ciety ; $41,720.80. • Approved the agreement for the purchase of the Zweifel Miniature Circus for the Circus World Museum at Baraboo; • Accepted gifts and donations totaling At Whitewater, June 18-19, 1964 $8,236.01; • Established a William Best Hesseltine Me­ • Approved a resolution to be sent the Brown morial Fund; County Historic Sites Committee affirming • Approved the termination of the Society's the Society's view that Hazelwood, the Mor­ operation of the Museum of Medical Progress gan L. Martin home in Green Bay, is worthy at Prairie du Chien; of preservation; • Approved the proposed plans for increased security within the Society's building; • Voted Local History Awards of Merit to • Approved the articles of dissolution of the Mrs. John R. McCarthy, Portage, for her long Air Education Council, Inc., including the and outstanding career as a local historian; transfer of its materials to the Milwaukee to Mr. Pat Dawson, Director of Recreation, County Historical Society; Janesville Public Schools, for his summer playground programs devoted to local history; • Approved the Endowment Committee's re­ to Mr. Carroll Tracy, Milwaukee, for his news­ commendation that the Life Membership cate­ paper articles on the history of Juneau Coun- gory be abolished; • Approved the restated articles of incorpora­ tion of the St. Croix Historical Society; ap­ proved the applications for affiliation of the Wild Rose Historical Society and the Forest County Historical Society; • Accepted gifts and grants totaling $11,220.15; • Voted Awards of Merit in the following categories: to J. Willard Hurst of the Universi­ ty Law School, for his book. Law and Econom­ ic Growth: The Legal History of the Lumber Industry in Wisconsin, 1836-1915; to the Beloit Daily News, for its publication of a 32-page supplement on the history of Southern Wisconsin and Northern Illinois and for its outstanding co-operation with the Beloit His­ torical Society and the State Historical So­ ciety; to the Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company, for its sponsorship of the annual circus parade in Milwaukee in co-operation with the Circus Director Fishel explaining to Board members the plans for the new addition to the building. World Museum of Baraboo.

90 PROCEEDINGS: 1963-1964

For election for a one-year term ending in 1965 (to fill the unexpired term of Stanley Stone) Kenneth W. Haagensen, Oconomowoc

Minutes of the Annual Meeting There being no further nominations from the floor, Mr. Bubbert moved and Dr. Koch HE ANNUAL business meeting was held seconded that by unanimous consent the re­ T in the Union Commons, Whitewater State port of the Nominating Committee be ac­ University, Whitewater, June 20, 1964. One cepted. The membership so voted and Presi­ hundred and sixteen members and guests were dent Geilfuss declared the slate elected. present. The meeting was called to order at Resolutions were offered and approved in 1:10 P.M. by President Geilfuss. recognition of the services of four retiring In the absence of Mr. Homstad, Director Curators: Charles Manson, Dr. William D. Fishel presented the treasurer's report, which Stovall, George F. Kasten, and Floyd Springer, was accepted and approved. He then de­ Jr. President Geilfuss then offered a resolu­ clared that a full report of the year's activities tion, which was approved, expressing appre­ would not be given orally but would appear in ciation to President Walker Wyman and his the autumn issue of the Magazine as part of staff at Whitewater State University for their the annual Proceedings of the Society. co-operation in making the meeting a success. The Women's Auxiliary was also commended Mr. Milo Swanton, chairman of the Nomi­ in the same vein. nating Committee, presented the following nominations for the office of Curator: Since there was no further business to come before the membership, the meeting was ad­ journed by President Geilfuss at 2:10 P.M. To succeed themselves for a three-year term Respectfully submitted, ending in 1967 LESLIE H. FISHEL, JR. Thomas H. Barland, Eau Claire Secretary M. J. Dyrud, Prairie du Chien Jim Dan Hill, Madison E. E. Homstad, Black River Falls Mrs. Vincent W. Koch, Janesville Mrs. Raymond J. Koltes, Madison Frederick I. Olson, Wauwatosa Frederic Sammond, Milwaukee

For election for the term ending in 1967 Mrs. Charles B. Jackson, Nashotah F. Harwood Orbison, Appleton Donald C. Slichter, Milwaukee Dr. Louis C. Smith, Lancaster

For election for a two-year term ending in 1966 (to fill the unexpired term of the late William B. Hesseltine) President Scott M. Cutlip presiding over the dinner E. David Cronon, Madison meeting at Whitewater.

91 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1964

PUBLIC FUNDS STATEMENT July 1, 1963 to June 30, 1964

APPROPRIATION Appropriation Statute Legislative Balance Title Number Purpose Appropriation Expenditures 6-30-64 General Administration .... 20.430-010 Salaries $516,473.00^ $508,549.36 $ 7,923.64 Materials & Expense 71,171.58' 70,059.80 1,111.78 Capital 9,635.81= 9,634.36 1.45

Maintenance & Capital 20.430-020 Maint. & Capital 21,000.00* 19,482.16 1,517.84 Books & Museum 20.430-030 Capital (Collections) 45,000.00 44,973.16 26.84 Heat (Sum-Sufficient) .. , 20.430-040 Heat 6,432.62 6,432.62

Circus Museum 20.430-050 Capital 10,000.00 1,280.00 8,720.00 $679,713.01 $660,411.46 $19,301.55"

•' Basic Salaries $506,385.00 " Prior year continuing Balance $3,943.58 New Pay Plan 8,140.00 " Prior year continuing Balance $106.81 Cost of living adj. 1,948.00 ' Prior year continuing Balance $3,000.00 = Lapsed to State General Fund $8,999.40 $516,473.00 Continuing $10,302.15

PRIVATE FUNDS (20.430-410. Non-Trust) Special Projects—July 1, 1963 to June 30, 1964

Balance Balance FUNDS 7-1-63 Income Expenditures 6-30-64 $ 3,733.65 $ 50.00 $ 10.03 $ 3,773.62 League of Women Voters Bldg. .. 500.79 640.00 477.87 662.92 5,038.00 300.00 5,338.00 (13,410.75) 60,729.29 51,819.93 ( 4,501.39) 90,512.00 81,558.59 91,568.37 80,502.22= 23.50 ( 23.50) .48 400.00 36.40 364.08 1,695.38 99.67 1,795.05 ( 7,779.08) 95,419.28 96,251.52 ( 8,611.32) $80,313.97 $239,173.33 $240,164.12 $79,323.18

' See detailed table below. " $1,962.72 represents income from books published for the Civil War Centennial Commission.

PRIVATE FUNDS (20.430-410. Non-Trust) Historic Sites Funds July 1, 1963 to June 30, 1964

Balance Balance 7-1-63 Income Expenditures 6-30-64 $ 2,593.09 $ 2,208.90 $ 5,040.20 ($ 238.21) Historic Sites Development Fund 13,004.45 6,935.52 10,509.70 9,430.27 ( 9,116.95) 17,269.40 9,803.01 ( 1,650.56) 148.00 148.00 ( 1,895.52) 13,263.98 15,169.04 ( 3,800.58) ( 8,857.03) 32,116.90 33,212.50 ( 9,952.63) ( 3,655.12) 23,624.58 22,517.07 ( 2,547.61) (1 7,779.08) $95,419.28 $96,251.52 ($8,611.32)

