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Federalism Terms

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Federalism Terms English – Myanmar Glossary of Federalism Terms အဂၤလိပ္ - ျမန္မာ ဖက္ဒရယ္မူႏွင့္ သက္ဆိုင္ေသာ ေဝါဟာရ အသုံးအႏႈန္းမ်ား အခြန္ Grants Court ကိုယ္ပိုင္ျပဌာန္းခြင့္ Concurrent Union DiversityDecentral တူယွဥ္တြဲ Rules Rights အာဏာ ဖက္ဒရယ္စနစ္ Culture Sharing Constitution FederalismEquality အစိုးရResponsibility အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေရး Economic ကိုယ္ပိုင္အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ခြင့္ revneue fiscal States Relationship တိုင္းရင္းသားလူမ်ဳိး Executive Minority Common ဥပေဒ Accountability English – Myanmar Glossary of Federalism Terms အဂၤလိပ္ - ျမန္မာ ဖက္ဒရယ္မူႏွင့္ သက္ဆိုင္ေသာ ေဝါဟာရ အသံုးအႏႈန္းမ်ား jynfaxmifpktifpwDusLŒ rS pkaqmif;wifjyonf jynfaxmifpktifpwDusKŒ zuf'&,fa0g[m&toHk;tE+ef;rsm; ပုံႏွိပ္မွတ္တမ္း ထုတ္ေဝသည့္ကာလ pum;OD; ၂ဝ၁၇ ခုႏွစ္၊ မတ္ လ (ပထမအႀကိမ္) ႏွစ္ေပါင္း (၇ဝ) နီးပါး ျပည္တြင္းစစ္ႏွင့္ ရုန္းကန္ေနခဲ့ရေသာ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၏ အဓိက အုပ္ေရ ရင္းျမစ္ျပႆနာသည္ တိုင္းရင္းသားလူမ်ဳိးမ်ား လိုလားသည့္ တန္းတူညီမွ်ေသာ ၂ဝဝဝ ျပည္ေထာင္စုႏိုင္ငံကို ဖန္တီးတည္ေဆာက္ႏိုင္ခဲ့ျခင္း မရွိေသာေၾကာင့္ ျဖစ္သည္။ မ်က္ႏွာဖံုးဒီဇိုင္း တိုင္းရင္းသား လူမ်ဳိးမ်ား၏ ဆႏၵသည္ တန္းတူညီမွ်ေရးႏွင့္ ကိုယ္ပိုင္ျပ႒ာန္းခြင့္ရရွိေရး ေပါင္းဟြမ္ ဆိုသည့္ အခြင့္အေရးမ်ား ရရွိရန္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံကို ၿဗိတိသွ်ကိုလိုနီ လက္ေအာက္မွ အတြင္းဒီဇီုင္း လြတ္ေျမာက္ေအာင္ ႀကိဳးစားရုန္းကန္ခဲ့သည့္ အခ်ိန္ကတည္းကပင္ သေႏၶတည္ခဲ့ စိုင္းေမာန္ ေသာ ႏိုင္ငံေရးရည္မွန္းခ်က္မ်ား ျဖစ္ပါသည္။ တနည္းအားျဖင့္ တန္းတူညီမွ်ေရးကုိ ထုတ္ေဝျဖန္႔ခ်ိသူ အေျခခံေသာ ဖက္ဒရယ္စနစ္ကို တုိင္းရင္းသား လူမ်ဳိးမ်ားက လိုလားေတာင္းတျခင္း Pyidaungsu Institute Press ျဖစ္သည္။ Publication Series လြတ္လပ္ေရးရၿပီးေနာက္ပိုင္း ေခတ္သစ္ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံတည္ေဆာက္ရာတြင္ တိုင္း P0117PI03-A ရင္းသားလူမ်ဳိးမ်ားအၾကား တန္းတူညီမွ်မႈရွိေသာ ျပည္ေထာင္စုကို ဖန္တီးႏိုင္ျခင္း ဤ စာအုပ္ျဖစ္ေျမာက္ေရးအတြက္ အဖက္ဖက္မွ ကူညီပံ့ပိုးေပးေသာ ျပည္ေထာင္စု မရွိခဲ့ေပ။ ထို႔အတြက္ေၾကာင့္ တိုင္းရင္းသားလူမ်ဳိးမ်ားအခ်င္းခ်င္း အထူးသျဖင့္ ဗမာ အင္စတီက်ဴ႕ မွ သုေတသီမ်ားကို အထူးပင္ေက်းဇူးတင္ရွိပါသည္။ ဤစာအုပ္သည္ လူမ်ဳိးႏွင့္ ဗမာမဟုတ္ေသာ တိုင္းရင္းသားလူမ်ဳိးမ်ားအၾကား တန္းတူညီမွ်မႈ ရရွိေရး International Institute for Democracy and Electrol Assistance (IDEA) ႏွင့္ The Forum of Federation မွ ၂ဝဝ၉ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ထုတ္ေဝေသာ English- အတြက္ ဆက္လက္ရုန္းကန္ခဲ့ၾကသည္။ ၁၉၆၁ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ တိုင္းရင္းသားမ်ားသည္ Nepali Glossary of Federalism Terms စာအုပ္ကို မီွျငမ္းကာ အျခားအသံုးဝင္မည့္ သွ်မ္းျပည္၊ ေတာင္ႀကီးၿမိဳ႕တြင္ စုစည္းခဲ့ၿပီး တိုင္းရင္းသားမ်ားအၾကား တန္းတူညီမွ်မႈ ဖက္ဒရယ္ႏွင့္ သက္ဆိုင္ေသာ ေဝါဟာရမ်ားကို ထပ္မံျဖည့္စြက္ၿပီး ထုတ္ေဝျခင္း ပိုမိုရွိေအာင္ ၁၉၄၇ ဖြဲ႔စည္းပုံ အေျခခံဥပေဒကို ျပဳျပင္ေျပာင္းလဲသြားရန္အတြက္ ျဖစ္ပါသည္။ စာဖတ္သူမ်ား အဆင္ေျပစြာ ဖတ္ရႈႏိုင္ရန္အတြက္ တည္းျဖတ္ေပးေသာ တိုင္းျပဳျပည္ျပဳ လႊတ္ေတာ္တြင္ အဆိုတင္သြင္းရန္ စီစဥ္ခဲ့ၾကသည္။ ဤသည္ကို Myanmar Knowledge Society (MKS) ကိုလည္း အထူးေက်းဇူးတင္ရွိပါသည္။ တပ္မေတာ္က ခြဲထြက္ေရးလႈပ္ရွားမႈဟု စြပ္စြဲကာ ၁၉၆၂ ခုႏွစ္ မတ္လ (၂) ရက္ေန႔ တြင္ တိုင္းျပည္အာဏာကိုသိမ္းယူခဲ့ၿပီး တိုင္းရင္းသားလူမ်ဳိးေခါင္းေဆာင္မ်ားကို ဖမ္းဆီးခ်ဳပ္ေႏွာင္ခဲ့သည္။ ထိုအခ်ိန္မွစတင္၍ တိုင္းရင္းသားမ်ားအၾကား တန္းတူေရး ႏွင့္ ဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုအေရးမ်ားကို ျပည္ဖံုးကားခ်ကာ ပိတ္ပင္လိုက္သည္။ 5I Glossary of Federalism Terms Pyidaungsu Institute jynfaxmifpktifpwDusKŒ zuf'&,fa0g[m&toHk;tE+ef;rsm; တိုင္းရင္းသားလူမ်ဳိးစုအခ်ဳိ႕တို႔သည္ လက္နက္ကိုင္ေတာ္လွန္ေရး လမ္းစဥ္ကို ေရြး ျမတ္ေရး၊ ျပည္တြင္းစစ္ခ်ဳပ္ၿငိမ္းေရး၊ ႏိုင္ငံေရးတန္းတူညီမွ်မႈႏွင့္ ဖက္ဒရယ္ႏိုင္ငံ ခ်ယ္၍ တန္းတူညီမွ်ေရးတိုက္ပြဲကို ဆက္လက္ဆင္ႏႊဲခဲ့သည္။ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၏ ျပည္ တည္ေဆာက္ရန္ ဦးစားေပးေဆာင္ရြက္လ်က္ရွိသည္။ ၂ဝ၁၆ ခုႏွစ္ စက္တင္ဘာ တြင္းစစ္ မီးသည္လည္း ၿငိမ္းမရေသာ အေျခအေနသို႔ ျဖစ္လာခဲ့သည္။ လတြင္ NCA လက္မွတ္ မေရးထုိးရေသးေသာ တိုင္းရင္းသားလက္နက္ကိုင္ အဖြဲ႔ ျပည္တြင္းစစ္ေၾကာင့္ ဗမာလူမ်ဳိးအပါအဝင္ ျပည္သူအားလုံး ဆင္းရဲဒုကၡမ်ဳိးစုံ အစည္းမ်ားကိုပါ ဖိတ္ေခၚ၍ သမိုင္းဝင္ “ျပည္ေထာင္စုၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းေရးညီလာခံ - ၂၁ ခံစားခဲ့ရသည္။ ေထာင္ေပါင္းမ်ားစြာေသာ တိုင္းရင္းသားမ်ားသည္ မိမိေနထိုင္ရာ ရာစုပင္လုံ” ကို ေနျပည္ေတာ္တြင္ က်င္းပခဲ့သည္။ ထိုညီလာခံတြင္ တပ္မေတာ္ ေဒသမ်ားကို စြန္႔ခြာၿပီး အိမ္နီးနားျခင္းႏိုင္ငံမ်ားတြင္ စစ္ေျပးဒုကၡသည္အျဖစ္ လည္း အဖြဲ႔အစည္းမ်ား အပါအဝင္ တိုင္းရင္းသားအဖြဲ႔အစည္း (၇ဝ) ေက်ာ္က ၎တို႔၏ ေကာင္း၊ ေရႊ႕ေျပာင္းလုပ္သားမ်ားအျဖစ္ လည္းေကာင္း ေနထိုင္ေနၾကသည္။ ႏိုင္ငံေရး ခံယူခ်က္၊ ရပ္တည္ခ်က္၊ နစ္နာခ်က္၊ ရည္မွန္းခ်က္မ်ားကို ပြင့္ပြင့္လင္းလင္း ထုတ္ေဖာ္ခဲ့ၾကသည္။ ခံယူခ်က္၊ ရပ္တည္ခ်က္ အမ်ဳိးမ်ဳိးရွိၿပီး ကြဲဲျပားေနၾကေသာ္ ေခတ္အဆက္ဆက္အစုိးရမ်ားက ျပည္တြင္းစစ္ကို ခ်ဳပ္ၿငိမ္းရန္ တိုင္းရင္းသားလက္ လည္းပဲ အနာဂတ္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံကို တန္းတူညီမွ်မႈရွိေသာ ဖက္ဒရယ္ႏိုင္ငံအျဖစ္ နက္ကိုင္အဖြဲ႔အစည္းမ်ားႏွင့္ ေတြ႔ဆုံၿပီး အေျဖရွာရန္ ႀကိဳးစားခဲ့ေသာ္လည္း ျပည္ တည္ေဆာက္ၾကမည္ ဆိုသည့္ ရည္မွန္းခ်က္အေပၚ အားလုံးသေဘာတူခဲ့ၾကသည္။ တြင္းစစ္ႀကီးကို မခ်ဳပ္ၿငိမ္းႏိုင္ခဲ့ပါ။ တိုင္းရင္းသားလက္နက္ကိုင္အဖြဲ႔အစည္းမ်ားက တနည္းအားျဖင့္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံကို တန္းတူညီမွ်ေသာ ဖက္ဒရယ္ႏိုင္ငံတည္ေဆာက္ လည္း တန္းတူညီမွ်ေရး၊ ကိုယ္ပိုင္ျပ႒ာန္းခြင့္ ရရွိေရးမ်ားအတြက္ ဆက္လက္တိုက္ ႏိုင္ရန္ ပထမေျခလွမ္း စတင္လိုက္ျခင္း ျဖစ္ပါသည္။ ပြဲဝင္ေနၾကသည္။ ျပည္တြင္းစစ္ခ်ဳပ္ၿငိမ္းေရးအတြက္ႏွင့္ ႏိုင္ငံေရးျပႆနာမ်ားကို ႏိုင္ငံေရးနည္း မ်ားေျမာင္လွသည့္ စိန္ေခၚမႈမ်ားအၾကားမွ တိုင္းရင္းသားလူမ်ဳိးမ်ား ရသင့္ေသာ ျဖင့္ ေျဖရွင္းႏိုင္ရန္ ၂ဝ၁ဝ အေထြေထြေရြးေကာက္ပြဲတြင္ အႏိုင္ရၿပီး ပထမဆုံး အစိုးရ အခြင့္အေရးမ်ားသည္ ႏိုင္ငံေရးနည္းလမ္းျဖင့္သာ ေျဖရွင္းႏိုင္မွာ ျဖစ္ပါသည္။ ထို႔ ႏွင့္ ၎၏ သမၼတ ဦးသိန္းစိန္က တိုင္းရင္းသား လက္နက္ကိုင္အဖြဲ႔အစည္းမ်ားႏွင့္ အတူ တိုင္းရင္းသားလူမ်ဳိးေပါင္းစုံလိုလားေသာ ဖက္ဒရယ္မူဆိုရာတြင္ ဘယ္လို တစ္ႏို္င္ငံလုံးပစ္ခတ္တိုက္ခိုက္မႈရပ္စဲေရး သေဘာတူစာခ်ဳပ္ (Nationwide Cease- မူမ်ဳိးႏွင့္ ဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုကို သြားမည္နည္း။ ဒီမိုကေရစီကို အေျခခံ၍ ဖက္ ခ်ဳပ္ဆိုႏိုင္ရန္ ႀကိဳးပမ္းခဲ့ၾကသည္။ ၂ဝ၁၅ ခုႏွစ္ ေအာက္တို ဒရယ္မူႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္ေသာ အေၾကာင္းအရာမ်ားကို ေလ့လာေသာအခါ ေဝါဟာရ မ်ား၊ အသုံးအႏႈန္းမ်ားကို လိုအပ္လွ်င္ ျပန္လည္ ရည္ၫြန္းႏိုင္ရန္ ဖက္ဒရယ္ေဝါဟာရ fireဘာလ Agreement) (၁၅) ရက္ေန႔တြင္ တိုင္းရင္းသားလက္နက္ကိုင္ (၈) ဖြဲ႔ႏွင့္ ဦးသိန္းစိန္ အစိုးရ တို႔က တစ္ႏိုင္ငံလုံးပစ္ခတ္တိုက္ခိုက္မႈရပ္စဲေရး သေဘာတူစာခ်ဳပ္ ေရးထိုးႏိုင္ခဲ့ ဆိုင္ရာ စကားလံုးမ်ားကို စုစည္းထားေသာ စာအုပ္မ်ား လိုအပ္လာပါသည္။ ထို ၾကသည္။ စာခ်ဳပ္၏ အဓိကအေျခခံမူတစ္ခုအျဖစ္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံကို အမ်ဳိးသားတန္းတူ ေၾကာင့္ ဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စု တည္ေဆာက္ရာတြင္ တဖက္တလမ္းမွ ျဖည့္စြက္ ေရးႏွင့္ ကိုယ္ပို္င္ျပ႒ာန္းခြင့္ အခြင့္အေရးမ်ား အာမခံခ်က္အျပည့္အဝရွိေသာ ဒီမိုက ေပးႏိုင္မည့္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံႏွင့္ ႏိုင္ငံတကာတြင္ အသံုးမ်ားေသာ ဖက္ဒရယ္မူမ်ားအတြက္ ေရစီႏွင့္ ဖက္ဒရယ္စနစ္တို႔ကို အေျခခံသည့္ ျပည္ေထာင္စုကို ႏိုင္ငံေရး ေဆြးေႏြးပြဲ ဤ ေဝါဟာရစာအုပ္ကို စုစည္းေဝမွ်လိုက္ပါသည္။ ရလဒ္မ်ားႏွင့္အညီ တည္ေဆာက္ရန္ အခန္း (၁) အပိုဒ္ (၁)(က) တြင္ ေဖာ္ျပပါရွိ သည္။ ၂ဝ၁၅ ခုႏွစ္ ႏိုဝင္ဘာလ အေထြေထြေရြးေကာက္ပြဲအၿပီး အမ်ဳိးသားဒီမိုကေရစီ အဖြဲ႔ခ်ဳပ္သည္ အစိုးရသစ္ျဖစ္လာသည္။ အမ်ဳိးသားရင္ၾကားေစ့ေရးႏွင့္ ျပန္လည္သင့္ II6 III7 Glossary of Federalism Terms Pyidaungsu Institute jynfaxmifpktifpwDusKŒ zuf'&,fa0g[m&toHk;tE+ef;rsm; Foreword It is with great pleasure that the Embassy of Switzerland has supported the translation and adaptation of a „Glossary for Terms on Federalism” for Myanmar. Coming