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Ambient Mass Spectrometry for Forensic Analysis

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Ambient Mass Spectrometry for Forensic Analysis Central Annals of Forensic Research and Analysis Bringing Excellence in Open Access Review Article *Corresponding author Huanwen Chen, Department of Applied Chemistry, East China Institute of Technology, 56 Xuefu Road, Fuzhou Ambient Mass Spectrometry for 344000, China, Submitted: 13 February 2015 Forensic Analysis Accepted: 10 August 2015 Published: 03 October 2015 1 2 1 1 2 Lijun Xie , Huian Zhao , Peng Zhou , Tenggao Zhu , Yongzi Liu ISSN: 2378-9476 and Huanwen Chen1* Copyright 1Department of Chemistry, East China Institute of Technology, China © 2015 Chen et al. 2Jiangxi Institute of Forensic Science, Nanchang, China OPEN ACCESS Abstract Keywords • Ambient ionization Ambient mass spectrometry has emerged as a significant tool to facilitate forensic • Mass spectrometry investigation considering its well-known advantages of rapid, direct, nondestructive, • Forensic analysis high-throughput detection of a broad range of raw samples, as well as its potential capability of miniaturization and automation. New mass spectrometry technologies include more versatile ionization sources, allowing the next generation of instrumentation to be more multipurpose and adaptable to the needs of the discipline. This review assesses and highlights forensic applications of ambient mass spectrometry. In addition, the instrumentation and principles of some popular and promising ambient ionization techniques are summarized. INTRODUCTION procedures. Forensic science has been developed in the twentieth century maintaining sampleThese integritydrawbacks and maketraceability. it difficult to analyze and came to be recognized by the courts and law enforcement. forensic with high efficiency and effectively, leaving problems in Forensic analysis and investigation capabilities are vital in criminal and civil cases, national security, environmental allows for direct and rapid analysis of raw sample in their native Recently, ambient mass spectrometry (ambient MS), which illicit drugs and counterfeiting of legitimate pharmaceuticals, new in sample preparation, has aroused blooming interest. With environment with high specificity and minimal or no effort emergingprotection, challenges and public from safety. organised The manufacture crime and andterrorist trafficking groups, of also underline the vital need for sensitive and selective rapid more types of samples could be interrogated. In this review, weambient will introduceMS, analysis the operation principles, has instrumentation been greatly simplified, and forensic and identification of substances such as explosives and toxic spills in field, drug mixture. Presently, practical analytical technologies forensicapplication science. of typical ambient ionization techniques, and finally discuss the future prospects and challenges of ambient MS for supportare needed the forensicto enable investigation[1]. the “in field” Manyscreening analytical and analysistechniques of Ambient mass spectrometry becomeevidence developed to provide for fast,forensic accurate, application scientific [2-8] information and some areto accepted by the court, including the use of infrared spectrum (IR) to test the driver’s breath gas so as to assess blood alcohol Since the introduction of desorption electrospray ionization several(DESI) bygroups Cooks have and reviewed his co-workers the principle in 2004[9],and applications numerous of to detect the content of methamphetamine, morphine, cocaine ambient ionizationmass spectrometry techniques [15,17-21]. were developed According [10-16]. to the Till critical now, andcontent, heroin or highin blood, performance urine and capillary other electrophoresisbiological samples, (HPCE) or steps for energy transfer that plays the central role in the overall ionization process, the ambient ionization techniques can be distinguished into two classes, i.e. quantitativelyliquid chromatography analyze illicit mass drugs spectrometry and metabolites (LC-MS) in biologicaland gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to qualitative or related techniques and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization matrices (e.g. blood, urine or hair). , electrospray ionization (ESI)- Among the numerous modern analytical techniques, mass solid surfaces, desorption/ionization is typically implemented (APCI)-related techniques[18]. In order to create analyte ions on [1] for its merits in identifying a large range of compounds desorption ionization occur on a two-dimensional (2-D) surface inspectrometry trace amounts (MS) iswith a widely high usedsensitivity approach and in forensicshort response science using techniques such as DESI, DAPCI, etc, which allows the at the native conditions. While during the extractive electrospray