92 PROCEEDINGS: 1963-1964

PRIVATE FUNDS (20.430-420. Trust Funds) Endowment Funds—July 1, 1963 to June 30, 1964 PRINCIPAL INCOME Balance Balance FUNDS 7-1-63 Income Expenditures 6-30-64 Mary Adams Art Fund $ 14,000.00 $ 2,122.01 $ 1,573.49 $ 12.45 $ 3,683.05 374,782.83 5,255.51 43,512.68 19,312.24 29,455.95 18,745.00 14,880.40 3,314.83 6,472.15 11,723.08 Mary Stuart Foster Bequest 128,883.39' 1,519.98 14,470.97 7,212.51 8,778.44 119,846.34 1,506.62 13,473.57 3,395.67 11,584.,52 Hollister Pharm. Lib. Fund 44,587.10= 17,915.73 2,406.97 163.21 20,159.49 1,200.00 792.49 137.58 1.09 928.98 23,594.69 1,080.61 2,656.88 1,046.02 2,691.47 Mills Editorial Fund 29,428.00 49.57 3,310.35 2,073.44 1,286.48 Anna R. Sheldon Mem. Fund .... 2,700.00 241.44 300.94 138.21 404.17 15,100.00 1,658.95 1,693.87 584.55 2,768.27 $772,867.35 $47,023.31 $86,852.13 $40,411.54 $93,463.90 'Increased $127.11 (payment for uncashed 1959 '^ Increased $2,406.97 (% net income for year) dividend check) PRIVATE FUNDS (20.430—420. Trust Funds) Special Projects—July 1, 1963 to June 30, 1964 Balance Balance FUNDS 7/1/63 Income Expenditures 6/30/64 Advancement of Education (Ford Fdn.) $ 393.64 $ — $ 393.64 $ — Howard K. Beale Mem. Fund 969.66 79.60 890.06 Charles E. Brown Mem. Fund 245.60 245.60 ( 2.30) 25.00 13.83 8.87 5.00 1,530.00 1,504.00 31.00 11,032.54 8,518.65 4,666.08 14,885.11 250.00 250.00 . Martin A. Fladoes Mem. Fund 95.00 95.00 578.23 60.00 518.23 Wm. B. Hesseltine Mem. Fund 1,784.00 1,784.00 ( 4,515.60) 11,853.63 11,592.24 ( 4,254.21) 15,000.00 652.08 14,347.92 795.00 436.45 358.55 45.65 45.00 .65 1,000.00 ( 1,000.00) — ( 462.57) 221.39 ( 241.18) ( 520.62) 3,625.00 6,171.46 ( 3,067.08) Mass Communications 300.00 300.00 462.60 1,200.00 943.61 718.99 Miscellaneous Unrestricted Funds 346.16 612.05 129.22 828.99 National Science Foundation Grant 1,474.46 ( 2.89) 673.56 798.01 Natural Resources History Project 4,573.06 2,128.67 2,444.39 160.00 160.00 100.00 220.00 102.00 49.00 53.00 Waldo E. Rosebush Mem. Fund .... 100.00 100.00 50.00 50.00 School Services Awards Fund 18.95 105.00 90.00 33.95 Schwarztrauber Biography Fund .... 3,500.00 3,500.00 Stonefield Development Fund ( 32.47) 210.00 239.50 ( 61.97) Stonefield Development Fund — Bank 697.19 697.19 Stonefield Development Fund — 35.00 35.00 2,463.49 76.89 2,540.38 ( 2,557.62) 10,256.33 17,531.09 ( 9,832.38) 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 Wisconsin Society for Jewish Learning 494.76 129.61 365.15 120,373.58 $55,948.28 $47,878.64 $28,443.22

93 The Staff*

Office of the Director

LESLIE H. FISHEL, JR., Director RICHARD A. ERNEY, Associate Director JOHN C. JACQUES, Assistant Director M. JAMES SEVERA, Administrative Assistant BERNADETTE WILHELM, Administrative Assistant

Division of Administrative Services

Business Office Maintenance LEONARD W. BEHNKE, Comptroller ARTHUR 0. FURSETH, Supervisor LOIS 1. ELSENER, Assistant to Comptroller PEARL 0. BOSTAD MONICA J. STAEDTLER, Purchasing Agent FLORENCE J. COLLETTI GEORGE DOCKERY GREGORY A. GMEINDER Qerieal Section CLARENCE H. KNUDSEN MARY C. MCCANN, Sales Supervisor RAYMOND P. NEWEL LOIS J. BLILIE JOSEPH PECK VERA FRIEND ANTHONY W. SCHAEFFER RUTH E. HAYES DAVID C. SCHMITT PENELOPE S. NIPPLE MATHILDA SEVERSON' MARY E. PALTZ WILLIE JO WALKER ROBERT F. SYVRUD JAMES TSCHUDY Secretaries DELORES C. PROSSER, Supervisor BEVERLEY BODEM Receptionists SUSAN D. LUETH JOYCE A. BARNETT BiLLIDINE B. PENISTEN MARDELE E. MOODY MARY S. STOFLET

Research Division

ALICE E. SMITH, Director MARCIA MCGILL' LAWRENCE H. LARSEN, Director, Urban History Section

Editorial Division

WILLIAM C. HAYGOOD, Director GRACE ARGALL, Administrative Assistant

Society Press Wisconsin Magazine of History PETER J. COLEMAN, Editor WILLIAM C. HAYGOOD, Editor PAUL H. HASS, Assistant Editor PAUL H. HASS, Associate Editor

Publications Office KATHRYN SCHNEIDER, Supervisor

* As of June 30, 1964. This listing includes only "Resigned June 8, 1964. full-time, permanent staff members and does not " Retired December 31, 1963. include research assistants, part-time student assist­ [ Resigned June 28, 1963. ants, guides, etc. " Resigned September 19, 1963. • Retired October 8, 1963. "Resigned February 29, 1964.

94 Division of Archives and Manuscripts F. GERALD HAM, State Archivist Archives Section Manuscripts Section DENNIS R. BODEM, Assistant Archivist JOSEPHINE L. HARPER, Manuscripts Librarian FRANCIS DELOUGHERY MARGARET R. HAFSTAD JACK K. JALLINGS EMILIE M. AL-KHAZRAJI Mass Communications History Center JACK T. ERICSON BARBARA J. KAISER, Director McCormick Collection JANICE L. O'CONNELL LUCILE 0. KELLAR, Librarian'

Museum Division THURMAN 0. Fox, Director MARY SCHMOLDT, Typist-Receptionist Iconographic Collections Anthropology PAUL VANDERBILT, Curator JOAN E. FREEMAN, Curator CHERYLE M. HUGHES* JOSEPH B. BRANDON DELORIS WILLARD General Collections JOHN W. WINN, Curator Exhibits and Research JOAN WESTBURY, Registrar DAVID W. MCNAMARA, Supervisor GLENN E. BEHRENS'' Education DORIS H. PLATT, Supervisor ROBERT DEWITT JOAN C. MORGAN LOUIS L. DURST HOWARD W. KANETZKE EUGENE H. KLEE" CHARLES H. KNOX Historymobile JAMES S. WATSON JAKE TSCHUDY IRENE TSCHUDY Library Division

BENTON H. WILCOX, Librarian Acquisitions Section Services Section JOHN C. COLSON, Acquisitions Librarian RUTH H. DAVIS, Services Librarian JEROME P. DANIELS VERENA M. BARLOW ETHEL M. FOSS ELLEN BURKE DWIGHT E. KELSEY JUNE E. JOHNSON BIAGINO MARONE Catalog Section ESTHER J. NELSON HERBERT J. TEPPER, Catalog Librarian Reference Section RUTH H. POHLE HOPE B. NEILSON MARGARET GLEASON, Reference Librarian BEVERLEY A. JONES S. JANE SCHANTZ State Relations Division Office of Field Services Office of Sites and Markers RAYMOND S. SIVESIND, Supervisor DENNIS EAST II, Supervisor DONALD N. ANDERSON Villa Louis FLORENCE A. BITTNER, Curator ROBERT W. SHERMAN GEORGE ADNEY, Custodian MARILLA ADNEY Stonefield Office of Local History EDWARD D. CARPENTER, Curator WILLIAM J. SCHERECK, Supervisor MELVIN L. HOUGHTON LYLE KIENITZ HOPE A. LOVELAND Wade House Office of Public Information FAY S. DOOLEY, Curator JUSTIN M. SCHMIEDEKE, Supervisor EDITH WEBB

95 THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN

LESLIE H. FISHEL, JR., Director

Officers JOHN C. GEILFUSS, President HERBERT V. KOHLER, Honorary Vice-President E. E. HOMSTAD, Vice-President, Treasurer LESLIE H. FISHEL, JR., Secretary

Board of Curators Ex-Officio

JOHN W. REYNOLDS, Governor of the State MRS. DENA A. SMITH, State Treasurer ROBERT C. ZIMMERMAN, Secretary of State FRED H. HARRINGTON, President of the University ANGUS B. ROTHWELL, Superintendent of Public Instruction MRS. JOSEPH C. GAMROTH, President of the Women's Auxiliary

Term Expires, 1964 THOMAS H. BARLAND E. E. HOMSTAD MRS. RAYMOND J. KOLTES FREDERIC SAMMOND Eau Claire Black River Falls Madison Milwaukee M. J. DYRUD GEORGE F. KASTEN CHARLES MANSON FLOYD SPRINGER, JR. Prairie du Chien Milwaukee Madison Milwaukee JIM DAN HILL MRS. VINCENT W. KOCH FREDERICK 1. OLSON DR. WILLIAM D. STOVALL Madison Janesville Wauwatosa Madison

Term Expires, 1965 GEORGE BANTA, JR. ROBERT B. L. MURPHY MILO K. SWANTON CEDRIC A. VIG Menasha Madison Madison Rhinelander GEORGE HAMPEL, JR. FOSTER B. PORTER FREDERICK N. TROWBRIDGE CLARK WILKINSON Des Moines Bloomington Green Bay Baraboo PHILIP F. LA FOLLETTE WILLIAM F. STARK ANTHONY WISE Madison Pewaukee Hayward

Term Expires, 1966 SCOTT M. CUTLIP EDWARD FROMM MRS. HOWARD T. GREENE SAM RIZZO Madison Hamburg Genesee Depot Racine W. NORMAN FITZGERALD ROBERT A. GEHRKE ROBERT L. PIERCE CLIFFORD D. SWANSON Milwaukee Ripon Menomonie Stevens Point MRS. ROBERT E. FRIEND JOHN C. GEILFUSS JAMES A. RILEY Hartland Milwaukee Eau Claire

Honorary Honorary Life Members WILLIAM ASHBY MCCLOY, Winnipeg PRESTON E. MCNALL, Madison MRS. LITTA BASCOM, Madison DOROTHY L. PARK, Madison

Fellows VERNON CARSTENSEN MERLE CURTI

The Women's Auxiliary Officers MRS. JOSEPH C. GAMROTH, Madison, President MRS. WILLIAM H. L. SMYTHE, Milwaukee, Vice-President MRS. EDWARD H. RIKKERS, Madison, Secretary MRS. WILLIAM E. HUG, Neenah, Treasurer MRS. EDMUND K. NIELSON, Appleton, Assistant Treasurer MRS. W. NORMAN FITZGERALD, Milwaukee, Ex-Officio

96 PROCEEDINGS: 1963-1964 Sustaining Members

1963—1964

Allen-Bradley Company, Milwaukee Inland Steel Products Company, Milwaukee Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Company, International Harvester Company, Milwaukee Milwaukee Kohler Company, Kohler American Appraisal Company, Milwaukee Marathon Foundation, Menasha American Exchange Bank, Madison Marine Foundation, Inc., Milwaukee American Family Mutual Insurance Coinpany, Oscar Mayer & Company, Madisort Madison Menasha Corporation, Menasha Appleton Wire Works, Appleton George J. Meyer Manufacturing Company, Bergstrom Paper Company, Neenah Milwaukee Brandenburg Foundation, Madison Miller Brewing Company, Milwaukee Brotz Family Foundation, Sheboygan Milwaukee Journal, Milwaukee Bucyrus-Erie Foundation, Inc., Mirro Aluminum Company, Manitowoc South Milwaukee Nelson Muffler Corporation, Stoughton Capital Times, Madison Nordberg Manufacturing Company, Employers Mutual Insurance Company, Milwaukee Wausau Parker Pen Company, Janesville Evinrude Motors, Milwaukee Mr. and Mrs. Robert Pierce, Menomonie The Falk Corporation, Milwaukee Rhinelander Paper Company, Rhinelander First Wisconsin Foundation, Inc., Milwaukee Riverside Paper Foundation, Inc., Appleton First Wisconsin Trust Company, Milwaulcee Rockwell Standard Corporation, Oshkosh D. J. W. Frautschi Foundation, Madison Schlitz Foundation, Inc., Milwaukee Mrs. Robert E. Friend, Hartland A. 0. Smith Foundation, Milwaukee Gateway Transportation Company, La Crosse Thilmany Paper Company, Kaukauna General Casting Corporation, Waukesha Voigt Charitable Foundation, Racine General Telephone Company of Wisconsin, Wausau Paper Mills Company, Brokaw Madison West Bend Company, West Bend Gilbert Paper Company, Menasha Western Printing and Lithographing Hardware Mutual Casualty Company, Company, Racine Stevens Point Wisconsin Power & Light Company, Madison Mr. and Mrs. W. D. Hoard, Jr., Fort Atkinson Wisconsin State Journal, Madison

Patrons

Mr. and Mrs. John Wilson, Ojai, California

97 Contributors

graphic engineering for the Army Mapping Service. Since 1947 he has directed numerous housing and urban renewal projects. Concerned with Wisconsin's historic architecture for more than thirty years, Mr. Perrin participated in the Historic American Build­ JEROLD S. AUERBACH was born in ings Survey of 1934 and 1935, and on the basis of Phdadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1936. continuing studies since that time has made many He graduated from the Horace Mann voluntary contributions to the Survey. He has cata­ School and received his B.A. from loged over 700 historic Wisconsin structures and has Oberlin College in 1957. At Oberlin completed archival records on many of them for the he studied under Dr. Leslie H. Library of Congress. For his many writings and Fishel, Jr., director of the State His­ related endeavors in the field of architectural history torical Society of Wisconsin. After as well as housing, planning, and urbanism generally, a year in law school, Mr. Auerbach he has received numerous honors, including citations entered the Graduate Faculty of Political Science at from the Federal Republic of Germany, the city of Columbia, where he earned his M.A. in 1959. As Dusseldorf, and the Milwaukee County Historical a graduate student he conducted interviews for Society. In this issue of the Magazine Mr. Perrin Columbia's Oral History Research Office and worked concludes his valuable and widely read series on as a researcher for American Heritage. In 1963 the architectural history of the state which began Brandeis University appointed him a Fiorina Lasker with the Summer, 1960, issue. Fellow in Civil Liberties and Civil Rights, and he began work on his doctoral dissertation, "The La Follette Committee: Labor and Civil Liberties in the New Deal." During 1963-1964 he was Erb STEPHEN Z. STARR, a native of Cleve­ Fellow in American history at Columbia, and in land, Ohio, was educated at Western 1964 he received the Pelzer Award of the Mississippi Reserve University and the New Valley Historical Association for an article which ^^K>i York University. He took up resi­ will appear shortly in the Journal of American dence in Cincinnati in 1942, where History. Mr. Auerbach, who will receive his Ph.D. he is currently secretary-treasurer of during the current academic year, is Lecturer in the Clopay Corporation and a mem­ history in Queens College. His articles and reviews ber of the board of trustees of the have appeared in Labor History, the American Cincinnati Historical Society. He is Jewish Archives, the New York Historical Society president of the Cincinnati Civil War Round Table Quarterly, and the Columbia Journalism Review. and a member of The Literary Club. Mr. Starr has contributed articles to the Bulletin of the Cincinnati Historical Society, and is the author of articles which will presently appear in the Journal of Southern History and The Filson Club History Quar­ RICHARD W. E. PERRIN, architect terly. He is at work on a biography of George St. and Fellow of the American Insti­ Leger Grenfell, John Morgan's adjutant general. tute of Architects, is the Director ' of the Department of City Develop- n" ment and Executive Secretary of the City Plan Commission, the Redevel­ STANLEY D. SOLVICK was born in opment and Housing Authorities f Detroit, Michigan, in 1930 and at­ of the city of Milwaukee. He is tended public schools in Florida and Wisconsin's historic buildings pres­ ;'- Ohio. He received his A.B., M.A., ervation officer for the American Institute of and Ph.D. degrees in history at the Architects and a member of the National Park University of Michigan, where he Service's Historic American Buildings Survey Ad­ studied under Professor Sidney Fine, visory Board. He is also Honorary Curator of History gj Mr. Solvick is an assistant professor of the Milwaukee Public Museum. Born in Milwau­ of history as well as archivist of the kee in 1909, Mr. Perrin received his architectural Labor History Archives in Wayne State University, education at the Layton School of Art, the University Detroit. He is currently writing a biography of of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, the ateliers of the Beaux William Howard Taft and a detailed history of the Arts Institute of Design, and by private instruction. United States during the Taft Administration. He His architectural training was received in the office has held a Summer Business History Fellowship of Richard Philipp, after which he was associated from the Harvard Graduate School of Business with Elliott B. Mason in the general practice of Administration, and has recently received a grant architecture for eight years. During World War II from the American Philosophical Society to assist he was engaged in ordnance plant design and carto­ him in his research on Taft.

