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The Pāṃsukūlacīvara ! Towards an Anthropology of a Trans-Traditional Buddhist Robe ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Faculty of Arts and Philosophy SIMON BULTYNCK ! ! ! ! The Pāṃsukūlacīvara ! Towards an anthropology of a trans-traditional Buddhist robe ! ! ! ! Master’s dissertation submitted to obtain the degree of Master of Asian Languages and Cultures ! 2016 ! ! ! ! ! Supervisor! ! Prof.!dr.!Ann!Heirman! ! ! ! Department!of!Languages!and!Cultures! ! Dean! ! Prof.!dr.!Marc!Boone! Rector! ! Prof.!dr.!Anne!De!Paepe! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! iii! ! ! iv! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! while striving for death’s army’s rout the ascetic clad in rag-robe clout got from a rubbish heap, shines bright mārasenavighātāya as mail-clad warrior paṃsukūladharo yati in the fight. sannaddhakavaco yuddhe ! khattiyo viya sobhati this robe the world’s great teacher wore, pahāya kāsikādīni leaving rare Kási cloth varavatthāni dhāritaṃ and more; yaṃ lokagarunā ko taṃ of rags from off paṃsukūlaṃ na dhāraye a rubbish heap who would not have tasmā hi attano bhikkhu a robe to keep? paṭiññaṃ samanussaraṃ ! yogācārānukūlamhi minding the words paṃsukūle rato siyāti he did profess ! when he went ! ! into homelessness, ! let him to wear ! such rags delight ! as!one!! ! in!seemly!garb!bedight.*! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! v! ! ! ! ! vi! ! Abstract Superlatives in academics are scarce; in humanities they are almost taboo. And yet it is probably fair to say that one of the most significant robes of all Buddhist monastic attire is the pāṃsukūlacīvara. Often poorly translated as ‘robe from the dust-heap’, this trans- tradition monastic type of dress, patched from cast-off rags, has been charged with du- bious symbolism and myth throughout Buddhist literature. This thesis aims to bridge the gap between anthropological and text-critical research on the topic and to further widen both the scope of its study. So far, text-critical scholarship on the pāṃsukūlacīvara has namely mainly focused on the topic through the glasses of its critics. Inspired by and drawing from anthropological fieldwork, this thesis aims instead to look at the pāṃsukūlacīvara through the glasses of its wearers. For one part, I have focused on dis- cussions in Buddhist literature on some practical aspects as the making and mainte- nance of the pāṃsukūlacīvara, while for the other part I have explored its connotations to asceticism, authenticity and death in both primary Buddhist sources and anthropo- logical scholarly venues. This approach clearly highlights a number of interesting as- pects that help explain how and why pāṃsukūlika monks from different strands, both historically and today, aim to visually distinguish themselves from the ‘ordinary’ Bud- dhist monastic identity. Providing on top, a concrete interview schedule, this thesis, moreover, paves the way––or at least hopes to do so––to fieldwork beyond South- and Southeast Asia, to which anthropological research on the topic remains yet confined. ! vii! ! Foreword Some say your library is the window to whom you are; you are the books you read. I should perhaps start burning some. But if so, I would regret the reader not finding, among the authors in the bibliography to this thesis, the French semiotician Roland Barthes (1915 – 1980) and the German cultural critic Walter Benjamin (1892 – 1940). Both were intrigued by everyday images and products of popular culture and sought, in yet different historical, philosophical and cultural contexts, to analyse them. Barthes in specific was interested in the hidden ‘meanings’ behind these cultural phenomena and illustrated that, whereas we often take latter for granted, in nature they are not. This foreword is not so much about dedicating my thesis to these men, as it is meant to be an eulogy to the pursuit of understanding what connects us all, in the utmost ‘worldly’ matters academic scholarship has long not given the attention it deserves. ! viii! ! Acknowledgements Throughout this thesis I have extensively drawn from the most recent Princeton Diction- ary of Buddhism (2014), as well as the Encyclopedia of Monasticism (2000), for names, termi- nology, dates and background information of all kinds. In those cases where both Pāli and Sanskrit terms are present, I have tried to provide them. Likewise, I have tried to provide the corresponding Chinese terms, when dealing specifically with Chinese Bud- dhism. With the exception of citing primary sources in Pāli or Sanskrit, I consistently use the Sanskrit terms pāṃsukūlacīvara and pāṃsukūlika instead of the similarly com- monly cited Sanskrit alternatives with palatal ‘ś’ (pāṃśukūlacīvara and pāṃśukūlika) and the Pāli equivalents with short ‘a’ (paṃsukūlacīvara and paṃsukūlika). Further, I have chosen to rely on the Sanskrit denomination bhikṣu to refer to both the ‘coenobitical’ monk in the strict sense of the word and the wandering