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Original Research Article Open Access Available online at http://www.journalijdr.com ISSN: 2230-9926 International Journal of Development Research Vol. 10, Issue, 01, pp. 33316-33320, January, 2020 RESEARCH ARTICLE ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS POSSIBLE USE OF MANIHOT SCULENTA LEAVES AS FOOD *1Pedro Henrique Silva de Rossi, 1,2Sandra Maria Barbalho, 1Marie Oshiiwa, 1,2Elen Landgraf Guiguer, 1Claudia Cristina T. Nicolau, 1Adriana Ragassi Fiorini, 2Adriano Cressoni Araújo, 2Patrícia Cincotto dos Santos Bueno, 2Ricardo de Alvares Goulart, 2Claudia Rucco P. Detregiachi and 1Alda Maria Machado B. Otoboni 1Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology of Marília, Marília, São Paulo – Brazil 2Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Marília–Brazil / Brazil ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History: Several nutritional problems are seen in developing countries, and a countless number of people Article History: ReceivedReceived 14xxxxxx,th October 2019, 2019 are affected by chronic undernutrition. Plants such as Cassava (Manihot esculenta) work as a ReceivedReceived inin revisedrevised formform staple food source for over 800 million people around the world. The aerial part of cassava can be 17xxxxxxxx,th November 201,9 2019 used in animal feed, and in human food in the preparation of typical dishes of the Northern AcceptedAccepted 19xxxxxxxxxth December, 20, 192019 (Amazonian region) and Northeastern regions of Brazil. Besides the presence of cyanide PublishedPublished onlineonline 31xxxxxst January, 2019, 2020 compounds, cassava leaves may represent a source of proteins, vitamins, and minerals; it has a low cost of production, and it is widely adapted to Brazilian conditions. For these reasons, this Key Words: study aims to review the main aspects of this vegetal waist and evaluate its potential as a safe Manihot esculenta; Cassava leaves; food source. Databases such as MEDLINE/Pubmed, Scielo and Google Scholar were consulted. Nutrition, Safe food. Cassava leaves stand out for being a good protein source but contain toxic cyanogenic compounds. Nevertheless, that are efficient techniques that can reduce the amount of these compounds making than a food alternative for the low-income population in several countries. *Corresponding author: Cassava leaves can also be used as a therapeutic approach for hypertension, diarrhea, fever, Pedro Henrique Silva de Rossi, spasms, and fever. However, for this use to be safe, further studies are required to show the adequate detoxification of these leaves making them safe for human consumption. Copyright © 2020, Romano Deluque Júnior et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Citation: Marilia Alves Furtado, Adriana Moreno de Lima, Lígia Maria Alves Rocha, Marcella Rocha Tavares de Souza et al. 2020. “Possible use of manihot sculenta leaves as food”, International Journal of Development Research, 10, (01), 33316-33320. INTRODUCTION people (Selvaraj et al, 2019; Faostat, 2017; Achidi, Ajayi, Bokanga, & Maziya-Dixon, 2005). In tropical areas, cassava is in the third position, after maize and rice, in the provision of Several nutritional problems are seen in developing countries, calorie intake, and it is a primary food source in approximately and it is estimated that over 800 million people are affected by ten percent of the worldwide population. It represents as tarch- chronic under nutrition, and more than 1.5 billion people rich plant that is capable of raising in poor soils and shows exhibit micronutrient deficiencies (Fongar, Gödecke, Qaim, strong adaptability. Africa, America, and Asia are the top three 2019). Protein deficiencies have been one of the main factors regions for cassava production totaling a total production of of human malnutrition and can lead to irreversible physical over 276 million tons. Furthermore, cassava is a cheap and and mental disorders (Grajeda et al, 2019; Kraemer, van non-grain crop in several countries such as China (Ibrahim, Zutphen, 2019; Hoffman et al, 2019; Streit, 2018). There are Opabode, 2019; Lin et al, 2019; Ceballos et al, 2011; Ray et foods, such as cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), that are al, 2015; Ospina, Ceballos, 2012). Varieties of cassava are accessible to low-income populations in developing countries. usually different from othersdue to the morphological This plant is a perennial tropical crop native to South America, characteristics such as the color of petioles, stems, tubers, and which grows widely in 105 subtropical and tropical areas with leaves. Commonly, the bitter varieties possess dark stems and an estimated production of 292 million