from a federal country myself, with a long history of coming together and working to achieve social harmony and exchanges despite our differences, I firmly believe that the discussions in Myanmar can only profit from a frank exchange between the different stakeholders on how to achieve this long-standing dream for some, and perhaps a new way of envisaging peaceful cohabitation for others. Our Swiss federalism did not come from one day to another, and therefore we understand very well, that a model of federalism can only be borne out of a country’s particular history and needs that have been shaped over time. Myanmar will have to find its own tailor-made federalism which allows the children of this country to grow up in a peaceful, harmonious environment. Coming from a multi-lingual country that celebrates diversity as an asset, one may ask why create a glossary? Well, we first have to understand each other before we are able to talk to each other. This may not always easy when it comes to federalism. Besides, experts, diplomats or lawyers sometimes speak “legalese” which may be confusing to others. This glossary may help to promote a common understanding of certain terms. The Swiss Confederation’s foundation as a sovereign nation is the collective will of the people to live harmoniously together. This awareness didn’t come overnight. It has been the result of a long and at times difficult process. We had to develop means of communicating that allowed us to discuss our differences and, above all, to make compromises. In Switzerland this has come through the creation of jointly owned institutions – in Myanmar these have yet to be created and the process has started. Throughout the transition and peace process, Switzerland has strived to help the stakeholders have common notions and concepts, so as to allow for better negotiations that allow the differences to be aired and discussed not as misunderstandings but as an exchange that ultimately serves to enrich the outcome. I particularly commend the Pyidaungsu Institute for having taken the initiative of translating and adapting this glossary as an effort to support the political dialogue in Myanmar. I sincerely hope that this modest contribution may accompany the stakeholders in their discussions about the future shape of their country and help them come to a common understanding of how they want to build Myanmar together.
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