98 LIST OF DONORS TO THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN 1963-1964

Supplement to The Wisconsin Magazine of History, Vol. 48, No. 1, Autumn, 1964 In Appreciation

Tj^OR well over a century the Society has states, the District of Columbia, or in foreign -*- made a public acknowledgement of the nations. Some gave funds to sustain special donations received in the course of the year projects for which no state monies were avail­ just passed. Once again it is the Director's able; some gave books, maps, or manuscript proud privilege to thank in print the many materials for the enrichment of our libraries; organizations and individuals who in 1963- others donated artifacts for display in our 1964 have generously aided the Society in the central museum or in our historic sites. furtherance of its current and long-term goals. Much of the Society's strength and achieve­ Each donation, no matter how large or how ment rests on bequests, and I am pleased that small, represents a personal interest in the the Society continues to be remembered in preservation of our heritage; each reflects a this fashion. I would welcome inquiries con­ trust in an institution whose duty it is to cerning the details of preparing such bequests. treasure and interpret the cumulative records On behalf of the Board of Curators and the of our state and national past. staff of the State Historical Society of Wis­ In the pages which follow there is impres­ consin, I express our profound gratitude and sive proof that the Society's friends and sup­ debt to all those whose names appear on this porters are not confined to Wisconsin, to the year's donor's list. Midwest, nor even to the continental United States. Of the 975 donors who last year con­ tributed to the Society's various programs, LESLIE H. FISHEL, JR. over a fourth resided in thirty-seven sister Director

A sense of continuity is conveyed by these photographs of Society employees gazing at each other across a gulf of sixty years. Donors, 1963—1964

Alabama Long Beach Clair B. Barnes Mobile Mr. and Mrs. E. G. Kern Los Angeles Roy Barrett Montevallo S. J. Clauson Miss Lucille Griffith John Wilford Freestone Mrs. Betsy Thayer Fricke Mrs. E. Ethel Harris* Selma Mrs. Mary M. Lobb Bert Neville Mr. and Mrs. Frank Whitbeck

Alaska Mountain View Marshall B. Hanks Fairbanks Rex G. Fisher Palo Alto Mrs. John H. Kolb Kenai Mrs. Regine Kurtz Lewis Pasadena A.A . C. IIngersoln l Arizona Miss Electa Johnson'"'

Mesa Sacramento A. E. Hatch'^- C. M. Goethe Mrs. William A. Huggins Tucson Mrs. Helen Blaine Farris San Diego Mrs. James C. Greene Mrs. Vinnie Clark Molitor

California San Marino Ray A. Billington* Alameda Miss Elaine P. Kell Stockton Glenn Alvin Kennedy Davis University of California Library''^' Universal City Universal City Studios Fontana Miss Hazel A. Stewart Colorado Glendale Franklin E. Chapman Denver Walter Ernest Rupert O'German Frederick W. Cron Wade T. Porter Miss Harriet Shepard Inglewood Will C. Vorpagel Louis Hjortaas Horton

La Jolla Connecticut Mr. and Mrs. William H. Borden Greenwich * Indicates membership in the Society. Mrs. Dean Frasche Storrs Gainesville A. William Hoglund Mr. and Mrs. Justin Y. Shen

Delaware Nashville Mrs. T. K. Sargent Wilmington Paul R. Austin Tucker Mrs. John L. West

District of Columbia Idaho

Washington Boise AFL-CIO Miss Rachel Marks Amalgamated Association of Street, Electric Railway, and Motor Coach Employes of America Illinois Wilbur J. Cohen W. Neil Franklin Arlington Heights Friends Committee on National Legislation Columbia Hospital Nurses Dr. Arnold Gesell Estate Alumnae Association P. M. Hamer Stanley K. Hornbeck Canton Frank W. Kuehl'^' Mr. and Mrs. Arthur B. Larson Congressman Melvin R. Laird Mrs. William Morris Leiserson L. R. Linsenmayer Chicago Mrs. Herbert A. May The Allstate Foundation Bert Sheldon American Country Life Association, Inc. Henry C. Taylor Callaghan and Company Senator Burton K. Wheeler Arthur D. Chilgren* Gaylord Donnelley Mrs. William J. Green Florida Mrs. Emma L. Halvorsen Miss Lillian Herstein International Harvester Company* Dunedin Miss Alice King Mrs. C. A. O'Leary Mrs. Inez Larson John S. Lord Fort Myers Beach Howard I. Potter* Mrs. Walter J. Meek C. L. Riedemann Mr. and Mrs. Clement M. Silvestro* A. C. Wilier Largo Mrs. A. G. Rose Crete Mrs. Dorothy Wood Ewers Sarasota Trevor Bale Mrs. C. Lancaster Decatur Bill Backstein

Georgia Elkhart Mrs. Selim W. McArthur Atlanta Joseph J. Mathews Evanston Evanston Historical Society Decatur Mrs. Kathleen M. Haight Walter B. Posey Mrs. Manly S. Mumford Miss Eleanor M. Tregoning Indiana John Zweifel Bloomington Freeport Robert Gray Gunderson Lester Beecher Fort Wayne Geneseo Mrs. Carolina Winkler Carl Ropp Fulton Glencoe Mr. and Mrs. Jorgen M. Christiansen Donald S. Bradford Indianapolis Indiana Historical Society Glenview Mrs. Kenneth S. Templeton Mr. and Mrs. Hugh H. Mottern LaFayette Highland Park American Farm Economic Association Miss Florence M. Patterson Mr. and Mrs. John F. Stover

Kewanee Richmond Mrs. Charles Little Brice E. Hayes

Kings Iowa Mrs. Amy Lathrop Hayes Algona Lockport Richard D. Palmer Mrs. Clarence A. Gust Donahue Moline Frank J. Karstens Deere and Company Wilton Junction Northbrook George J. Ormsby Miss Charlotte Gregory Kansas Oak Park Mr. and Mrs. Everette B. Long* Mrs. F. J. Platt Whiting Reverend and Mrs. Clifford E. Nash

Quincy Miss Ruth C. Holum Kentucky

Rockford Fort Knox Adolph Germer Edward J. Larschan Dr. Eugene A. Spafford Lexington Thomas D. Clark* South Elgin Axel F. Carlson Holman Hamilton Bennett H. Wall

Warren Richmond Raymond Scotchbrook J. T. Dorris

Winnetka Williamsburg Mrs. James Donald Bain Murray Arthur C. Churchill Louisiana Somerville Kenneth W. Rendell Baton Rouge T. Harry Williams* Woburn Roger A. Stinchfield New Orleans Gerald M. Capers Sidney K. Eastwood Michigan

Ann Arbor Maine Great Lakes Commission

Harrison Birmingham Mrs. William Carlson Arnold 0. Braun

Maryland Cross Village Mary Belle Shurtleff Annapolis Mrs. Harold C. Train Detroit Miss Hilda Steinweg Baltimore E. V. McCollum Grosse Pointe Farms Benjamin Quarles Mrs. Herbert V. Book

Chevy Chase Ironwood Mrs. Mary R. Dearing Mrs. E. R. Miller

Salisbury l\orway William H. Worten, Jr. Mrs. Earl Douglas

Takoma Park Mr. and Mrs. Horace S. Merrill Minnesota C. E. Rishtor Austin Elmore J. Greening Massachusetts Fergus Falls Boston H. M. Scholl Massachusetts Society of the National Society of Colonial Dames of America Minneapolis William A. Linquist Cambridge Frank Freidel Charles F. Whiting Northfield Miss Lucy B. Cook Concord Mrs. H. W. Miller St. Paul Mrs. Mary Young James Longmeadow J. Bicknell Lockhart, Jr. Mrs. Carl W. Carrier John M. Skogmo

Melrose Sturgeon Lake Mrs. Ella B. Bradford Miss Berenice Cooper' Mississippi Long Branch Louis E. Dequine Columbus Noble H. Pace McGuire Air Force Base Mrs. Robert P. Felder Hattiesburg John Edmond Gonzales Montclair Stephen D. Stephens Itta Bena LeRoy Raife Princeton E. W. Morehouse University Robert H. Taylor C. L. Marquette* Westfield Missouri Mrs. Richard A. Zwemer

Columbia New York Elmer Ellis Albany Joplin Honorable Erastus Corning II Miss Ruth M. Miller Bronxville St. Louis Miss Lura Beam Miss Alice Lachmund James L. Bugg, Jr. Buffalo Earl C. Dexheimer Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society* F. Beverly Kelley Miss Margaret Wilson

Webster Groves Collins Gustav F. Hanssen Carlton G. Beriis

Nebraska Delmer Matthew Burns Lincoln Nebraska State Historical Society* Dunkirk John R. Foster Omaha Frank L. Byrne Garden City Mr. and Mrs. Clifford L. Lord* Nevada Ithaca C. D. Kearl Las Vegas Launston Sharp Douglas Anderson Katonah New Jersey Halsted Park, Jr.

