A City with Many Faces: Urban Development in Pre-Modern China (C
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Using the Past to Serve the Present’: Comparative Perspectives on Chinese and Western Theories of the Origins of the State*
‘Using the Past to Serve the Present’: Comparative Perspectives on Chinese and * Western Theories of the Origins of the State Yuri Pines and Gideon Shelach One of the interesting peculiarities of the formative age of Chinese intellectual tradition, the Zhanguo period (戰國, ‘Warring States,’ 453–221 BCE), is its thinkers’ preoccupation with the origin of the state. Several recent studies by Chinese and Western scholars have analyzed Zhanguo theories of the formation of political and social institutions, either in the context of the evolution of contemporaneous political and philosophical discourse or as part of ancient Chinese mythology.1 Our discussion proposes a different perspective. By comparing Zhanguo theories of the origin of the state with parallel views developed in Europe and North America in the age of Enlightenment and beyond, we hope to disclose common factors that influenced theoretical thinking in both cases, and thereby to contribute to a general discussion about the evolution of human political thought. We believe that an analysis of ancient Chinese discourse may offer insights into the ways in which the social and political agendas of thinkers shape their theoretical approaches – in ancient China no less than elsewhere. Critics may argue that juxtaposing thinkers from such different cultural and chronological backgrounds is like comparing apples and oranges. Yet this is what cross-cultural comparison always does: It * We are grateful to Prof. Vera Schwarcz and Israel Sorek for their comments on earlier versions of this article, and to Dr Neve Gordon for his useful suggestions. 1 See, e.g., Liu Zehua 劉澤華, Zhongguo chuantong zhengzhi siwei 中國傳統政治思維, Liaoning 1991, pp. -
Appendix 1: Rank of China's 338 Prefecture-Level Cities
Appendix 1: Rank of China’s 338 Prefecture-Level Cities © The Author(s) 2018 149 Y. Zheng, K. Deng, State Failure and Distorted Urbanisation in Post-Mao’s China, 1993–2012, Palgrave Studies in Economic History, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92168-6 150 First-tier cities (4) Beijing Shanghai Guangzhou Shenzhen First-tier cities-to-be (15) Chengdu Hangzhou Wuhan Nanjing Chongqing Tianjin Suzhou苏州 Appendix Rank 1: of China’s 338 Prefecture-Level Cities Xi’an Changsha Shenyang Qingdao Zhengzhou Dalian Dongguan Ningbo Second-tier cities (30) Xiamen Fuzhou福州 Wuxi Hefei Kunming Harbin Jinan Foshan Changchun Wenzhou Shijiazhuang Nanning Changzhou Quanzhou Nanchang Guiyang Taiyuan Jinhua Zhuhai Huizhou Xuzhou Yantai Jiaxing Nantong Urumqi Shaoxing Zhongshan Taizhou Lanzhou Haikou Third-tier cities (70) Weifang Baoding Zhenjiang Yangzhou Guilin Tangshan Sanya Huhehot Langfang Luoyang Weihai Yangcheng Linyi Jiangmen Taizhou Zhangzhou Handan Jining Wuhu Zibo Yinchuan Liuzhou Mianyang Zhanjiang Anshan Huzhou Shantou Nanping Ganzhou Daqing Yichang Baotou Xianyang Qinhuangdao Lianyungang Zhuzhou Putian Jilin Huai’an Zhaoqing Ningde Hengyang Dandong Lijiang Jieyang Sanming Zhoushan Xiaogan Qiqihar Jiujiang Longyan Cangzhou Fushun Xiangyang Shangrao Yingkou Bengbu Lishui Yueyang Qingyuan Jingzhou Taian Quzhou Panjin Dongying Nanyang Ma’anshan Nanchong Xining Yanbian prefecture Fourth-tier cities (90) Leshan Xiangtan Zunyi Suqian Xinxiang Xinyang Chuzhou Jinzhou Chaozhou Huanggang Kaifeng Deyang Dezhou Meizhou Ordos Xingtai Maoming Jingdezhen Shaoguan -
The End of the Queue: Hair As Symbol in Chinese History Michael Godley
East Asian History NUMBER 8 . DECEMBER 1994 THE CONTINUATION OF Paperson Far EasternHistory Institute of Advanced Studies Australian National University Editor Geremie R. Barme Assistant Editor Helen Lo Editorial Board John Clark Mark Elvin (Convenor) Helen Hardacre John Fincher Andrew Fraser Colin Jeffcott W. J. F. Jenner Lo Hui-min Gavan McCormack David Marr Tessa Morris-Suzuki Michael Underdown Business Manager Marion Weeks Production Helen Lo Design Maureen MacKenzie (Em Squared Typographic Design), Helen Lo Printed by Goanna Print, Fyshwick, ACT This is the eighth issue of East Asian History in the series previously entitled Papers on Far Eastern History. The journal is published twice a year. Contributions to The Editor, East Asian History Division of Pacific & Asian History, Research School of Pacific & Asian Studies Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Phone +61 62493140 Fax +61 62495525 Subscription Enquiries Subscription Manager, East Asian History, at the above address Annual Subscription Australia A$45 Overseas US$45 (for two issues) iii CONTENTS 1 Mid-Ch'ing New Text (Chin-wen) Classical Learning and its Han Provenance: the Dynamics of a Tradition of Ideas On-cho Ng 33 From Myth to Reality: Chinese Courtesans in Late-Qing Shanghai Christian Henriot 53 The End of the Queue: Hair as Symbol in Chinese History Michael Godley 73 Broken Journey: Nhfti Linh's "Going to France" Greg and Monique Lockhart 135 Chinese Masculinity: Theorising' Wen' and' Wu ' Kam Louie and Louise Edwards iv Cover calligraphy Yan Zhenqing �JU!iUruJ, Tang calligrapher and statesman Cover picture The walled city of Shanghai (Shanghai xianzhi, 1872) THE END OF THE QUEUE: HAIR AS SYMBOL IN CHINESE HISTORY ..J1! Michael R. -
Was There a Xià Dynasty?
SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 238 May, 2013 Was There a Xià Dynasty? by Victor H. Mair with contributions by E. Bruce Brooks Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS FOUNDED 1986 Editor-in-Chief VICTOR H. MAIR Associate Editors PAULA ROBERTS MARK SWOFFORD ISSN 2157-9679 (print) 2157-9687 (online) SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series dedicated to making available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor-in-chief actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including romanized modern standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino- Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. Submissions are regularly sent out to be refereed, and extensive editorial suggestions for revision may be offered. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form. -
Southeast Asia
SOUTHEAST ASIA Shang Dynasty Zhou Dynasty ● Time of emergence: 1766 BC ● Time of emergence: 1046-256 BCE ● Time they were at their peak:1350 BC ● Divided into 2 different periods (Western Zhou: ● Time they were around: 1766-1122 BC 1046-771 BCE)(Eastern Zhou: 770-256 BCE) ● Time of fall: 1122 BC ● They were around for 8 centuries (800+ years) ● Time of fall: 256 BCE GEOGRAPHIC IMPACT ON SOCIETY Shang Dynasty Zhou Dynasty The Shang Dynasty controlled the North China Plain, which ● They were located west of Shang Dynasty however after corresponds to the modern day Chinese provinces of Anhui, Hebei, conquering Shang Dynasty, their borders extended as far Henan, Shandong, and Shanxi. The area that those of the Shang south as chang Jiang river and east to the Yellow sea. Dynasty lived in, under the Yellow River Valley, gave them water as These body of waters provided fertile soil for good farming well as fertile soil which helped their civilization thrive. Natural borders, and their trading increased. ● Present day location: Xi’an in Shaanxi near the Wei river such as mountains, also protected the area, making it easier to protect. and confluence of the Yellow river The Yellow River also made it easy for the people that lived there to ● They were not geographically isolated from other obtain a steady supply of water. civilizations ● They were exposed to large bodies of water POLITICAL SYSTEM AND IMPACT ON SOCIETY government Shang Dynasty Zhou Dynasty The Shang Dynasty was ruled by a ● The Zhou Dynasty ruled with a confucian social hierarchy hereditary monarchy, in which the ● The citizens were expected to follow the rules and values of confucianism government wa controlled by the king Organization: mainly, and the line of rule descended ● Had the “mandate of heaven” through the family. -
For the Purposes of This Chapter Is Therefore Die Second Half of the Second Millennium B.C
SHANG ARCHAEOLOGY 139 for the purposes of this chapter is therefore die second half of the second millennium B.C. Bronze artifacts define the scope of the chapter. They are also one of its principal sources of information, for in the present state of archaeological knowledge many of the societies to which they draw our attention are known only from finds of bronzes. Fortunately much can be learned from objects which in their time were plainly of high importance - second only, perhaps, to architecture, of which scant trace survives. In second-millennium China the bronzes made for ritual or mortuary purposes were products of an extremely sophisticated technology on which immense resources were lav- ished. They have an individuality that sensitively registers differences of time and place; cultural differences and interactions can be read from their types, decoration, and assemblages. Because they served political or religious func- tions for elites, they reflect the activities of the highest strata of society; unlike the pottery on which archaeology normally depends, they supply informa- tion that can be interpreted in terms somewhat resembling those of narra- tive history. Moreover the value which has attached to ancient bronzes throughout Chinese history makes them today the most systematically reported of chance finds, with the result that the geographic distribution of published bronze finds is very wide.23 No other sample of the archaeological record is equally comprehensive — no useful picture would emerge from a survey of architecture or lacquer or jade — and the study of bronzes is thus the best available corrective to the textual bias of Chinese archaeology. -
Social Complexity in North China During the Early Bronze Age: a Comparative Study of the Erlitou and Lower Xiajiadian Cultures