consumingtime. However, due tothe laborious conventional sample MS preparation experiments or/and have isolation proven ionization (EESI) process, analytes in the matrix are subjected huge inconvenience in terms of size, cost, complexity and time to extractive ionization in a three-dimensional (3-D) space, in which the matrix disperses over a relatively large volumn. Chen Cite this article: Xie L, Zhao H, Zhou P, Zhu T, Liu Y, et al. (2015) Ambient Mass Spectrometry for Forensic Analysis. Ann Forensic Res Anal 2(2): 1021. Chen et al. (2015) Email: Central Bringing Excellence in Open Access et al. proposed a model to illustrate the relationship between the Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) and its forensic applications conservation and charge immortalization, as well as energy spread2-D methods and charge and 3-D transfer methods occurring based on under the principlesambient conditions of energy (Figur withDESI ease [9] to beis animplemented interesting on ambient many types ionization of commercially technique e 1)[20]. combining both the ESI process and the surface desorption process. techniques has been applied in food analysis [22], forensic and uses an aqueous spray directing at the surface of samples under Over the past ten years, ambient MS using direct ionization ambientavailable MSconditions. instruments, The thespray simple impacts DESI experimentthe surface, (Figure desorbs 2) the analytes into the gas phase and subsequently ionises them. public safety monitoring, proteomics, metabolomics [23] and The desorbed ions are then transported to a commercial mass clinical diagnostics, in vivo analysis[24], direct mass spectrometry spectrometer through an atmospheric pressure interface. The imaging[25], selectively chemical reaction study [26,27] and grammany levels;other chemicalfields[28]. composition Especially ofin counterfeitforensic analysis, pharmaceutical ambient tablets,MS has beendetection successfully of drugs used of abusefor detection from biological of explosives liquids at nano- such experimental results show that DESI-MS spectra are very similar as urine and plasma; breath analysis of metabolites; and imaging usedto those for generateddirect detection by ESI, of and various thus thecompounds. ESI spectra The can principles, be used as the reference spectra for DESI analysis. DESI has been widely analysisForensic for document applications verification andof fingerprint ambient identification. mass instrumental setup, and the applications of DESI have been spectrometry Morelatoreviewed previouslyet al. assessed [16-18,29-34]. and highlighted Several the tutorial great papersadvantages have Ambient mass spectrometry allows the in situ, real-time, been reported about the forensic applications of DESI [35-37]. online, high throughput, and low sample-consumption analysis of DESI in detection of illicit drugs, explosives, chemical warfare minimal sample pretreatment. In following sections, we will agents, inks and documents, fingermarks, gunshots residues and of trace analytes in complex matrix to be performed with no/ drugsSurface of abuse desorption in urine or atmospheric plasma specimens pressure [37]. chemical ionization (DAPCI) and its forensic applications emphasizedbriefly introduce in this ambient review mass is presented, spectrometry in chronological and their forensic order, inapplications. Table 1. A summary of the major ambient MS techniques DAPCI [38], combining the process of surface desorption and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), has been Figure 1 Conceptual illustration of 2-D and 3-D modes [20]. Table 1: Ambient SummaryBasic technique of major Yearambient introduced MS techniquesDesorption/ionization used in forensic application. principles Forensic application Ref. method toxic industrial compounds, chemical warfare DESI ESI 2004 Charged spray-jet agents, illicit drugs and formulations, explosives, 35-37 signaturesfoodstuff, inks, fingerprint, skin explosives, chemical warfare, pharmaceutical, DARTDAPCI GDIAPCI 2005 Metastable-thermal/indirectElectric plasma species plasma 30,41,44 2005 explosives 10 cocaine, explosives ,aerosol illegal drug, DBDIEESI GDIESI a 2006 Ambient gas/ extractive ESI 74-81 fingerprinting b 2007 ElectricLow-temperature plasma species plasma explosivesdrugs 40 a b LTPGDI, gas dischargePI ionization;2008 14,88 PI, photon ionization. Ann Forensic Res Anal 2(2): 1021 (2015) 2/8 Chen et al. (2015) Email: Central Bringing Excellence in Open Access spray, gaseous solvent vapor is ionized by corona discharge in theconsidered alternative as a procedure,variant of DESI. and Insteadthe resulting of using plasma liquid isas usedsolvent to methods (e.g. DAPCI, DART[10], DBDI[40] and LTP[14]) have a clear advantage in trace explosive determination. In situ trace detection of peroxide explosives by DAPCI was first performed
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