Glen Rock Larchmont Frank N. Elliott Gene Price

Haddonfield New Rochelle Mrs. Elmer Garfield Van Name Mrs. William A. Moore

Vll New York Cleveland American Council for Judaism Judge Donald F. Lybarger Mrs. Smiley Blanton* Samuel Pollock Consumers League of New York Whiting Williams Louis A. Duermyer Carl Wittke Foreign Policy Association Security-Columbian Banknote Co. Columbus John I. Snyder, Jr. Miss Esther Hutchinson* Textile Workers Union of America William Van Nortwick War Resisters League Mansfield George Bassett

Oneida Marion Marshall Hope Thomas Grady Barnes

Piltsford Wilmington Howard R. Bacon Larry Gara* Rochester Henry J. Hood Oklahoma Mrs. Arthur Talman Hugo Schenectady David Hoover William M. Leonard William H. Woodcock, Jr. Joseph Marra Oklahoma City Scipio Center John C. Simonson Edwin Ray Hoskins Stillwater Upper Nyack Sam M. Myers Harlan B. Hamilton

Yonkers Pennsylvania Meriwether Stuart Erie Miss Mary Frost North Carolina Gettysburg Chapel Hill Allen A. Larson Fletcher M. Green Lancaster Durham Reverend Frederick S. Weiser Mr. and Mrs. Robert F. Durden Richard L. Watson Mount Gretna Mrs. Grace S. Batdorf Spruce Pine Dr. B. B. McGuire Philadelphia Solomon S. Huebner Ohio Andrew T. Leith National Park Service Athens Roy F. and Jeannette Nichols Mrs. Henry J. Jeddeloh Mrs. Ralph W. Shaw

Canton Pittsburgh Stark County Historical Society John Duffy Rehrersburg Utah Schuyler C. Brossman Bountiful University Park Albert C. Zobell, Jr. G. E. Brandow

Washington Virginia Raymond Martin Bell Alexandria Robert S. Henry Washington Crossing George N. Caylor Arlington H. G. Perry Wyomissing Walter Rundell, Jr. Junior League of Reading, Pennsylvania Ashland Rhode Island Mrs. Thomas L. Ligon Hughes

Kingston Charlottesville Roman J. Zorn Mrs. Donald R. Richberg

Farmville Tennessee Marvin W. Schlegel

Franklin Lexington Dr. John B. Youmans Fred C. Cole Miss Evelyn S. Kramer Oak Ridge Frederick W. Ford McLean Mrs. John C. Egan Texas Norfolk Arlington Richard H. Abbott E. C. Barksdale Richmond Austin Estate of Ruth Robertson McGuire Mr. and Mrs. David D. Van Tassel Richmond Rotary Club

Beaumont Washington Earl W. Fornell Edmonds Denton Frank Hewes Chick Lloyd R. Garrison William Thomas Hagan Parkland Mrs. Harriet B. Dodge* Houston Edwin A. Miles Seattle Robert Shorey Edward W. Allen* Frank E. Vandiver Mr. and Mrs. Vernon Carstensen* Richard D. Younger George Lewis H. W. McCurdy Whitney Mrs. Lucille M. Palin Tom K. Barton Fred C. Proehl Spokane Beloit Mrs. Carrie L. Lartigue Roderick G. Brunton Mrs. Emilie Goldsworthy Wisconsin Mr. and Mrs. Charles Kitto* Mrs. Lena D. Luck Almond Mrs. Harriette Wilson Merrill* Wisconsin Locally Owned Telephone Frank H. Normington H Association Robert Null

Altoona Birnamwood Roy M. Botsford Mr. and Mrs. A. M. Duescher

Amherst Black Earth Morris Carey Miss Alta M. Bennet

Appleton Black River Falls Appleton Mills E. E. Homstad* Mrs. Frank Comella* Congressman Lester H. Johnson Edwin S. Godfrey* Enoch Locken Institute of Paper Chemistry Library Miss Mary Morton Blair F. H. Orbison* Francis Herreid Jacob Shilcrat Mrs. Harry Paul II John C. Strange* Brandon Arena Gordon Hamley Dennis Harrington Bristol Argonne Reverend and Mrs. C. W. Bloedow* Edward D. Colburn* Eric Dixon Mrs. Mayme G. Prep Ashland Ted Nohl Brodhead Mrs. Margaret Runkel Miss Helen J. Beckwith Levi Torkelson Baraboo William E. Barringer Burlington Circus World Museum Staff Burlington Standard-Press Mrs. H. E. Cole Mrs. Sherman L. Dudley W. W. Deppe Robert M. Fulton Joe Gleue Mrs. Frank J. Ruzicka Mrs. Raymond Hocum Mrs. Ethel Wamnes John M. Kelley* Mrs. E. P. McFetridge Cambridge St. Vincent de Paul Society Charles Machus Mrs. Arthur Waite Mrs. Harriet Thronson Clark Wilkinson*

Cassville Barneveld Thomas Grattan Mr. and Mrs. Abner Helgeson Herman Hochhausen Miss Marcia Hochhausen Beaver Dam Miss Ruth Klindt Wisconsin Nurses Association, Mrs. Richard H. Loveland 15th District Sidney Meyers Cedarburg Eagle River Mrs. Karl V. Krockhaus Mrs. Grant Cook

Chippewa Falls Eau Claire Henry W. Buske Mr. and Mrs. F. W. Ayres Mrs. William Johnson Thomas Barland* Mrs. Ellen Nelson Eau Claire District of C. L. Richardson Wisconsin Nurses Association L. J. Gabriel Coleman Bishop William W. Horstick Wisconsin Association of Supervision Mrs. William A. Kaiser and Curriculum Development Miss Ethel King Aaron M. Mullendore Columbus The John S. Owen Lumber Company Mr. and Mrs. Victor Ellis James A. Riley* Mrs. Julia L. Hill Mrs. C. E. Torgeson Mr. and Mrs. Dalton Ozanne C. S. Van Gorden*

Collage Grove Edgerton Bertrand Quale Copley-Carrier Estate

Crandon Elkhorn Mrs. Thelma Himes Mr. and Mrs. William H. Freytag

Cuba City Elm Grove J. W. Murphy Mrs. M. E. Rice

Darien Mr. and Mrs. E. J. Rockwell Evansville Mrs. Iva Benson Mark Hall Bruce Darlington Mrs. C. R. Buckeridge Federal Land Bank Association Mrs. Frank Hamilton of Darlington Mr. and Mrs. Lloyd F. Hubbard Harold Vickers Union Bank and Trust Company*

De Forest Fall Creek Walter Dahl Reverend T. E. Krueger, Jr. Dr. J. M. Grinde* J. W. Hopkins Mrs. Henry W. Schasse, Sr. Fish Creek Mrs. J. R. Buchbinder* Delavan Wisconsin School for the Deaf Fond du Lac Ashley Hassett De Pere Mrs. C. C. Ritter Paul Creviere Saint Agnes School of Nurses Mrs. Simon C. Schaefer* Miss Anna E. Stoddart Dorchester Winnebagoland District, Wisconsin State Eugene Skerbeck Nurses Association