tons. Furthermore, leaves, and the sweet varieties show light-green stem and cassava works as a staple food source for over 800 million leaves (Oni, 2011). Cassava is mainly known for its roots, and 33317 Pedro Henrique Silva de Rossi et al. Possible use of manihot sculenta leaves as food the leaves are eaten as a vegetable in some countries as a (peeled root). The leaves show a cyanogenic content 5 to 20 source of protein and valuable nutrients. However, the times higher than that of the peeled root. Cyanide amountsvary consumption is nearly 0.5 to 0.7 million tons per year, which is from 53 to 1300 mg HCN equivalents/kg (Wobeto et al., 2007) far less than the consumption of the roots. This low in the leaves, and from 10 to 500 mg HCN equivalents/kg in consumption is due to the high cyanogenic potential of the the peeled root (Mbah et a, 2019; Consumption of 50 to 100 leaves, which may cause severe illness or death if consumed mg/day of cyanide has been associated with acute poisoning without proper detoxification (Latif, Muller, 2015). The aerial and has been reported to be lethal for adults (Montagnac et al., part of cassava can be used in animal feed, in which leaves and 2009). Other studies have shown that hydrogen cyanide (HCN) branches are used in the form of silage, hay, or even fresh, and in this plant can vary from 1 to 2000 mg/kg of dry matter in human food in the preparation of typical dishes of the depending on the plant age, cultivar, soil, and environmental Northern (Amazonian region) and Northeastern regions of conditions. Some studies have been carried out regarding the Brazil (Cardoso, Souza, Gameiro, 2006). Cassava leaves may degradation of cyanide compounds, mainly in cassava roots represent a source of proteins, vitamins, and some minerals; by-products (Nambisan, 2011; Cardoso, Sousa, & Gameiro, has a low cost of production and the widely adapted to 2006; Achid et al., 2005; Wobeto et al., 2004), since the roots Brazilian conditions. Due to these reasons, the aim of this are the main product of industrial cassava chain. However, few study is to review the main aspects of this vegetal waist and studies concerning the degradation of HCN in the leaves are evaluate its potential as a safe food source. available in the literature, and most of them are usually related to agronomic aspects, such as leaf aging (Simão et al., 2013; METHODS Corrêa et al., 2004). Cyanide is the most relevant toxic factor restricting the consumption of cassava roots and leaves; indeed, this is the main reason why cassava is not commonly Databases such as MEDLINE/Pubmed, Scielo, and Google consumed in Western countries (Latif et al, 2019; Montagnac Scholar were consulted. et al., 2009). The cyanogenic glucosides are toxic to humans and can lead to severe health disorders. The leaves contain RESULTS AND DISCUSSION potentially toxic levels of cyanogenic glucosides in the form of linamarin (95% of total cyanogen content) and lotaustralin The databases consulted showed numerous studies with (5%). Linamarin is present in all cassava tissues (Balagopalan cassava roots. However, when it comes to leaves, the number et al., 1988; Bokanga, 1994, 1994a) and is synthesized from of studies is much smaller. The major problem with using this the amino acid valine. In particular, the bitter varieties exhibit plant residue is the presence of cyanide derivatives. a cyanide level exceeding the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (1991) Cassava Leaves: There are many studies on cassava regarding recommendation of 10 mg/kg DW, which makes this plant its richness in nutritional elements, including the root stem and acutely toxic for humans.Furthermore, the young leaves leaf, but its potential richness has been underused in most of contain higher levels of cyanogenic compounds than older, and the countries that grow it (Montagnac, 2009). Cassava leaves the presence of these compounds differs among varieties, and stand out for being a good protein source, have low production for the same variety increases with the increase of drought due cost because they are considered residues of a subsistence to water stress on the plant (Cardoso et al., 2005; Nambisan, crop, and do not compete with the main product. According Sundaresan, 1994). toa study, the protein content of the leaves generally ranges from 20 to 30%. It is also known that the proteins in cassava Corrêa et al. (2002) evaluated the effect of the drying leaf have good quality, that is, a good profile of essential temperature of cassava leaves on the hydrocyanic acid release amino acids, such as lysine. However, the leaves are deficient and observed that the drying in the shade led to a great release
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