Social Complexity in North China during the Early Bronze Age: A Comparative Study of the Erlitou and Lower Xiajiadian Cultures GIDEON SHELACH ACCORDING TO TRADITIONAL Chinese historiography, the earliest Chinese state was the Xia dynasty (twenty-first-seventeenth centuries B.C.), which was lo cated in the Zhongyuan area (the Central Plain). The traditional viewpoint also relates that, over the next two millennia, complex societies emerged in other parts of present-day China through the process of political expansion and cul tural diffusion from the Zhongyuan. Some scholars recently have challenged this model because it is unilinear and does not allow for significant contributions to the emergence of social compleXity from areas outside the Zhongyuan. Recent syntheses usually view the archaeological landscape of the late Neolithic Period (the second half of the third millennium B.C.) as a mosaic of cultures of compar able social complexity that interacted and influenced each other (Chang 1986; Tong 1981). Nevertheless, when dealing with the Early Bronze Age, the period identified with the Xia dynasty, most archaeologists still accept the main premises of the traditional model. They regard the culture or cultures of the Zhongyuan as the most developed and see intercultural interaction as occurring, if at all, only within the boundaries of that area. One of the most heated debates among Chinese archaeologists in recent years has been over the archaeological identification of the Xia dynasty. The partici pants in this debate accept the authenticity of the historical documents, most of which were written more than a thousand years after the events, and try to cor relate names of historical places and peoples to known archaeological sites and cultures. -
Religion in China BKGA 85 Religion Inchina and Bernhard Scheid Edited by Max Deeg Major Concepts and Minority Positions MAX DEEG, BERNHARD SCHEID (EDS.)
Religions of foreign origin have shaped Chinese cultural history much stronger than generally assumed and continue to have impact on Chinese society in varying regional degrees. The essays collected in the present volume put a special emphasis on these “foreign” and less familiar aspects of Chinese religion. Apart from an introductory article on Daoism (the BKGA 85 BKGA Religion in China prototypical autochthonous religion of China), the volume reflects China’s encounter with religions of the so-called Western Regions, starting from the adoption of Indian Buddhism to early settlements of religious minorities from the Near East (Islam, Christianity, and Judaism) and the early modern debates between Confucians and Christian missionaries. Contemporary Major Concepts and religious minorities, their specific social problems, and their regional diversities are discussed in the cases of Abrahamitic traditions in China. The volume therefore contributes to our understanding of most recent and Minority Positions potentially violent religio-political phenomena such as, for instance, Islamist movements in the People’s Republic of China. Religion in China Religion ∙ Max DEEG is Professor of Buddhist Studies at the University of Cardiff. His research interests include in particular Buddhist narratives and their roles for the construction of identity in premodern Buddhist communities. Bernhard SCHEID is a senior research fellow at the Austrian Academy of Sciences. His research focuses on the history of Japanese religions and the interaction of Buddhism with local religions, in particular with Japanese Shintō. Max Deeg, Bernhard Scheid (eds.) Deeg, Max Bernhard ISBN 978-3-7001-7759-3 Edited by Max Deeg and Bernhard Scheid Printed and bound in the EU SBph 862 MAX DEEG, BERNHARD SCHEID (EDS.) RELIGION IN CHINA: MAJOR CONCEPTS AND MINORITY POSITIONS ÖSTERREICHISCHE AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN PHILOSOPHISCH-HISTORISCHE KLASSE SITZUNGSBERICHTE, 862. -
Long-Term Evolution of the Chinese Port System (221BC-2010AD) Chengjin Wang, César Ducruet
Regional resilience and spatial cycles: Long-term evolution of the Chinese port system (221BC-2010AD) Chengjin Wang, César Ducruet To cite this version: Chengjin Wang, César Ducruet. Regional resilience and spatial cycles: Long-term evolution of the Chinese port system (221BC-2010AD). Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, Wiley, 2013, 104 (5), pp.521-538. 10.1111/tesg.12033. halshs-00831906 HAL Id: halshs-00831906 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00831906 Submitted on 28 Sep 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Regional resilience and spatial cycles: long-term evolution of the Chinese port system (221 BC - 2010 AD) Chengjin WANG Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research (IGSNRR) Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100101, China [email protected] César DUCRUET1 French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) UMR 8504 Géographie-cités F-75006 Paris, France [email protected] Pre-final version of the paper published in Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, Vol. 104, No. 5, pp. 521-538. Abstract Spatial models of port system evolution often depict linearly the emergence of hierarchy through successive concentration phases of originally scattered ports. -
17 August 2021 Aperto