Dousman Fort Atkinson Miss Belle Adams Miss Helen R. Bray* Royal F. Hayes Eagle W. D. Hoard, Jr.* Miss Alice Baker William D. Hoard Foundation Mrs. Zida Ivey* Hudson Mrs. David McRee Willis H. Miller* Thorpe Merriman Mrs. George Thompson* Miss Neal Rogers* Ironton Frederic Ironton Masonic Lodge No. 79 Mrs. A. J. Kusler Janesville Fremont Janesville Chapter, Daughters of the William Hummel American Revolution Mrs. Franklin Neuschafer Janesville Mercy Hospital Alumnae Association Galesville Mrs. E. F. Kneip Miss Edith Bartlett* Parker Pen Company* Rock County Historical Society* Society Daughters of Colonial Wars in the Genesee Depot State of Wisconsin Mrs. Howard T. Greene* Jefferson Grafton J. M. Slechta* T. Hokenson Kenosha Green Bay Kenosha District Nurses Association Mrs. Esther Bie A. Walter Perkins Daughters of American Colonists Peter Pirsch & Sons Company Kellogg Public Library* Virgil J. Muench Kewaunee Orwin Burmeister Greenbush Mrs. John Krug Mrs. Sarah Poole Kiel Albert L. Laun Mrs. Marie Mertons Green Lake Dartford Historical Society* Kohler The Kohler Company* Hales Corners Kohler Foundation Donald E. Fischer

La Crosse Hartland Mrs. Thomas Annett Mrs. Robert E. Friend* Newell E. Barber George Gilkey* Hayward Mr. and Mrs. Irvin Jauch Fraternal Order of Eagles Miss Katharine Martindale* St. Francis Hospital Alumnae Association Vernard E. Sherman Holmen Gardner Withrow Mrs. Rita Kleinsmith Mr. and Mrs. Everett Yerly

Horicon Lake Geneva Mrs. Valentine Humphreys Kruger Mrs. Charles Berndt* Miss Florence Wendt Harold S. Douglas

Hubertus Lake Mills Raymond H. Wolf Estate Mrs. W. J. Erlandson* Lake Tomahawk Dr. Myra Burke* Mrs. Isabel Ebert Mr. and Mrs. Jerry K. Burns Miss Gertrude L. Callahan* Lancaster Rondo Cameron Mr. and Mrs. William H. Erwin Cantwell Printing Company Grant County Board of Supervisors Mr. and Mrs. Alan Chechik Grant County Home David Cheney* Wilfrid Pierick Mrs. Paul F. Clark Dr. Louis Smith* Mr. and Mrs. Edward M. Coffman* Mrs. Thomas Coleman* John T. Collentine* Livingston John C. Colson Herbert Goldman Mr. and Mrs. Reginald M. Comstock* John Somen Mathilde V. Cook Estate Garrett Cooper* Lodi Mrs. John C. Corscot Miss Mary Paton Mr. and Mrs. Frank Creeron Mrs. Inez L. Cruckson* Mr. and Mrs. Richard N. Current* Loganville Merle Curti* Mrs. Charles Fisher Mr. and Mrs. Scott M. Cutlip* Mrs. Percel W. Cyr Dane County Guidance Center Lone Rock Mrs. Farrington Daniels Clifford Martin Peter R. Dennis Mrs. Robert Bruce Dickie Luck Mr. and Mrs. Allan D. Dickson Judge Charles D. Madsen Miss Isabel Diebold Harold A. Petersen Meinrad Diederich Gilbert H. Doane* Miss Norma Doeringsfeld McFarland Mrs. Carl Dutton E. M. Fitchett* Mrs. Emily H. Earley J. Kittleson Mr. and Mrs. Chester V. Easum* Mrs. Lois Elsener* Madison Mr. and Mrs. Richard A. Erney* The American Exchange Bank* Stanley J. Fjelstad Donald Anderson* Leslie H. Fishel, jr.* Mrs. Ellen Anderson Francis M. Forster Miss Grace Argall* John Guy Fowlkes Mrs. Ralph Axley* Thurman 0. Fox* Charles A. Bacarisse A. W. Frasier Miss Josephine Balaty Mr. and Mrs. Walter A. Frautschi* Harry Bangsberg Mrs. Orrin A. Fried Kenneth C. Barnes Mrs. Albert F. Gallistel* Mrs. Helen Becker Mrs. Joseph C. Gamroth* Mrs. Donald Benn Robert E. Gard Otto Bergenske, Jr. Mrs. William B. Gedko Henry W. Berger General Beverage Sales Company Mrs. E. E. Beyer General Casualty Insurance Company Mrs. John A. Birge Mr. and Mrs. E. R. Gesteland Mrs. H. D. Bouraan Mr. and Mrs. Martin Glaeser Mrs. Margie Brader* John Glaettlie, Jr. Louisa M. Brayton Chapter, D.A.R. Herbert Goldman Mrs. Louis W. Bridgman* Mrs. Alfred W. Briggs* Goodwill Industries Chief Justice Emeritus Timothy Brown* Miss Ruth Grimm Miss Helen Bunge* Mr. and Mrs. G. W. Gunderson Theodore F. Gunkel Charles F. Manson* Mr. and Mrs. E. G. Hampton Mrs. Roy Marks Miss Lucille Hanson Biagino M. Marone C. L. Harrington* Richard H. Marshall* Fred Harvey Harrington* Mrs. Marie F. Martell Mr. and Mrs. Elwyn D. Harris Mrs. Roy Matson Mrs. Wilfred J. Harris Mendota State Hospital John W. Harvey Samuel Mermin Mr. and Mrs. John Haugsland Methodist Hospital School of Nursing, Mrs. George D. Haville Alumnae Association Mrs. Charlotte Alford Hildebrandt Arthur P. Miles Henry B. Hill* Mrs. Burgess Miles Jim Dan Hill* Mr. and Mrs. William Miller Andrew W. Hopkins* Mrs. J. G. Milward Mr. and Mrs. Olaf Hougen* Miss Joan Morgan Franklin Housemann Clair E. Morris, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Aaron J. Ihde* George Morris International Cooperative Training Mr. and Mrs. R. G. Morris Center, University of Wisconsin Robert B. L. Murphy* G. W. Jacobsen* Mr. and Mrs. K. 0. and Miss Karen Mr. and Mrs. John C. Jacques* Nedrebo Merrill Jensen* Mrs. M. C. Neely Mrs. Rena Jewett Mrs. Stig Nelson Mr. and Mrs. George H. Johnson* Robert C. Nesbit* Charles E. Jones Lowell E. Noland* Mrs. Robert F. Jones Dale A. Nordeen William B. Kaeser, Jr. Ohio Chemical and Surgical Mrs. Dean E. Karls Equipment Company Clarence E. Karn Oscar Mayer Foundation, Inc.* Mrs. Lucile Kellar Robert Ozanne Mr. and Mrs. Fenton Kelsey, Jr.* Mr. and Mrs. Robert Pagel Miss Elizabeth Kempton* Mrs Jorge L. Paras Mrs. Elizabeth Kerbey Mr. and Mrs. Llewellyn E. Pfankuchen* Mrs. Morris King Mr. and Mrs. Russell Pillar Mrs. Arthur Kleinfeldt Mrs. Esther W. Piper Mr. and Mrs. Paul Knaplund* Miss Doris H. Platt* Miss Margaret I. Knowles* Mrs. Shirley Town Port* Reuben G. Knutson Mrs. Raymond Koltes* Mrs. Frank Powell Harold Kubly Walter V. Price* J. K. Kyle Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Quan* Philip F. La Follette* Carl E. Quell Miss Amy Larkin John C. Rainbolt Kenneth Larson Miss Karine Rasmussen F. 0. Leiser Mr. and Mrs. Albert G. Ramsperger Walter Maas, Jr. James L. McCamy Ray-0-Vac Company Mrs. Kenneth McCormick, Sr. Mrs. John P. Reynolds Donald R. McNeil* Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Reynolds* Mrs. Nellie McTier Glen H. Ridnour Madison Business and Professional Mr. and Mrs. Sieghardt M. Riegel Women's Club A. J. Riker Madison Civil War Round Table Mrs. Fred Risser* Madison District Nurses Association Mrs. David Roberts Mrs. Nina Ward Maher Mrs. John E. Roth Mrs. John Main William L. Sachse* Mr. and Mrs. Morgan E. Manchester Mrs. Walter Schar* Dr. and Mrs. Erwin Rudolph Schmidt Women's Auxiliary of the State Estate Historical Society of Wisconsin Mr. and Mrs. Clarence E. Schram Women's Auxiliary of the State Medical Mrs. H. J. Schubert* Society of Wisconsin Mr. and Mrs. H. A. Schuette* Ygdrasil Literary Society William Schultz Mrs. Casimir D. Zdanowicz* Walter E. Scott* Elmer Ziegler Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Sexton Theodore W. Zillman* David Shannon* Mrs. Ermon Zitzner Mr. and Mrs. Joseph L. Shaw* Billy Zitzner Simon House Employes Miss Alice E. Smith* Miss Margaret McDonald Smith* Manchester Miss Adele Stahl Miss Lisa Albrecht State Bar of Wisconsin* Mr. and Mrs. Walter Stebbins Manitowoc Edwin D. Stein Charles E. Jones Mrs. W. T. Stephens* Manitowoc Company Inc. John Stephenson Ralph G. Plumb* Mrs. L. C. Stewart Paul Stewart Mrs. Mihon C. Steuber Marshfield Kirk Stone Mrs. C. H. Abbott Mr. and Mrs. Milo K. Swanton* Lincoln Fellowship of Wisconsin Miss Dolores Swatsley A. J. Sweet, Inc. Miss Bonnie Sweet Mayville Dr. and Mrs. Charles Taborsky Mrs. E. A. Hackbarth Marshall A. J. Taff The Thirty-One Club Dr. and Mrs. Thomas W. Tormey, Jr. Mazomanie Trash and Treasure Shoppe Mrs. Nona Borman United Community Chest, Community Thomas Merle Wilson Welfare Council of Madison University of Wisconsin Menasha Wayne Volk Harold Bachmann* Mrs. Marion Waeber* George Banta, Jr.* Mr. and Mrs. Arnold Washbush and John First Congregational Church James Watrous Menasha Wooden Ware Dr. and Mrs. John B. Wear Miss Marjorie Pfankuch Dr. C. R. Weatherhogg Mrs. Joseph Schommer Loudon N. Webster* Elisha D. Smith Memorial Library* T. Leslie Welch Estate Clarence Wentland Medford Alden W. White R. E. Kramer Gerald F. Wilke* Wisco Hardware Company Menomonie Wisconsin Press Association Robert L. Pierce* Wisconsin Public Health Association C. M. Russell Wisconsin State Conservation Department* Wisconsin State Department of Menomonee Falls Agriculture Dr. Kenneth Leenhouts* Wisconsin State Telephone Association Mrs. E. E. Witte Mequon Mrs. Peter H. Wittrock Mr. and Mrs. James B. Mulvaney

