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A Serosurvey on Some Canine Vector-Borne Zoonoses (Anaplasma Spp., Ehrlichia Spp., Borrelia Burgdorferi , Dirofilaria Immitis An

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A Serosurvey on Some Canine Vector-Borne Zoonoses (Anaplasma Spp., Ehrlichia Spp., Borrelia Burgdorferi , Dirofilaria Immitis An https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ataunivbd Research Article/Araştırma Makalesi 2019; 14(2): 151-158 DOI: 10.17094/ataunivbd.580250 A Serosurvey on Some Canine Vector-borne Zoonoses (Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia spp., Borrelia burgdorferi, Dirofilaria immitis and Leishmania spp.) in Osmaniye Tülin GÜVEN GÖKMEN1a, Elçin GÜNAYDIN2b, Nevin TURUT3c, Bünyamin AKIN4d, Özgür KOÇ5e, Armağan Erdem ÜTÜK6f 1. University of Cukurova, Ceyhan Veterinary Faculty, Department of Microbiology, Adana, TURKEY. 2. University of Hitit, Alaca Avni Celik Vocational School, Corum, TURKEY. 3. Adana Veterinary Control Institute, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Adana, TURKEY. 4. Nature and Wildlife Conservation and Research Association, Osmaniye, TURKEY. 5. Municipality of Osmaniye, Directorate of Veterinary Affairs, Osmaniye, TURKEY. 6. University of Cukurova, Ceyhan Veterinary Faculty, Department of Parasitology, Adana, TURKEY. ORCID: 0000-0001-9673-097Xa, 0000-0002-5247-7578b, 0000-0003-2950-001Xc, 0000-0003-1074-652Xd, 0000-0002-6050-2286e, 0000- 0002-7986-3583f Geliş Tarihi/Received Kabul Tarihi/Accepted Yayın Tarihi/Published 24.06.2019 29.08.2019 25.10.2019 Bu makaleye atıfta bulunmak için/To cite this article: Güven Gökmen T, Günaydın E, Turut N, Akın B, Koç O, Ütük AE: A Serosurvey on Some Canine Vector-borne Zoonoses (Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia spp., Borrelia burgdorferi, Dirofilaria immitis and Leishmania spp.) in Osmaniye. Atatürk Üniversitesi Vet. Bil. Derg., 14(2): 151-158, 2019. DOI: 10.17094/ataunivbd.580250 Abstract: Vector-borne diseases in dogs are of major global significance for their impact on animal and human health. Especially, it is necessary to determine the prevalence of agents found in reservoir animals by conventional, molecular and serological methods for the application of control programs for these diseases. Serosurvey studies are one of the reliable methods to know the presence and prevalence of these diseases in our country and region. In this study, it was aimed to detect the prevalence of Ehrlichia canis/E.ewingii, Anaplasma platys/A.phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, Dirofilaria immitis and Leishmania infantum in dogs in Osmaniye. Five canine vector-borne diseases were investigated with a rapid in-clinic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 100 clinically healthy dog serum samples in Osmaniye city center, Düziçi, Sumbas, Kadirli, Hasanbeyli, Bahçe and Toprakkale districts. Seroprevalence rate was detected as 3% for E.canis/E.ewingii and 1% for D.immitis by SNAP 4Dx PLUS. The prevalence of A.platys/A.phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi and L.infantum were determined as 0%. In conclusion, our study in which we determined the seroprevalence of dog vector-borne diseases in Osmaniye is the first study in which five agents are determined in one step and will contribute to the effective control programs prepared for animal and public health in our region. Keywords: Dirofilaria, ELISA, Ehrlichia, PCR. Osmaniye'de Bazı Köpek Vektör Kaynaklı Zoonozlar (Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia spp. Borrelia burgdorferi, Dirofilaria immitis ve Leishmania spp.) Üzerine Serolojik Bir Araştırma Öz: Köpeklerde bulunan vektör kaynaklı hastalıklar, hayvan ve insan sağlığı üzerindeki etkileri açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Özellikle belirli bölgelerde bu hastalıklara yönelik kontrol programlarının uygulanması için, öncelikle rezervuar hayvanlarda bulunan etkenlerin konvansiyonel, moleküler ve serolojik yöntemlerle prevalansının belirlenmesi gereklidir. Serolojik araştırma çalışmaları ülkemizde ve bölgemizde bu hastalıkların varlığını ve yaygınlığını bilmek için güvenilir yöntemlerden biridir. Bu çalışmada, Osmaniye ilinde köpeklerde Ehrlichia canis / E.ewingii, Anaplasma platys / A.phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, Dirofilaria immitis ve Leishmania infantum prevalansının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Osmaniye merkez, Düziçi, Sumbas, Kadirli, Hasanbeyli, Bahçe ve Toprakkale ilçelerinde klinik olarak sağlıklı yüz köpekten alınan serum örneklerinde hızlı bir immünosorbent testi ile beş köpek vektör kaynaklı hastalık araştırılmıştır. SNAP 4Dx PLUS testi ile seroprevalans oranı E.canis / E.ewingii için %3, D.immitis için %1 olarak tespit edilmiştir. A.platys / A.phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi ve L.infantum prevalansı ise % 0 olarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, Osmaniye'de köpek vektör kaynaklı hastalıkların seroprevalanslarını tespit ettiğimiz çalışmamız, bölgede beş etkenin tek aşamada belirlendiği ilk çalışmadır ve bölgemizde hayvan ve halk sağlığı için hazırlanan efektif kontrol programlarına katkı sağlayacaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Dirofilaria, ELISA, Ehrlichia, PZR. Tulin Gokmen Guven University of Cukurova, Ceyhan Veterinary Faculty, Department of Microbiology, Adana, TURKEY. e-mail: [email protected] A Serosurvey on Some Canine … Güven Gökmen et al. INTRODUCTION anine vector-borne diseases (CVBDs) are (A.americanum) at the same time. The bacteria C transmitted by arthropods, including cause “Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis” which is an phlebotomus, ticks, fleas and mosquitoes and have acute febrile disease with fever, headache, muscle a worldwide distribution (1). The most well known pain and fatigue symptoms (9). CVBD agents are Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia spp., B.burgdorferi is transmitted by Ixodes species Borrelia burgdorferi (B.burgdorferi), Dirofilaria and is the causative agent of Lyme disease or immitis (D.immitis) and Leishmania spp. These borreliosis, characterized by anorexia, lethargy, agents are essential for public health due to their lymphadenopathy, fever, arthritis, cardiac or zoonotic potential and dogs, which in close contact neurological dysfunctions and glomerulonephritis in with people in rural and urban areas serve as dogs, horses, cats and humans (10). important reservoirs (2). D.immitis is the causative agent of Anaplasma spp. are intracellular gram-negative cardiopulmonary dirofilariosis or heartworm disease bacteria. Anaplasma phagocytophilum in dogs and transmitted by mosquitoes in the genus (A.phagocytophilum) can infect many hosts such as of Culex, Aedes and Anopheles. Pulmonary and ruminants, cats, horses, dogs and humans. While it ocular dirofilariasis are seen in humans (11). causes symptoms such as thrombocytopenia, fever, Leishmaniosis is a zoonotic disease which is anorexia, hypoalbuminemia, and anemia in animals, seen in vertebrate hosts and transmitted by it also causes “Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis” sandflies. In Turkey, especially Leishmania infantum in humans. It infects granulocytes and is transmitted (L.infantum) and Leishmania tropica (L.tropica) by Dermacentor, Ixodes, Hyalomma and agents are found. The disease is most common in Rhipicephalus tick species (3,4). Anaplasma platys humans and dogs among mammals. Dogs have (A. platys) cause “Canine cyclic thrombocytopenia” critical importance in the spread of the disease and infects canine platelets which often causes co- because they both show the symptoms of the disease and act as reservoirs (12). infections with other tick-borne agents, especially For the effective control of CVBDs, it is Ehrlichia canis (E.canis) transmitted by necessary to know the serological status of reservoir Rhipicephalus sanguineus (R.sanguineus) tick (5). A. animals in a particular area. Therefore, in our study, platys is not confirmed as a disease agent in we aimed to determine the seroprevalence of humans, but it was detected molecularly in some E.canis/E.ewingii, A.platys/A.phagocytophilum, cases and this may indicate that it may have a B.burgdorferi, D.immitis and L.infantum in dogs in zoonotic potential in the future (6). Osmaniye. E.canis is a gram-negative, intracellular bacterium that is transmitted by R.sanguineus. It MATERIALS and METHODS causes to “Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis” Sample Collection characterized by hematological abnormalities and fever. In recent years, E.canis has been shown to This study was approved by the Unit Ethics cause “Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis” in humans Committee of the Ceyhan Veterinary Faculty of (7,8). Ehrlichia ewingii (E. ewingii) is transmitted by Çukurova University on 12.09.2017 with the 9- Amblyomma and Dermacentor tick species in the decision number. Blood samples of 100 farm dogs dogs, infects neutrophils and causes neutrophilic polyarthritis. It is also a human pathogen (30 female and 70 male) were collected from the transmitted by Amblyomma americanum countryside of seven districts, Osmaniye city center, 152 A Serosurvey on Some Canine … Güven Gökmen et al. Düziçi, Sumbas, Kadirli, Hasanbeyli, Bahçe and the instructions of the manufacturer. This test Toprakkale at Osmaniye over 3 months from June to identifies the circulating carbohydrate of D.immitis August 2017 (Figure 1). All dogs were clinically and detects the antibodies against the healthy. Dog owners filled out an information form, immunodominant proteins of A. phagocytophylum which includes information on the age, breed, sex, (p44 and MSP2), B. burgdorferi (sensu lato) (C6) and tick and flea infestation of each dog. The age of the E. canis (p30 and p30-1). Results were interpreted dogs ranged from 2 months to 10 years. Three dogs colorimetrically. had only tick infestation, 49 dogs had only flea Furthermore, an ELISA kit (Leishmania 96, infestation and 37 dogs had both tick and flea Biopronix, Agrolabo) was used for the detection of infestation. No infestation was observed in 11 dogs. anti-L.infantum antibodies in dog sera. The test was The collected blood samples were centrifuged at done according to the instructions of the 1200g for 10 minutes.
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