AperTO - Archivio Istituzionale Open Access dell'Università di Torino Managing Cultural Heritage in China. A view from the outside This is the author's manuscript Original Citation: Availability: This version is available http://hdl.handle.net/2318/1632687 since 2017-05-08T15:31:29Z Published version: DOI:10.1017/S0305741012000434 Terms of use: Open Access Anyone can freely access the full text of works made available as "Open Access". Works made available under a Creative Commons license can be used according to the terms and conditions of said license. Use of all other works requires consent of the right holder (author or publisher) if not exempted from copyright protection by the applicable law. (Article begins on next page) 29 September 2021 File: Zanboninifinal.Doc, 10/03/2011 16.01.00 MANAGING CULTURAL HERITAGE IN CHINA. A VIEW FROM THE OUTSIDE Luca Zan and Sara Bonini Baraldi * Abstract The paper investigates change processes regarding the managerial aspects of organizing Cultural Heritage activities in China. The focus is not on the historical and artistic meanings of archeological discoveries in themselves; nor on the technical, scientific, and methodological repercussions of conservation and restoration; nor finally on the evolution of museology per se. Rather, the core of the analysis is on new managerial problems along the “archaeological chain” (archeological discoveries, restoration, museum definition and public access to cultural heritage) posed by new professional discourse and the overall evolution of the economic and political context. The paper is based on field research carried out in Luoyang, Henan province. The micro view adopted (managing practices more than policies), and the unusual access to data (including financial figures on individual entities) represent a unique opportunity for a sort of “journey” inside the Chinese public sector. -
Zhou Dynasty 1046 - 256 BC
Quinn Steven Professor Mustafa Tuna April 28, 2017 SES 373 Recipes through the Dynasties: How Chinese Food and Food Culture Changed over Time For this proJect, I selected various Dynasties and time periods throughout Chinese history that represent the most significant changes to Chinese cuisine due to socioeconomic, political, industrial, or cultural impacts and globalization. I selected the Zhou Dynasty, the Mongol Empire, the Song Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty, and the Cultural Revolution because each has aspects that were completely uniQue during their time, but contributed to modern Chinese cuisine in a fundamental way. For each time period, I provided a brief introduction to the period, one or more recipes from that time period, and a brief narrative piece, or two in the case of the Song Dynasty, to give insight into how food may have appeared during that time period. Zhou Dynasty 1046 - 256 BC Period: The Zhou Dynasty, founded by the Ji family in 1046, was the era of bronze-making and also was the beginning of formal, ritualized dining in China with traditions, special cuisines and dishes, etiQuette, and hierarchy. In the kitchen, there was a hierarchy: the chief cook, the internal cooks, the external cooks, assistants, nutritionists, and wine officers, who altogether made up a cooking staff of more than 2,300 individuals. The chief cook was in charge of organizing the kitchen, food, and drinks for the Emperor, Empress, and crown prince, the internal cooks cooked their meals, and the assistants were responsible for food preparation, serving, and maintaining cooking fires. -
07 Louis 1 Gold+Silver
CATALOGUE François Louis Gold and Silver François Louis Gold and Silver mong the most precious and unexpected dis- I. Vessels A coveries of the Belitung wreck are over thirty exquisitely manufactured gold and silver vessels. All of the seven gold vessels (nos 1–7), the gold leaf, These include one octagonal gold cup and three the gold bracelet (no. 9), and nine small silver boxes oblong, gold, drinking bowls (nos 1, 5–7), three (cf. nos 12–18) were discovered in 1998. Another gold dishes (nos 2–4), and two dozen richly deco- fourteen silver vessels, the gold bracelet fragments rated silver vessels. In addition, the divers recovered (no. 8 a, b), and additional silver vessel fragments eighteen silver ingots (cf. no. 11 a, b), over two kilo- were salvaged in 1999 from a small area at the stern grams of gold foil, a small gold coin (no. 10), a gold and slightly to port. Three large silver bowls with bracelet (no. 9), and several fragments of various foot rings (cf. nos 19, 20) were found stacked on gold and silver items. In quality as well as in size, top of a fine white ceramic bowl of similar size and this find figures among the most important discov- shape (no. 106). Next to these bowls, fragments of eries of Tang gold and silver made to date. It is the two large platters (cf. figs 1,7 and p. 108, figs 11a, first such discovery outside of China. b) with three feet were recovered – presumably the platters had originally also been stacked on top of While the gold vessels have been entirely cleaned, each other.