XV Merrill Milwaukee Region Wisconsin State M. N. Taylor* Nurses Association Mount Mary College Middleton John J. Newman, Jr.* Mr. and Mrs. George Hafstad* Fred P. Osterndorf Mrs. Pearl Williams Mrs. Raymond Ostrowski Arnold C. Otto Pabst Brewing Company Milton Alfred Pelikan John Fitz Randolph Mr. and Mrs. S. L. Rewey Mrs. Mable Hull Paul Miss Margaret Reynolds* Marshall D. Rotter Milton Junction Ralph Sacks Reverend and Mrs. Alvin Briggs Frederic Sammond* Walter Cockerill* Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company* Milwaukee Sentinel* Milwaukee Shell Oil Company Mrs. Henry J. Adams Miss Margaret Shepard Mrs. Roland E. Adams George B. Skogmo Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Company* William H. Studley Mr. and Mrs. R. A. Barnum Mrs. Charles Sturtgen Mrs. Joseph L. Baron* Nick Topping Mrs. Frank J. Benda Miss Ellen Rix Townley Fred M. Benkovic Miss Lucile J. Trott Mrs. Coleburn Best Edward A. Uhrig Foundation Fred Bassett Blair Mrs. Charles Vogel* Reverend Lawrence S. Brey* Mrs. William Vogel* John W. Campbell Visiting Nurse Association of Milwaukee Citizens for Peace and Disarmament Mrs. L. Hooper Warfield* Congress of Racial Equality, J. Russell Wheeler* Milwaukee Chapter Robert G. Wilke* Mrs. Loyal Durand* Wisconsin Conference of Branches Edwin Eschrich* National Association for the George P. Ettenheim* Advancement of Colored People The Falk Corporation* Wisconsin State Dental Society Mr. and Mrs. W. Norman FitzGerald, Jr.* Wisconsin Telephone Company Public Frankfurth Hardware Company Relations Association Mr. and Mrs. John C. Geilfuss* Mrs. Albert Ziemann Donald M. Gerlinger* Mrs. Charles L. Goldberg MonoTUi Mrs. John R. Hagemann Dr. Harold W. Hein* Mrs. Dora Wendt H. W. Jordens Albert H. Wurz George F. Kasten* Frank L. Klement* Monroe Sister Mary Thomas Kolba Arabut Ludlow Memorial Library* Miroslav Krek Laroy Dodge Frederic W. La Croix* Jerris Leonard Monticello Marquette University Nurses Mrs. Christ M. Stauffer Alumnae Association Milwaukee County Hospital Nurses Alumnae Association Mt. Hope Milwaukee District, Wisconsin Nurses Harry L. Garthewaite Jack Welch Association Milwaukee-Downer College* Milwaukee Hospital School of Muscoda Nursing Alumnae Association MacArthur Mueller Estate Neenah Pittsville Doctors Beatty, Ryan, and Douglas Mrs. Mark Pelton Bergstrom Paper Company* Kimberly-Clark Corporation Platteville Neenah Foundry Company Mrs. Ralph E. Balliette Neenah Public Library* Edwin R. Barden Mrs. Samuel N. Pickard* Robert C. Block John S. Sensenbrenner* W. A. Broughton Mrs. Arthur J. Cooke Neillsville Mrs. George Dobson Circuit Court, Clark County Mr. and Mrs. Dale Hake Mrs. George Kindschi Nekoosa Mrs. Charles A. Loveland Nekoosa School District Mrs. Elmer McNett Methodist Church, West Wisconsin Conference New Richmond Miss Betty Margaret Murley Paul Albrightson Mr. and Mrs. Victor Nylin Driscoll Drugs John B. Ortscheid George Lewerenz Larry Pope John M. Rindlaub North Freedom Mr. and Mrs. John Robinson Mid-Continent Railway Museum L. J. Robertson Mrs. James D. Soles Oconomowoc Walter Faithorn Port Washington Mrs. Frederick Pabst* John F. Audier Charles H. Simmons* Mrs. Marcie Horslein Miss Emma L. Timmel* George A. Kendall Waukesha District State Nurses Ozaukee County Historical Society* Association William Schanen

Oostburg Portage John Kane Mrs. J. R. McCarthy* Miss Margaret Ferrier Townley Frank L. Van Epps Oshkosh Miss Kathryn Eggenberger Prairie du Chien Miss Edna Bonham Gearhart Mrs. John H. Peacock William E. Hicks Mrs. Louise Root* Moses Hooper Mrs. Charles Nolan Miss Florence B. Wickersham Racine A. C. Christiansen Richard G. Lange Oregon Albert W. Levin Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence 0. Mandt John Prasch Lloyd E. Smith* Palmyra Western Printing and Lithographing Mrs. G. A. Sprengel Company* Wisconsin Nurses Association, Racine District Pardeeville Reverend Eugene J. Baush Reedsburg Miss Dorris M. Berning Pigeon Falls Robert Fehrenbach Mrs. Oscar Slettleland Lynn Krug Rhinelander Sparta Joseph Mercedes Mrs. Howard Teasdale Mrs. Bradley R. Taylor Spring Green Rice Lake Tim Correll Howard Cameron* Burt Richardson

Stevens Point Richland Center Guy J. Gibson* Miss Elaine E. FitzGerald Assemblyman Norman L. Myhra* Russell M. Fogo James W. Neale Robert L. Osborne Mrs. Herman Toser James G. Robb* Stone Lake Ridgeland Mrs. Helen G. Thomas Mrs. Constance Belse Stoughton Ripon Mrs. Giles Dow Miss Mildred Pedrick Mrs. Winton Olson Ripon College Library* Mrs. Ingolf Roe