Buddhist ‘mendicant’. Deducing mainly from explicit reservations against women engaging in the ascetic practices that the pāṃsukūlacīvara is inextricably associated with, I generally only speak of bhikṣus and deliberately not of bhikṣuṇīs. I must apologize for having not dug deeper into this topic; more research could certainly be done on this issue and I can only encourage others to do so. To conclude, I will spare the reader a catalogue of poetical expressions of grati- tude, but there is one person that deserves a special word of thanks and that is my friend Ling Jing. She has been extremely patient with me and of great help to translate the idiomatic interview questions presented in this thesis. ! ix! ! List of abbreviations A. trans. W. Adamek 2007 alt. alternatively AN Aṅguttara Nikāya. See: ed. PTS. Ba Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra. See: ed. & trans. L. de la Vallée Poussin, 1907. BJT ed. Sri Lanka Tripiṭaka Project Chin Chinese CBETA Chinese Buddhist Electronic Text Association C.R. trans. C.A.F. Rhys Davids 1899-1921. DB Da Biqiu Sanqian Weiyi (Chin. ). See: T.1470. DN Dīghanikāya, ed. T.R. and trans. C.R. 1899-1921. DTX Da Tang xiyu ji (Chin. ). See: T.2087 DhgVin Dharmaguptakavinaya. See: T.1428. DWBS Dunwu wushang banruo song (Chin. ). See: trans. W. Adamek, 2007. The letter S refers to the Dunhuang Manuscripts of the Stein Collection of the British Library. E. trans. Rev. N. R. M. Ehara, et al. 1961 EB79 Encyclopaedia of Buddhism, ed. J. Dhīrasakera, 1979. EB04 Encyclopaedia of Buddhism, ed. R. E. jr. Buswell, 2004. L. trans. Lamotte, E. MaVin Mahāsāṃghikavinaya. See: T.1425. Mn Majjhimanikāya. See: ed. PTS. Mn Milindapañha. See: ed. PTS. Mpps *Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra. See: T.1509 Msn Mahāsīhanādasutta. See: ed. PTS. MssVin Mūlasarvāstivādavinayavastu. See: T.1448 and ed. N. Dutt, 1984 [1942]. N Ñāṇamoli 1995 Ñ Ñāṇamoli 2010 ! x! ! Nks Nikāyasaṅgrahava. See: ed. E. Wickremasinghe. P. Pāli pl. plural PDB Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism, ed. R. E. jr. Buswell & D. S. jr. Lopez PTS Pāli Text Society Spp *Śāriputraparipṛcchā (Chin. ). See: T.1465. Skt. Sanskrit SQ. secondary question Vp Vimalaprabhā. See: ed. J. Upadhyaya, 1986. Vm *Vimuttimagga. See: T.1648, tr. Rev. N. R. M. Ehara, et al. 1961. Vsm Visuddhimagga. See: ed. PTS. WZY Wutai shan zan yiben (Chin. ). See: ed. and trans. Mary A. Cartelli, 2013 (The letter P. refers to the Dunhuang Manuscripts of the Pelliot Collection of the Biblothèque Nationale, Paris). T. Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō. Citations refer to text number, volume and page number, and register (a, b or c). Th. trans. Thanissaro Bhikkhu 2013 Tib. Tibetan T.R. ed. T. W. Davids 1890-99 Q. Question XSZ Xu Gaoseng Chuan (Chin. ). See: T.2060. ! xi! ! List of Images Rag!wearer!of!Wutaishan(picture by the author, Aug. 2, 2014)….………………………………p. iii ! ! xii! ! Table of Contents Abstract(............................................................................................................................................(vii! Foreword(........................................................................................................................................(viii! Acknowledgements(.......................................................................................................................(ix! List(of(abbreviations(.......................................................................................................................(x! List(of(Images(..................................................................................................................................(xii! Table(of(Contents(.........................................................................................................................(xiii! Introduction(...................................................................................................................................(15! Methodological(considerations(...............................................................................................(22! 1! Terminology(............................................................................................................................(30! 2! The(making(of(pāṃsukūla(robes(......................................................................................(33! 2.1! What(&(Where?(.............................................................................................................................(33! 2.2! *Pāṃsukūlaticīvara?(...................................................................................................................(37! 2.3! How?(.................................................................................................................................................(38! 2.3.1! Sewing!pattern!........................................................................................................................................!38!
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