River Falls Sturgeon Bay Democratic Party of Pierce County Frank N. Graass* First Congregational Church Mr. and Mrs. Chan Harris Mrs. William Killian W. W. Lockhart John Lankford* Methodist Church Sun Prairie Mrs. Margaret Apsley Sarona Mr. and Mrs. Wilbur Renk* Robert A. Bailey Royle Publishing Company

Sauk City Superior Mrs. Robert J. Gushing* Midland Cooperatives, Inc. August Derleth* Miss Florence J. Roberts Ralph Marquardt* Tisch Mills Shawano Mrs. Orin E. Olson Dr. A. N. Abbott Rolland A. Kuckuk Union Grove Louis Christianson Sheboygan Vernon Rockwell Robert Friedrichs Sheboygan Local, Wisconsin Blacksmith Verona and Welders Association, Inc. Lawrence Theis

Sheboygan Falls Wisconsin State Nurses Association, Viola Miss Catherine Marshall 12th District

Shell Lake Viroqua Colonel Walter G. Hoar* Miss Mary and Miss Margarette Morse Washburn County Historical Society Ralph E. Nuzum*

Shorewood Wales The Wisconsin State Genealogical Society* William M. Lamers* Washington Island Reverend Christ E. Lawson Mrs. Conan B. Eaton* Edward T. Lauer, Sr. Mrs. Irving P. Steybe Waterloo Wisconsin Baptist State Convention Arthur R. Setz West Allis Watertown Dr. E. L. Kress Miss Gladys Mollart* Wisconsin Blacksmiths and Welders Harry S. Moore Association, Inc. Octagon House Museum John C. Schuman West Bend Mrs. E. A. Kraemer* Waukesha Reverend Edward Potter Sabin West De Pere N. C. Spillman Reverend Anselm M. Keefe*

Waupun Whitewater Mrs. Hubert C. Neitman* Miss Ruth A. Allen* Dr. Walker Wyman* Wausau Miss Edith M. Scott* Winneconne Mrs. G. R. Andrews Stan J. Spanbauer Mrs. A. M. Evans Mrs. William Knoll Mrs. John D. Mylrea Wisconsin Dells St. Mary's Hospital Alumni Association Dells Boat Company, Inc. Miss Hermione Silverthorne Wausau Public Library* Wisconsin Rapids Thomas L. Bruckner* Wautoma Woodrow William Ortscheid Charles Bridgeman Estate South Wood County Historical Society*

Wauwatosa Woodford Evangelical Deaconess Hospital Mrs. Emma Martin Alumnae Association James Perdue

Foreign

Canada India

Vancouver, B.C. Poona J. S. Matthews Shri Damoo Dhotre England

London Dr. D. B. Handley Scotland

South Shields Edinburgh T. Murray George Shepperson Switzerland Wales

Neuchatel Aberystwyth Professor S. Piccard Mrs. Henry S. Wilson

USSR

Moscow Oleg Popov

Donors to the Mass Communications History Center

California Florida

Beverly Hills Tallahassee Miss Ella Fitzgerald John M. Shaw Morrie Ryskind Illinois Los Angeles Donald R. Ornitz Chicago Frank Tourtellottee Dr. W.W. Bauer John Wexley

Malibu Massachusetts John M. Frankenheimer John Houseman Gloucester Mrs. Charles R. Codman Pacific Pasisades Richard D. McCann Lexington Norman Cazden

Connecticut Waltham Louis Kronenberger New Carman William H. Baldwin Mrs. H. T. Webster New Jersey Patterson District of Columbia Mrs. Ethel J. Oliver

Washington Princeton Art Buchwald Archibald Crossley Marquis Childs Kenneth G. Crawford New York Ray Henle Clark R. Mollenhoff Edward P. Morgan Harrison Edgar Ansel Mowrer Mrs. Judith Ross Coulter Howard K. Smith Raymond Swing Larchmont Bascom M. Timmons Mr. and Mrs. Walter Kerr New York Scarsdale Marc Blitzstein William S. Hedges Broadcast Pioneers Mrs. Marion R. I. Brody Woodmere Harry A. Bruno Alvin Boretz Miss Edna Ferber John Fischer Woodstock John W. Hill Howard Koch Al Hirschfeld Lewis Isaacs Mr. and Mrs. H. V. Kaltenborn Ohio Fredric March* Richard Meyers Shaker Heights National Broadcasting Company Don Knowlton Arthur J. Ornitz Mrs. Arthur W. Page Washington Mrs. Hermine I. Popper Public Relations Society of America Bremerton The Reporter Magazine Robert Dietz Jerome Ross Dore Schary Thomas Seedorff Wisconsin M. H. Shapiro Stephen Sondheim Madison Lee Strasberg Harold Engels Walter Wanger The Progressive Dale Wasserman Wisconsin Memorial Union Theatre Radio Station WMCA Milwaukee Nyack Patt Barnes Miss Helen Hayes The Milwaukee Journal

XXI Wisconsin History Foundation WALTER A. FRAUTSCHI Madison MRS. GEORGE H. JOHNSON P STABLISHED in 1954 as a private, non- Madison -'-^ profit corporation, the Wisconsin History ROBERT B. L. MURPHY Foundation has the sole purpose of assisting Madison the State Historical Society in whatever ways LESLIE H. FISHEL, JR., Ex-Officio are mutually agreed upon by the Foundation's Madison Board and the Society's Board of Curators. This assistance has covered a wide range of activities for which no public or unbudgeted Historic Sites Foundation private funds were available, including re­ TN 1960 the Historic Sites Foundation was search projects, television programs, publica­ -*- established as a private, nonprofit corpora­ tions, professional education of staff, and tion for the sole purpose of assisting the State building construction at our historic sites. Historical Society's historic sites program. Its The Board of the Foundation includes mem­ current function is to serve as the management bers of the Society's Board of Curators as corporation, for the Society, of the Circus well as other distinguished citizens interested World Museum in Baraboo. The Foundation's in history and in the objectives of the Society. Board includes members of the Society's Board The Foundation's chief source of income is of Curators, as well as distinguished citizens gifts and grants. Donations to the Foundation with an interest in circus history and in the are tax-deductible. Society itself. Its sources of income are Circus World Museum admissions, gifts, and grants. Officers Gifts to the Foundation are tax-deductible.

ROBERT B. L. MURPHY, President Officers MRS. VINCENT W. KOCH, Vice-President CLARK WILKINSON, President GEORGE F. KASTEN, Treasurer HOWARD I. POTTER, Vice-President LESLIE H. FISHEL, JR., Secretary LESLIE H. FISHEL, JR., Executive Vice-President MRS. ROBERT E. FRIEND, Secretary Board of Directors CHARLES P. Fox, Term Expires 1964 Director, Circus World Museum MRS. ROBERT E. FRIEND Hartland Board of Directors JOHN C. GEILFUSS Term Expires 1965 Milwaukee M. J. DYRUD GEORGE F. KASTEN Prairie du Chien Milwaukee MRS. ROBERT E. FRIEND MRS. VINCENT W. KOCH Hartland Janesville ROBERT A. GEHRKE Term Expires 1965 Ripon MRS. HOWARD T. GREENE HOWARD I. POTTER Genesee Depot Chicago JIM DAN HILL Madison Term Expires 1966 FREDERIC SAMMOND CLARK WILKINSON Milwaukee Baraboo MILO K. SWANTON MRS. HOWARD T. GREENE Madison Genesee Depot Term Expires 1966 JOSEPH JOHNSON GEORGE BANTA, JR. Milwaukee Menasha [Vacancy] ,.: •<••:.»•

i IH •1 IH I •. --^

FOR CHRISTMAS- GIVE A CAIJNDAR

«• ••

i- .'^^ . •.•'% THE 1965 WISCONSIN CALENDAR^ ONLY $1.0Q/WRITE THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN, 816 STATE STREET, MADISON; WISCONSIN 53706/PHOTO BY VERN ARENDT, PORT WASHINGTON To promote a wider appreciation of the American heritage The Purpose with particular emphasis on the collection, advancement, of this and dissemination of knowledge of the history of Wisconsin Society shall he and of the Middle West.

State Historical Society of Wisconsin 816 State Street Madison, Wisconsin 53706 Second class postage paid Return Requested Madison, Wisconsin